1
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Linne Y, Birkner M, Flormann J, Lücke D, Becker JA, Kalesse M. Sparteine-Free, Highly Stereoselective Construction of Complex Allylic Alcohols Using 1,2-Metallate Rearrangements. JACS AU 2023; 3:1695-1710. [PMID: 37388702 PMCID: PMC10301690 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Stereotriads bearing allylic alcohols are privileged structures in natural products, and new methods accessing these in a stereoselective fashion are highly sought after. Toward this goal, we found that the use of chiral polyketide fragments allows for performing the Hoppe-Matteson-Aggarwal rearrangement in the absence of sparteine with high yields and diastereoselectivities, rendering this protocol a highly valuable alternative to the Nozaki-Hiyama-Takai-Kishi reaction. The switch of directing groups in most cases resulted in the reversed stereochemical outcome, which could be explained by conformational analysis on density functional theory level and a Felkin-like model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Linne
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Birkner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Flormann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Lücke
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg August Becker
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Kalesse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Centre
of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Burrows J, Kamo S, Koide K. Scalable Birch reduction with lithium and ethylenediamine in tetrahydrofuran. Science 2021; 374:741-746. [PMID: 34735232 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- James Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shogo Kamo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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3
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Ma Y, Woltornist RA, Algera RF, Collum DB. Reactions of Sodium Diisopropylamide: Liquid-Phase and Solid-Liquid Phase-Transfer Catalysis by N, N, N', N″, N″-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13370-13381. [PMID: 34375095 PMCID: PMC10042303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA) in N,N-dimethylethylamine (DMEA) and DMEA-hydrocarbon mixtures with added N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA) reacts with alkyl halides, epoxides, hydrazones, arenes, alkenes, and allyl ethers. Comparisons of PMDTA with N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) accompanied by detailed rate and computational studies reveal the importance of the trifunctionality and κ2-κ3 hemilability. Rate studies show exclusively monomer-based reactions of 2-bromooctane, cyclooctene oxide, and dimethylresorcinol. Catalysis with 10 mol % PMDTA shows up to >30-fold accelerations (kcat > 300) with no evidence of inhibition over 10 turnovers. Solid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis (SLPTC) is explored as a means to optimize the catalysis as well as explore the merits of heterogeneous reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Ryan A. Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Russell F. Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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4
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García‐Garrido SE, Presa Soto A, Hevia E, García‐Álvarez J. Advancing Air‐ and Moisture‐Compatible s‐Block Organometallic Chemistry Using Sustainable Solvents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. García‐Garrido
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie (DCBP) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Joaquín García‐Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
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5
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Dang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Xu M, Jia C, Lu Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Xia Y. Nucleophilic Addition and α-C–H Substitution Reactions of an Imine Mediated by Dibutylmagnesium and Organolithium Reagents. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yalan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Chaohong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yahong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
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6
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Mykura RC, Veth S, Varela A, Dewis L, Farndon JJ, Myers EL, Aggarwal VK. Investigation of the Deprotonative Generation and Borylation of Diamine-Ligated α-Lithiated Carbamates and Benzoates by in Situ IR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14677-14686. [PMID: 30260635 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diamine-mediated α-deprotonation of O-alkyl carbamates or benzoates with alkyllithium reagents, trapping of the carbanion with organoboron compounds, and 1,2-metalate rearrangement of the resulting boronate complex are the primary steps by which organoboron compounds can be stereoselectively homologated. Although the final step can be easily monitored by 11B NMR spectroscopy, the first two steps, which are typically carried out at cryogenic temperatures, are less well understood owing to the requirement for specialized analytical techniques. Investigation of these steps by in situ IR spectroscopy has provided invaluable data for optimizing the homologation reactions of organoboron compounds. Although the deprotonation of benzoates in noncoordinating solvents is faster than that in ethereal solvents, the deprotonation of carbamates shows the opposite trend, a difference that has its origin in the propensity of carbamates to form inactive parasitic complexes with the diamine-ligated alkyllithium reagent. Borylation of bulky diamine-ligated lithiated species in toluene is extremely slow, owing to the requirement for initial complexation of the oxygen atoms of the diol ligand on boron with the lithium ion prior to boron-lithium exchange. However, ethereal solvent, or very small amounts of THF, facilitate precomplexation through initial displacement of the bulky diamines coordinated to the lithium ion. Comparison of the carbonyl stretching frequencies of boronates derived from pinacol boronic esters with those derived from trialkylboranes suggests that the displaced lithium ion is residing on the pinacol oxygen atoms and the benzoate/carbamate carbonyl group, respectively, explaining, at least in part, the faster 1,2-metalate rearrangements of boronates derived from the trialkylboranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C Mykura
