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Murray V, Chen JK, Chung LH. The Interaction of the Metallo-Glycopeptide Anti-Tumour Drug Bleomycin with DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1372. [PMID: 29734689 PMCID: PMC5983701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer chemotherapeutic drug, bleomycin, is clinically used to treat several neoplasms including testicular and ovarian cancers. Bleomycin is a metallo-glycopeptide antibiotic that requires a transition metal ion, usually Fe(II), for activity. In this review, the properties of bleomycin are examined, especially the interaction of bleomycin with DNA. A Fe(II)-bleomycin complex is capable of DNA cleavage and this process is thought to be the major determinant for the cytotoxicity of bleomycin. The DNA sequence specificity of bleomycin cleavage is found to at 5′-GT* and 5′-GC* dinucleotides (where * indicates the cleaved nucleotide). Using next-generation DNA sequencing, over 200 million double-strand breaks were analysed, and an expanded bleomycin sequence specificity was found to be 5′-RTGT*AY (where R is G or A and Y is T or C) in cellular DNA and 5′-TGT*AT in purified DNA. The different environment of cellular DNA compared to purified DNA was proposed to be responsible for the difference. A number of bleomycin analogues have been examined and their interaction with DNA is also discussed. In particular, the production of bleomycin analogues via genetic manipulation of the modular non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases in the bleomycin gene cluster is reviewed. The prospects for the synthesis of bleomycin analogues with increased effectiveness as cancer chemotherapeutic agents is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jon K Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Long H Chung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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2
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Tang C, Paul A, Alam MP, Roy B, Wilson WD, Hecht SM. A short DNA sequence confers strong bleomycin binding to hairpin DNAs. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13715-26. [PMID: 25188011 PMCID: PMC4183661 DOI: 10.1021/ja505733u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Bleomycins A5 and B2 were used to study the
structural features in hairpin DNAs conducive to strong BLM–DNA
interaction. Two members of a 10-hairpin DNA library previously found
to bind most tightly to these BLMs were subsequently noted to share
the sequence 5′-ACGC (complementary strand sequence 5′-GCGT).
Each underwent double-strand cleavage at five sites within, or near,
an eight base pair region of the DNA duplex which had been randomized
to create the original library. A new hairpin DNA library was selected
based on affinity for immobilized Fe(III)·BLM A5.
Two of the 30 newly identified DNAs also contained the sequence 5′-ACGC/5′-GCGT.
These DNAs bound to the Fe(II)·BLMs more tightly than any DNA
characterized previously. Surface plasmon resonance confirmed tight
Fe(III)·BLM B2 binding and gave an excellent fit for
a 1:1 binding model, implying the absence of significant secondary
binding sites. Fe(II)·BLM A5 was used to assess sites
of double-strand DNA cleavage. Both hairpin DNAs underwent double-strand
cleavage at five sites within or near the original randomized eight
base region. For DNA 12, four of the five double-strand
cleavages involved independent single-strand cleavage reactions; DNA 13 underwent double-strand DNA cleavage by independent single-strand
cleavages at all five sites. DNA 14, which bound Fe·BLM
poorly, was converted to a strong binder (DNA 15) by
insertion of the sequence 5′-ACGC/5′-GCGT. These findings
reinforce the idea that tighter DNA binding by Fe·BLM leads to
increased double-strand cleavage by a novel mechanism and identify
a specific DNA motif conducive to strong BLM binding and cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Tang
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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3
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Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-pyrimidoblamic acid and P-3A are disclosed. Central to the convergent approach is a powerful inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between substituted electron-deficient 1,2,3-triazines and a highly functionalized and chiral primary amidine, which forms the pyrimidine cores and introduces all necessary stereochemistry in a single step. Intrinsic in the convergent approach is the potential it provides for the late stage divergent synthesis of modified analogs bearing deep-seated changes in either the pyrimidine cores or the highly functionalized C2 side chain common to both natural products. The examination of the key cycloaddition reaction revealed that the inherent 1,2,3-triazine mode of cycloaddition (C4/N1 vs C5/N2) as well as the amidine regioselectivity were unaffected by introduction of two electron-withdrawing groups (-CO2R) at C4 and C6 of the 1,2,3-triazine even if C5 is unsubstituted (Me or H), highlighting the synthetic potential of the powerful pyrimidine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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4
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Pitié M, Pratviel G. Activation of DNA Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds by Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1018-59. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Pitié
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Pratviel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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5
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Notash B, Safari N, Abedi A, Amani V, Khavasi HR. Cadmium(II) complexes containing 2,2′-dimethyl-4,4′-bithiazole ligand: synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure. J COORD CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970802672978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Notash
- a Chemistry Department , Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Safari
- a Chemistry Department , Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Anita Abedi
- b Department of Chemistry , North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Amani
- a Chemistry Department , Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khavasi
- a Chemistry Department , Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Tehran, Iran
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6
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Ma Q, Akiyama Y, Xu Z, Konishi K, Hecht SM. Identification and Cleavage Site Analysis of DNA Sequences Bound Strongly by Bleomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2013-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808629s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Yoshitsugu Akiyama
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Kazuhide Konishi
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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7
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Crystal structure of DNA-bound Co(III) bleomycin B2: Insights on intercalation and minor groove binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5052-6. [PMID: 18362349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708143105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycins constitute a widely studied class of complex DNA cleaving natural products that are used to treat various cancers. Since their first isolation, the bleomycins have provided a paradigm for the development and discovery of additional DNA-cleaving chemotherapeutic agents. The bleomycins consist of a disaccharide-modified metal-binding domain connected to a bithiazole/C-terminal tail via a methylvalerate-Thr linker and induce DNA damage after oxygen activation through site-selective cleavage of duplex DNA at 5'-GT/C sites. Here, we present crystal structures of two different 5'-GT containing oligonucleotides in both the presence and absence of bound Co(III).bleomycin B(2). Several findings from our studies impact the current view of bleomycin binding to DNA. First, we report that the bithiazole intercalates in two distinct modes and can do so independently of well ordered minor groove binding of the metal binding/disaccharide domains. Second, the Co(III)-coordinating equatorial ligands in our structure include the imidazole, histidine amide, pyrimidine N1, and the secondary amine of the beta aminoalanine, whereas the primary amine acts as an axial ligand. Third, minor groove binding of Co(III).bleomycin involves direct hydrogen bonding interactions of the metal binding domain and disaccharide with the DNA. Finally, modeling of a hydroperoxide ligand coordinated to Co(III) suggests that it is ideally positioned for initiation of C4'-H abstraction.
