1
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Liu T, Huang Z, Cheng S, Chen W, Yang X, Zhang H. Collective Syntheses of Corynanthe Alkaloids Based on a Chirality-Tunable Structure Unit. Org Lett 2024; 26:8803-8809. [PMID: 39378191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
A novel strategy based on a common intermediate bearing a chirality-tunable structure unit for the collective syntheses of corynantheine-type and heteroyohimbine-type alkaloids has been developed. Key transformations of the synthetic strategy are a sequential nucleophilic C-N bond formation/Mannich-type cyclization to construct the highly functional C/D rings, a stereocontrolled introduction of the C15 and C20 chiral centers based on the chirality-tunable structure unit, and an amine-directed addition of Me3Al to construct the C18 methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhenrui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
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2
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Nam Y, Tam AT, Miller ER, Scheidt KA. A Platform for the Synthesis of Corynantheine-Type Corynanthe Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:118-124. [PMID: 38153983 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Corynantheine-type alkaloids are major components of the Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, that exhibit unique pharmacological activity. However, no universal method to prepare these alkaloids has been reported. Disclosed herein is a catalytic, asymmetric platform that enables rapid access to corynantheine alkaloids. The first enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-corynantheidine pseudoindoxyl is described. The first asymmetric syntheses of (+)-corynoxine and (-)-corynoxine B were also achieved, along with enantioselective syntheses of (-)-corynantheidol and (-)-corynantheidine. Through this work, all series of corynantheine alkaloids including indole, spirooxindole, and pseudoindoxyl can now be accessed in the laboratory, enabling comprehensive biological investigation of kratom alkaloids to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchan Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony T Tam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Okada K, Ueda H, Tokuyama H. Total synthesis of (±)-vinoxine: construction of the bridged pyrido[1,2- a]indole skeleton via Tf 2O-mediated Bischler-Napieralski reaction and stereoselective radical cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5943-5947. [PMID: 35262132 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of (±)-vinoxine was achieved featuring the assembly of a multi-substituted tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole skeleton through the Tf2O-mediated Bischler-Napieralski reaction. The characteristic diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane skeleton was stereoselectively constructed via radical cyclization based on the one stereochemistry of the C3 position. The established methodology provides new options for the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals containing the multi-substituted pyrido[1,2-a]indole skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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4
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Zeng J, Fang W, Lin B, Chen GQ, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Alder-ene-type Cycloisomerization of 1,7-Enynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:869-874. [PMID: 35029403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric cycloisomerization of 1,7-enynes is regarded as a formidable challenge due to the poor ability of 1,7-enynes to serve as bidentate ligands to metal. In this Letter, a highly enantioselective rhodium(I)-catalyzed Alder-ene-type cycloisomerization of 1,7-enynes is disclosed, offering an efficient method for the synthesis of a wide range of fused six-membered cyclic compounds. Furthermore, a high turnover frequency experiment and deuterium-labeling experiment were performed to give insight into this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zeng
- Medi-X Pingshan and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- Medi-X Pingshan and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijin Lin
- Medi-X Pingshan and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Medi-X Pingshan and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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5
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Buchman M, Farney EP, Greszler SN, Altenbach RJ, Gfesser GA, Voight EA. Lithioarene Cycliacylation and Pd-Catalyzed Aminoethylation/Cyclization to Access Electronically Diverse Saturated Isoquinoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 87:776-789. [PMID: 34939418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report operationally facile methods for the synthesis of substituted dihydroisoquinolinones and tetrahydroisoquinolines from readily accessible o-bromobenzyl bromides and o-bromobenzaldehydes, respectively. While classical electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are tailored to the construction of saturated isoquinolines derived from electron-rich precursors, we demonstrate efficient syntheses from electronically diverse substrates to produce cyclized products as single regioisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Buchman
- Centralized Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Elliot P Farney
- Centralized Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stephen N Greszler
- Centralized Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert J Altenbach
- Centralized Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gregory A Gfesser
- Centralized Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric A Voight
- Centralized Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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6