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Simon Veth
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Ana Varela
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Lydia Dewis
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Joshua J Farndon
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Eddie L Myers
- School of Chemistry , NUI Galway , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
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7
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Tai O, Hopson R, Williard PG. Ligand Binding Constants to Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide Determined by Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6223-6231. [PMID: 28562035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the direct measurement of ligand-binding constants of organolithium complexes using a 1H NMR/diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) titration technique. Lithium hexamethyldisilazide complexes with ethereal and ester donor ligands (THF, diethyl ether, MTBE, THP, tert-butyl acetate) are characterized using 1H NMR and X-ray crystallography. Their aggregation and solvation states are confirmed using diffusion coefficient-formula weight correlation analysis, and the 1H NMR/DOSY titration technique is applied to obtain their binding constants. Our work suggests that steric hindrance of ethereal ligands plays an important role in the aggregation, solvation, and reactivity of these complexes. It is noteworthy that diffusion methodology is utilized to obtain binding constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkei Tai
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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8
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Ojeda-Amador AI, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Kennedy AR, Armstrong DR, O'Hara CT. Monodentate coordination of the normally chelating chiral diamine (R,R)-TMCDA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 53:324-327. [PMID: 27958607 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After isolating an unusual binuclear, but monosolvated NaHMDS complex [{(R,R)-TMCDA}·(NaHMDS)2]∞ which polymerises via intermolecular electrostatic NaMeHMDS interactions, further (R,R)-TMCDA was added to produce the discrete binuclear amide [{κ2-(R,R)-TMCDA}·(NaHMDS)2{κ1-(R,R)-TMCDA}], whose salient feature is the unique monodentate coordination of one of the chiral diamine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ojeda-Amador
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Martínez
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - David R Armstrong
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Charles T O'Hara
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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9
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Guang J, Liu Q, Hopson R, Kagan G, Li W, Monroe TB, Williard PG. Conformational Polymorphism of Lithium Pinacolone Enolate. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15177-15188. [PMID: 27762552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A metastable, polymorphic hexameric crystal structure of lithium pinacolone enolate (LiOPin) is reported along with three preparation methods. NMR-based structural characterization implies that the lithium pinacolate hexamer deaggregates to a tetramer in toluene but retains mainly the hexameric structure in nonaromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as cyclohexane. Moreover, the presence of a small amount of lithium aldolate (LiOA) dramatically influences the aggregation state of LiOPin by forming a mixed aggregate with a 3:1 ratio (LiOPin3·LiOA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Qiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Gerald Kagan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Weibin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Thomas B Monroe
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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10
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Doulcet J, Stephenson GR. The Use of (-)-Sparteine/Organolithium Reagents for the Enantioselective Lithiation of 7,8-Dipropyltetrathia[7]helicene: Single and Double Kinetic Resolution Procedures. Chemistry 2015; 21:18677-89. [PMID: 26560342 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of organolithium reagent (RLi: R=nBu, iPr, sBu, tBu), solvent (diethyl ether, diethyl ether/THF and MTBE), and stoichiometry on the (-)-sparteine-mediated silylation of 7,8-dipropyltetrathia[7]helicene shows that, unusually, substantially more than 0.5 equivalent of RLi (R=iPr, sBu, tBu) and a large excess of (-)-sparteine (R=nBu, sBu) is often needed to achieve substantial conversions and good ee values. With nBuLi, however, just one equivalent of the organolithium reagent is sufficient to obtain high conversions. Our best results were obtained using the convenient tBuLi/(-)-sparteine adduct with which the need for a high (-)-sparteine/RLi ratio can be avoided. Single- and double-kinetic resolution (KR) procedures give enantiopure samples of 2-trimethylsilyl- and 2,13-di(trimethylsilyl)-7,8-dipropyltetrathia[7]helicene and two-step double-KR combining (-)-sparteine/sBuLi and chiral formamides affords the synthetically valuable 2-formyl-7,8-dipropyltetrathia[7]helicene. This is the first use of (-)-sparteine for the enantioselective lithiation of helicenes and the first report of tBuLi outperforming sBuLi in a (-)-sparteine-mediated procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Doulcet
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ (UK)
| | - G Richard Stephenson
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ (UK).