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8
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Abstract
Since the elucidation of the structure of double helical DNA, the construction of small molecules that recognize and react at specific DNA sites has been an area of considerable interest. In particular, the study of transition metal complexes that bind DNA with specificity has been a burgeoning field. This growth has been due in large part to the useful properties of metal complexes, which possess a wide array of photophysical attributes and allow for the modular assembly of an ensemble of recognition elements. Here we review recent experiments in our laboratory aimed at the design and study of octahedral metal complexes that bind DNA non-covalently and target reactions to specific sites. Emphasis is placed both on the variety of methods employed to confer site-specificity and upon the many applications for these complexes. Particular attention is given to the family of complexes recently designed that target single base mismatches in duplex DNA through metallo-insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075; E-mail:
| | - Valerie C. Pierre
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075; E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075; E-mail:
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9
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Sergeyev DS, Zarytova VF. Interaction of bleomycin and its oligonucleotide derivatives with nucleic acids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1996v065n04abeh000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Calafat AM, Marzilli LG. Chiralities of Complexes of BleomycirvType Ligands, a Neglected Feature in Structural Studies Relevant to Anticancer Drug Action. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/02603599808012255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Papakyriakou A, Bratsos I, Katsarou M, Katsaros N. Preparation, Structure Determination and Cytotoxicity of the Pd
II
·Bleomycin A2 Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papakyriakou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Fax: (internat.) + 30‐210‐6511766
| | - Ioannis Bratsos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Fax: (internat.) + 30‐210‐6511766
| | - Maria Katsarou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Fax: (internat.) + 30‐210‐6511766
| | - Nikos Katsaros
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Fax: (internat.) + 30‐210‐6511766
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13
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Cagir A, Tao ZF, Sucheck SJ, Hecht SM. Solid-phase synthesis and biochemical evaluation of conformationally constrained analogues of deglycobleomycin A5. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:5179-87. [PMID: 14604681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deglycobleomycin binds to and degrades the self-complementary oligonucleotide d(CGCTAGCG)(2) in a sequence selective fashion. A previous modeling study [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, (1998), 7450] had shown that, during binding to double stranded DNA, the conformation of the methylvalerate domain of deglycoBLM approximated that of S-proline. In the belief that an analogue of deglycoBLM structurally constrained to mimic the DNA-bound conformation might exhibit facilitated DNA binding and cleavage, an analogue of deglycoBLM was prepared in which the methylvalerate moiety was replaced by S-proline. This deglycoBLM analogue, as well as the related analogue containing R-proline, was synthesized on a TentaGel resin. Both of the analogues were found to be capable of binding Fe(2+) and activating O(2) for transfer to styrene. However, both deglycoBLM analogues exhibited diminished abilities to effect the relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA, and neither mediated sequence selective DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cagir
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
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14
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Abstract
Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-June Ming
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biomolecular Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, USA.
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15
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Abstract
This review is an attempt to illustrate the diversity of peptides reported for a potential or an established use in cancer therapy. With 612 references, this work aims at covering the patents and publications up to year 2000 with many inroads in years 2001-2002. The peptides are classed according to four categories of effective (or plausible) biological mechanisms of action: receptor-interacting compounds; inhibitors of protein-protein interaction; enzymes inhibitors; nucleic acid-interacting compounds. The fifth group is made of the peptides for which no mechanism of action has been found yet. Incidentally this work provides an overview of many of the modern targets of anticancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Janin
- UMR 176 CNRS-Intitut Curie, Paris, France.
