1
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Yang J, An X, Lu B, Cao H, Cheng Z, Tong X, Liu H, Ni Y. Lignin: A multi-faceted role/function in 3D printing inks. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131364. [PMID: 38583844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
3D printing technology demonstrates significant potential for the rapid fabrication of tailored geometric structures. Nevertheless, the prevalent use of fossil-derived compositions in printable inks within the realm of 3D printing results in considerable environmental pollution and ecological consequences. Lignin, the second most abundant biomass source on earth, possesses attributes such as cost-effectiveness, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Enriched with active functional groups including hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and methyl, coupled with its rigid aromatic ring structure and inherent anti-oxidative and thermoplastic properties, lignin emerges as a promising candidate for formulating printable inks. This comprehensive review presents the utilization of lignin, either in conjunction with functional materials or through the modification of lignin derivatives, as the primary constituent (≥50 wt%) for formulating printable inks across photo-curing-based (SLA/DLP) and extrusion-based (DIW/FDM) printing technologies. Furthermore, lignin as an additive with multi-faceted roles/functions in 3D printing inks is explored. The effects of lignin on the properties of printing inks and printed objects are evaluated. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives, emphasizing key obstacles and potential opportunities for facilitating the high-value utilization of lignin in the realm of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Xingye An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Bin Lu
- Zhejiang Jingxing Paper Co., Ltd., No. 1, Jingxing Industry Zone, Jingxing First Road, Caoqiao Street, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province 314214, PR China
| | - Haibing Cao
- Zhejiang Jingxing Paper Co., Ltd., No. 1, Jingxing Industry Zone, Jingxing First Road, Caoqiao Street, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province 314214, PR China
| | - Zhengbai Cheng
- Zhejiang Jingxing Paper Co., Ltd., No. 1, Jingxing Industry Zone, Jingxing First Road, Caoqiao Street, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province 314214, PR China
| | - Xin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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2
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Niu D, Shen T, Xu P, Yu M, Liu T, Yang W, Wang Z, Ma P. Enhanced crystallization, heat resistance and transparency of poly(lactic acid) with self-assembling bis-amide nucleator. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123584. [PMID: 36796569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The application of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is limited by its low crystallization rate. Conventional methods to increase crystallization rate usually result in a significant loss of transparency. In this work, a bundled bis-amide organic compound N'-(3-(hydrazinyloxy)benzoyl)-1-naphthohydrazide (HBNA) was used as a nucleator to prepare PLA/HBNA blends with enhanced crystallization, heat resistance and transparency. HBNA dissolves in PLA matrix at high temperature and self-assembles into bundle microcrystals by intermolecular hydrogen bonding at a lower temperature, which induces PLA to form ample spherulites and "shish-kebab-like" structure rapidly. The effects of HBNA assembling behavior and nucleation activity on the PLA properties and the corresponding mechanism are systematically investigated. As a result, the crystallization temperature of PLA increased from 90 °C to 123 °C by adding as low as 0.75 wt% of HBNA, and the half-crystallization time (t1/2) at 135 °C decreased from 31.0 min to 1.5 min. More importantly, the PLA/HBNA maintains good transparency (transmittance > 75 % and haze is ca. 27 %) due to the decreased crystal size, even though the crystallinity of PLA is increased to 40 %, which also led to good heat resistance. The present work is expected to expand the application of PLA in packaging and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianfeng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Manman Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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3
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Marchi P, Wang W, Puig C, Martin A, Crovetto T, Labidi J, Riva R, Cavallo D, Moni L. Synthesis of symmetric bis-α-ketoamides from renewable starting materials and comparative study of their nucleating efficiency in PLLA. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4994-5001. [PMID: 36762081 PMCID: PMC9906979 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07934h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and smart synthesis of bis-α-ketoamides has been disclosed. The desired products have been obtained through a Passerini multicomponent reaction using biobased aldehydes, acetic acid and bis-isocyanides (prepared from the corresponding biobased diamides), followed by a deprotection/oxidation step. The effect of the synthesized compounds on the crystallization behavior of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in non-isothermal conditions. Among all the synthesized compounds, only a few are able to meaningfully enhance the nucleation of PLLA, as confirmed by a shift of the polymer crystallization peak temperature towards higher values. With the research of active polymer nucleating agents being mostly empirical, the combinatorial synthetic approach proposed herein, coupled with the possibility of a small scale mixing procedure, can potentially represent a useful strategy for the discovery of new efficient biobased polymer additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Marchi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso 31 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso 31 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Cristián Puig