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11
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Kao TT, Lin CC, Shia KS. The Total Synthesis of Retrojusticidin B, Justicidin E, and Helioxanthin. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6708-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Kao
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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12
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Synthesis of highly substituted quinolines via heterocyclization of fluorinated acetylenephosphonates with ortho-aminoaryl ketones. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Bruneau A, Liou L, Collum DB. Solution structures of lithium amino alkoxides used in highly enantioselective 1,2-additions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2885-91. [PMID: 24471766 PMCID: PMC3985715 DOI: 10.1021/ja412210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium ephedrates and norcarane-derived lithium amino alkoxides used to effect highly enantioselective 1,2-additions on large scales have been characterized in toluene and tetrahydrofuran. The method of continuous variations in conjunction with (6)Li NMR spectroscopy reveals that the lithium amino alkoxides are tetrameric. In each case, low-temperature (6)Li NMR spectra show stereoisomerically pure homoaggregates displaying resonances consistent with an S4-symmetric cubic core rather than the alternative D2d core. These assignments are supported by density functional theory computations and conform to X-ray crystal structures. Slow aggregate exchanges are discussed in the context of amino alkoxides as chiral auxiliaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela
M. Bruneau
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Lara Liou
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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14
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Cochrane EJ, Leonori D, Hassall LA, Coldham I. Synthesis and kinetic resolution of N-Boc-2-arylpiperidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9910-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient kinetic resolution of 2-arylpiperidines was developed using a chiral base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield, UK
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15
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Su C, Hopson R, Williard PG. Isotopically Enriched 13C Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Methyllithium. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11733-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401740g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chicheung Su
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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16
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Harrison-Marchand A, Mongin F. Mixed AggregAte (MAA): A Single Concept for All Dipolar Organometallic Aggregates. 1. Structural Data. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7470-562. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300295w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Laboratoire COBRA de l′Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, IRCOF, Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cédex, France
| | - Florence Mongin
- Équipe Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Bâtiment 10A, case 1003, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France
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17
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Reich HJ. Role of Organolithium Aggregates and Mixed Aggregates in Organolithium Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7130-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400187u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Reich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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18
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Su C, Hopson R, Williard PG. Characterization of cyclopentyllithium and cyclopentyllithium tetrahydrofuran complex. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12400-6. [PMID: 23875807 DOI: 10.1021/ja4059102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of unsolvated, hexameric cyclopentyllithium and tetrameric cyclopentyllithium tetrahydrofuran solvate were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Cyclopentyllithium easily crystallized in hydrocarbon solvents. Solution-state structural analyses of cyclopentyllithium and cyclopentyllithium-tetrahydrofuran complexes in toluene-d8 were also carried out by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy with diffusion coefficient-formula weight correlation analyses and other one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. The solution-state studies suggest that unsolvated cyclopentyllithium exists as hexamer and tetramer equilibrating with each other. Upon solvation with tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentyllithium exists mostly as a tetrahydrofuran tetrasolvated tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chicheung Su
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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19
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Tomasevich LL, Collum DB. Structure determination using the method of continuous variation: lithium phenolates solvated by protic and dipolar aprotic ligands. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7498-507. [PMID: 23806055 PMCID: PMC3759316 DOI: 10.1021/jo401080n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The method of continuous variation (MCV) was used in conjunction with (6)Li NMR spectroscopy to characterize four lithium phenolates solvated by a range of solvents, including N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, Et2O, pyridine, protic amines, alcohols, and highly dipolar aprotic solvents. Dimers, trimers, and tetramers were observed, depending on the precise lithium phenolate-solvent combinations. Competition experiments (solvent swaps) provide insights into the relative propensities toward mixed solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Tomasevich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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20