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Sakamoto J, Ishikawa H. Bioinspired Transformations Using Strictosidine Aglycones: Divergent Total Syntheses of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids in the Early Stage of Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104052. [PMID: 34854134 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of bioinspired transformations that are applied to convert strictosidine aglycones into monoterpenoid indole alkaloids is reported. The highly reactive key intermediates, strictosidine aglycones, were prepared in situ by simple removal of a silyl protecting group from the silyl ether derivatives, and converted selectively via bioinspired transformations under substrate control into heteroyohimbine- and corynantheine-type, and akagerine and naucleaoral related alkaloids. Thus, concise, divergent total syntheses of 13 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, (-)-cathenamine, (-)-tetrahydroalstonine, (+)-dihydrocorynantheine, (-)-corynantheidine, (-)-akagerine, (-)-dihydrocycloakagerine, (-)-naucleaoral B, (+)-naucleidinal, (-)-naucleofficines D and III, (-)-nauclefiline, and (-)-naucleamides A and E, were accomplished in fewer than 13 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukiya Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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7
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Liang L, Zhou S, Zhang W, Tong R. Catalytic Asymmetric Alkynylation of 3,4-Dihydro-β-carbolinium Ions Enables Collective Total Syntheses of Indole Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25135-25142. [PMID: 34581483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral tetrahydro-β-carboline (THβC) is not only a prevailing structural feature of many natural alkaloids but also a versatile synthetic precursor for a vast array of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. Asymmetric synthesis of C1-alkynyl THβCs remains rarely explored and challenging. Herein, we describe the development of two complementary approaches for the catalytic asymmetric alkynylation of 3,4-dihydro-β-carbolinium ions with up to 96 % yield and 99 % ee. The utility of chiral C1-alkynyl THβCs was demonstrated by the collective total syntheses of seven indole alkaloids: harmicine, eburnamonine, desethyleburnamonine, larutensine, geissoschizol, geissochizine, and akuammicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Branch of the Guangdong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Liang L, Zhou S, Zhang W, Tong R. Catalytic Asymmetric Alkynylation of 3,4‐Dihydro‐β‐carbolinium Ions Enables Collective Total Syntheses of Indole Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Shiqiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- Hong Kong Branch of the Guangdong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Guangzhou) The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
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9
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U Dris NV, Jaudzems K, Smits G. Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Uncarialin A. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6927-6930. [PMID: 33881855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective total synthesis of the proposed structure of a potent serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist uncarialin A (1) is described. By employing the readily available meroquinene tert-butyl ester as the chiral synthon, the target structure has been prepared in a six-step linear sequence with a 17% overall yield. In comparison to the sample isolated from natural sources, the synthetic product shows significant spectral differences, strongly suggesting that the structure of the natural product should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikla Vs U Dris
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gints Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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10
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Pang X, Zhao ZZ, Wei XX, Qi L, Xu GL, Duan J, Liu XY, Shu XZ. Regiocontrolled Reductive Vinylation of Aliphatic 1,3-Dienes with Vinyl Triflates by Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4536-4542. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liangliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guang-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jicheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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11
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Paul D, Das S, Saha S, Sharma H, Goswami RK. Intramolecular Heck Reaction in Total Synthesis of Natural Products: An Update. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debobrata Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Subhendu Das
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sanu Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Himangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
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12
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Mauger A, Jarret M, Kouklovsky C, Poupon E, Evanno L, Vincent G. The chemistry of mavacurane alkaloids: a rich source of bis-indole alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1852-1886. [PMID: 33666614 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: since early reports up to the end of 2020This review presents a complete coverage of the mavacuranes alkaloids since early reports till date. Mavacuranes alkaloids are a restrictive sub-group of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs), which are represented by their two emblematic congeners, namely, C-mavacurine and pleiocarpamine. Their skeleton is defined by a bond between the indolic N1 nitrogen and the C16 carbon of the tetracyclic scaffold of the corynanthe group in MIA. A limited number of congeners is known as this skeleton can be considered as a cul-de-sac in main MIA biosynthetic routes. Thanks to the enhanced enamine-type reactivity, mavacuranes are frequently involved in the formation of multimeric MIA scaffolds. This review covers isolation aspects and synthetic approaches towards the mavacurane core and bisindole assemblies. To access the mavacurane core, only a few strategies are reported and the main synthetic difficulties usually originate from the important rigidity of the pentacyclic system. For the bisindole assemblies, biomimetic routes are privileged and deliver complex structures using smooth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mauger