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16
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Coordination of {RuII(NO+)}3+ and {RuII(H2O)}2+ to bleomycin: most favored [RuII(L)(BLM-A2)] structure according to 1H NMR and molecular mechanics methods. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Wolkenberg SE, Boger DL. Mechanisms of in situ activation for DNA-targeting antitumor agents. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2477-95. [PMID: 12105933 DOI: 10.1021/cr010046q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Wolkenberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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18
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Thomas CJ, McCormick MM, Vialas C, Tao ZF, Leitheiser CJ, Rishel MJ, Wu X, Hecht SM. Alteration of the selectivity of DNA cleavage by a deglycobleomycin analogue containing a trithiazole moiety. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3875-84. [PMID: 11942824 DOI: 10.1021/ja011820u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bleomycin (BLM) group of antitumor antibiotics effects DNA cleavage in a sequence-selective manner. Previous studies have indicated that the metal-binding and bithiazole moieties of BLM are both involved in the binding of BLM to DNA. The metal-binding domain is normally the predominant structural element in determining the sequence selectivity of DNA binding, but it has been shown that replacement of the bithiazole moiety with a strong DNA binder can alter the sequence selectivity of DNA binding and cleavage. To further explore the mechanism by which BLM and DNA interact, a trithiazole-containing deglycoBLM analogue was synthesized and tested for its ability to relax supercoiled DNA and cleave linear duplex DNA in a sequence-selective fashion. Also studied was cleavage of a novel RNA substrate. Solid-phase synthesis of the trithiazole deglycoBLM A(5) analogue was achieved using a TentaGel resin containing a Dde linker and elaborated from five key intermediates. The ability of the resulting BLM analogue to relax supercoiled DNA was largely unaffected by introduction of the additional thiazole moiety. Remarkably, while no new sites of DNA cleavage were observed for this analogue, there was a strong preference for cleavage at two 5'-GT-3' sites when a 5'-(32)P end-labeled DNA duplex was used as a substrate. The alteration of sequence selectivity of cleavage was accompanied by some decrease in the potency of DNA cleavage, albeit without a dramatic diminution. In common with BLM, the trithiazole analogue of deglycoBLM A(5) effected both hydrolytic cleavage of RNA in the absence of added metal ion and oxidative cleavage in the presence of Fe(2+) and O(2). In comparison with BLM A(5), the relative efficiencies of hydrolytic cleavage at individual sites were altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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Lukoyanov D, Burger RM, Scholes CP. ENDOR determination of the distance between bleomycin-bound iron and 19F of 2'-fluorocytidine in a DNA target sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:12742-3. [PMID: 11741465 DOI: 10.1021/ja016943t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lukoyanov
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Biological Macromolecules, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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20
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Keck MV, Manderville RA, Hecht SM. Chemical and structural characterization of the interaction of bleomycin A2 with d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2. efficient, double-strand DNA cleavage accessible without structural reorganization. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8690-700. [PMID: 11535073 DOI: 10.1021/ja003795i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A detailed description of the interaction between Fe(II).bleomycin A2 and the Dickerson-Drew dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 is presented. The reaction between bleomycin and this substrate leads to DNA cleavage at two major sites, adenosine5 and cytidine11, and two minor sites, cytidine3 and thymidine8. The pattern and relative intensities of cleavage at these sites was not entirely consistent with what would be predicted based on the preference of the drug for cleavage at the pyrimidines of 5'-GC-3' and 5'-GT-3' sites. Insight into the origins of the apparent alteration of selectivity was provided by examination of the structure of the duplex which had been determined by X-ray crystallography. This indicated that the C4' hydrogens of the two nucleotides located at the strongest cleavage sites, C11 on one strand and A5 on the other, were oriented toward each other in the minor groove. Two-dimensional NMR measurements and molecular dynamics modeling indicated that a metalloBLM could bind to the duplex in an orientation that positioned the metal center roughly equally close to each of these hydrogen atoms. On the basis of this observation, it was proposed that these two residues represented a double-stranded BLM cleavage site. This hypothesis was tested through the study of the BLM-mediated cleavage of the related decamer duplex, d(CGCGAATTCG).d(CGAATTCGCG), as well as the hairpin sequence d(CGCGAATTCGIIIITTTTCCCCCGAATTCGCG). By the use of the hairpin oligonucleotide 32P-labeled alternately at the 5' and 3'-ends, unequivocal evidence was obtained for BLM-mediated double-strand cleavage. Quantitative analysis of the proportion of damage involving double-strand cleavage was effected by the use of the hairpin substrate; for damage initiated at the predominant cleavage site (cytidine31, analogous to cytidine11 in the dodecanucleotide), it is estimated that 43% of all damage leads to double-stranded lesions. The exceptional efficiency of double-strand cleavage observed in this system must reflect the spatial proximity and orientation of the two sugar H's whose abstraction is required to produce double-stranded lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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Rajani C, Kincaid JR, Petering DH. A systematic approach toward the analysis of drug-DNA interactions using Raman spectroscopy: the binding of metal-free bleomycins A(2) and B(2) to calf thymus DNA. Biopolymers 2001; 52:110-28. [PMID: 11169380 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(1999)52:3<110::aid-bip20>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycins A(2) and B(2) are the two active components in the antineoplastic drug Blenoxane. DNA is targeted by this drug in cancer cells and the mode of action of this drug involves DNA binding. Ambiguity exists as to the way in which bleomycin binds to DNA. Raman spectroscopy was used to examine both calf thymus DNA and a bleomycin/DNA complex at two temperatures. A curvefitting technique was applied to these spectra for a spectral region obscured by many overlapping bands associated with the nucleotide bases in order to derive information about frequencies, bandwidths, and intensities of the vibrational modes in this region. This allowed identification and analysis of bands associated with specific assigned nucleotide base residues. Upon binding of bleomycin, several significant changes in bandwidth, intensities, and frequencies relative to uncomplexed DNA were observed consistently at both higher (30 degrees C) and lower (19 degrees C) temperature. The data presented here support at least a partial intercalation mode of binding for bleomycin that is temperature dependent and more pronounced at the more physiologically relevant temperature of 30 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rajani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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22