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Su C, Hopson R, Williard PG. Characterization of Hexameric and Octameric
sec
‐Butyllithium/
sec
‐Butoxide Mixed Aggregates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chicheung Su
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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21
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Barker G, Alshawish MR, Skilbeck MC, Coldham I. Remarkable Configurational Stability of Magnesiated Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Barker G, Alshawish MR, Skilbeck MC, Coldham I. Remarkable Configurational Stability of Magnesiated Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7700-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Mechanism of the Deprotonation Reaction of Alkyl Benzyl Ethers withn-Butyllithium. Chemistry 2013; 19:9677-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Li X, Leonori D, Sheikh NS, Coldham I. Synthesis of 1-Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Lithiation and Electrophilic Quenching Guided by In Situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy and Application to the Synthesis of Salsolidine, Carnegine and Laudanosine. Chemistry 2013; 19:7724-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Götz K, Gessner VH, Unkelbach C, Kaupp M, Strohmann C. Understanding Structure Formation in Organolithium Compounds: An Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Approach. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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De Vries TS, Bruneau AM, Liou LR, Subramanian H, Collum DB. Azaaldol condensation of a lithium enolate solvated by N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: dimer-based 1,2-addition to imines. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4103-9. [PMID: 23413774 PMCID: PMC3715612 DOI: 10.1021/ja400345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lithium enolate of tert-amylacetate solvated by N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) is shown to be a doubly chelated dimer. Adding the dimeric enolate to 4-fluorobenzaldehyde-N-phenylimine affords an N-lithiated β-amino ester shown to be monomeric using (6)Li and (15)N NMR spectroscopies. Rate studies using (19)F NMR spectroscopy reveal reaction orders consistent with a transition structure of stoichiometry [(ROLi)2(TMEDA)2(imine)](‡). Density functional theory computations explore several possible dimer-based transition structures with monodentate and bidentate coordination of TMEDA. Supporting rate studies using trans-N,N,N',N'-1,2-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine showing analogous rates and rate law suggest that TMEDA is fully chelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. De Vries
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Angela M. Bruneau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Lara R. Liou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | | | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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27
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Praz J, Guénée L, Aziz S, Berkessel A, Alexakis A. Evaluation of the Chiral DIANANE Backbone as Ligand for Organolithium Reagents. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Zhang L, Hashimoto K, Tajima K. End-group stannylation of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)s. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Lefranc J, Fournier AM, Mingat G, Herbert S, Marcelli T, Clayden J. Intramolecular Vinylation of Secondary and Tertiary Organolithiums. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7286-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301591m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lefranc
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Anne M. Fournier
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gaëlle Mingat
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Simon Herbert
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Tommaso Marcelli
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio
Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via
Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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30
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Carbone G, O’Brien P, Hilmersson G. Asymmetric Deprotonation using s-BuLi or i-PrLi and Chiral Diamines in THF: The Diamine Matters. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15445-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107672h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Carbone
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Hilmersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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Stead D, Carbone G, O’Brien P, Campos KR, Coldham I, Sanderson A. Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Boc Piperidine: React IR Monitoring and Mechanistic Aspects. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7260-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Stead
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K., and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Giorgio Carbone
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K., and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K., and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Kevin R. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K., and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K., and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Adam Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K., and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, U.K
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32
