1
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Sakata Y, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto M, Doken K, Kamezawa M, Yamaki S, Akine S. Non-threaded and rotaxane-type threaded wheel-axle assemblies consisting of dinickel(II) metallomacrocycle and dibenzylammonium axle. Commun Chem 2024; 7:166. [PMID: 39080496 PMCID: PMC11289445 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaxanes are typically prepared using covalent bonds to trap a wheel component onto an axle molecule, and rotaxane-type wheel-axle assembly using only noncovalent interactions has been far less explored. Here we show that a dinickel(II) metallomacrocycle forms two different types of wheel-axle assemblies with a dibenzylammonium axle molecule based only on noncovalent interactions. The non-threaded assembly was obtained by introduction of Ni2+ into the macrocycle before the complexation with the axle molecule (metal-first method). The non-threaded assembly was in rapid equilibrium with each of the components in solution. The threaded assembly was obtained by introduction of Ni2+ after the formation of a pseudorotaxane from the non-metalated wheel and the axle molecule (axle-first method). The threaded assembly was not in equilibrium with the dissociated species even though it was maintained only by noncovalent interactions. Thus, formation of one of the non-threaded and threaded wheel-axle assemblies over the other is governed by the assembly pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Misato Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Doken
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mayu Kamezawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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2
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Barlow SR, Halcovitch NR, Evans NH. A pyridine- N-oxide catenane for cation recognition. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3001-3008. [PMID: 38526411 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The rapid preparation of a pyridine-N-oxide containing [2]catenane is described. The [2]catenane was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray single crystal structure determination. 1H NMR titration experiments reveal the [2]catenane may be reversibly protonated, as well as an ability to bind lithium cations more strongly than sodium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | | | - Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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3
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Kauerhof D, Riebe J, Vonnemann CJ, Thiele M, Jansen D, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional rotaxanes featuring two chiral subunits - synthesis and application in asymmetric organocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2393-2396. [PMID: 38323328 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Rotaxanes can serve as scaffolds for the generation of bifunctional catalysts. We have now generated acid-base functionalized rotaxanes featuring two chiral subunits. The mechanical bond leads to increased reaction rates and also to strongly altered enantioselectivites in comparison to the non-interlocked control catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kauerhof
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jan Riebe
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Vonnemann
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Maike Thiele
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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4
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Sakata Y, Nakamura R, Hibi T, Akine S. Speed Tuning of the Formation/Dissociation of a Metallorotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217048. [PMID: 36628483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Switching between the formation/dissociation of rotaxanes is important to control the function of various types of rotaxane-based materials. We have developed a convenient and simple strategy, the so-called "accelerator addition", to make a static rotaxane dynamic without apparently affecting the chemical structure. As an interlocked molecule that enables tuning of the formation/dissociation speed, a metallorotaxane was quantitatively generated by the complexation of a triptycene-based dumbbell-shaped mononuclear complex, [PdL2 ]2+ (L=2,3-diaminotriptycene), with 27C9. As a result of the inertness of the Pd2+ -based coordination structure, the metallorotaxane was slowly formed (the static state). This rotaxane formation was accelerated 27 times simply by adding Br- as an accelerator (the dynamic state). A similar drastic acceleration was also demonstrated during the dissociation process when Cs+ was added to the metallorotaxane to form the free axle [PdL2 ]2+ and the 27C9-Cs+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hibi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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5
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Lopez-Leonardo C, Saura-Sanmartin A, Marin-Luna M, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Ring-to-Thread Chirality Transfer in [2]Rotaxanes for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209904. [PMID: 35916122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chiral mechanically interlocked molecules has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years, with applications in different fields, such as asymmetric catalysis or sensing. Herein we describe the synthesis of orientational mechanostereoisomers, which include a benzylic amide macrocycle with a stereogenic center, and nonsymmetric N-(arylmethyl)fumaramides as the axis. The base-promoted cyclization of the initial fumaramide thread allows enantioenriched value-added compounds, such as lactams of different ring sizes and amino acids, to be obtained. The chiral information is effectively transmitted across the mechanical bond from the encircling ring to the interlocked lactam. High levels of enantioselectivity and full control of the regioselectivity of the final cyclic compounds are attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Leonardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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6
