1
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Das R, Ray S. Allium cepa tests: Exploring bleomycin induced cyto-genotoxicity and altered cell cycle kinetics in root tips meristematic cells. Mutat Res 2024; 828:111851. [PMID: 38382175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bleomycin, commonly employed in treating Hodgkin's lymphoma and testicular cancer, is associated with significant pulmonary toxicity. While various studies have assessed the toxic impact of chemotherapeutic agents on aquatic and terrestrial environments, limited data exist on bleomycin's effects, especially concerning higher plants. To address this gap, we utilized the Allium cepa assays, renowned for evaluating chemical and biochemical agents' toxic effects, to investigate bleomycin's impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. Our study aimed to assess bleomycin's cyto-genotoxic effects on A. cepa root tip cells at minimal concentrations (10-40 μg mL-1) and varied exposure durations (2, 4, 6, and 24 h). Analysis of nuclear and mitotic abnormalities in bleomycin-treated A. cepa root tip cells, alongside an acridine orange-ethidium bromide double staining assay, illuminated its influence on cell viability. Additionally, agarose gel electrophoresis determined the drug's potential for DNA degradation, unveiling the underlying mechanisms of cyto-genotoxicity. Results also demonstrated a decline in the mitotic index with increased bleomycin concentrations and exposure time, elevated frequencies of various cyto-genotoxic abnormalities, including sticky chromosomes, chromatid breaks, laggards, bridges, polar deviations, nuclear lesions, and hyperchromasia. The study indicated the potential risks of bleomycin even at low concentrations and brief exposures, highlighting its severe adverse effects on genetic material of plant, potentially contributing to cell death. Consequently, this investigation unveils bleomycin's cyto-genotoxic effects on higher plant system, underscoring its threat to terrestrial ecosystems, particularly upon chronic and unmonitored exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Das
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib Ray
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Buglewicz DJ, Su C, Banks AB, Stenger-Smith J, Elmegerhi S, Hirakawa H, Fujimori A, Kato TA. Metal Ions Modify In Vitro DNA Damage Yields with High-LET Radiation. TOXICS 2023; 11:773. [PMID: 37755783 PMCID: PMC10537317 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Cu2+ and Co2+ are metals known to increase DNA damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-type reaction. We hypothesized that these metals could increase DNA damage following irradiations of increasing LET values as hydrogen peroxide is a product of the radiolysis of water. The reaction mixtures contain either double- or single-stranded DNA in solution with Cu2+ or Co2+ and were irradiated either with X-ray, carbon-ion or iron-ion beams, or they were treated with hydrogen peroxide or bleomycin at increasing radiation dosages or chemical concentrations. DNA damage was then assessed via gel electrophoresis followed with a band intensity analysis. DNA damage was the greatest when DNA in the solution with either metal was treated with only hydrogen peroxide followed by the DNA damage of DNA in the solution with either metal post irradiation of low-LET (X-Ray) or high-LET (carbon-ion and iron-ion), respectively, and demonstrated the least damage after treatment with bleomycin. Cu2+ portrayed greater DNA damage than Co2+ following all experimental conditions. The metals' effect caused more DNA damage and was observed to be LET-dependent for single-strand break formation but inversely dependent for double-strand break formation. These results suggest that Cu2+ is more efficient than Co2+ at inducing both DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks following all irradiations and chemical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Buglewicz
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (D.J.B.); (H.H.); (A.F.)
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.S.); (A.B.B.); (J.S.-S.); (S.E.)
| | - Cathy Su
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.S.); (A.B.B.); (J.S.-S.); (S.E.)
| | - Austin B. Banks
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.S.); (A.B.B.); (J.S.-S.); (S.E.)
| | - Jazmine Stenger-Smith
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.S.); (A.B.B.); (J.S.-S.); (S.E.)
| | - Suad Elmegerhi
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.S.); (A.B.B.); (J.S.-S.); (S.E.)
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (D.J.B.); (H.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (D.J.B.); (H.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.S.); (A.B.B.); (J.S.-S.); (S.E.)