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Abraham AT, Zhou X, Hecht SM. Metallobleomycin-mediated cleavage of DNA not involving a threading-intercalation mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:5167-75. [PMID: 11457377 DOI: 10.1021/ja002460y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The DNA cleavage properties of metallobleomycins conjugated to three solid supports were investigated using plasmid DNA, relaxed covalently closed circular DNA, and linear duplex DNA as substrates. Cleavage of pBR322 and pSP64 plasmid DNAs by Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2) was observed with efficiencies not dissimilar to that obtained using free Fe(II).BLM A(5). Similar results were observed following Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2)-mediated cleavage of a relaxed plasmid, a substrate that lacks ends or negative supercoiling capable of facilitating strand separation. BLMs covalently tethered to solid supports, including Fe(II).BLM A(5)-Sepharose 4B, Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(6), and Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2), cleaved a 5'-(32)P end labeled linear DNA duplex with a sequence selectivity identical to that of free Fe(II).BLM A(5); cleavage predominated at 5'-G(82)T(83)-3' and 5'-G(84)T(85)-3'. To verify that these results could also be obtained using other metallobleomycins, supercoiled plasmid DNA and a linear DNA duplex were employed as substrates for Co(III).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2). Free green Co(III).BLM A(5) was only about 2-fold more efficient than green Co(III).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2) in effecting DNA cleavage. A similar result was obtained using Cu(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2) + dithiothreitol. In addition, the conjugated Co.BLM A(5) and Cu.BLM A(5) cleaved the linear duplex DNA with a sequence selectivity identical to that of the respective free metalloBLMs. Interestingly, when supercoiled plasmid DNA was used as a substrate, conjugated Fe.BLM A(5) and Co.BLM A(5) were both found to produce Form III DNA in addition to Form II DNA. The formation of Form III DNA by conjugated Fe.BLM A(5) was assessed quantitatively. When corrected for differences in the intrinsic efficiencies of DNA cleavage by conjugated vs free BLMs, conjugated Fe.BLM A(5) was found to produce Form III DNA to about the same extent as the respective free Fe.BLM A(5), arguing that this conjugated BLM can also effect double-strand cleavage of DNA. Although previous evidence supporting DNA intercalation by some metallobleomycins is convincing, the present evidence indicates that threading intercalation is not a requirement for DNA cleavage by Fe(II).BLM A(5), Co(III).BLM A(5), or Cu(I).BLM A(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Abraham
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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23
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Neese F, Zaleski JM, Loeb Zaleski K, Solomon EI. Electronic Structure of Activated Bleomycin: Oxygen Intermediates in Heme versus Non-Heme Iron. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja001812y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neese
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Jeffrey M. Zaleski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Kelly Loeb Zaleski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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24
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Kimura E, Kitamura H, Ohtani K, Koike T. Elaboration of Selective and Efficient Recognition of Thymine Base in Dinucleotides (TpT, ApT, CpT, and GpT), Single-Stranded d(GTGACGCC), and Double-Stranded d(CGCTAGCG)2by Zn2+−Acridinylcyclen (Acridinylcyclen = (9-Acridinyl)methyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000083j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Kurosaki H, Hayashi K, Goto M, Shionoya M, Kimura E. Synthesis and characterization of the zinc(II) complex of a bleomycin analogue: a unique polymeric 2-[((2-(4-imidazoyl)ethyl)amino)carbony]-6-[((2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino)methyl]pyridine zinc(II) nitrate complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-7003(00)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Solomon EI, Brunold TC, Davis MI, Kemsley JN, Lee SK, Lehnert N, Neese F, Skulan AJ, Yang YS, Zhou J. Geometric and electronic structure/function correlations in non-heme iron enzymes. Chem Rev 2000; 100:235-350. [PMID: 11749238 DOI: 10.1021/cr9900275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1351] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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27
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Hecht SM. Bleomycin: new perspectives on the mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2000; 63:158-168. [PMID: 10650103 DOI: 10.1021/np990549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bleomycin group antitumor antibiotics have long been of interest as a consequence of their efficacy in the treatment of certain tumors, not to mention their unique structures and properties in mediating dioxygen activation and sequence selective degradation of DNA. At a chemical level, the structure originally assigned to bleomycin was subsequently reassigned and the new structure has been confirmed by total synthesis. Through the elaboration of structurally modified bleomycin congeners and fragments, synthetic efforts have also facilitated an understanding of the contribution of individual structural domains in bleomycin to sequence selective DNA binding and cleavage, and have also provided insights into the nature of the chemical processes by which DNA degradation takes place. Within the last several years, it has also become apparent that bleomycin can mediate the oxidative degradation of all major classes of cellular RNAs; it seems entirely plausible that RNA may also represent an important locus of action for this class of antitumor agent. In parallel with ongoing synthetic and mechanistic efforts using classical methods, the study of bleomycins attached to solid supports has been shown to provide important mechanistic insights, and the actual elaboration of modified bleomycins by solid phase synthesis constitutes a logical extension of such efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hecht
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA.