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De Vries TS, Goswami A, Liou LR, Gruver JM, Jayne E, Collum DB. Lithium phenolates solvated by tetrahydrofuran and 1,2-dimethoxyethane: structure determination using the method of continuous variation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13142-54. [PMID: 19702308 PMCID: PMC2752606 DOI: 10.1021/ja9047784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The method of continuous variation in conjunction with (6)Li NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize lithium phenolates solvated by tetrahydrofuran and 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The strategy relies on the formation of ensembles of homo- and heteroaggregated phenolates. The symmetries and concentration dependencies of the heteroaggregates attest to the aggregation numbers of the homoaggregates. The structurally diverse phenols afford substrate- and solvent-dependent combinations of lithium phenolate monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and pentamers. We discuss the refinement of protocols for characterizing O-lithiated species. Computational studies examine further the substituent and solvent dependencies of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S De Vries
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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33
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34
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Strohmann C, Gessner VH. Crystal structures of n-BuLi adducts with (R,R)-TMCDA and the consequences for the deprotonation of benzene. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11719-25. [PMID: 18686951 DOI: 10.1021/ja8017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of organolithium compounds and diamine bases have become a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry. Because of the structure-reactivity relationship, the elucidation of reaction mechanisms of these reagents is strongly connected with the structural determination of intermediate species. In mixtures of the diamine TMCDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine) and n-butyllithium, two different structures, the dimeric [n-BuLi x (R,R)-TMCDA]2 and the aggregate [(n-BuLi)2 x (R,R)-TMCDA]2, can be isolated, depending on the n-BuLi/TMCDA ratio. Thereby, [(n-BuLi)2 x (R,R)-TMCDA]2 is a rare example of an organolithium compound with a ladder arrangement of the central four-membered Li-C-Li-C rings. Two isomers of the ladder structure are formed in the crystal by changing from the enantiomerically pure to racemic TMCDA. As n-BuLi/TMCDA mixtures are also able to deprotonate benzene, these structures give hint to possible mechanisms. Supported by theoretical studies, transition states based on the dimer, the ladder structure, and a hypothetical monomer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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35
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Bilke JL, O’Brien P. On the Two-Ligand Catalytic Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Boc Pyrrolidine: Probing the Effect of the Stoichiometric Ligand. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6452-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8010655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Bilke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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36
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Wooten AJ, Carroll PJ, Walsh PJ. Insight into Substrate Binding in Shibasaki’s Li3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln Complexes and Implications in Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7407-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ja7107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J. Wooten
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Kizirian
- Laboratoire SPOT, EA 3857, Université François Rabelais, Sciences et Techniques, Batiment J, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
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38
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Rivera A, Rios-Motta J. Unusual reactivity patterns of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.1(3,8)]-dodecane (TATD) towards some reducing agents: synthesis of TMEDA. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2007; 12:1471-81. [PMID: 17909502 PMCID: PMC6149478 DOI: 10.3390/12071471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) can be synthesized by simple reduction of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.1.(3,8)]dodecane (TATD), an aminal cage type amine, with formic acid. The aminal can be converted to TMEDA in high yield very easily and in a very short time. We comment on the scope and limitations of the reduction of this aminal and propose a possible reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Rivera
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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39
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Collum DB, McNeil AJ, Ramirez A. Lithium diisopropylamide: solution kinetics and implications for organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3002-17. [PMID: 17387670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) is a prominent reagent used in organic synthesis. In this Review, rate studies of LDA-mediated reactions are placed in the broader context of organic synthesis in three distinct segments. The first section provides a tutorial on solution kinetics, emphasizing the characteristic rate behavior caused by dominant solvation and aggregation effects. The second section summarizes substrate- and solvent-dependent mechanisms that reveal basic principles of solvation and aggregation. The final section suggests how an understanding of mechanism might be combined with empirical methods to optimize yields, rates, and selectivities of organolithium reactions and applied to organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA.