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Materiales, Universidad Simón Bolívar Apartado 89000 Caracas 1080A Venezuela
| | - Ander Martin
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Gipuzkoa, Plaza Europa 1 Donostia 20018 Spain
| | - Tullio Crovetto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso 31 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Gipuzkoa, Plaza Europa 1 Donostia 20018 Spain
| | - Renata Riva
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso 31 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso 31 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Lisa Moni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso 31 Genova 16146 Italy
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4
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Cheng Y, Jiao Z, Li M, Xia M, Zhou Z, Song P, Xu Q, Wei Z. A new class of nucleating agents for poly(L-lactic acid): Environmentally-friendly metal salts with biomass-derived ligands and advanced nucleation ability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1599-1606. [PMID: 36427622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adding nucleating agents has been a successful strategy to boost the heat resistance of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) by increasing the crystallinity. In this study, a new series of bio-based complexes as nucleating agents for PLLA, including twelve combinations of three eco-friendly metal ions (Zn, Mg, Ca) and four biomass-derived α-hydroxy acids, were successfully synthesized to respectively investigate the effects of metal ions as well as ligands on nucleation capacity of complexes. By investigating the non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization at 135 °C of PLLA with 0.3 wt% loading of complexes, both zinc and magnesium salts of L-mandelic acid showed excellent nucleation capacities. And magnesium L-mandelate performed better, raising the crystallinity of PLLA to 44.4 % as well as minimizing its crystallization half-time from 73 min to 2.7 min. The growth and denser distribution of PLLA spherulites on the salt surface were also observed by POM, reflecting epitaxial nucleation as the possible mechanism. A novel inspiration, utilizing VESTA software to simulate the crystal structure of zinc L-mandelate (Zn(L-MA)2), was proposed to determine the nucleation mechanism. Also, using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a test protocol, the rationality of the model could be approved by checking the fitness of nucleating prediction and experiment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ziyue Jiao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingze Xia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Co Ltd., Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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5
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Balakrishnan NK, Siebert S, Richter C, Groten R, Seide G. Effect of Colorants and Process Parameters on the Properties of Dope-Dyed Polylactic Acid Multifilament Yarns. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225021. [PMID: 36433148 PMCID: PMC9692423 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of textile fibers is typically imparted by submersion in a high-temperature dye bath. However, the treatment of the effluent is challenging and the textile industry is therefore a major source of water pollution. Current fashion trends favor biobased polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) but exhaust dyeing at high temperatures causes hydrolytic degradation, reducing the crystallinity and tenacity of the yarn. To preserve the mechanical properties of PLA-based textiles, an alternative to exhaust dyeing called dope dyeing can be used, wherein colorants are incorporated into the polymer matrix during melt spinning. We evaluated this process by dope dyeing PLA with several colorants, then testing the thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the yarn and the physical properties of circular-knitted fabrics. Although the colorants affected the crystallization behavior at lower cooling rates, during the melt-spinning process, the drawing speed had a greater effect on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of the dyed yarn. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the colorants were well dispersed in the PLA matrix. We found that the colorants did not affect the physical properties of the knitted fabric. Our results can be used to develop more environmentally beneficial dope-dyed PLA yarn with improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Balakrishnan
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Richter
- Department of Textile and Clothing Technology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Campus Moenchengladbach, Webschulstrasse 31, 41065 Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Robert Groten
- Department of Textile and Clothing Technology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Campus Moenchengladbach, Webschulstrasse 31, 41065 Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Gunnar Seide
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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6
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Chen X, Yao J, Yu J, Mi M, Xu Y, Bai H. Toward Heat-Resistant and Transparent Poly( l-lactide) by Tailoring Crystallization with an Aliphatic Amide as a Nucleating Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ju Yao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Mingmei Mi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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7