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Maxime Jarret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement et Synthèse (BioCIS), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Laurent Evanno
- Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement et Synthèse (BioCIS), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
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13
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Banerjee A, Panda G. Total synthesis of selected bioactive alkaloids, their structure–function relationships and molecular target interactions: A comparative synthetic analysis of tryptophan originated chiral pool approaches vs other synthons. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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14
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Yuan L, Chen L, Yan X, Gao K, Wang X. Palladium catalyzed reductive Heck coupling and its application in total synthesis of (−)-17-nor-excelsinidine. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7570-7574. [PMID: 35423278 PMCID: PMC8694955 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids, bearing a highly substituted piperidine ring, are a structurally diverse class of bioactive natural products, found in various parts of the world. Herein, we reported the construction of the key piperidine ring via palladium catalyzed reductive Heck coupling with a good syn selective manner, avoiding the usage of stoichiometric, highly toxic, air sensitive and moisture sensitive Ni(COD)2. To further showcase the value of this methodology, we realized the total synthesis of the structurally unique zwitterionic monoterpene indole alkaloid (−)-17-nor-excelsinidine in 9 steps, in which the key ammonium–acetate connection (N4–C16) of (−)-17-nor-excelsinidine was constructed via oxidative coupling in excellent yield and high regioselectivity under NBS/pyridine from the enolate of geissoschizine. 17-nor-Excelsinidine was constructed via oxidative coupling in excellent yield and high regioselectivity under NBS/pyridine from the enolate of geissoschizine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Linrong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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15
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Jarret M, Tap A, Turpin V, Denizot N, Kouklovsky C, Poupon E, Evanno L, Vincent G. Bioinspired Divergent Oxidative Cyclizations of Geissoschizine: Total Synthesis of (–)‐17‐nor‐Excelsinidine, (+)‐16‐
epi
‐Pleiocarpamine, (+)‐16‐Hydroxymethyl‐Pleiocarpamine and (+)‐Taberdivarine H. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jarret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91405 Orsay France
| | - Aurélien Tap
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91405 Orsay France
| | - Victor Turpin
- Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement et Synthèse (BioCIS) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay‐Malabry France
| | - Natacha Denizot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91405 Orsay France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91405 Orsay France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement et Synthèse (BioCIS) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay‐Malabry France
| | - Laurent Evanno
- Biomolécules: Conception, Isolement et Synthèse (BioCIS) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay‐Malabry France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91405 Orsay France
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16
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Abstract
The synthesis of alkenes (olefins) is a central subject in the synthetic community. The transition-metal-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of vinyl electrophiles has emerged as a promising tool to produce alkenes with improved flexibility, structural complexity, and functionality tolerance. In this review, we summarized the progress in this field with respect to cross-electrophile couplings and reductive Heck reactions using vinyl electrophiles.1 Introduction2 Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Vinyl Electrophiles3 Reductive Heck Reaction of Vinyl Electrophiles4 Summary and Outlook
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University
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17
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Majumder B, Pandey G. Synthesis of 2-Azabicyclo[ m.n
.0]-Alkanes and Their Application towards the Synthesis of Strychnos
and Stemona
Classes of Alkaloids. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Majumder
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; 221005 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
- Division of Organic Chemistry; National Chemical Laboratory; 411008 CSIR India
| | - Ganesh Pandey
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; 221005 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
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18
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Dagoneau D, Wang Q, Zhu J. Towards the Sarpagine-Ajmaline-Macroline Family of Indole Alkaloids: Enantioselective Synthesis of an N-Demethyl Alstolactone Diastereomer. Chemistry 2020; 26:4866-4873. [PMID: 32065430 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