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3
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Goodwin KD, Lewis MA, Long EC, Georgiadis MM. Two distinct rotations of bithiazole DNA intercalation revealed by direct comparison of crystal structures of Co(III)•bleomycin A 2 and B 2 bound to duplex 5'-TAGTT sites. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 77:117113. [PMID: 36516684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycins constitute a family of anticancer natural products that bind DNA through intercalation of a C-terminal tail/bithiazole moiety and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the remainder of the drug and the minor groove. The clinical utility of the bleomycins is believed to result from single- and double-strand DNA cleavage mediated by the HOO-Fe(III) form of the drug. The bleomycins also serve as a model system to understand the nature of complex drug-DNA interactions that may guide future DNA-targeted drug discovery. In this study, the impact of the C-terminal tail on bleomycin-DNA interactions was investigated. Toward this goal, we determined two crystal structures of HOO-Co(III)•BLMA2 "green" (a stable structural analogue of the active HOO-Fe(III) drug) bound to duplex DNA containing 5'-TAGTT, one in which the entire drug is bound (fully bound) and a second with only the C-terminal tail/bithiazole bound (partially bound). The structures reported here were captured by soaking HOO-Co(III)•BLMA2 into preformed host-guest crystals including a preferred DNA-binding site. While the overall structure of DNA-bound BLMA2 was found to be similar to those reported earlier at the same DNA site for BLMB2, the intercalated bithiazole of BLMB2 is "flipped" 180˚ relative to DNA-bound BLMA2. This finding highlights an unidentified role for the C-terminal tail in directing the intercalation of the bithiazole. In addition, these analyses identified specific bond rotations within the C-terminal domain of the drug that may be relevant for its reorganization and ability to carry out a double-strand DNA cleavage event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie D Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eric C Long
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Millie M Georgiadis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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4
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Ferrari G, Pang LY, De Moliner F, Vendrell M, Reardon RJM, Higgins AJ, Chopra S, Argyle DJ. Effective Penetration of a Liposomal Formulation of Bleomycin through Ex-Vivo Skin Explants from Two Different Species. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041083. [PMID: 35205831 PMCID: PMC8870439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin is a chemotherapy agent that, when administered systemically, can cause severe pulmonary toxicity. Bleosome is a novel formulation of bleomycin encapsulated in ultra-deformable (UD) liposomes that may be applicable as a topical chemotherapy for diseases such as non-melanoma skin cancer. To date, the ability of Bleosome to effectively penetrate through the skin has not been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the ability of Bleosome to penetrate through ex vivo skin explants from dogs and horses. We visualized the penetration of UD liposomes through the skin by transmission electron microscopy. However, to effectively image the drug itself we fluorescently labeled bleomycin prior to encapsulation within liposomes and utilized multiphoton microscopy. We showed that UD liposomes do not penetrate beyond the stratum corneum, whereas bleomycin is released from UD liposomes and can penetrate to the deeper layers of the epidermis. This is the first study to show that Bleosome can effectively penetrate through the skin. We speculate that UD liposomes are penetration enhancers in that UD liposomes carry bleomycin through the outer skin to the stratum corneum and then release the drug, allowing diffusion into the deeper layers. Our results are comparative in dogs and horses and warrant further studies on the efficacy of Bleosome as topical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrari
- Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (G.F.); (R.J.M.R.); (D.J.A.)
| | - Lisa Y. Pang
- Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (G.F.); (R.J.M.R.); (D.J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-13-1651-9164
| | - Fabio De Moliner
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (F.D.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (F.D.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Richard J. M. Reardon
- Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (G.F.); (R.J.M.R.); (D.J.A.)
| | | | - Sunil Chopra
- The London Dermatology Centre, London W1G 8AS, UK; (A.J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - David J. Argyle
- Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (G.F.); (R.J.M.R.); (D.J.A.)
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5
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Fantoni NZ, Brown T, Kellett A. DNA-Targeted Metallodrugs: An Untapped Source of Artificial Gene Editing Technology. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2184-2205. [PMID: 33570813 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding metal complexes are synonymous with anticancer drug discovery. Given the array of structural and chemical reactivity properties available through careful design, metal complexes have been directed to bind nucleic acid structures through covalent or noncovalent binding modes. Several recognition modes - including crosslinking, intercalation, and oxidation - are central to the clinical success of broad-spectrum anticancer metallodrugs. However, recent progress in nucleic acid click chemistry coupled with advancement in our understanding of metal complex-nucleic acid interactions has opened up new avenues in genetic engineering and targeted therapies. Several of these applications are enabled by the hybridisation of oligonucleotide or polyamine probes to discrete metal complexes, which facilitate site-specific reactivity at the nucleic acid interface under the guidance of the probe. This Review focuses on recent advancements in hybrid design and, by way of an introduction to this topic, we provide a detailed overview of nucleic acid structures and metal complex-nucleic acid interactions. Our aim is to provide readers with an insight on the rational design of metal complexes with DNA recognition properties and an understanding of how the sequence-specific targeting of these interactions can be achieved for gene engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for, Cellular Biotechnology and Nano Research Facility, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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6
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Ditopic binuclear copper(II) complexes for DNA cleavage. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 205:110995. [PMID: 31955057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the synthesis of two ligands containing two di(2-picolyl)amine (DPA) units linked by either a 1,1'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(3-ethylurea) (L1) or a 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene)bis(3-ethylurea) (L2) spacer. The corresponding binuclear CuII and ZnII complexes were prepared and isolated. The X-ray structures of the L1 ligand and the [Cu2L1Cl2]2+ complex evidence an unusual cis/trans conformation of one of the urea groups stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the nitrogen atom of the pyridyl spacer. The CuII complexes form rather strong ternary complexes with phosphorylated anions. The [Cu2L1]4+ complex presents a rather high affinity for pyrophosphate (logK11 = 8.19 at pH 7, 25 °C), while [Cu2L2]4+ stands out because of its strong binding to AMP2- (logK11 = 9.3 at pH 7, 25 °C). The interaction of the CuII complexes with deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus (ct-DNA) was monitored using circular dichroism (CD) and luminescence spectroscopies. These studies revealed a quite strong interaction of the complexes with ct-DNA (Kb = (6.4 ± 0.7) × 103 for [Cu2L1]4+ and Kb = (6.3 ± 1.0) × 103 for [Cu2L2]4+). Competition experiments carried out in the presence of methyl green and BAPPA (N1,N3-Bis(4-amidinophenyl)propane-1,3-diamine) as major and minor groove competitors, respectively, confirm that the interaction of both complexes with DNA takes place through the minor groove, in agreement with docking studies. The [Cu2L2]4+ complex is quite efficient in promoting the cleavage of the double-stranded pUC19 plasmid DNA, by favoring the conversion of the supercoiled form to the nicked form following a hydrolytic mechanism.