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Feng QY, Mao YQ, Wang MX, Tong S. Chiral Crown Ethers Accessed from Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrization Reactions. Org Lett 2022; 24:7107-7112. [PMID: 36148969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A diversity of unprecedented chiral aza-crown ethers were synthesized straightforwardly from readily available and inexpensive aza-crown ethers. Catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid, desymmetrization of an array of symmetric N-arylated aza-crown ethers through tert-amino reaction proceeded efficiently under mild conditions to produce novel tetrahydroquinoline-fused aza-crown ethers in good to excellent yields with up to 96% ee. Our strategy opens a new route to functionalized chiral crown ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yun Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Qi Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Lopez-Leonardo C, Saura-Sanmartin A, Marin-Luna M, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Ring‐to‐Thread Chirality Transfer in [2]Rotaxanes for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Universidad de Murcia Química Orgánica Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia SPAIN
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Universidad de Murcia Química Orgánica Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia SPAIN
| | | | - Jose Berna
- Universidad de Murcia Quimica Organica Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia SPAIN
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8
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Krajnc M, Niemeyer J. BINOL as a chiral element in mechanically interlocked molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:508-523. [PMID: 35601990 PMCID: PMC9086503 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this minireview we present the use of the axially chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol (BINOL) unit as a stereogenic element in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs). We describe the synthesis and properties of such BINOL-based chiral MIMs, together with their use in further diastereoselective modifications, their application in asymmetric catalysis, and their use in stereoselective chemosensing. Given the growing importance of mechanically interlocked molecules and the key advantages of the privileged chiral BINOL backbone, we believe that this research area will continue to grow and deliver many useful applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Krajnc
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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9
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Tang Y, Luo Y, Xiang J, He Y, Fan Q. Rhodium‐Catalyzed ON‐OFF Switchable Hydrogenation Using a Molecular Shuttle Based on a [2]Rotaxane with a Phosphine Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200638. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ping Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Er Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Mei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Hua Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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10
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Maynard JRJ, Galmés B, Stergiou AD, Symes MD, Frontera A, Goldup SM. Anion-π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115961. [PMID: 35040543 PMCID: PMC9303940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of rotaxane-based anion-π catalysts in which the mechanical bond between a bipyridine macrocycle and an axle containing an NDI unit is intrinsic to the activity observed, including a [3]rotaxane that catalyses an otherwise disfavoured Michael addition in >60 fold selectivity over a competing decarboxylation pathway that dominates under Brønsted base conditions. The results are rationalized by detailed experimental investigations, electrochemical and computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartomeu Galmés
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCrta de Valldemossa km 7.507122Palma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
| | - Athanasios D. Stergiou
- WestCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of Glasgow, Joseph Black BuildingUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Mark D. Symes
- WestCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of Glasgow, Joseph Black BuildingUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCrta de Valldemossa km 7.507122Palma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
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11
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Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051745. [PMID: 35268846 PMCID: PMC8911870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single crystals of pseudorotaxanes, [(FcCH2NH2CH2Ar)(DB24C8)][PF6] (DB24C8 = dibenzo[24]crown-8, Fc = Fe(C5H4)(C5H5), Ar = -C6H3-3,4-Cl2, -C6H3-3,4-F2, -C6H4-4-F, -C6H4-4-Cl, -C6H4-4-Br, -C6H3-3-F-4-Me, -C6H4-4-I) and [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][Ni(dmit)2] (dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-dithiolate), were obtained from solutions containing DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the pseudorotaxanes revealed that the aryl ring of the axle moiety and the catechol ring of the macrocyclic component were at close centroid distances and parallel or tilted orientation. The structures with parallel aromatic rings showed correlation of the distances between the centroids to Hammett substituent constants of the aryl groups.
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12
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Tang Y, Luo Y, Xiang J, He Y, Fan Q. Rhodium‐Catalyzed ON‐OFF Switchable Hydrogenation Using a Molecular Shuttle Based on a [2]Rotaxane with a Phosphine Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ping Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Er Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Mei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Hua Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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13
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Heard AW, Suárez JM, Goldup SM. Controlling catalyst activity, chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity with the mechanical bond. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:182-196. [PMID: 37117433 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, are receiving increased attention as scaffolds for the development of new catalysts, driven by both their increasing accessibility and high-profile examples of the mechanical bond delivering desirable behaviours and properties. In this Review, we survey recent advances in the catalytic applications of mechanically interlocked molecules organized by the effect of the mechanical bond on key catalytic properties, namely, activity, chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity, and focus on how the mechanically bonded structure leads to the observed behaviour. Our aim is to inspire future investigations of mechanically interlocked catalysts, including those outside of the supramolecular community.