the strategy involving the use of functionalized tetrahydro-6H-cycloocta[b]indol-6-one is reported as a key intermediate for synthesis of members of the sarpagine-ajmaline-macroline family of monoterpene indole alkaloids. The desired tricycle was synthesized through the following key steps: 1) Evans' syn-selective aldolization; 2) Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling using the phenylthiol ester of 3-chloropropanoic acid as a surrogate of acrylic thioester for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles; and 3) ring-closing metathesis (RCM) for the formation of the eight-membered ring. An N-allylation followed by intramolecular 1,4-addition was planned for synthesis of the vobasine class of natural products. However, attempted cyclizations under a diverse set of conditions involving anionic, radical, and organopalladium/organonickel species failed to produce the bridged ring system. On the other hand, esterification of the pendant primary alcohol function with acetoacetic acid, followed by intramolecular Michael addition, afforded the desired tetracycle with excellent diastereoselectivity. Subsequent functional group manipulation and transannular cyclization of the amino alcohol afforded the N(1)-demethyl-3,5-diepi-alstolactone. We believe that the same synthetic route would afford the alstolactone should the amino alcohol with appropriate stereochemistry be used as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Dagoneau
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Zhang B, Wang X, Li C. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Corymine and (-)-Deformylcorymine. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3269-3274. [PMID: 31992040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first enantioselective total synthesis of akuammiline alkaloids (+)-corymine and (-)-deformylcorymine. Starting from commercially available N-nosyltryptamine, the target molecules are both achieved in 11 steps. Key elements of the design include (a) a copper-catalyzed enantioselective addition of dimethyl malonate to a 3-bromooxindole to secure the C7 all-carbon quaternary stereocenter, (b) a one-step construction of cyclohexyl and pyrrolidinyl rings via intramolecular nucleophilic C- and N-addition, and (c) a nickel-promoted 7-endo cyclization of alkenyl bromide to furnish the azepanyl ring. The strategy is further extended to the synthesis of another three members of the akuammiline family, namely, (-)-10-demethoxyvincorine, (-)-2(S)-cathafoline, and (-)-3-epi-dihydrocorymine 17-acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , P.R. China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , P.R. China.,School of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University of Technology , No. 201 Fenghua Road , Ningbo 315211 , P.R. China
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20
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Vargas DF, Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. The 6π-azaelectrocyclization of azatrienes. Synthetic applications in natural products, bioactive heterocycles, and related fields. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:354-401. [PMID: 30090891 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2018 The application of the 6π-azaelectrocyclization of azatrienes as a key strategy for the synthesis of natural products, their analogs and related bioactive or biomedically-relevant compounds (from 2006 to date) is comprehensively reviewed. Details about reaction optimization studies, relevant reaction mechanisms and conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier F Vargas
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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21
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Jarret M, Turpin V, Tap A, Gallard J, Kouklovsky C, Poupon E, Vincent G, Evanno L. Bioinspired Oxidative Cyclization of the Geissoschizine Skeleton for Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Mavacuran Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9861-9865. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jarret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Victor Turpin
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturellesBioCISUniv. Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayCNRS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Aurélien Tap
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Jean‐François Gallard
- ICSNInstitut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301Université Paris-Saclay 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturellesBioCISUniv. Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayCNRS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Laurent Evanno
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturellesBioCISUniv. Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayCNRS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
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22
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Jarret M, Turpin V, Tap A, Gallard J, Kouklovsky C, Poupon E, Vincent G, Evanno L. Bioinspired Oxidative Cyclization of the Geissoschizine Skeleton for Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Mavacuran Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jarret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Victor Turpin
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturellesBioCISUniv. Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayCNRS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Aurélien Tap
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Jean‐François Gallard
- ICSNInstitut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301Université Paris-Saclay 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturellesBioCISUniv. Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayCNRS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMTUniv. Paris SudCNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Laurent Evanno
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturellesBioCISUniv. Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayCNRS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