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28
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Claussen CA, Long EC. Nucleic Acid recognition by metal complexes of bleomycin. Chem Rev 1999; 99:2797-816. [PMID: 11749501 DOI: 10.1021/cr980449z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Claussen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3274
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Kurosaki H, Hayashi K, Ishikawa Y, Goto M, Inada K, Taniguchi I, Shionoya M, Kimura E. New Robust Bleomycin Analogues: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Crystal Structures of the Copper(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 1999; 38:2824-2832. [PMID: 11671027 DOI: 10.1021/ic980510i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new bleomycin analogues, 2-[((2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)amino)carbonyl]-6-[((2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino)methyl]pyridine = L(3)() and 2-[((2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)amino)carbonyl]-6-[((2-amino-1,1,2-trimethylpropyl)amino)methyl]pyridine = L(4)(), were synthesized in order to create air-stable ligands of their Cu(I) (and Fe(II)) complexes. The protonation constants (log K(n)()) of the ligands at 25 degrees C and I = 0.1 M NaNO(3) were 9.9, 6.9, and 5.2 for L(3)() and 10.0, 6.7, and 3.9 for L(4)(). The complexation of the triprotonated L(3)() and L(4)() with Cu(II) started at pH < 5 to yield 4-coordinate [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L).H(+)](2+) complexes, 4 and 6, respectively, followed by formation of square-pyramidal [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L)](+) complexes, 5 and 7, with pK(a) values of 5.6 for 5 and 5.9 for 7. The complexation constants, log K(Cu)()II(H)()-1(L), were 8.9 for [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L(3))](+), 5, and 8.6 for [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L(4))](+), 7, respectively. The structures of [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L(3))]ClO(4) (5.ClO(4)) and [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L(4))]BF(4) (7.BF(4)) were determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for 5.ClO(4): monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n (No. 14), a = 13.978(6) Å, b = 8.103(3) Å, c = 18.037(5) Å, beta = 98.61(3) degrees, V = 2019(1) Å(3), Z = 4, R = 0.053, and R(w) = 0.044 for 2996 [I > 3sigma(I)] reflections. Crystal data for 7.BF(4): monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n (No. 14), a = 16.092 (4) Å, b = 7.974(4) Å, c = 16.819(2) Å, beta = 99.64(1) degrees, V = 2127(1) Å(3), Z = 4, R = 0.040, and R(w) = 0.025 for 1633 [I > 4sigma(I)] reflections. The coordination geometry around the copper was a distorted square-pyramid in 5, while that of 7 was the intermediate between a trigonal-bipyramid and a square-pyramid. The distortion is influenced strongly by the number of the methyl group. The EPR spectral data for both copper(II) complexes were consistent with the retention of the solid-state structure in frozen DMF/MeOH (1:1) solution at 77 K. The visible absorption spectra of 10% DMF/aqueous solutions (pH 9.5) of 5 and 7 at I = 0.1 M NaNO(3) showed absorption maxima at 646 nm with a shoulder at ca. 900 nm for 5 and at 658 and 888 nm for 7. The red-shift of 7 by ca. 12 nm relative to 5 reflects the distortion toward the trigonal-bipyramidal geometry of 7 in solution. Both complexes displayed irreversible redox behavior in DMF at I = 0.1 M tetra(n-butyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate. The anodic and cathodic peak potentials obtained by cyclic voltammetry for 5 and 7 were -0.14 and -0.76 V for 5 and -0.17 and -0.80 for 7 vs Ag/AgCl. The cathodic potentials of copper(II) complexes were shifted toward the anodic direction by ca. 20-60 mV compared to the nonsubstituted 5-coordinate, [Cu(II)(H(-)(1)L(1))](+) complex, 16 (-0.82 V vs Ag/AgCl). The Cu(I) complexes (9and 10) are air-oxidized to the corresponding Cu(II) complexes, 5 and 7, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Kurosaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-honmachi 5-1, Kumamoto 862, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860, Japan, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734, Japan
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Katano K, An H, Aoyagi Y, Overhand M, Sucheck SJ, Stevens WC, Hess CD, Zhou X, Hecht SM. Total Synthesis of Bleomycin Group Antibiotics. Total Syntheses of Bleomycin Demethyl A2, Bleomycin A2, and Decarbamoyl Bleomycin Demethyl A2. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9819458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoaki Katano
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Haoyun An
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Yoshiaki Aoyagi
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Mark Overhand
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - William C. Stevens
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Cynthia D. Hess
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
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Boger DL, Ramsey TM, Cai H, Hoehn ST, Stubbe J. Definition of the Effect and Role of the Bleomycin A2 Valerate Substituents: Preorganization of a Rigid, Compact Conformation Implicated in Sequence-Selective DNA Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9816640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Timothy M. Ramsey
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hui Cai
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Silvia T. Hoehn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Boger DL, Ramsey TM, Cai H, Hoehn ST, Stubbe J. A Systematic Evaluation of the Bleomycin A2 l-Threonine Side Chain: Its Role in Preorganization of a Compact Conformation Implicated in Sequence-Selective DNA Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9816638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Timothy M. Ramsey
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hui Cai
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Silvia T. Hoehn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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34
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Sucheck SJ, Ellena JF, Hecht SM. Characterization of Zn(II)·Deglycobleomycin A2 and Interaction with d(CGCTAGCG)2: Direct Evidence for Minor Groove Binding of the Bithiazole Moiety. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9801801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Sucheck
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Jeffrey F. Ellena
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
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35