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Yu M, Du Y, Xu P, Yang W, Zhang P, Liu T, Lemstra PJ, Ma P. Nucleation and crystallization of poly(L-lactide) assisted by terminal hydrogen-bonding segments. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Xu P, Yang W, Chen M, Dong W, Ma P. Crystallization of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:330-343. [PMID: 35398060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), produced by the microbial fermentation, is a promising green polymer and has attracted much attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, complete biodegradability, and non-cytotoxicity. The physical properties of PHAs are closely related to their chemical and crystalline structure. Therefore, deep understanding and regulating the structure and crystallization of PHAs are the key factors to improve the performance of PHAs. This review first provides a brief overview of the development history, chemical structure, and basic properties of PHAs. Then, the crystal structure, crystal morphology, kinetics theories and crystallization behavior of nucleation-induced PHAs are systematically summarized to provide a theoretical foundation for improving PHAs crystallization rate and physical properties. In the end, the outlook on the crystallization and application prospects of PHAs is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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9
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Liu S, He Y, Qu JP. Manufacturing High-Performance Polylactide by Constructing 3D Network Crystalline Structure with Adding Self-Assembly Nucleator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Tunable polymorphic crystal modification, phase transition and biodegradability of poly(1,4-butylene adipate) by a bio-derived metabolite with low molecular weight. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Nucleating Agents to Enhance Poly(l-Lactide) Fiber Crystallization during Industrial-Scale Melt Spinning. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071395. [PMID: 35406268 PMCID: PMC9002846 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleating agent N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalamide (BHET) has promising effects on poly(l-lactide) (PLA) under quiescent conditions and for injection molding applications, but its suitability for industrial-scale fiber melt spinning is unclear. We therefore determined the effects of 1% and 2% (w/w) BHET on the crystallinity, tenacity, and elongation at break of PLA fibers compared to pure PLA and PLA plus talc as a reference nucleating agent. Fibers were spun at take-up velocities of 800, 1400 and 2000 m/min and at drawing at ratios of 1.1–4.0, reaching a final winding speed of 3600 m/min. The fibers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, gel permeation chromatography and tensile testing. Statistical analysis of variance was used to determine the combined effects of the spin-line parameters on the material properties. We found that the fiber draw ratio and take-up velocity were the most important factors affecting tenacity and elongation, but the addition of BHET reduced the mechanical performance of the fibers. The self-organizing properties of BHET were not expressed due to the rapid quenching of the fibers, leading to the formation of α′-crystals. Understanding the behavior of BHET in the PLA matrix provides information on the performance of nucleation agents during high-speed processing that will allow processing improvements in the future.
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12
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Yu M, Xu Y, Xu P, Du Y, Yang W, Zhang P, Ma P. Tailoring the crystallization of poly( l-lactide) via structural optimization of hydrogen-bonding segments with different aliphatic spacer lengths. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of hydroxy-terminated oxalamide segments (OXA-n, HO-(CH2)n-NHCOCONH-(CH2)n-OH, n = 2, 4 and 6) were designed as initiators for ring-opening polymerization and then poly(l-lactide) with OXA-n in the middle (PLLAOXA-n) were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Youpei Du
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Pingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
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13
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Xu Y, Qiu Y, Yan C, Liu L, Xu M, Xu B, Li B. A novel and multifunctional flame retardant nucleating agent towards superior fire safety and crystallization properties for biodegradable poly (lactic acid). ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Zhang X, Yang B, Fan B, Sun H, Zhang H. Enhanced Nonisothermal Crystallization and Heat Resistance of Poly(l-lactic acid) by d-Sorbitol as a Homogeneous Nucleating Agent. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:154-160. [PMID: 35548982 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on enhancing crystallization and heat resistance of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) by d-sorbitol as a small molecule nucleating agent via melt blending. During the reheating process, the cold crystallization disappeared and the crystallinity of nucleated PLLA exceeded 50%. The heat deflection temperature of PLLA was elevated from 56 to 132 °C by simply increasing the mold temperature (90 °C) without an additional annealing treatment. We also observed the polymorphic crystals of PLLA during melt crystallization, i.e., the coexistence of hexagonal and lenticular crystals, along with their various geometrical aggregates in addition to plenty of conventional spherulites. On the basis of the fact that the nonisothermal crystallization temperature of PLLA (110 °C at a cooling rate of 10 °C/min) was higher than the melting point of d-sorbitol (about 93 °C), we speculated that d-sorbitol promoted the crystallization of PLLA through a homogeneous nucleation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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15
