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Sauer JS, Mayer KJ, Lee C, Alves MR, Amiri S, Bahaveolos CJ, Franklin EB, Crocker DR, Dang D, Dinasquet J, Garofalo LA, Kaluarachchi CP, Kilgour DB, Mael LE, Mitts BA, Moon DR, Moore AN, Morris CK, Mullenmeister CA, Ni CM, Pendergraft MA, Petras D, Simpson RMC, Smith S, Tumminello PR, Walker JL, DeMott PJ, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Jaffe JS, Malfatti F, Martz TR, Slade JH, Tivanski AV, Bertram TH, Cappa CD, Prather KA. The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:290-315. [PMID: 35048927 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Brock A Mitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel R Moon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute for Chemical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Mullenmeister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Chi-Min Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Simpson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph L Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jules S Jaffe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Gonçalves SJ, Weis J, China S, Evangelista H, Harder TH, Müller S, Sampaio M, Laskin A, Gilles MK, Godoi RHM. Photochemical reactions on aerosols at West Antarctica: A molecular case-study of nitrate formation among sea salt aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143586. [PMID: 33218800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental implications of climate change are complex and exhibit regional variations both within and between the polar regions. The increase of solar UV radiation flux over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone depletion creates the optimal conditions for photochemical reactions on the snow. Modeling, laboratory, and indirect field studies suggest that snowpack process release gases to the atmosphere that can react on sea salt particles in remote regions such as Antarctica, modifying aerosol composition and physical properties of aerosols. Here, we present evidence of photochemical processing in West Antarctica aerosols using microscopic and chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles. Individual aerosol particles collected at the Brazilian module Criosfera 1 were analyzed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) combined with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The displacement of chlorine relative to sodium was observed over most of the sea salt particles. Particles with a chemical composition consistent with NaCl-NO3 contributed up to 30% of atmospheric particles investigated. Overall, this study provides evidence that the snowpack and particulate nitrate photolysis should be considered in dynamic partition equilibrium in the troposphere. These findings may assist in reducing modeling uncertainties and present new insights into the aerosol chemical composition in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Heitor Evangelista
- LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marcelo Sampaio
- Brazilian National Space Institute - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Fairhurst MC, Ezell MJ, Kidd C, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Kinetics, mechanisms and ionic liquids in the uptake of n-butylamine onto low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4827-4839. [PMID: 28133655 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08663b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles adversely affect visibility, health, and climate, yet the kinetics and mechanisms of particle formation and growth are poorly understood. Multiphase reactions between amines and dicarboxylic acids (diacids) have been suggested to contribute. In this study, the reactions of n-butylamine (BA) with solid C3-C8 diacids were studied at 296 ± 1 K using a Knudsen cell interfaced to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Uptake coefficients for amines on the diacids with known geometric surface areas were measured at initial amine concentrations from (3-50) × 1011 cm-3. Uptake coefficients ranged from 0.7 ± 0.1 (2σ) for malonic acid (C3) to <10-6 for suberic acid (C8), show an odd-even carbon number effect, and decrease with increasing chain length within each series. Butylaminium salts formed from evaporation of aqueous solutions of BA with C3, C5 and C7 diacids (as well as C8) were viscous liquids, suggesting that ionic liquids (ILs) form on the surface during the reactions of gas phase amine with the odd carbon diacids. Predictions from the kinetic multi-layer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB) were quantitatively consistent with uptake occurring via dissolution of the underlying diacid into the IL layer and reaction with amine taken up from the gas phase. The butylaminium salts formed from the C4 and C6 diacids were solids, and their uptake coefficients were smaller. These experiments and kinetic modeling demonstrate the unexpected formation of ILs in a gas-solid reaction, and suggest that ILs should be considered under some circumstances in atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Ezell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Carla Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Richards-Henderson NK, Anderson C, Anastasio C, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The effect of cations on NO2 production from the photolysis of aqueous thin water films of nitrate salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32211-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cations are shown to enhance nitrate photochemistry by changing the concentrations of nitrate ions in the interface region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land