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Sam JW, Takahashi S, Lippai I, Peisach J, Rousseau DL. Sequence-specific changes in the metal site of ferric bleomycin induced by the binding of DNA. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16090-7. [PMID: 9632661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.16090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of the iron complex of the antineoplastic glycopeptide bleomycin A2 (Fe-BLM) to calf thymus DNA and the self-complementary oligonucleotides d(CGCGCG) and d(ATATAT) has been studied using optical, EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. An increase in the intensity of the bands at 365 and 384 nm is observed in the optical spectrum of Fe(III)-BLM when the drug binds to either oligonucleotide. However, in the presence of phosphate, this increase is observed only with d(CGCGCG) and not with d(ATATAT). In addition, the gmax feature in the EPR spectrum of low spin Fe(III)-BLM is narrowed in a way suggesting a reduction of possible conformers that the drug can achieve when it is bound to d(CGCGCG) or to calf thymus DNA but not when bound to d(ATATAT). When Fe(III)-BLM is bound to d(CGCGCG), changes in the resonance Raman spectrum of the metal drug complex suggest conformational changes in three of the ligands to iron: the beta-hydroxyhistidyl amide, the pyrimidine, and the axial hydroxide. In addition, the Fe-OH band undergoes narrowing, again consistent, with the reduction of conformers of the drug. No such resonance Raman changes are observed upon binding to d(ATATAT). The changes in the pyrimidine modes upon binding d(CGCGCG) to the drug are consistent with a recently proposed model (Wu, W., Vanderwall, D. E., Turner, C. J., Kozarich, J. W., and Stubbe, J. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 1281-1294) of DNA recognition by activated bleomycin, HOO-Fe(III)-BLM, in which the pyrimidine moiety of the drug is important for the preferential cleavage of 5'-GpPy-3' sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Sam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461-1602, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Burger
- Public Health Research Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016
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37
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Borah S, Melvin MS, Lindquist N, Manderville RA. Copper-Mediated Nuclease Activity of a Tambjamine Alkaloid. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9729746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Borah
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7486
| | - Matt S. Melvin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7486
| | - Niels Lindquist
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7486
| | - Richard A. Manderville
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7486
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38
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Wu W, Vanderwall DE, Teramoto S, Lui SM, Hoehn ST, Tang XJ, Turner CJ, Boger DL, Kozarich JW, Stubbe J. NMR Studies of Co·Deglycobleomycin A2 Green and Its Complex with d(CCAGGCCTGG). J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972125i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Dana E. Vanderwall
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Shuji Teramoto
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Siu Man Lui
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Silvia T. Hoehn
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Xue-Jun Tang
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Christopher J. Turner
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - John W. Kozarich
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Veselov A, Burger RM, Scholes CP. Q-band Electron Nuclear Double Resonance of Ferric Bleomycin and Activated Bleomycin Complexes with DNA: Fe(III) Hyperfine Interaction with 31P and DNA-Induced Perturbation to Bleomycin Structure. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972138w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Veselov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Public Health Research Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016
| | - Richard M. Burger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Public Health Research Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016
| | - Charles P. Scholes
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Public Health Research Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016
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Boger DL, Ramsey TM, Cai H, Hoehn ST, Kozarich JW, Stubbe J. Assessment of the Role of the Bleomycin A2 Pyrimidoblamic Acid C4 Amino Group. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971889v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Timothy M. Ramsey
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Hui Cai
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Silvia T. Hoehn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - John W. Kozarich
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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Caceres-Cortes J, Sugiyama H, Ikudome K, Saito I, Wang AH. Interactions of deglycosylated cobalt(III)-pepleomycin (green form) with DNA based on NMR structural studies,. Biochemistry 1997; 36:9995-10005. [PMID: 9254594 DOI: 10.1021/bi9708951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pepleomycin (PEP)1 is a metalloglycopeptide antitumor antibiotic that has improved pharmacological properties than does bleomycin (BLM). Both PEP and BLM bind to and degrade DNA in a sequence-selective manner. The binding interactions of HO2--Co(III)-CodPEP (CodPEP) with CGTACG have been studied by 2D NMR and molecular modeling. Inspection of the 2D-NMR data revealed 60 notable intermolecular NOEs between CodPEP and CGTACG which place the drug's metal binding domain and peptide linker in the minor groove of the DNA close to G8 and T9. On the basis of the NOEs, the drug's DNA binding domain is located close to the T9.A4 and A10.T3 base pairs. Intercalation of the bithiazole tail between these base pairs is indicated by the loss of DNA symmetry upon complexation with CodPEP, by a break in the sequential connectivity at the TpA steps, and by the upfield shift of the bithiazole H-H5 and H-H5' proton resonances. Intercalation of the bithiazole moiety unfolds the CodPEP molecule and exposes its hydroperoxide group to the DNA. The hydroperoxide group in the refined model of CodPEP-CGTACG is close to the C4' proton of T9, consistent with cleavage at this position. The NOE pattern between the pyrimidine ring of CodPEP and G8 of DNA suggests a specific pairing recognition via hydrogen bonds between these groups, thus establishing a 5'-GT-3' sequence preference. The structural elucidation of the free CodPEP and CoPEP [Caceres-Cortes et al. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 244, 818-828], and of the complex of CodPEP-CGTACG afford a plausible mechanism for the recognition and its subsequent cleaving of DNA by the drug. The process involves the unfolding of the compact CodPEP, recognition of a guanine base using the metal binding domain, threading of the bithiazole tail between base pairs, and finally positioning of the HO2- group close to the T or C found 3' to the specific G site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caceres-Cortes