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7
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Murray V, Chen JK, Chung LH. The Interaction of the Metallo-Glycopeptide Anti-Tumour Drug Bleomycin with DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1372. [PMID: 29734689 PMCID: PMC5983701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer chemotherapeutic drug, bleomycin, is clinically used to treat several neoplasms including testicular and ovarian cancers. Bleomycin is a metallo-glycopeptide antibiotic that requires a transition metal ion, usually Fe(II), for activity. In this review, the properties of bleomycin are examined, especially the interaction of bleomycin with DNA. A Fe(II)-bleomycin complex is capable of DNA cleavage and this process is thought to be the major determinant for the cytotoxicity of bleomycin. The DNA sequence specificity of bleomycin cleavage is found to at 5′-GT* and 5′-GC* dinucleotides (where * indicates the cleaved nucleotide). Using next-generation DNA sequencing, over 200 million double-strand breaks were analysed, and an expanded bleomycin sequence specificity was found to be 5′-RTGT*AY (where R is G or A and Y is T or C) in cellular DNA and 5′-TGT*AT in purified DNA. The different environment of cellular DNA compared to purified DNA was proposed to be responsible for the difference. A number of bleomycin analogues have been examined and their interaction with DNA is also discussed. In particular, the production of bleomycin analogues via genetic manipulation of the modular non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases in the bleomycin gene cluster is reviewed. The prospects for the synthesis of bleomycin analogues with increased effectiveness as cancer chemotherapeutic agents is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jon K Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Long H Chung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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8
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Follett SE, Ingersoll AD, Murray SA, Reilly TM, Lehmann TE. Interaction of Zn(II)bleomycin-A 2 and Zn(II)peplomycin with a DNA hairpin containing the 5'-GT-3' binding site in comparison with the 5'-GC-3' binding site studied by NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1039-1054. [PMID: 28748309 PMCID: PMC5985968 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycins are a group of glycopeptide antibiotics synthesized by Streptomyces verticillus that are widely used for the treatment of various neoplastic diseases. These antibiotics have the ability to chelate a metal center, mainly Fe(II), and cause site-specific DNA cleavage. Bleomycins are differentiated by their C-terminal regions. Although this antibiotic family is a successful course of treatment for some types of cancers, it is known to cause pulmonary fibrosis. Previous studies have identified that bleomycin-related pulmonary toxicity is linked to the C-terminal region of these drugs. This region has been shown to closely interact with DNA. We examined the binding of Zn(II)peplomycin and Zn(II)bleomycin-A2 to a DNA hairpin of sequence 5'-CCAGTATTTTTACTGG-3', containing the binding site 5'-GT-3', and compared the results with those obtained from our studies of the same MBLMs bound to a DNA hairpin containing the binding site 5'-GC-3'. We provide evidence that the DNA base sequence has a strong impact in the final structure of the drug-target complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E Follett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Azure D Ingersoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Sally A Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Teresa M Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Teresa E Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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9
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Jiang D, Wei S, Chen F, Zhang Y, Li J. TET3-mediated DNA oxidation promotes ATR-dependent DNA damage response. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:781-796. [PMID: 28325772 PMCID: PMC5412826 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient, accurate, and timely DNA damage response (DDR) is crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity. Here, we report that ten-eleven translocation dioxygenase (TET) 3-mediated conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in response to ATR-dependent DDR regulates DNA repair. ATR-dependent DDR leads to dynamic changes in 5hmC levels and TET3 enzymatic activity. We show that TET3 is an ATR kinase target that oxidizes DNA during ATR-dependent DNA damage repair. Modulation of TET3 expression and activity affects DNA damage signaling and DNA repair and consequently cell death. Our results provide novel insight into ATR-mediated DDR, in which TET3-mediated DNA demethylation is crucial for efficient DNA repair and maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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10
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Li F, Feng F, Wu J, Xie J, Li S. DNA binding and cleavage properties of the Ce (III) complex of a diaza-crown ether. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/146867816x14490554565537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolytic cleavage of pUC19 DNA as promoted by the trivalent cerium complex (CeL) of diaza-crown ether ligand L (1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane) was examined in detail. The interaction of CeL with calf thymus DNA was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, studies on the effects of pH, reaction time, and the concentration of CeL on cleavage of pUC19 DNA were carried out by gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that CeL can bind to DNA electrostatically with a binding constant of 2.18x104 M−1; CeL can promote the cleavage of plasmid pUC19 DNA from supercoiled to the nicked form under the appropriate conditions, and the optimal pH value is 7.54. The lack of effect of radical scavengers indicates that the cleavage involves hydrolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