- Air and Water Resources
- University of California – Davis
- Davis
- USA
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Richards-Henderson NK, Callahan KM, Nissenson P, Nishino N, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO2 and halogens from the photolysis of thin water films containing nitrate, chloride and bromide ions at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:17636-46. [PMID: 24042539 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in particles generated in marine regions, around alkaline dry lakes, and in the Arctic snowpack. Although the photochemistry of nitrate ions in bulk aqueous solution is well known, there is recent evidence that it may be more efficient at liquid-gas interfaces, and that the presence of other ions in solution may enhance interfacial reactivity. This study examines the 311 nm photolysis of thin aqueous films of ternary halide-nitrate salt mixtures (NaCl-NaBr-NaNO3) deposited on the walls of a Teflon chamber at 298 K. The films were generated by nebulizing aqueous 0.25 M NaNO3 solutions which had NaCl and NaBr added to vary the mole fraction of halide ions. Molar ratios of chloride to bromide ions were chosen to be 0.25, 1.0, or 4.0. The subsequent generation of gas phase NO2 and reactive halogen gases (Br2, BrCl and Cl2) were monitored with time. The rate of gas phase NO2 formation was shown to be enhanced by the addition of the halide ions to thin films containing only aqueous NaNO3. At [Cl(-)]/[Br(-)] ≤ 1.0, the NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaBr-NaNO3 mixtures, while with excess chloride NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaCl-NaNO3 mixtures. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that the halide ions draw nitrate ions closer to the interface where a less complete solvent shell allows more efficient escape of NO2 to the gas phase, and that bromide ions are more effective in bringing nitrate ions closer to the surface. The combination of theory and experiments suggests that under atmospheric conditions where nitrate ion photochemistry plays a role, the impact of other species such as halide ions should be taken into account in predicting the impacts of nitrate ion photochemistry.
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Production of 89Zr via the 89Y(p,n)89Zr reaction in aqueous solution: effect of solution composition on in-target chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:309-16. [PMID: 24607433 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The existing solid target production method of radiometals requires high capital and operational expenditures, which limit the production of radiometals to the small fraction of cyclotron facilities that are equipped with solid target systems. Our objective is to develop a robust solution target method, which can be applicable to a wide array of radiometals and would be simply and easily adopted by existing cyclotron facility for the routine production of radiometals. METHOD We have developed a simplified, solution target approach for production of (89)Zr using a niobium target by 14 MeV energy proton bombardment of aqueous solutions of yttrium salts via the (89)Y(p,n)(89)Zr nuclear reaction. The production conditions were optimized, following a detailed mechanistic study of the gas evolution. RESULTS Although the solution target approach avoided the expense and complication of solid target processing, rapid radiolytic formation of gases in the target represents a major impediment in the success of solution target. To address this challenge we performed a systematic mechanistic study of gas evolution. Gas evolution was found to be predominantly due to decomposition of water to molecular hydrogen and oxygen. The rate of gas evolutions varied >40-fold depending on solution composition even under the same irradiation condition. With chloride salts, the rate of gas evolution increased in the order rank Na<Ca<Y. However, the trend was reversed with the corresponding nitrate salts, and further addition of nitric acid to the irradiating solution minimized gas evolution. At optimized condition, (89)Zr was produced in moderate yield (4.36 ± 0.48 MBq/μA • h) and high effective specific activity (464 ± 215 MBq/μg) using the solution target approach (2.75 M yttrium nitrate, 1.5 N HNO3, 2h irradiation at 20 μA). CONCLUSION The novel findings on substrate dependent, radiation-induced water decomposition provide fundamental data for the development and optimization of conditions for solution targets. The developed methodology of irradiation of nitrate salts in dilute nitric acid solutions can be translated to the production of a wide array of radiometals like (64)Cu, (68)Ga and (86)Y, and is well suited for short-lived isotopes.