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23
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Sato K, Kogure N, Kitajima M, Takayama H. Total Syntheses of Pleiocarpamine, Normavacurine, and C-Mavacurine. Org Lett 2019; 21:3342-3345. [PMID: 30998375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of C-mavacurine-type indole alkaloids, (±)-pleiocarpamine, (±)-normavacurine, and (±)- C-mavacurine, were accomplished. The key step in the syntheses was the cyclization between the metal carbenoid at C16 and the N1 position in a Corynanthe-type compound that was equipped with a diazo function. For this cyclization, the N4 modification of the substrate using an amine-borane complex was indispensable to fix the molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
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24
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25
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Jarret M, Tap A, Kouklovsky C, Poupon E, Evanno L, Vincent G. Bioinspired Oxidative Cyclization of the Geissoschizine Skeleton for the Total Synthesis of (−)-17-nor-Excelsinidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jarret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO); Equipe MSMT; Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay, Cedex France
| | - Aurélien Tap
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO); Equipe MSMT; Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay, Cedex France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO); Equipe MSMT; Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay, Cedex France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturelles; BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Laurent Evanno
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturelles; BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO); Equipe MSMT; Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 15, rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay, Cedex France
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26
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Jarret M, Tap A, Kouklovsky C, Poupon E, Evanno L, Vincent G. Bioinspired Oxidative Cyclization of the Geissoschizine Skeleton for the Total Synthesis of (-)-17-nor-Excelsinidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12294-12298. [PMID: 29575642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the first total synthesis of (-)-17-nor-excelsinidine, a zwitterionic monoterpene indole alkaloid that displays an unusual N4-C16 connection. Inspired by the postulated biosynthesis, we explored an oxidative coupling approach from the geissoschizine framework to forge the key ammonium-acetate connection. Two strategies allowed us to achieve this goal, namely an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution on a 16-chlorolactam with the N4 nitrogen atom or a direct I2 -mediated N4-C16 oxidative coupling from the enolate of geissoschizine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jarret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Tap
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturelles, BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Laurent Evanno
- Pharmacognosie et chimie des substances naturelles, BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
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27
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M Heravi M, Zadsirjan V, Malmir M. Application of the Asymmetric Pictet-Spengler Reaction in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products and Relevant Biologically Active Compounds. Molecules 2018; 23:E943. [PMID: 29670061 PMCID: PMC6017108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinolines are the framework of numerous natural products predominantly alkaloids, an important and one of the most wide spread families of naturally occurring compounds in the plant kingdom. Tetrahydroisoquinolines are commonly constructed through an old reaction, the so-called Pictet−Spengler Reaction (PSR). In this reaction, a β-aryl ethylamine undergoes an acid mediated condensation with a suitable aldehyde or ketone, followed by ring closure. In this review, we aim to highlight the applications of the asymmetric variant of this old name reaction in the total synthesis of natural products, chiefly, alkaloids, which exhibit significant biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
| | - Masumeh Malmir
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
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28
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Zheng Y, Wei K, Yang YR. Total Synthesis of (-)-Geissoschizol through Ir-Catalyzed Allylic Amidation as the Key Step. Org Lett 2017; 19:6460-6462. [PMID: 29095627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed, Zn(OTf)2 promoted asymmetric allylic amidation of a secondary alcohol derived from tryptamine has been utilized to forge a tetrahydro-β-carboline. Based on this key step, a novel, facile, and enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-geissoschizol was achieved in 10 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
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29
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Li L, Aibibula P, Jia Q, Jia Y. Total Syntheses of Naucleamides A–C and E, Geissoschizine, Geissoschizol, (E)-Isositsirikine, and 16-epi-(E)-Isositsirikine. Org Lett 2017; 19:2642-2645. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Paruke Aibibula
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qianlan Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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30
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Eckermann R, Breunig M, Gaich T. Formal Total Synthesis of (±)-Strictamine by [2,3]-Sigmatropic Stevens Rearrangements. Chemistry 2017; 23:3938-3949. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Eckermann
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstr. 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