| | - Famei Feng
- College of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000
| | - Jiaoyi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Peking 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqing Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
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11
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Chung LH, Murray V. The mitochondrial DNA sequence specificity of the anti-tumour drug bleomycin using end-labeled DNA and capillary electrophoresis and a comparison with genome-wide DNA sequencing. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Schroeder BR, Ghare MI, Bhattacharya C, Paul R, Yu Z, Zaleski PA, Bozeman TC, Rishel MJ, Hecht SM. The disaccharide moiety of bleomycin facilitates uptake by cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13641-56. [PMID: 25184545 PMCID: PMC4183664 DOI: 10.1021/ja507255g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The disaccharide moiety is responsible
for the tumor cell targeting
properties of bleomycin (BLM). While the aglycon (deglycobleomycin)
mediates DNA cleavage in much the same fashion as bleomycin, it exhibits
diminished cytotoxicity in comparison to BLM. These findings suggested
that BLM might be modular in nature, composed of tumor-seeking and
tumoricidal domains. To explore this possibility, BLM analogues were
prepared in which the disaccharide moiety was attached to deglycobleomycin
at novel positions, namely, via the threonine moiety or C-terminal
substituent. The analogues were compared with BLM and deglycoBLM for
DNA cleavage, cancer cell uptake, and cytotoxic activity. BLM is more
potent than deglycoBLM in supercoiled plasmid DNA relaxation, while
the analogue having the disaccharide on threonine was less active
than deglycoBLM and the analogue containing the C-terminal disaccharide
was slightly more potent. While having unexceptional DNA cleavage
potencies, both glycosylated analogues were more cytotoxic to cultured
DU145 prostate cancer cells than deglycoBLM. Dye-labeled conjugates
of the cytotoxic BLM aglycons were used in imaging experiments to
determine the extent of cell uptake. The rank order of internalization
efficiencies was the same as their order of cytotoxicities toward
DU145 cells. These findings establish a role for the BLM disaccharide
in tumor targeting/uptake and suggest that the disaccharide moiety
may be capable of delivering other cytotoxins to cancer cells. While
the mechanism responsible for uptake of the BLM disaccharide selectively
by tumor cells has not yet been established, data are presented which
suggest that the metabolic shift to glycolysis in cancer cells may
provide the vehicle for selective internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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13
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Segerman ZJ, Roy B, Hecht SM. Characterization of bleomycin-mediated cleavage of a hairpin DNA library. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5315-27. [PMID: 23834496 DOI: 10.1021/bi400779r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of BLM A5 was conducted using a previously isolated library of hairpin DNAs found to bind strongly to metal-free BLM. The ability of Fe(II)·BLM to affect cleavage on both the 3' and 5' arms of the hairpin DNAs was characterized. The strongly bound DNAs were found to be efficient substrates for Fe·BLM A5-mediated hairpin DNA cleavage. Surprisingly, the most prevalent site of BLM-mediated cleavage was found to be the 5'-AT-3' dinucleotide sequence. This dinucleotide sequence and other sequences generally not cleaved well by BLM when examined using arbitrarily chosen DNA substrates were apparent when examining the library of 10 hairpin DNAs. In total, 132 sites of DNA cleavage were produced by exposure of the hairpin DNA library to Fe·BLM A5. The existence of multiple sites of cleavage on both the 3' and 5' arms of the hairpin DNAs suggested that some of these might be double-strand cleavage events. Accordingly, an assay was developed to test the propensity of the hairpin DNAs to undergo double-strand DNA damage. One hairpin DNA was characterized using this method and gave results consistent with earlier reports of double-strand DNA cleavage but with a sequence selectivity that was different from those reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Segerman
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Li L, Du K, Wang Y, Jia H, Hou X, Chao H, Ji L. Self-activating nuclease and anticancer activities of copper(II) complexes with aryl-modified 2,6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11576-88. [PMID: 23843095 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50395j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three mononuclear copper complexes [Cu(PDTP)Cl2] (PDTP = 4-phenyl-2,6-di(thiazole-2-yl)pyridine, CuPDTP), [Cu(ADTP)Cl2] (ADTP = 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2,6-di(thiazole-2-yl)pyridine, CuADTP) and [Cu(BFDTP)Cl2] (BFDTP = 4-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2,6-di(thiazole-2-yl)pyridine, CuBFDTP) were synthesized and characterized. The X-ray single crystallography results indicated that the Cu(II) ions showed slightly distorted square pyramid coordination environments, and the ligands deviated from ideal planarity in all three compounds. Based on the DNA binding studies, it was demonstrated that these three complexes exhibited weak DNA binding strengths, which were most likely groove binding modes. CuPDTP, CuADTP and CuBFDTP induced efficient DNA cleavage in the dark without