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Zhou S, Wei Z, Sun Y, Zhu Z, Xie Z, Ma H, Yin J, Wang J, Yang J. Biocompatible linear diamides derivative-nucleated biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate): Tailored crystallization kinetics, aggregated structure and thermal degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Performance, crystallization and rheological behavior of poly(lactic acid)/N-(2-hydroxyl) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride intercalated vermiculite grafted poly(acrylamide) nanocomposites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Ma H, Wei Z, Zhou S, Zhu H, Tang J, Yin J, Yue J, Yang J. Supernucleation, crystalline structure and thermal stability of bacterially synthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polyester tailored by thymine as a biocompatible nucleating agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1562-1573. [PMID: 33058980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring thymine (TM) was incorporated into bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) polyester to fabricate a novel and green biocomposite. Both 0.5% and 1% TM exhibit supernucleation effect on PHB, and crystallization kinetics suggests TM significantly increased Tc and Xc, and substantially shortened t1/2 of PHB. Epitaxial nucleation caused by a perfect crystal lattice matching between PHB and TM, was proposed to elucidate nucleation mechanism of PHB. Hydrogen bond interaction exists between CO, C-O-C groups of PHB and -CH3 (or -CH)/-NH- group of TM. TM interacted with CO group of PHB crystalline phase rather than that of amorphous one. In addition, two new IR crystalline bands assigned to C-O-C group of PHB appeared in the presence of TM, which arises from shift of two amorphous ones, respectively. TM enhanced onset thermal degradation temperature of PHB, mainly attributed to increased degree of crystallinity of PHB and flame retardance effect of TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Ziyu Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Management, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Junjie Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Jinjun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China.
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18
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Norazlina H, Kamal Y. Elucidating the plasticizing effect on mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Yu MM, Yang WJ, Niu DY, Cai XX, Weng YX, Dong WF, Chen MQ, Xu PW, Wang Y, Chu H, Ma PM. Enhancing the Crystallization Performance of Poly(L-lactide) by Intramolecular Hybridizing with Tunable Self-assembly-type Oxalamide Segments. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Roy M, Zhelezniakov M, de Kort GW, Hawke LG, Leoné N, Rastogi S, Wilsens CH. On the nucleation of polylactide by melt-soluble oxalamide based organic compounds. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Multiple amides derivative-nucleated poly(1,4-butylene adipate) polyester: Tailored temperature-dependent polymorphism, crystal morphology and phase transition. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Liu T, Lian X, Li L, Peng X, Kuang T. Facile fabrication of fully biodegradable and biorenewable poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) in-situ nanofibrillar composites with high strength, good toughness and excellent heat resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Tang J, Li L, Wang X, Yang J, Yue J, Yin J, Qi Z, Zhu Z. Crystallization behavior and physical property of poly(
ε
‐caprolactone) tailored by a biocompatible linear diamide nucleating agent. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Lingling Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jinjun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Junjie Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhicheng Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
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24
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Wei Z, Shao S, Sui M, Song P, He M, Xu Q, Leng X, Wang Y, Li Y. Development of zinc salts of amino acids as a new class of biocompatible nucleating agents for poly(l-lactide). Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Aoyama T, Sato H, Ozaki Y. Crystallization of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐
co
‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) during melt extrusion promoted by residual crystals. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harumi Sato
- Faculty of Human DevelopmentKobe University Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Faculty of Human DevelopmentKobe University Kobe Hyogo Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo Japan
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26
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Wilsens CHRM, Hawke LGD, de Kort GW, Saidi S, Roy M, Leoné N, Hermida-Merino D, Peters GWM, Rastogi S. Effect of Thermal History and Shear on the Viscoelastic Response of iPP Containing an Oxalamide-Based Organic Compound. Macromolecules 2019; 52:2789-2802. [PMID: 30983633 PMCID: PMC6459004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on the role of temperature and shear on the melt behavior
of iPP in the presence of the organic compound N1,N1′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(N2-hexyloxalamide) (OXA3,6). It is demonstrated
that OXA3,6 facilitates a viscosity suppression when
it resides in the molten state. The viscosity suppression is attributed
to the interaction of iPP chains/subchains with molten OXA3,6 nanoclusters. The exact molecular mechanism has not
been identified; nevertheless, a tentative explanation is proposed.