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Kebede MA, Varner ME, Scharko NK, Gerber RB, Raff JD. Photooxidation of ammonia on TiO2 as a source of NO and NO2 under atmospheric conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8606-15. [PMID: 23721064 DOI: 10.1021/ja401846x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is the most abundant reduced nitrogen species in the atmosphere and an important precursor in the industrial-scale production of nitric acid. A coated-wall flow tube coupled to a chemiluminescence NOx analyzer was used to study the kinetics of NH3 uptake and NOx formation from photochemistry initiated on irradiated (λ > 290 nm) TiO2 surfaces under atmospherically relevant conditions. The speciation of NH3 on TiO2 surfaces in the presence of surface-adsorbed water was determined using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The uptake kinetics exhibit an inverse dependence on NH3 concentration as expected for reactions proceeding via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. The mechanism of NOx formation is shown to be humidity dependent: Water-catalyzed reactions promote NOx formation up to a relative humidity of 50%. Less NOx is formed above 50%, where increasing amounts of adsorbed water may hinder access to reactive sites, promote formation of unreactive NH4(+), and reduce oxidant levels due to higher OH radical recombination rates. A theoretical study of the reaction between the NH2 photoproduct and O2 in the presence of H2O supports the experimental conclusion that NOx formation is catalyzed by water. Calculations at the MP2 and CCSD(T) level on the bare NH2 + O2 reaction and the reaction of NH2 + O2 in small water clusters were carried out. Solvation of NH2OO and NHOOH intermediates likely facilitates isomerization via proton transfer along water wires, such that the steps leading ultimately to NO are exothermic. These results show that photooxidation of low levels of NH3 on TiO2 surfaces represents a source of atmospheric NOx, which is a precursor to ozone. The proposed mechanism may be broadly applicable to dissociative chemisorption of NH3 on other metal oxide surfaces encountered in rural and urban environments and employed in pollution control applications (selective catalytic oxidation/reduction) and during some industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulu A Kebede
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, USA
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8
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Woods E, Heylman KD, Gibson AK, Ashwell AP, Rossi SR. Effects of NOy Aging on the Dehydration Dynamics of Model Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4214-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Kevin D. Heylman
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Amanda K. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Adam P. Ashwell
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Sean R. Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
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9
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Zhang W, Zhang D. Theoretical investigation of the oxidation pathways of the Cl-initiated reaction of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.681313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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11
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Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Richards NK, Wingen LM, Callahan KM, Nishino N, Kleinman MT, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrate Ion Photolysis in Thin Water Films in the Presence of Bromide Ions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5810-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Karen M. Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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13
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Liu Y, Minofar B, Desyaterik Y, Dames E, Zhu Z, Cain JP, Hopkins RJ, Gilles MK, Wang H, Jungwirth P, Laskin A. Internal structure, hygroscopic and reactive properties of mixed sodium methanesulfonate-sodium chloride particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11846-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Leu MT. Laboratory studies of interaction between trace gases and sulphuric acid or sulphate aerosols using flow-tube reactors. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000087282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Taun Leu
- a Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91109 , USA
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15
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Leu MT, Keyser LF. Vapor-deposited water and nitric acid ices: Physical and chemical properties. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350802617129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Ma Q, Liu Y, He H. Synergistic Effect between NO2 and SO2 in Their Adsorption and Reaction on γ-Alumina. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6630-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802025z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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17
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Woods E, Kim HS, Wivagg CN, Dotson SJ, Broekhuizen KE, Frohardt EF. Phase transitions and surface morphology of surfactant-coated aerosol particles. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11013-20. [PMID: 17929784 DOI: 10.1021/jp074848m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Probe molecule spectroscopy and hygroscopic growth curves characterize the morphology of surfactant-coated aerosol particles as a function of relative humidity (RH). This study focuses on particles composed of either potassium iodide or sodium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). At high RH, these mixed particles assume a reverse micelle type structure, and at low RH, they comprise a solid core of either KI or NaCl coated with SDS and water. The deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of the inorganic fraction of the mixed particles are very similar to those of the pure salts. The surface polarity and morphology sampled by the coumarin 314 probe molecule ranges from that of a water-organic interface to that of an ionic surface and depends strongly on the RH and the amount of SDS. When the SDS coverage of the droplet just prior to efflorescence reaches approximately one monolayer, a thin soap film persists on the surface to values of RH much lower than the ERH. Both the electronic spectroscopy and photoelectric charging efficiency show a separate efflorescence for this layer at RH < 5%. The spectroscopy further reveals that there is a hysteresis associated with this low RH phase transition for both KI and NaCl cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, USA.