the addition of external catalysts (oxidant or reductant). In contrast, in the presence of reducing or oxidizing agents, the nuclease activities increased more than 10-fold. Mechanistic investigations revealed the participation of reactive oxygen species, which can be trapped by ROS radical scavengers and ROS sensors. In the same experimental conditions, the free ligands and CuCl2 did not display any DNA cleaving activity. This result indicates that the complexes, rather than their components, play a significant role in the nuclease reaction process and that DNA cleavage may be initiated in an oxidative pattern. The proposed mechanism was attributed to the in situ activation of molecular oxygen by the oxidation of the copper complexes. In the MTT cytotoxicity studies, the three Cu(II) complexes exhibited an antitumor activity against the HeLa, BEL-7402 and HepG2 tumor cell lines. The HeLa cells treated with Cu(II) complexes demonstrated marked changes in their nuclear morphology, which were detected by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining assays. Nuclear chromatin cleavage also was observed from alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lüying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P R China
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15
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Yu Z, Schmaltz RM, Bozeman TC, Paul R, Rishel MJ, Tsosie KS, Hecht SM. Selective tumor cell targeting by the disaccharide moiety of bleomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2883-6. [PMID: 23379863 DOI: 10.1021/ja311090e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, the well-documented tumor targeting properties of the antitumor agent bleomycin (BLM) were studied in cell culture using microbubbles that had been derivatized with multiple copies of BLM. It was shown that BLM selectively targeted MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells but not the "normal" breast cell line MCF-10A. Furthermore, it was found that the BLM analogue deglycobleomycin, which lacks the disaccharide moiety of BLM, did not target either cell line, indicating that the BLM disaccharide moiety is necessary for tumor selectivity. Not resolved in the earlier study were the issues of whether the BLM disaccharide moiety alone is sufficient for tumor cell targeting and the possible cellular uptake of the disaccharide. In the present study, we conjugated BLM, deglycoBLM, and BLM disaccharide to the cyanine dye Cy5**. It was found that the BLM and BLM disaccharide conjugates, but not the deglycoBLM conjugate, bound selectively to MCF-7 cells and were internalized. The same was also true for the prostate cancer cell line DU-145 (but not for normal PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells) and for the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 (but not for normal SVR A221a pancreas cells). The targeting efficiency of the disaccharide was only slightly less than that of BLM in MCF-7 and DU-145 cells and comparable to that of BLM in BxPC-3 cells. These results establish that the BLM disaccharide is both necessary and sufficient for tumor cell targeting, a finding with obvious implications for the design of novel tumor imaging and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yu
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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16
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Mira A, Gimenez EM, Bolzán AD, Bianchi MS, López-Larraza DM. Effect of thiol compounds on bleomycin-induced DNA and chromosome damage in human cells. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013; 68:107-116. [PMID: 23428061 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.658120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-protein thiols are considered radioprotectors, preventing DNA damage by ionizing radiation. As bleomycin (BLM) is a radiomimetic agent it was proposed that thiols may prevent DNA damage produced by this antibiotic. However, results obtained with thiols and BLM-combined treatments in living cells are contradictory. The goal of this work was to assess the influence of five non-protein thiols of different electrical charge and chemical composition, on the DNA damage, DNA repair, chromosomal aberrations and cell killing induced by BLM. We found that, at the chromosomal level and cell killing, Glutathione, β-Mercaptoethanol and cysteine showed a protective effect, while ditiothreitol and cysteamine increased them, whereas at the DNA level all thiols potentiated the DNA damage induced by BLM, most probably due to a reactivation of the BLM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Mira
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular IMBICE, CCT-CONICET La Plata-Comisiôn de Investigaciones Cientîficas de la Provinincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina
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17
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Pratviel G. Oxidative DNA damage mediated by transition metal ions and their complexes. Met Ions Life Sci 2012; 10:201-16. [PMID: 22210340 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage by redox-active metal complexes depends on the interaction of the metal complex with DNA together with the mechanism of oxygen activation. Weak interaction, tight binding, and direct involvement of DNA in the coordination sphere of the metal are described. Metal complexes acting through the production of diffusing radicals and metal complexes oxidizing DNA by metal-centered active species are compared. Metal complexes able to form high-valent metal-oxo species in close contact with DNA and perform DNA oxidation in a way reminiscent of enzymatic chemistry are the most elegant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pratviel
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse-Cedex, France.