The observed viscosity suppression appears similar to that encountered
in polymer melts filled with solid nanoparticles, with the difference
that the OXA3,6 compound reported in this study facilitates
the viscosity suppression in the molten state. Upon cooling, as crystal
growth of OXA3,6 progresses, the decrease in viscosity
is suppressed. Retrospectively, segmental absorption of iPP chains on the surface of micrometer-sized OXA3,6 crystallites
favors the formation of dangling arms, yielding OXA3,6 crystallites decorated with partially absorbed iPP chains. In other words, the resulting OXA3,6 particle
morphology resembles that of a hairy particle or a starlike polymer
chain. Such hairy particles effectively facilitate a viscosity enhancement,
similar to branched polymer chains. This hypothesis and its implications
for the shear behavior of iPP are discussed and supported
using plate–plate rheometry and slit-flow experiments combined
with small-angle X-ray scattering analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence G D Hawke
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs W de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, F-57070 Metz, France.,Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Manta Roy
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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27
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Kong W, Zhu B, Su F, Wang Z, Shao C, Wang Y, Liu C, Shen C. Melting temperature, concentration and cooling rate-dependent nucleating ability of a self-assembly aryl amide nucleator on poly(lactic acid) crystallization. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Salač J, Šerá J, Jurča M, Verney V, Marek AA, Koutný M. Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Poly(Lactic) Acid Containing Orotic Acid as a Nucleation Agent. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030481. [PMID: 30720761 PMCID: PMC6384750 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Orotic acid is a natural heterocyclic compound that acts as a nucleation agent in poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA materials with increasing orotic acid content were prepared and characterized. It was found that crystallinity of about 28% was reached with 0.3% content of the agent. Further enhancement in the content of the agent did not provoke any additional significant increase of crystallinity. Subsequently, it was investigated whether the orotic acid content affected photodegradation of PLA and, in the next phase, its biodegradation. The results of rheological measurements showed that the compound slightly accelerates photodegradation of the material, which was accompanied by the cleavage of PLA chains. Previous photodegradation was shown to accelerate the subsequent biodegradation by shortening the lag phase of the process, where the explanation is probably in the reduction of the polymer molecular weight during the photodegradation. Moreover, the presence of orotic acid in both initial and photodegraded samples was found to influence biodegradation positively by shortening the lag phase and increasing the observed maximal rate of the biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Salač
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Šerá
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Jurča
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Vincent Verney
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, F-63000 Clermont⁻Ferrand, France.