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40
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Strohmann C, Gessner VH. Crystal Structures of the Chiral Diamine (R,R)-TMCDA with the Commonly Used Alkyllithium Bases Methyllithium, iso-Propyllithium, and sec-Butyllithium. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8952-3. [PMID: 17595089 DOI: 10.1021/ja072970t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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41
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Collum D, McNeil A, Ramirez A. Lithiumdiisopropylamid: Reaktionskinetik in Lösung und Folgerungen für die organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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43
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Sott R, Håkansson M, Hilmersson G. Studies of Complexes between Phenyllithium and (−)-Sparteine in Ether Solutions. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om050872f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sott
- Department of Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Hilmersson
- Department of Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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44
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Qu B, Collum DB. Structure of n-Butyllithium in Mixtures of Ethers and Diamines: Influence of Mixed Solvation on 1,2-Additions to Imines. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9355-60. [PMID: 16848470 DOI: 10.1021/ja0609654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
n-BuLi in diamine/dialkyl ether mixtures forms ensembles of hetero- and homosolvated dimers. Solutions in TMEDA/THF (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) are not amenable to detailed investigation because of rapid ligand exchange. TMCDA/THF mixtures (TMCDA = trans-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine) afford clean assignments for a mixture of homo- and heterosolvated dimers but demonstrate poor control over structure. TMCDA/tetrahydropyran (THP) mixtures and TMEDA/Et2O mixtures afford clean structural assignments as well as excellent structural control. Rate studies of the 1,2-addition of n-BuLi using TMCDA/THP mixtures reveal cooperative solvation in which both THP and TMCDA coordinate to lithium at the monomer- and dimer-based transition structures. The two mechanisms are affiliated with markedly different stereochemistries of the 1,2-addition to imines. The results show strong parallels with previous investigations of 1,2-additions in TMEDA/Et2O mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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45
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Wang XJ, Xu Y, Zhang L, Krishnamurthy D, Senanayake CH. Mild Iodine−Magnesium Exchange of Iodoaromatics Bearing a Pyrimidine Ring with Isopropylmagnesium Chloride. Org Lett 2006; 8:3141-4. [PMID: 16805572 DOI: 10.1021/ol061156s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Iodoaromatics bearing a reactive pyrimidine ring underwent a clean iodine-magnesium exchange with isopropylmagnesium chloride in the presence of bis[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl] ether to provide the corresponding Grignard reagents. The presence of bis[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl] ether prevented reduction of the pyrimidine ring and addition by isopropylmagnesium chloride. As a result, the newly formed reactive Grignard reagents were allowed to react with electrophiles in a highly selective manner to afford adducts in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jun Wang
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA.