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18
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Wei L, Shao Y, Zhou M, Hu HW, Lu GY. Synthesis and enhanced DNA cleavage activities of bis-tacnorthoamide derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8484-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Cai X, Zaleski PA, Cagir A, Hecht SM. Deglycobleomycin A6 analogues modified in the methylvalerate moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3831-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Tjioe L, Joshi T, Brugger J, Graham B, Spiccia L. Synthesis, Structure, and DNA Cleavage Properties of Copper(II) Complexes of 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Ligands Featuring Pairs of Guanidine Pendants. Inorg Chem 2010; 50:621-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1018136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tjioe
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Tanmaya Joshi
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Joël Brugger
- School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
| | - Leone Spiccia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Vic 3800, Australia
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21
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Georgelin T, Bombard S, Siaugue JM, Cabuil V. Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Bleomycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8897-901. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Georgelin T, Bombard S, Siaugue JM, Cabuil V. Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Bleomycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Pitié M, Pratviel G. Activation of DNA Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds by Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1018-59. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Pitié
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Pratviel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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24
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Bhat IUH, Tabassum S. Synthesis of new piperazine derived Cu(II)/Zn(II) metal complexes, their DNA binding studies, electrochemistry and anti-microbial activity: validation for specific recognition of Zn(II) complex to DNA helix by interaction with thymine base. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:1026-1033. [PMID: 19200776 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
New 3,4:9,10-dibenzo-2,11-dihydroxy-1,12-bispiperazine-5,8-dioxododecane complexes [C(24)H(36)N(4)O(6)Cu] (1), [C(24)H(32)N(4)O(4)Zn] (2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, Mass, EPR, UV-vis spectroscopy and molar conductance measurements. The complexes are non-ionic in nature and possess octahedral geometry around Cu(2+), Zn(2+) central metal ions. The binding studies of 1 and 2 with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated by UV-vis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetery and viscosity measurements. The calculated binding constant K(b) for 1 and 2 obtained from UV-vis absorption studies was 7.6x10(3)M(-1), 80.8x10(4)M(-1), respectively. The intrinsic binding constants were also estimated to be 7.0x10(4)M(-1) and 7.53x10(5)M(-1) for 1 and 2, respectively by using emission titrations. These experimental results suggest that complexes are groove binders and interact to CT-DNA with different affinities. Both the complexes in presence and absence of CT-DNA show quasireversible wave corresponding to Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Zn(II)/Zn(I) redox couple. The changes in E(1/2), DeltaE, I(pa)/I(pc) ascertain the interaction of 1 and 2 with CT-DNA. Further, decrease in viscosity of CT-DNA with increasing concentration of complexes was observed. In vitro, antimicrobial activity against fungi A. brassicicola, A. niger and bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa of complexes were carried out, which indicate that complex 2 is more active against both fungal and bacterial strains as shown by % inhibition data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad-Ul-Haq Bhat
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
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25
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Ma Q, Akiyama Y, Xu Z, Konishi K, Hecht SM. Identification and Cleavage Site Analysis of DNA Sequences Bound Strongly by Bleomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2013-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808629s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Yoshitsugu Akiyama
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Kazuhide Konishi
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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26
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Shao Y, Sheng X, Li Y, Jia ZL, Zhang JJ, Liu F, Lu GY. DNA Binding and Cleaving Activity of the New Cleft Molecule N,N′-Bis(guanidinoethyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide in the Absence or in the Presence of Copper(II). Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1840-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Li Jia
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Chen J, Ghorai MK, Kenney G, Stubbe J. Mechanistic studies on bleomycin-mediated DNA damage: multiple binding modes can result in double-stranded DNA cleavage. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:3781-90. [PMID: 18492718 PMCID: PMC2441780 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bleomycins (BLMs) are a family of natural glycopeptides used clinically as antitumor agents. In the presence of required cofactors (Fe(2+) and O(2)), BLM causes both single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA damage with the latter thought to be the major source of cytotoxicity. Previous biochemical and structural studies have demonstrated that BLM can mediate ss cleavage through multiple binding modes. However, our studies have suggested that ds cleavage occurs by partial intercalation of BLM's bithiazole tail 3' to the first cleavage site that facilitates its re-activation and re-organization to the second strand without dissociation from the DNA where the second cleavage event occurs. To test this model, a BLM A5 analog (CD-BLM) with beta-cyclodextrin attached to its terminal amine was synthesized. This attachment presumably precludes binding via intercalation. Cleavage studies measuring ss:ds ratios by two independent methods were carried out. Studies using [(32)P]-hairpin technology harboring a single ds cleavage site reveal a ss:ds ratio of 6.7 +/- 1.2:1 for CD-BLM and 3.4:1 and 3.1 +/- 0.3:1 for BLM A2 and A5, respectively. In contrast with BLM A5 and A2, however, CD-BLM mediates ds-DNA cleavage through cooperative binding of a second CD-BLM molecule to effect cleavage on the second strand. Studies using the supercoiled plasmid relaxation assay revealed a ss:ds ratio of 2.8:1 for CD-BLM in comparison with 7.3:1 and 5.8:1, for BLM A2 and A5, respectively. This result in conjunction with the hairpin results suggest that multiple binding modes of