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18
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Liu Y, Cain JP, Wang H, Laskin A. Kinetic Study of Heterogeneous Reaction of Deliquesced NaCl Particles with Gaseous HNO3 Using Particle-on-Substrate Stagnation Flow Reactor Approach. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:10026-43. [PMID: 17850118 DOI: 10.1021/jp072005p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reaction kinetics of gaseous nitric acid with deliquesced sodium chloride particles NaCl(aq) + HNO3(g) --> NaNO3(aq) + HCl(g) were investigated with a novel particle-on-substrate stagnation flow reactor (PS-SFR) approach under conditions, including particle size, relative humidity, and reaction time, directly relevant to the atmospheric chemistry of sea salt particles. Particles deposited onto an electron microscopy grid substrate were exposed to the reacting gas at atmospheric pressure and room temperature by impingement via a stagnation flow inside the reactor. The reactor design and choice of flow parameters were guided by computational fluid dynamics to ensure uniformity of the diffusion flux to all particles undergoing reaction. The reaction kinetics was followed by observing chloride depletion in the particles by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (CCSEM/EDX). The validity of the current approach was examined first by conducting experiments with median dry particle diameter D(p) = 0.82 microm, 80% relative humidity, particle loading densities 4 x 10(4) <or= N(s) <or= 7 x 10(6) cm(-2) and free stream HNO3 concentrations 2, 7, and 22 ppb. Upon deliquescence the droplet diameter D(d) approximately doubles. The apparent, pseudo-first-order rate constant determined in these experiments varied with particle loading and HNO3 concentration in a manner consistent with a diffusion-kinetic analysis reported earlier (Laskin, A.; Wang, H.; Robertson, W. H.; Cowin, J. P.; Ezell, M. J.; Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 10619). The intrinsic, second-order rate constant was obtained as kII = 5.7 x 10(-15) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) in the limit of zero particle loading and by assuming that the substrate is inert to HNO3. Under this loading condition the experimental, net reaction uptake coefficient was found to be gamma(net) = 0.11 with an uncertainty factor of 3. Additional experiments examined the variations of HNO3 uptake on pure NaCl, a sea salt-like mixture of NaCl and MgCl2 (Mg-to-Cl molar ratio of 0.114) and real sea salt particles as a function of relative humidity. Results show behavior of the uptake coefficient to be similar for all three types of salt particles with D(p) approximately 0.9 miccrom over the relative humidity range 20-80%. Gaseous HNO3 uptake coefficient peaks around a relative humidity of 55%, with gamma(net) well over 0.2 for sea salt. Below the efflorescence relative humidity the uptake coefficient declines with decreasing RH for all three sea salt types, and it does so without exhibiting a sudden shutoff of reactivity. The uptake of HNO3 on sea salt particles was more rapid than that on the mixture of NaCl and MgCl2, and uptake on both sea salt and sea salt-like mixture was faster than on pure NaCl. The uptake of HNO3 on deliquesced, pure NaCl particles was also examined over the particle size range of 0.57 <or= D(p) <or= 1.7 microm (1.1 <or= D(d) <or= 3.4 microm) under a constant relative humidity of 80%. The uptake coefficient decreases monotonically with an increase in particle size. Application of a resistance model of reaction kinetics and reactant diffusion over a single particle suggests that, over the range of particle size studied, the uptake is largely controlled by gaseous reactant diffusion from the free stream to the particle surface. In addition, a combined consideration of uptake coefficients obtained in the present study and those previously reported for substantially smaller droplets (D(d) approximately 0.1 microm) (Saul, T. D.; Tolocka, M. P.; Johnston, M. V. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 7614) suggests that the peak reactivity occurs at a droplet diameter of approximately 0.7 microm, which is immediately below the size at which sea salt aerosols begin to notably contribute to light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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19
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Laskin A, Wang H, Robertson WH, Cowin JP, Ezell MJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. A New Approach to Determining Gas-Particle Reaction Probabilities and Application to the Heterogeneous Reaction of Deliquesced Sodium Chloride Particles with Gas-Phase Hydroxyl Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:10619-27. [PMID: 16956244 DOI: 10.1021/jp063263+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction kinetics for gaseous hydroxyl radicals (OH) with deliquesced sodium chloride particles (NaCl(aq)) were investigated using a novel experimental approach. The technique utilizes the exposure of substrate-deposited aerosol particles to reactive gases followed by chemical analysis of the particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (CCSEM/EDX) capability. Experiments were performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with deliquesced NaCl particles in the micron size range at 70-80% RH and with OH concentrations in the range of 1 to 7 x 10(9) cm(-3). The apparent, pseudo first-order rate constant for the reaction was determined from measurements of changes in the chloride concentration of individual particles upon reaction with OH as a function of the particle loading on the substrate. Quantitative treatment of the data using a model that incorporates both diffusion and reaction kinetics yields a lower limit to the net reaction probability of gamma(net) > or = 0.1, with an overall uncertainty of a factor of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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20
