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Riske KA, Domingues CC, Casadei BR, Mattei B, Caritá AC, Lira RB, Preté PSC, de Paula E. Biophysical approaches in the study of biomembrane solubilization: quantitative assessment and the role of lateral inhomogeneity. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:649-667. [PMID: 28836235 PMCID: PMC5662047 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detergents are amphiphilic molecules widely used to solubilize biological membranes and/or extract their components. Nevertheless, because of the complex composition of biomembranes, their solubilization by detergents has not been systematically studied. In this review, we address the solubilization of erythrocytes, which provide a relatively simple, robust and easy to handle biomembrane, and of biomimetic models, to stress the role of the lipid composition on the solubilization process. First, results of a systematic study on the solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by different series of non-ionic (Triton, CxEy, Brij, Renex, Tween), anionic (bile salts) and zwitterionic (ASB, CHAPS) detergents are shown. Such quantitative approach allowed us to propose Resat-the effective detergent/lipid molar ratio in the membrane for the onset of hemolysis as a new parameter to classify the solubilization efficiency of detergents. Second, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) obtained as a result of the partial solubilization of erythrocytes by TX-100, C12E8 and Brij detergents are examined. DRMs were characterized by their cholesterol, sphingolipid and specific proteins content, as well as lipid packing. Finally, lipid bilayers of tuned lipid composition forming liposomes were used to investigate the solubilization process of membranes of different compositions/phases induced by Triton X-100. Optical microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles revealed that pure phospholipid membranes are fully solubilized, whereas the presence of cholesterol renders the mixture partially or even fully insoluble, depending on the composition. Additionally, Triton X-100 induced phase separation in raft-like mixtures, and selective solubilization of the fluid phase only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Cleyton C Domingues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 200037, USA
| | - Bruna R Casadei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Caritá
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Lira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Paulo S C Preté
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
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Sun F, Chen L, Wei P, Chai M, Ding X, Xu L, Luo SZ. Dimerization and Structural Stability of Amyloid Precursor Proteins Affected by the Membrane Microenvironments. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1375-1387. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fude Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Long Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengya Chai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiufang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lida Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Opálka L, Kováčik A, Sochorová M, Roh J, Kuneš J, Lenčo J, Vávrová K. Scalable Synthesis of Human Ultralong Chain Ceramides. Org Lett 2015; 17:5456-9. [PMID: 26479675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides with ultralong chains (≥30 carbons), also known as acylceramides, play a critical role in the survival of mammals on dry land. An efficient and scalable synthesis of four major classes of ultralong human skin ceramides is reported. The key approach involves the use of a succinimidyl ester that acts as a protective group, helps overcome the extremely low solubility, and simultaneously activates the fatty acid for its clean and high-yielding attachment to a sphingoid base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Opálka
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense , Hradec Králové 500 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
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Matsumori N, Tanada N, Nozu K, Okazaki H, Oishi T, Murata M. Design and synthesis of sphingomyelin-cholesterol conjugates and their formation of ordered membranes. Chemistry 2011; 17:8568-75. [PMID: 21728198 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A lipid raft is a cholesterol (Chol)-rich microdomain floating in a sea of lipid bilayers. Although Chol is thought to interact preferentially with sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin (SM), rather than with glycerophospholipids, the origin of the specific interaction has remained unresolved, primarily because of the high mobility of lipid molecules and weak intermolecular interactions. In this study, we synthesized SM-Chol conjugates with functionally designed linker portions to restrain Chol mobility and examined their formation of ordered membranes by a detergent insolubility assay, fluorescence anisotropy experiments, and fluorescence-quenching assay. In all of the tests, membranes prepared from the conjugates showed properties of ordered domains comparable to a SM-Chol (1:1) membrane. To gain insight into the structure of bilayers composed from the conjugates, we performed molecular dynamics simulations with 64 molecules of the conjugates, which suggested that the conjugates form a stable bilayer structure by bending at the linker portion and, mostly, reproduce the hydrogen bonds between the SM and Chol portions. These results imply that the molecular recognition between SM and Chol in an ordered domain is essentially reproduced by the conjugated molecules and, thus, demonstrates that these conjugate molecules could potentially serve as molecular probes for understanding molecular recognition in lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Corbett PT, Leclaire J, Vial L, West KR, Wietor JL, Sanders JKM, Otto S. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3652-711. [PMID: 16967917 DOI: 10.1021/cr020452p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1497] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Huang Z, Li W, MacKay JA, Szoka FC. Thiocholesterol-based lipids for ordered assembly of bioresponsive gene carriers. Mol Ther 2005; 11:409-17. [PMID: 15727937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of thiocholesterol-based cationic lipids (TCL) has been designed and synthesized by the attachment of thiocholesterol to a cationic amine via a disulfide bond. TCL can be incorporated into liposomes and used to package DNA into a lipoplex, thereby protecting it from DNase digestion. DNA is rapidly released from the complex in the presence of low concentrations of reducing agents. The lipoplex mediated efficient transfection activity and had low cytotoxicity. To improve the biocompatibility of the cationic lipoplex, TCL were used as a component in the assembly of a nanolipoparticle (NLP). The particle surface was subsequently modified by disulfide exchange to replace the cationic group with a negatively charged (glutathione) or zwitterionic (cysteine) reducing agent. A cell-binding ligand (TAT peptide, sequence GRKKRRQRRRGYG) was then incorporated onto the particle surface to enhance the particle-cell recognition. The sequentially assembled cell-binding NLP with a zwitterionic surface gave a larger transfection yield than the cationic NLP at all concentrations tested. At low DNA concentrations, the enhancement was 80-fold. The disulfide cationic lipids and the sequential assembly strategy enable one to tailor the surface charge, hydrophilicity, and recognition elements of a nanosized gene carrier. This results in increased gene transfer activity in a biocompatible particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
Sphingomyelin from biological membranes forms segregated domains with cholesterol in fluid bilayers. However, a synthetic form of sphingomyelin with an oleoyl chain linked to sphingosine is not incorporated into cholesterol-rich domains. We have studied the properties of mixtures of oleoyl-sphingomyelin and cholesterol as well as mixtures of oleoyl-sphingomyelin with 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine by DSC and NMR. Cholesterol has a high miscibility with oleoyl-sphingomyelin and it does not separate in crystalline form until the mol fraction of cholesterol reaches a value above 0.6. A large fraction of the cholesterol crystals that are formed are in the monohydrate form. Furthermore, these crystals rehydrate relatively rapidly compared with pure cholesterol crystals in the absence of phospholipid. The environment of the carbonyl group of the phospholipid indicates that it is similar to other forms of sphingomyelin with saturated acyl chains. Also similar to other forms of sphingomyelin, the quaternary ammonium group of oleoyl-sphingomyelin is more rigid than that of phosphatidylcholines, as indicated by the strong resonance observed with cross-polarization/magic angle spinning. Additionally, oleoyl-sphingomyelin produces a larger alteration than egg sphingomyelin of the phase transition of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine. These studies indicate that oleoyl-sphingomyelin, unlike saturated forms of sphingomyelin, does not form segregated domains with cholesterol because of its greater miscibility with phosphatidylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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Abstract
Nearest-neighbour recognition measurements take 'molecular-level snapshots' of lipid organization in fluid bilayers by detecting and quantifying the thermodynamic tendency of two lipids to become nearest-neighbours. Recent nearest-neighbour recognition experiments have clarified the structural role that cholesterol plays in biological membranes. They have also clarified the influence that the linkage region of sphingolipids, the sugar head group of glycolipids, and lipid-peptide interactions have on lipid-lipid recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Regen
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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Self-assembly of compounds based on a glycerin skeleton as a C-3 building block. Part I. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-002-0229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Specific Aspects of Lipid Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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