a single BLM can lead to ds-DNA cleavage and that ds cleavage can occur using one or two BLM molecules. The significance of the current study to understanding BLM's action in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Patra AK, Bhowmick T, Ramakumar S, Nethaji M, Chakravarty AR. DNA cleavage in red light promoted by copper(ii) complexes of α-amino acids and photoactive phenanthroline bases. Dalton Trans 2008:6966-76. [DOI: 10.1039/b802948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Sheng X, Lu XM, Chen YT, Lu GY, Zhang JJ, Shao Y, Liu F, Xu Q. Synthesis, DNA-Binding, Cleavage, and Cytotoxic Activity of New 1,7-Dioxa-4,10-diazacyclododecane Artificial Receptors Containing Bisguanidinoethyl or Diaminoethyl Double Side Arms. Chemistry 2007; 13:9703-12. [PMID: 17847143 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,7-dioxa-4,10-diazacyclododecane artificial receptors with two pendant aminoethyl (3) or guanidinoethyl (4) side arms have been synthesized. Spectroscopy, including fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, of the interactions of 3, 4, and their copper(II) complexes with calf thymus DNA indicated that the DNA binding affinity of these compounds follows the order Cu(2+)-4>Cu(2+)-3>4>3, and the binding constants of Cu(2+)-3 are Cu(2+)-4 are 7.2x10(4) and 8.7x10(4) M(-1), respectively. Assessment by agarose gel electrophoresis of the plasmid pUC 19 DNA cleavage activity in the presence of the receptors showed that the complexes Cu(2+)-3 and Cu(2+)-4 exhibit powerful supercoiled DNA cleavage efficiency. Kinetic data of DNA cleavage promoted by Cu(2+)-3 and Cu(2+)-4 under physiological conditions fit to a saturation kinetic profile with kmax values of 0.865 and 0.596 h(-1), respectively, which give about 10(8)-fold rate acceleration over uncatalyzed supercoiled DNA. This acceleration is due to efficient cooperative catalysis of the copper(II) center and the functional (diamino or bisguanidinium) groups. In-vitro cytotoxic activities toward murine melanoma B16 cells and human leukemia HL-60 cells were also examined: Cu(2+)-4 shows the highest activity with IC(50) values of 1.62x10(-4) and 1.19x10(-5) M, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination, Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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31
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Decker A, Chow MS, Kemsley JN, Lehnert N, Solomon EI. Direct Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction by Activated Bleomycin: An Experimental and Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:4719-33. [PMID: 16594709 DOI: 10.1021/ja057378n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin (BLM), a glycopeptide antibiotic chemotherapy agent, is capable of single- and double-strand DNA damage. Activated bleomycin (ABLM), a low-spin Fe(III)-OOH complex, is the last intermediate detected prior to DNA cleavage following hydrogen-atom abstraction from the C-4' of a deoxyribose sugar moiety. The mechanism of this C-H bond cleavage reaction and the nature of the active oxidizing species are still open issues. We have used kinetic measurements in combination with density functional calculations to study the reactivity of ABLM and the mechanism of the initial attack on DNA. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to directly monitor the kinetics of the ABLM reaction. These experiments yield a deuterium isotope effect, kH/kD approximately 3 for ABLM decay, indicating the involvement of a hydrogen atom in the rate-determining step. H-atom donors with relatively weak X-H bonds accelerate the reaction rate, establishing that ABLM is capable of hydrogen-atom abstraction. Density functional calculations were used to evaluate the two-dimensional potential energy surface for the direct hydrogen-atom abstraction reaction of the deoxyribose 4'-H by ABLM. The calculations confirm that ABLM is thermodynamically and kinetically competent for H-atom abstraction. The activation and reaction energies for this pathway are favored over both homolytic and heterolytic O-O bond cleavage. Direct H-atom abstraction by ABLM would generate a reactive Fe(IV)=O species, which would be capable of a second DNA strand cleavage, as observed in vivo. This study provides experimental and theoretical evidence for direct H-atom abstraction by ABLM and proposes an attractive mechanism for the role of ABLM in double-strand cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Decker
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Dirksen EHC, Cloos J, Braakhuis BJM, Brakenhoff RH, Heck AJR, Slijper M. Human Lymphoblastoid Proteome Analysis Reveals a Role for the Inhibitor of Acetyltransferases Complex in DNA Double-Strand Break Response. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1473-80. [PMID: 16452203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is highly cytotoxic; it emerges as the type of DNA damage that most severely affects the genomic integrity of the cell. It is essential that DNA DSBs are recognized and repaired efficiently, in particular, prior to mitosis, to prevent genomic instability and eventually, the development of cancer. To assess the pathways that are induced on DNA DSBs, 14 human lymphoblastoid cell lines were challenged with bleomycin for 30 and 240 minutes to establish the fast and more prolonged response, respectively. The proteomes of 14 lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated to account for the variation among individuals. The primary DNA DSB response was expected to occur within the nucleus; therefore, the nuclear extracts were considered. Differential analysis was done using two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis; paired ANOVA statistics were used to recognize significant changes in time. Many proteins whose nuclear levels changed statistically significantly showed a fast response, i.e., within 30 minutes after bleomycin challenge. A significant number of these proteins could be assigned to known DNA DSB response processes, such as sensing DSBs (Ku70), DNA repair through effectors (high-mobility group protein 1), or cell cycle arrest at the G(2)-M phase checkpoint (14-3-3 zeta). Interestingly, the nuclear levels of all three proteins in the INHAT complex were reduced after 30 minutes of bleomycin challenge, suggesting that this complex may have a role in changing the chromatin structure, allowing the DNA repair enzymes to gain access to the DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eef H C Dirksen