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Woods E, Morris SF, Wivagg CN, Healy LE. Probe molecule spectroscopy of NaCl aerosol particle surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10702-9. [PMID: 16863119 DOI: 10.1021/jp0537916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state absorption spectroscopy and ionization threshold measurements for coumarin 314 (C314) adsorbed to the surface of NaCl aerosols characterize the chemical environment of the particle surface as a function of relative humidity (RH). An atmospheric pressure flow of aerosol passes through an ionization cell where two-photon laser ionization of the adsorbed molecules produces a net charge on the particle. Monitoring this charge as a function of the laser wavelength produces either the absorption spectrum of the S(1) <-- S(0) transition or the ionization threshold. The wavelength of maximum absorption for the S(1) excited-state shifts from 448 nm for RH < 5% to 441 nm for RH = 60%, indicating that adsorbed water decreases the polarity of the surface. Similarly, the ionization threshold increases from 5.10 to 5.27 eV over a similar range of RH. The decrease in polarity is attributable to changes in the local electric field experienced by C314, which is on the order of 1 x 10(7) V/cm, and is correlated with changes in the surface topography. Using a continuum model, we estimate the contributions to the measured thresholds of the polarization response of the surface ions and the electric field and calculate an effective dielectric constant for the adsorbed water film. For a multilayer water coverage (RH = 65%), the effective dielectric constant is approximately 2.4. These results demonstrate that the changes in surface topography with adsorbed water are as important as direct water-solute interactions in determining the solvent character of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, USA.
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21
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Johnson ER, Sciegienka J, Carlos-Cuellar S, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Uptake of Gaseous Nitric Acid on Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and Calcite (CaCO3) Particles: A Knudsen Cell Study Using Multiple, Single, and Fractional Particle Layers. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6901-11. [PMID: 16834047 DOI: 10.1021/jp0516285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the heterogeneous uptake of gaseous nitric acid on dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2, and calcite, CaCO3, particles under dry conditions at 296 K was investigated. A Knudsen cell reactor was used to measure heterogeneous uptake coefficients for these reactions. Several different experiments were performed including those on many, single, and fractional layers of particles. For experiments using multiple particle layers, the Knudsen cell data were modeled to take into account gas diffusion into the underlying layers of the sample. From this analysis, initial heterogeneous uptake coefficients, gamma(o,t), were determined to be (5 +/- 2) x 10(-4) and (2 +/- 1) x 10(-3), for dolomite and calcite, respectively, at a nitric acid concentration of 6.5 x 10(10) molecules cm(-3). For experiments that employed single or fractional particle layers, the initial heterogeneous uptake coefficient was analyzed using a recent method described in the literature. Values of the initial heterogeneous uptake coefficient using this analysis were in agreement with the above analysis and determined to be (7 +/- 4) x 10(-4) and (2 +/- 0.4) x 10(-3) for CaMg(CO3)2 and CaCO3, respectively. In addition, these results are compared to previous literature values.
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22
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Ghosal S, Hemminger JC. Surface Adsorbed Water on NaCl and Its Effect on Nitric Acid Reactivity with NaCl Powders. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Ghosal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt: A Molecular-Level View of the Chemistry of NaCl and NaBr. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4801-22. [PMID: 14664634 DOI: 10.1021/cr020653t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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25
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Hoffman RC, Kaleuati MA, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Knudsen Cell Studies of the Reaction of Gaseous HNO3 with NaCl Using Less than a Single Layer of Particles at 298 K: A Modified Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030611o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Margaret A. Kaleuati
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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26
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Sarzynski D, Sztuba B. Gas-phase reactions of Cl atoms with propane,n-butane, and isobutane. INT J CHEM KINET 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Kane SM, Caloz F, Leu MT. Heterogeneous Uptake of Gaseous N2O5 by (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, and H2SO4 Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010490x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Kane
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Francois Caloz
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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28
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Gebel ME, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Uptake and Reaction of ClONO2 on NaCl and Synthetic Sea Salt. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0046290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Gebel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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29
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Hanisch F, Crowley JN. Heterogeneous Reactivity of Gaseous Nitric Acid on Al2O3, CaCO3, and Atmospheric Dust Samples: A Knudsen Cell Study. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001254+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Zangmeister CD, Pemberton JE. Raman Spectroscopy of the Reaction of Sodium Chloride with Nitric Acid: Sodium Nitrate Growth and Effect of Water Exposure. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003374n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Goodman AL, Underwood GM, Grassian VH. A laboratory study of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid on calcium carbonate particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Hemminger JC. Physical Chemistry of Airborne Sea Salt Particles and Their Components. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002968n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Kane
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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34
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Sodeau JR, Roddis TB, Gane MP. A Study of the Heterogeneous Reaction between Dinitrogen Pentaoxide and Chloride Ions on Low-Temperature Thin Films. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993763l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Sodeau
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Matt P. Gane
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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35
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Notario A, Mellouki A, Le Bras G. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of chlorine atoms with a series of ketones. INT J CHEM KINET 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4601(2000)32:1<62::aid-jck7>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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37