- Current address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 2231 Sixth Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Michael Breunig
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstr. 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstr. 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
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31
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Meng TZ, Shi XX, Qu HY, Zhang Y, Huang ZS, Fan QQ. Highly diastereoselective crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation of 1,3-disubstituted-tetrahydro-β-carbolines in water. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08811f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A green and highly stereoselective method for the synthesis of cis or trans-1,3-disubstituted-tetrahydro-β-carbolines has been developed using water as the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhuo Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xin Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ya Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Shou Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Qi-Qi Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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32
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The Chiral Pool in the Pictet-Spengler Reaction for the Synthesis of β-Carbolines. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060699. [PMID: 27240334 PMCID: PMC6274020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pictet–Spengler reaction (PSR) is the reaction of a β-arylethylamine with an aldehyde or ketone, followed by ring closure to give an aza-heterocycle. When the β-arylethylamine is tryptamine, the product is a β-carboline, a widespread skeleton in natural alkaloids. In the natural occurrence, these compounds are generally enantiopure, thus the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds have been attracting the interest of organic chemists. This review aims to give an overview of the asymmetric PSR, in which the chirality arises from optically pure amines or carbonyl compounds both from natural sources and from asymmetric syntheses to assemble the reaction partners.
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33
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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34
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Eckermann R, Gaich T. The Double-Bond Configuration of Corynanthean Alkaloids and Its Impact on Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2016; 22:5749-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Eckermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibniz University of Hannover; Schneiderberg 1b 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78464 Konstanz Germany
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwu Ren
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Abstract
The total synthesis of strictamine has been achieved in nine steps from a known enol triflate. Characteristic features of our approach included: a) creation of a C7 all-carbon quaternary stereocenter at an early synthetic stage; b) use of an N,N-dimethyl tertiary amine as a surrogate of the primary amine for the rapid build-up of a functionalized 2-azabicyclo[3,3,1]nonan-9-one skeleton (achieved by using a reaction sequence of α-bromination of the ketone, followed by a stereoconvergent intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction); and c) a late-stage construction of the indolenine unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwu Ren
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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37
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Ding M, Tong X, Li D, Liang K, Zhou A, Zuo Z, Xia C. Asymmetric synthesis of common aza-tricyclic core of various alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Hu S, Wang B, Zhang Y, Tang W, Fang M, Lu T, Du D. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed annulation of cyclic β-enamino esters with enals: access to functionalized indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4661-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic approach to functionalized indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines is developed via an N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed annulation of cyclic β-enamino esters with enals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Bingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Weifang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Ding Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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39
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Xu J, Shao LD, Li D, Deng X, Liu YC, Zhao QS, Xia C. Construction of Tetracyclic 3-Spirooxindole through Cross-Dehydrogenation of Pyridinium: Applications in Facile Synthesis of (±)-Corynoxine and (±)-Corynoxine B. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17962-5. [PMID: 25496352 DOI: 10.1021/ja5121343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Dong Shao
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Dashan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Deng
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Chen Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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40
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Zhu C, Liu Z, Chen G, Zhang K, Ding H. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid Alsmaphorazine D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Zhu C, Liu Z, Chen G, Zhang K, Ding H. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid Alsmaphorazine D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:879-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Tian J, Du Q, Guo R, Li Y, Cheng B, Zhai H. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid (±)-Subincanadine E. Org Lett 2014; 16:3173-5. [PMID: 24869784 DOI: 10.1021/ol501308p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiuchen Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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43