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14
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Maynard JRJ, Galmés B, Stergiou A, Symes M, Frontera A, Goldup SM. Anion‐π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Symes
- University of Glasgow Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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15
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Sudhakar C, Saravanabhavan M, Ramesh K, Badavath V, Chandrasekar S, Babu B, Sekar M. Pharmacological and quantum chemical studies of 2-aminobenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium 4-chlorobenzenesulphonate: Synthesis, spectral, thermal analysis and structural elucidation. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
Hexamethoxycalix[6]arene 3 forms a directional pseudorotaxane complex with the chiral axle (S)-(α-methyl-benzyl)benzylammonium 2+. Between the two (endo-chiral)-2+@3 and (exo-chiral)-2+@3 pseudorotaxane stereoisomers, the former is preferentially formed. This result confirms the validity of the “endo-α-methyl-benzyl rule”, previously reported by us. DFT calculations suggest that C-H … π interactions between the methyl group of 2+ and the calixarene aromatic rings, determine the stereoselectivity of the threading process toward the “endo-α-methyl-benzyl preference”. An amplification of optical rotation is observed upon formation of the pseudorotaxane complex (endo-chiral)-2+@3 with respect to free axle 2+. Thus, the specifical rotation of the 1:1 mixture of chiral 2+·B(ArF)4− salt and achiral 3 was augmented upon formation of the pseudorotaxane and DFT calculations were used to rationalize this result.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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18
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Rajamalli P, Rizzi F, Li W, Jinks MA, Gupta AK, Laidlaw BA, Samuel IDW, Penfold TJ, Goldup SM, Zysman‐Colman E. Using the Mechanical Bond to Tune the Performance of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12066-12073. [PMID: 33666324 PMCID: PMC8251797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization of rotaxanes based on a carbazole-benzophenone thermally activated delayed fluorescence luminophore. We find that the mechanical bond leads to an improvement in key photophysical properties of the emitter, notably an increase in photoluminescence quantum yield and a decrease in the energy difference between singlet and triplet states, as well as fine tuning of the emission wavelength, a feat that is difficult to achieve when using covalently bound substituents. Computational simulations, supported by X-ray crystallography, suggest that this tuning of properties occurs due to weak interactions between the axle and the macrocycle that are enforced by the mechanical bond. This work highlights the benefits of using the mechanical bond to refine existing luminophores, providing a new avenue for emitter optimization that can ultimately increase the performance of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachaiyappan Rajamalli
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
- Materials Research CentreIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
| | - Federica Rizzi
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Wenbo Li
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9SSUK
| | - Michael A. Jinks
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Abhishek Kumar Gupta
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9SSUK
| | - Beth A. Laidlaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9SSUK
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | | | - Eli Zysman‐Colman
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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19
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Rajamalli P, Rizzi F, Li W, Jinks MA, Gupta AK, Laidlaw BA, Samuel IDW, Penfold TJ, Goldup SM, Zysman‐Colman E. Using the Mechanical Bond to Tune the Performance of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pachaiyappan Rajamalli
- Organic Semiconductor Centre EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Wenbo Li
- Organic Semiconductor Centre SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9SS UK
| | - Michael A. Jinks
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Abhishek Kumar Gupta
- Organic Semiconductor Centre EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9SS UK
| | - Beth A. Laidlaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9SS UK
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Eli Zysman‐Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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20
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Gualandi L, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Goldup SM, Lucarini M. Spin-labelled mechanically interlocked molecules as models for the interpretation of biradical EPR spectra. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8385-8393. [PMID: 34221319 PMCID: PMC8221063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biradical spin probes can provide detailed information about the distances between molecules/regions of molecules because the through-space coupling of radical centres, characterised by J, is strongly distance dependent. However, if the system can adopt multiple configurations, as is common in supramolecular complexes, the shape of the EPR spectrum is influenced not only by J but also the rate of exchange between different states. In practice, it is often hard to separate these variables and as a result, the effect of the latter is sometimes overlooked. To demonstrate this challenge unequivocally we synthesised rotaxane biradicals containing nitronyl nitroxide units at the termini of their axles. The rotaxanes exchange between the available biradical conformations more slowly than the corresponding non-interlocked axles but, despite this, in some cases, the EPR spectra of the axle and rotaxane remain remarkably similar. Detailed analysis allowed us to demonstrate that the similar EPR spectral shapes result from different combinations of J and rates of conformational interconversion, a phenomenon suggested theoretically more than 50 years ago. This work reinforces the idea that thorough analysis must be performed when interpreting the spectra of biradicals employed as spin probes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton UK