| | - Adam A Marek
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Marek Koutný
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
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29
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Wang S, Kitamura Y, Hiraishi N, Taira S, Tsuge A, Kaneko T, Kaneko D. Preparation of mussel-inspired biopolyester adhesive and comparative study of effects of meta- or para-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid segments on their properties. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Zhao LS, Cai YH. Investigating the Physical Properties of Poly(L-lactic acid) Modified Using an Aromatics Succinic Dihydrazide Derivative. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18070088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Xu P, Cao Y, Lv P, Ma P, Dong W, Bai H, Wang W, Du M, Chen M. Enhanced crystallization kinetics of bacterially synthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanate) with structural optimization of oxalamide compounds as nucleators. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Wilsens CHRM, Hawke LGD, Troisi EM, Hermida-Merino D, de Kort G, Leoné N, Saralidze K, Peters GWM, Rastogi S. Effect of Self-Assembly of Oxalamide Based Organic Compounds on Melt Behavior, Nucleation, and Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2018; 51:4882-4895. [PMID: 30018462 PMCID: PMC6041772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report on the
effect of an aliphatic oxalamide based nucleating
agent (OXA3,6) on the melt and crystallization behavior
of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) under defined shear
conditions. Through polarized optical microscopy, we demonstrate that OXA3,6 self-assembles from the iPP melt into
rhombic crystals whereas their size and distribution proved highly
dependent on the employed cooling rates. The presence of 0.5 wt %
of OXA3,6 in iPP results in a significant
suppression in iPP melt viscosity, which could not
be explained via molecular modeling. A possible cause for the drop
in viscosity in the presence of OXA3,6 is attributed
to the interaction (absorption) of high molecular weight iPP chains with the nucleating agent, thereby suppressing their contribution
to the viscoelastic response of the melt. This proposed mechanism
for the suppression in melt viscosity appears similar to that encountered
by the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles such as CNTs, graphene,
and silica. Shear experiments, performed using a slit flow device
combined with small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements, indicate
that crystallization is significantly enhanced in the presence of OXA3,6 at relatively low shear rates despite its lowered sensitivity
to shear. This enhancement in crystallization is attributed to the
shear alignment of the rhombic OXA3,6 crystals that provide
surface for iPP kebab growth upon cooling. Overall,
the suppression in melt viscosity in combination with enhanced nucleation
efficiency at low as well as high shear rates makes this self-assembling
oxalamide based nucleating agent a promising candidate for fast processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence G D Hawke
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico M Troisi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gijs de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ketie Saralidze
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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33
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Feng Y, Ma P, Xu P, Wang R, Dong W, Chen M, Joziasse C. The crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid) with different types of nucleating agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:955-962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Crystal morphology, crystallization behavior, polymorphic crystalline structure and thermal stability of poly(1,4-butylene adipate) modulated by a oxalamide derivative nucleating agent. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Kovalcik A, Pérez-Camargo RA, Fürst C, Kucharczyk P, Müller AJ. Nucleating efficiency and thermal stability of industrial non-purified lignins and ultrafine talc in poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Luo Y, Ju Y, Bai H, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Tailor-Made Dispersion and Distribution of Stereocomplex Crystallites in Poly(l-lactide)/Elastomer Blends toward Largely Enhanced Crystallization Rate and Impact Toughness. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6271-6279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Luo
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Ju
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Bai
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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37
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Ma P, Yu Q, Shen T, Dong W, Chen M. Strong synergetic effect of fibril-like nucleator and shear flow on the melt crystallization of poly( l -lactide). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Shi H, Chen X, Chen W, Pang S, Pan L, Xu N, Li T. Crystallization behavior, heat resistance, and mechanical performances of PLLA/myo-inositol blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan 570228 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan 570228 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan 570228 People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Pang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan 570228 People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Pan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan 570228 People's Republic of China
| | - Nai Xu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan 570228 People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Li
- Shiner Industrial Co. Ltd.; Haikou Hainan 570125 People's Republic of China
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39