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Márquez IR, Miguel D, Millán A, Marcos ML, de Cienfuegos LÁ, Campaña AG, Cuerva JM. Ti/Ni-Mediated Inter- and Intramolecular Conjugate Addition of Aryl and Alkenyl Halides and Triflates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1529-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402626u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene R. Márquez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Delia Miguel
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alba Millán
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Marcos
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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44
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Ren W, Wang Q, Zhu J. Total Synthesis of (±)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1818-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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46
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Huang J, Nie L, Chen J, Cao W, Wu X. Enantioselective synthesis of indoloquinolizidines via asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation/lactamization of imino diesters. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12009-17. [PMID: 24195678 DOI: 10.1021/jo4020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a highly efficient cascade sequence for asymmetric synthesis of indoloquinolizidines with absolute control of cis-H2/H12b relative geometry in good to excellent yields and excellent enantioselectivities. This cascade was triggered by the Ru(II)-TsDPEN-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of imino diesters, with subsequent spontaneous lactamization with discrimination between the two diastereotopic 2-alkoxy-2-oxoethyl groups. The synthetic utility of this strategy was demonstrated by the asymmetric preparation of dihydrocorynantheol, geissoschizol, and isogeissoschizol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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47
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Mondal P, Argade NP. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Desbromoarborescidines A–C and the Formal Synthesis of (S)-Deplancheine. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6802-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401079v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravat Mondal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Pune 411 008, India
| | - Narshinha P. Argade
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Pune 411 008, India
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48
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Shrestha R, Dorn SCM, Weix DJ. Nickel-catalyzed reductive conjugate addition to enones via allylnickel intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:751-62. [PMID: 23270480 DOI: 10.1021/ja309176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An alternative method to copper-catalyzed conjugate addition followed by enolate silylation for the synthesis of β-disubstituted silyl enol ether products (R(1)(R(2))HCCH═C(OSiR(4)(3))R(3)) is presented. This method uses haloarenes instead of nucleophilic aryl reagents. Nickel ligated to either neocuproine or bipyridine couples an α,β-unsaturated ketone or aldehyde (R(2)HC═CHC(O)R(3)) with an organic halide (R(1)-X) in the presence of a trialkylchlorosilane reagent (Cl-SiR(4)(3)). Reactions are assembled on the benchtop and tolerate a variety of functional groups (aldehyde, ketone, nitrile, sulfone, pentafluorosulfur, and N-aryltrifluoroacetamide), electron-rich iodoarenes, and electron-poor haloarenes. Mechanistic studies have confirmed the first example of a catalytic reductive conjugate addition of organic halides that proceeds via an allylnickel intermediate. Selectivity is attributed to (1) rapid, selective reaction of LNi(0) with chlorotriethylsilane and enone in the presence of other organic electrophiles, and (2) minimization of enone dimerization by ligand steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruja Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA
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49
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50
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Edwankar RV, Edwankar CR, Namjoshi OA, Deschamps JR, Cook JM. Brønsted acid mediated cyclization of enaminones. Rapid and efficient access to the tetracyclic framework of the Strychnos alkaloids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:181-188. [PMID: 22257244 PMCID: PMC3288251 DOI: 10.1021/np200759h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of an efficient diastereoselective method that permits rapid construction of the tetracyclic core 17 of the Strychnos-Aspidosperma alkaloids is described. Enaminone 16, synthesized in high yield, has been cyclized under the influence of a Brønsted acid to provide the core tetracyclic framework 17 of the Strychnos alkaloids in optically active form or alternatively to the β-ketoester tetrahydro-β-carboline (THBC) unit 18, by varying the equivalents of acid and the molar concentration. Attempts to utilize 18 to form the C₇-C₁₆ bond of the akuammiline related alkaloids represented by strictamine (22), using metal-carbenoid chemistry, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V. Edwankar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI- 53201, United States
| | - Chitra R. Edwankar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI- 53201, United States
| | - Ojas A. Namjoshi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI- 53201, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Centre for Bimolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI- 53201, United States
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