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Kane SM, Timonen RS, Leu MT. Heterogeneous Chemistry of Acetone in Sulfuric Acid Solutions: Implications for the Upper Troposphere. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9926692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Kane
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Raimo S. Timonen
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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38
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Hara K, Osada K, Hayashi M, Matsunaga K, Shibata T, Iwasaka Y, Furuya K. Fractionation of inorganic nitrates in winter Arctic troposphere: Coarse aerosol particles containing inorganic nitrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Underwood GM, Miller TM, Grassian VH. Transmission FT-IR and Knudsen Cell Study of the Heterogeneous Reactivity of Gaseous Nitrogen Dioxide on Mineral Oxide Particles. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991586i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Underwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - T. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - V. H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Weis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - George E. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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41
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Ghosal S, Hemminger JC. Effect of Water on the HNO3 Pressure Dependence of the Reaction between Gas-Phase HNO3 and NaCl Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991142m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Ghosal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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42
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Zangmeister CD, Pemberton JE. In Situ Monitoring of the NaCl + HNO3 Surface Reaction: The Observation of Mobile Surface Strings. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982910x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Davies JA, Cox RA. Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reaction of HNO3 with NaCl: Effect of Water Vapor. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982134t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Davies
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - R. Anthony Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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44
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Choi W, Leu MT. Nitric Acid Uptake and Decomposition on Black Carbon (Soot) Surfaces: Its Implications for the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981647x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonyong Choi
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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45
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Caloz F, Seisel S, Fenter FF, Rossi MJ. Reactivity of BrNO2 and ClNO2 with Solid Alkali Salt Substrates. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982000f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Caloz
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Seisel
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederick F. Fenter
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Mochida M, Akimoto H, van den Bergh H, Rossi MJ. Heterogeneous Kinetics of the Uptake of HOBr on Solid Alkali Metal Halides at Ambient Temperature. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980849q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mochida
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan, and Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H. Akimoto
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan, and Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H. van den Bergh
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan, and Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. J. Rossi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan, and Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Schweitzer
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Université Louis Pasteur, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Mirabel
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Université Louis Pasteur, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian George
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Université Louis Pasteur, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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48
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Abbatt JPD, Waschewsky GCG. Heterogeneous Interactions of HOBr, HNO3, O3, and NO2 with Deliquescent NaCl Aerosols at Room Temperature. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980932d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. D. Abbatt
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - G. C. G. Waschewsky
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637
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49
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Notario A, Le Bras G, Mellouki A. Absolute Rate Constants for the Reactions of Cl Atoms with a Series of Esters. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980416n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Notario
- Laboratoire de Combustion et Systèmes Réactifs, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Georges Le Bras
- Laboratoire de Combustion et Systèmes Réactifs, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Laboratoire de Combustion et Systèmes Réactifs, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Gard EE, Kleeman MJ, Gross DS, Hughes LS, Allen JO, Morrical BD, Fergenson DP, Dienes T, Johnson RJ, Cass GR, Prather KA. Direct observation of heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere. Science 1998; 279:1184-7. [PMID: 9469803 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5354.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous replacement of chloride by nitrate in individual sea-salt particles was monitored continuously over time in the troposphere with the use of aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Modeling calculations show that the observed chloride displacement process is consistent with a heterogeneous chemical reaction between sea-salt particles and gas-phase nitric acid, leading to sodium nitrate production in the particle phase accompanied by liberation of gaseous HCl from the particles. Such single-particle measurements, combined with a single-particle model, make it possible to monitor and explain heterogeneous gas/particle chemistry as it occurs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- EE Gard
- E. E. Gard, D. S. Gross, B. D. Morrical, D. P. Fergenson, T. Dienes, M. E. Galli, K. A. Prather, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. M. J. Kleeman, L. S. Hughes, J. O. Allen, R. J. Johnson, G. R. Cass, Departme
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