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 15, 3584 CA Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Bleomycins are a family of glycopeptide antibiotics that have potent antitumour activity against a range of lymphomas, head and neck cancers and germ-cell tumours. The therapeutic efficacy of the bleomycins is limited by development of lung fibrosis. The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the bleomycins are thought to be related to their ability to mediate both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA damage, which requires the presence of specific cofactors (a transition metal, oxygen and a one-electron reductant). Progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic efficacy of the bleomycins and the unwanted toxicity and elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of the bleomycins sets the stage for developing a more potent, less toxic therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Xu ZD, Wang M, Xiao SL, Zhang YJ, Yang M. Novel Bleomycin Analogues: Synthesis, Antitumor Activity, and Interaction with DNA. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200490254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Caputo R, De Nisco M, Festa P, Guaragna A, Palumbo G, Pedatella S. Synthesis of 4-Deoxy-l-(and d-)hexoses from Chiral Noncarbohydrate Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7033-7. [PMID: 15471449 DOI: 10.1021/jo0493774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
4-Deoxy-l-hexoses were synthesized starting from our previously reported reagent 1 and (R)-benzyl glycidyl ether, which led in few steps to a substituted dihydropyran 6. The stereocontrolled hydroxylation of the latter afforded the corresponding 4-deoxy-l-hexoses 7a, 9, and 11. The same procedure, starting from (S)-benzyl glycidyl ether, enabled the preparation of their d-series enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Caputo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cynthia, 4 80126 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
The bleomycins (BLMs) are used clinically in combination chemotherapy, their clinical usefulness being limited by the accompanying pulmonary toxicity. Much has been learned about the structure and function of BLMs in vitro. However, the mechanism of their cytoxicity in vivo, including their target(s), metal cofactor(s) effecting nucleic acid cleavage and its (their) oxidation state, concentrations of BLM in the nucleus of the cell, BLM metabolism, hot spots for double-strand DNA cleavage, and their repair, have remained elusive. New methods offer new opportunities to revisit and solve old problems, which could ultimately lead to development of a more effective therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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Girard C, Tranchant I, Gorteau V, Potey L, Herscovici J. Development of a DNA Interaction Test with Small Molecules Still Grafted on Solid Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:275-8. [PMID: 15002977 DOI: 10.1021/cc0499744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Girard
- Synthèse, Imagerie et Nanochimie, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique (FRE 2463 CNRS/U266 INSERM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
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Xu ZD, Wang M, Xiao SL, Liu CL, Yang M. Synthesis, biological evaluation and DNA binding properties of novel bleomycin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2595-9. [PMID: 12852974 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of bleomycin analogues was prepared with a facile synthetic method. All the compounds were shown to display significant antitumor activity against HeLa and BGC-823 cell lines in vitro. The binding properties with CT-DNA and cleavage efficiency to pBR322 DNA were investigated, the results indicate that there is a positive relationship between DNA cleavage efficiency and the binding affinity to DNA, and the antitumor activity of the bleomycin analogues is enhanced as the hydrophobicity of the C-terminus substituent side chain increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Xu
- National Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, Peoples Republic of China
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Coordination of {RuII(NO+)}3+ and {RuII(H2O)}2+ to bleomycin: most favored [RuII(L)(BLM-A2)] structure according to 1H NMR and molecular mechanics methods. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wu W, Vanderwall DE, Turner CJ, Hoehn S, Chen J, Kozarich JW, Stubbe J. Solution structure of the hydroperoxide of Co(III) phleomycin complexed with d(CCAGGCCTGG)2: evidence for binding by partial intercalation. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:4881-91. [PMID: 12433991 PMCID: PMC137157 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bleomycins (BLMs) are natural products that in the presence of iron and oxygen bind to and cause single-strand and double-strand cleavage of DNA. The mode(s) of binding of the FeBLMs that leads to sequence-specific cleavage at pyrimidines 3' to guanines and chemical-specific cleavage at the C-4' H of the deoxyribose of the pyrimidine has remained controversial. 2D NMR studies using the hydroperoxide of CoBLM (HOO-CoBLM) have demonstrated that its bithiazole tail binds by partial intercalation to duplex DNA. Studies with ZnBLM demonstrate that the bithiazole tail binds in the minor groove. Phleomycins (PLMs) are BLM analogs in which the penultimate thiazolium ring of the bithiazole tail is reduced. The disruption of planarity of this ring and the similarities between FePLM- and FeBLM-mediated DNA cleavage have led Hecht and co-workers to conclude that a partial intercalative mode of binding is not feasible. The interaction of HOO-CoPLM with d(CCAGGCCTGG)2 has therefore been investigated. Binding studies indicate a single site with a K(d) of 16 micro M, 100-fold greater than HOO-CoBLM for the same site. 2D NMR methods and molecular modeling using NMR-derived restraints have led to a structural model of HOO-CoPLM complexed to d(CCAGGCCTGG)2. The model reveals a partial intercalative mode of binding and the basis for sequence specificity of binding and chemical specificity of cleavage. The importance of the bithiazoles and the partial intercalative mode of binding in the double-strand cleavage of DNA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Tao ZF, Leitheiser CJ, Smith KL, Hashimoto S, Hecht SM. Solid-phase synthesis of deglycobleomycins: a C-terminal tetraamine linker that permits direct evaluation of resin-bound bleomycins. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:426-34. [PMID: 12009930 DOI: 10.1021/bc010083o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deglycobleomycin analogues having different length polyamine side chains at the C-terminus were synthesized using a novel solid-phase synthesis strategy that produces fully deprotected deglycobleomycin congeners attached to the resin. Detailed studies of DNA cleavage by these compounds and their resin-bound counterparts using supercoiled plasmid DNAs and DNA restriction fragments as substrates revealed that (i) the length of the polyamine side chain of free deglycoBLM had limited effect on its DNA cleavage potency or sequence selectivity, and (ii) the nature of the linker moiety between the resin and attached deglycobleomycin had a more substantial effect on the potency of DNA cleavage, but no effect on sequence selectivity of resin-bound deglycoBLMs. Resin-bound 4 exhibited efficient DNA cleavage, indicating that its tetraamine linker moiety could be used for the elaboration and direct evaluation of bleomycin congeners attached to resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA
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