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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43
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Boger DL, Teramoto S, Cai H. N-methyl threonine analogues of deglycobleomycin A2: synthesis and evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:1577-89. [PMID: 9313863 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)00107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 5 and its D-allo-threonine epimer 6 and the comparison of their DNA cleavage efficiency and selectivity with that of deglycobleomycin A2 (3) are detailed. The studies illustrate that N-methylation of the L-threonine subunit within deglycobleomycin A2 dramatically reduces the DNA cleavage efficiency (10-15-fold), weakens and nearly abolishes the inherent DNA cleavage selectivity, but has little effect on the inherent oxidation capabilities of the activated Fe(III) complexes. The results are consistent with a previously unrecognized prominent role for the threonine NH and the potential importance of a hydrogen bond to the Fe(III) hydroperoxide complex of bleomycin or a subsequent activated complex implicated in recent structural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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44
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Suh D, Povirk LF. Mapping of the cleavage-associated bleomycin binding site on DNA with a new method based on site-specific blockage of the minor groove with N2-isobutyrylguanine. Biochemistry 1997; 36:4248-57. [PMID: 9100020 DOI: 10.1021/bi962957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the binding of various forms of bleomycin to DNA has been studied extensively, the transient nature of the activated bleomycin species which ultimately attacks DNA has largely precluded direct examination of its physical interactions with DNA. In an attempt to map the minimum binding site required for this species to effect DNA cleavage, several oligonucleotide duplexes were synthesized, each of which contained a single N2-isobutyrylguanine moiety at a specific position in the sequence. These duplexes were end-labeled, and sequence-specific bleomycin-induced cleavage was assessed in each strand of each duplex. Isobutyrylguanine substitution immediately 5' to a primary bleomycin target site suppressed bleomycin-induced cleavage by more than 10-fold. Substitution two bases 5' to a target site suppressed cleavage by about 4-fold, and substitution directly opposite the target site suppressed cleavage by 7-fold. Substitution immediately 3' to the target site, or at other more distant positions 3' or 5', had little or no effect. In cases where cleavage at a primary site was strongly suppressed, cleavage at the corresponding secondary site (the putative site of the second break in a bleomycin-induced double-strand break) was also inhibited, even when the secondary site was several bases away from the isobutyrylguanine substitution. The results suggest that the binding site required for bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage spans a region of approximately 2 or 3 bp in the minor groove, including the base associated with the sugar attacked and one or two bases to its 5' side. Computer-based molecular modeling indicated that these results are consistent with the predictions of recently proposed models in which the bithiazole is intercalated immediately 3' to the cleavage site, and the iron coordination site binds in the minor groove immediately 5' to the cleavage site. Both the empirical data and the modeling studies suggest that N2-isobutyrylguanine substitution effectively blocks the minor groove, but without significantly disturbing DNA secondary structure. Thus, it is proposed that site-specific incorporation of N2-isobutyrylguanine may provide a general method for mapping binding sites of minor groove-binding ligands on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Suh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
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45
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Boger DL, Han N. CC-1065/duocarmycin and bleomycin A2 hybrid agents: lack of enhancement of DNA alkylation by attachment to noncomplementary DNA binding subunits. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:233-43. [PMID: 9061188 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid agents 5-11 containing the C-terminus DNA binding domain of bleomycin A2 linked to the CBI analogue of the CC-1065 and duocarmycin DNA alkylation subunits were prepared and evaluated. The agents exhibited little or no enhancement of the DNA alkylation efficiency and in some cases the linkage resulted in diminished properties relative to the simple alkylation subunit itself. Moreover, the DNA alkylation selectivity (5'-AA > 5'-TA) of the resulting agents proved identical to that of simple derivatives of the CBI alkylation subunit, e.g. N-BOC-CBI. Thus, the linkage to the DNA binding domain of bleomycin A2 did not alter this inherent DNA alkylation selectivity to reflect a DNA binding or cleavage selectivity of bleomycin A2, nor did it reflect the greater 5- or 3.5-base-pair AT-rich selectivities observed with CC-1065 or the duocarmycins, respectively. Consistent with these observations, the cytotoxic properties of 5-11 were diminished relative to those of even simple derivatives of the CC-1065/duocarmycin alkylation subunits, e.g. N-BOC-CBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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46
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Yang Y, Huang L, Pon RT, Cheng SF, Chang DK, Lown JW. Solution structure studies of the cobalt complex of a bleomycin functional model bound to d(CGCAATTGCG)2 by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods and restrained molecular dynamics simulation. Bioconjug Chem 1996; 7:670-9. [PMID: 8950486 DOI: 10.1021/bc960065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the cobalt(III) complex of a bleomycin functional model (AMPHIS-NET) and the oligonucleotide d(CGCAATTGCG)2 and the structural features of the 1:1 ligand-DNA complex have been determined by high-resolution two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods and restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) cross-peaks between ligand protons and the DNA minor groove protons suggest that the cobalt(III) complex of AMPHIS-NET binds in the minor groove of DNA at the central AATT site. The NOE connectivities also clearly indicate that the H8 pyridine proton and the H2 imidazole proton in the metal-binding domain interact with the H4' sugar proton of C19 and the H4' sugar proton of A5, respectively, which defines a structure where the metal binding moiety of Co(III).AMPHIS-NET participates in binding to the DNA and extends into the region two base pairs beyond the central AATT site in the minor groove. This binding model is in accord with the consistently observed nondiffusion DNA cleavage in locations two to three residues beyond the end of AT-rich binding sites induced by the corresponding iron(II) complexes of AMPHIS-NET and other AMPHIS-lexitropsin hybrids of the bleomycin functional model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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47