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46
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McGrath MJ, Bilke JL, O'Brien P. Reactivity series for s-BuLi/diamine-mediated lithiation of N-Boc pyrrolidine: applications in catalysis and lithiation of N-Boc piperidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2607-9. [PMID: 16779493 DOI: 10.1039/b603804m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using competition experiments between a range of ligands and (-)-sparteine, a reactivity series for N-Boc pyrrolidine lithiation using s-BuLi/diamines has been constructed; the results indicate that the s-BuLi/(+)-sparteine surrogate complex is more reactive than s-BuLi/(-)-sparteine and this has been exploited in the selection of ligand pairs for ligand exchange catalytic asymmetric lithiation of N-Boc pyrrolidine and lithiation of N-Boc piperidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK YO10 5DD
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47
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Qu B, Collum DB. Addition of n-Butyllithium to an Aldimine: Role of Chelation, Aggregation, and Cooperative Solvation. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:10820-1. [PMID: 16076174 DOI: 10.1021/ja0519987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rate studies of the addition of n-BuLi in the presence of TMEDA to potentially chelating aldimines are consistent with a combination of monomer- and dimer-based mechanisms. Using mixtures of TMEDA and Et2O reveals cooperative solvation in which both Et2O and TMEDA coordinate to lithium at the monomer- and dimer-based transition structures. The four discrete mechanisms are affiliated with markedly different stereochemistries of the 1,2-addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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48
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Lemiègre L, Stevens RL, Combret JC, Maddaluno J. Ring fission of chiral cyclic acetals plus intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition: a sequential access to medium-size lactones. Application to the synthesis of carbasugars. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1308-18. [PMID: 15785821 DOI: 10.1039/b419381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclic acetals were reacted with t-butyllithium in THF. A conjugate elimination took place, triggering a ketal ring cleavage when two eq. of TMEDA were added to the medium. The lithium alcoholate thus obtained could be trapped in situ by 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate. The resulting acryloyl (1Z,3E)-dienyl ether was then submitted to an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition under high pressure (12 kbar, 50 degrees C). Depending on the structure of the linkage between the diene and the acrylate, the expected ("fused") lactones were obtained with total endo- or exo-selectivities and high to complete diastereoselectivities. A remarkable inversion of selectivity, from endo to exo, with respect to the stereochemical elements of the tether could be observed in these cases. A five step diastereoselective transformation of two of the resulting nine-membered ring lactones into modified carbasugars was finally achieved in 23% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Lemiègre
- Laboratoire des Fonctions Azotées & Oxygénées Complexes, IRCOF, UMR 6014 CNRS, Université de Rouen, 76821, Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
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49
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O'Brien P, Wiberg KB, Bailey WF, Hermet JPR, McGrath MJ. An Experimental and Computational Study of the Enantioselective Lithiation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine Using Sparteine-like Chiral Diamines. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15480-9. [PMID: 15563176 DOI: 10.1021/ja046834p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective lithiation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine using sec-butyllithium and isopropyllithium in the presence of sparteine-like diamines has been studied experimentally and computationally at various theoretical levels through to B3P86/6-31G*. Of the (-)-cytisine-derived diamines (N-Me, N-Et, N-(n)Bu, N-CH(2)(t)Bu, N-(i)Pr) studied experimentally, the highest enantioselectivity (er 95:5) was observed with the least sterically hindered N-Me-substituted diamine, leading to preferential removal of the pro-R proton i.e., opposite enantioselectivity to (-)-sparteine. The experimental result with the N-Me-substituted diamine correlated well with the computational results: at the B3P86/6-31G* level, the sense of induction was correctly predicted; the lowest energy complex of isopropyllithium/diamine/N-Boc-pyrrolidine also had the lowest activation energy (DeltaH++ = 11.1 kcal/mol, DeltaG++= 11.5 kcal/mol) for proton transfer. The computational results with the N-(i)Pr-substituted diamine identified a transition state for proton transfer with activation energies of DeltaH++= 11.7 kcal/mol and DeltaG++= 11.8 kcal/mol (at the B3P86/6-31G* level). Although comparable to (-)-sparteine and the N-Me-substituted diamine, these DeltaH++ and DeltaG++ values are at odds with the experimental observation that use of the N-(i)Pr-substituted diamine gave no product. It is suggested that steric crowding inhibits formation of the prelithiation complex rather than increasing the activation enthalpy for proton transfer in the transition state. Three other ligands (N-H and O-substituted as well as a five-membered ring analogue) were studied solely using computational methods, and the results predict that the observed enantioselectivity would be modest at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O'Brien
- Departments of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Young Lee K, GowriSankar S, Nyoung Kim J. N , N , N ′ , N ′ -Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine as the catalyst of choice for the Baylis–Hillman reaction of cycloalkenone: rate acceleration by stabilizing the zwitterionic intermediate via the ion–dipole interaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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