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Shen SQ, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Supercooling-dependent morphology evolution of an organic nucleating agent in poly(l-lactide)/poly(d-lactide) blends. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Cellulose-g-poly(d-lactide) nanohybrids induced significant low melt viscosity and fast crystallization of fully bio-based nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 155:498-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Shen T, Ma P, Yu Q, Dong W, Chen M. The Effect of Thermal History on the Fast Crystallization of Poly(l-Lactide) with Soluble-Type Nucleators and Shear Flow. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E431. [PMID: 30974706 PMCID: PMC6432256 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The N₁,N₁'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N₂-phenyloxalamide) (OXA) is a soluble-type nucleator with a dissolving temperature of 230 °C in poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix. The effect of thermal history and shear flow on the crystallization behavior of the PLLA/OXA samples was investigated by rheometry, polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallization process of the PLLA/OXA-240 sample (i.e., pre-melted at 240 °C) was significantly promoted by applying a shear flow, e.g., the onset crystallization time (tonset) of the PLLA at 155 °C was reduced from 1600 to 200 s after shearing at 0.4 rad/s for even as short as 1.0 s, while the crystallinity (Xc) was increased to 40%. Moreover, the tonset of the PLLA/OXA-240 sample is 60%⁻80% lower than that of the PLLA/OXA-200 sample (i.e., pre-melted at 200 °C) with a total shear angle of 2 rad, indicating a much higher crystallization rate of the PLLA/OXA-240 sample. A better organization and uniformity of OXA fibrils can be obtained due to a complete pre-dissolution in the PLLA matrix followed by shear and oscillation treatments. The well dispersed OXA fibrils and flow-induced chain orientation are mainly responsible for the fast crystallization of the PLLA/OXA-240 samples. In addition, the shear flow created some disordered α'-form crystals in the PLLA/OXA samples regardless of the thermal history (200 or 240 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Qingqing Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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42
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Deshmukh YS, Wilsens CHRM, Leoné N, Portale G, Harings JAW, Rastogi S. Melt-Miscible Oxalamide Based Nucleating Agents and Their Nucleation Efficiency in Isotactic Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus H. R. M. Wilsens
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jules A. W. Harings
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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43
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Shen T, Xu Y, Cai X, Ma P, Dong W, Chen M. Enhanced crystallization kinetics of poly(lactide) with oxalamide compounds as nucleators: effect of spacer length between the oxalamide moieties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallization kinetics of poly (lactide) were enhanced by using oxalamide compounds as nucleators and the nucleation efficiency can be well tailored by tuning the aliphatic spacer length between the oxalamide moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xiaoxia Cai
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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44
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Shen T, Xu Y, Ma P, Wang L, Dong W, Chen M. High-performance poly(lactide) composites by construction of network-like shish-kebab crystals. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11815a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel high-performance PLA composites were prepared by solid-state uniaxial stretching with the OXA as needle-like nucleation templates leading to a unique network-like shish-kebab crystal structures with a tensile strength above 120 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Likui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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45
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Cai YH, Zhang YH, Zhao LS. Role of N,N'-bis(1H-benzotriazole) adipic acid acethydrazide in crystallization nucleating effect and melting behavior of poly(L-lactic acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Ma P, Xu Y, Shen T, Dong W, Chen M, Lemstra PJ. Tailoring the crystallization behavior of poly(L-lactide) with self-assembly-type oxalamide compounds as nucleators: 1. Effect of terminal configuration of the nucleators. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Ma P, Deshmukh YS, Wilsens CH, Ryan Hansen M, Graf R, Rastogi S. Self-assembling process of Oxalamide compounds and their nucleation efficiency in bio-degradable Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13280. [PMID: 26290334 PMCID: PMC4642526 DOI: 10.1038/srep13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key requirements in semi-crystalline polyesters, synthetic or bio-based, is the control on crystallization rate and crystallinity. One of the limiting factors in the commercialization of the bio-based polyesters, for example polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized by bacteria for energy storage purposes, is the slow crystallization rate. In this study, we show that by tailoring the molecular structure of oxalamide compounds, it is possible to dissolve these compounds in molten poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), having a hydroxyvalerate co-monomer content of less than 2 mol%. Upon cooling the polymer melt, the homogeneously dispersed oxalamide compound crystallizes just below the melting temperature of the polymer. The phase-separated compound reduces the nucleation barrier of the polymer, thus enhancing the crystallization rate, nucleation density and crystallinity. The findings reported in this study provide a generic route for the molecular design of oxalamide-based compounds that can be used for enhancing nucleation efficiency of semi-crystalline bio-based polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piming Ma
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Carolus H.R.M. Wilsens
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Science, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Science, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, England (UK)
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48
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Lin L, Deng C, Lin GP, Wang YZ. Super Toughened and High Heat-Resistant Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)-Based Blends by Enhancing Interfacial Bonding and PLA Phase Crystallization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Center
for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Center
for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Analytical and Testing
Center, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Gong-Peng Lin
- Center
for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center
for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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49
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Cai YH, Tang Y, Zhao LS. Poly(l-lactic acid) with the organic nucleating agentN,N,N′-tris(1H-benzotriazole) trimesinic acid acethydrazide: Crystallization and melting behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Sha Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
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