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Povirk LF. DNA damage and mutagenesis by radiomimetic DNA-cleaving agents: bleomycin, neocarzinostatin and other enediynes. Mutat Res 1996; 355:71-89. [PMID: 8781578 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin and the enediyne antibiotics effect concerted, simultaneous site-specific free radical attack on sugar moieties in both strands of DNA, resulting in double-strand breaks of defined geometry and chemical structure, as well as abasic sites with closely opposed strand breaks. The hypersensitivity of several mammalian double-strand break repair-deficient mutants to these agents confirms the role of these double-strand breaks in mediating cytotoxicity. In bacteria, mutagenesis by both bleomycin and neocarzinostatin appears to result from replicative bypass of abasic sites, the repair of which is blocked by the presence of closely opposed strand breaks. However, in mammalian cells, such abasic sites decompose to form double-strand breaks, and mutagenesis consists primarily of small deletions, large deletions, and gene rearrangements, all of which probably result from errors in double-strand break repair by a nonhomologous end-joining mechanism. Studies with the radiomimetic antibiotics emphasize the importance of this end-joining repair pathway, and these agents provide useful probes of its mechanistic details, particularly the effects of chemically modified DNA termini on repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
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48
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Stubbe J, Kozarich JW, Wu W, Vanderwall DE. Bleomycins: A Structural Model for Specificity, Binding, and Double Strand Cleavage. Acc Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ar9501333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne Stubbe
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
| | - John W. Kozarich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
| | - Dana E. Vanderwall
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
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49
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Farinas ET, Tan JD, Mascharak PK. Photoinduced DNA Cleavage Reactions by Designed Analogues of Co(III)-Bleomycin: The Metalated Core Is the Primary Determinant of Sequence Specificity. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:2637-2643. [PMID: 11666481 DOI: 10.1021/ic9503139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 2,4'-bithiazole group has been covalently attached to the Co(III) complex of a designed ligand PMAH that mimics the metal-binding locus of the antitumor drug bleomycin (BLM). The deprotonated PMA(-) ligand binds Co(III) via five nitrogens located in primary and secondary amines, a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring, and a peptide moiety. The 2,4'-bithiazole group is tethered to the [Co(PMA)](2+) unit via an imidazole that is connected to the bithiazole moiety with a (CH(2))(3) spacer. The structure of this hybrid analogue, namely, [Co(PMA)(Bit)]Cl(2) (7, Bit = 2'-methyl-2,4'-bithiazole-4-carboxamido-N'-(3-propyl)imidazole) has been established by spectroscopic techniques. 7 promotes photocleavage of DNA at micromolar concentrations. Unlike simpler analogues like [Co(PMA)(H(2)O)](2+) and [Co(PMA)Cl)](+) which induce random DNA cleavage upon UV illumination, 7 exhibits sequence specificity in the DNA photocleavage reaction. Intriguing is to note that 7 exhibits the same 5'GG-N3' sequence preference as another hybrid analogue [Co(PMA)(Int-A)]Cl(2) (6, Int-A = acridine-9-carboxamido-N'-(3-propyl)imidazole) that contains an acridine moiety as the DNA-binding group. The observed sequence specificity of 6 and 7 therefore does not reflect the sequence preferences of the DNA-binding groups (acridine and bithiazole). The results indicate that the metalated core of the hybrid analogues, i.e., the [Co(PMA)](2+) unit is the key factor in determining their sequence specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo T. Farinas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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50
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Mao Q, Fulmer P, Li W, DeRose EF, Petering DH. Different conformations and site selectivity of HO-2-Co(III)-bleomycin A2 and Co (III)-bleomycin A2 bound to DNA oligomers. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:6185-91. [PMID: 8626408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.11.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational properties of HO2(-)-Co(III)-bleomycin A2 (Form I) and Co(III)-bleomycin (Form II) bound to DNA oligomers offering either principal cleavage site for the drug, d(GGAAGCTTCC)2 or d(AAACGTIT)2, have been studied by NMR methods. Form I binds in slow exchange to these oligomers. It retains most of its solution nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) upon binding to either oligomer. Pyrimidinyl methyl protons from the metal domain of the drug make an NOE connection with a G5 2-amino proton on DNA. The bithiazole intercalates between base pairs involving either C6 and T7 or T6 and T7 of the two DNA molecules, according to NOE connections between the bithiazole protons and protons from these bases and changes in the positions of their chemical shifts. Form II also retains most of its solution NOEs upon association with the first oligomer. However, in contrast to Form I it binds to DNA in fast exchange on the NMR time scale over the temperature range of 5-35 degrees C and does not break the degeneracy of the DNA proton chemical shifts. No intermolecular NOEs between Form II and the 10-mer have been detected. Likewise, the major perturbation in chemical shift of the histidine H2 and guanine G5 protons seen in Form I-DNA adducts is absent in Form II-DNA. The association constant of Form II with d(GGAAGCTTCC)2 in 20 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C is 1.7 x 10(5) M(-1), and 1.0 mol of Form II bind per mol of 10-mer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53201, USA
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