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
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21
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Zhang Z, Shao Y, Tang J, Jiang J, Wang L, Li S. Supramolecular asymmetric catalysis mediated by crown ethers and related recognition systems. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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22
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Delany EG, Connon SJ. Enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene-catalysed intermolecular crossed benzoin condensations: improved catalyst design and the role of in situ racemisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:248-258. [PMID: 33289760 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective intermolecular crossed-benzoin condensation mediated by novel chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from pyroglutamic acid has been investigated. A small library of chiral triazolium ions were synthesised. Each possessed a tertiary alcohol H-bond donor and a variable N-aryl substituent. It was found that increasing both the steric requirement and the electron-withdrawing characteristics of the N-aryl ring led to more chemoselective, efficient and enantioselective chemistry, however both quenching the reaction at different times and deuterium incorporation experiments involving the product revealed that this is complicated by product racemisation in situ (except in the case of benzoin itself), which explains the dependence of enantioselectivity on the electrophilicity of the reacting aldehydes common in the literature. Subsequent protocol optimisation, where one reacting partner was an o-substituted benzaldehyde, allowed a range of crossed-benzoins to be synthesised in moderate-good yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan G Delany
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, The University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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23
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Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have gained attention in the field of catalysis due to their unique molecular properties. Central to MIMs, rotaxanes are highly promising and attractive supramolecular catalysts due to their unique three-dimensional structures and the flexibility of their subcomponents. This Minireview discusses the use of rotaxanes in organocatalysis and transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Kwamen
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and Center for NanointegrationDuisburg- Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and Center for NanointegrationDuisburg- Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
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24
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Perez JDM, Puigcerver J, Orlando T, Pastor A, Martins MAP, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Mechanical bonding activation in rotaxane-based organocatalysts. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interlocked organocatalysts show enhanced catalytic performance when compared with their non-interlocked threads.The ring cooperatively activates the substrates, facilitating the formation and stabilization of catalytically active intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus de Maria Perez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Julio Puigcerver
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Tainara Orlando
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE)
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- 97105-900 Santa Maria-RS
- Brazil
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Marcos A. P. Martins
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE)
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- 97105-900 Santa Maria-RS
- Brazil
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
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25
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Kimura T, Miyagawa S, Takaya H, Naito M, Tokunaga Y. Locking the Dynamic Axial Chirality of Biphenyl Crown Ethers through Threading. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3897-3903. [PMID: 33026146 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the syntheses of [2]rotaxanes comprising 23- and 26-membered biphenyl crown ethers as the macrocyclic components and secondary ammonium ions as the dumbbell-shaped components, and the locking of the dynamic axial chirality of the biphenyl moieties in these structures. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that our [2]rotaxane featuring the 26-membered crown ether racemized at room temperature, but the racemization of the [2]rotaxane featuring the 23-membered crown ether did not proceed at room temperature over a period of three days. After separation of the enantiomers of the [2]rotaxane incorporating the 23-membered crown ether through chiral HPLC, we studied its racemization at elevated temperature. The rate of stereoinversion in dimethylsulfoxide (a polar solvent) was faster than that in o-dichlorobenzene (a nonpolar solvent), and herein we discuss these kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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26
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Pastor A, Marin-Luna M, Diaz-Marin C, Bautista D, Alajarin M, Berna J. Cyclization of interlocked fumaramides into β-lactams: experimental and computational mechanistic assessment of the key intercomponent proton transfer and the stereocontrolling active pocket. Chem Sci 2020; 12:747-756. [PMID: 34163808 PMCID: PMC8178992 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05757f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic study of the diastereoselective CsOH-promoted cyclization of interlocked fumaramides to give β-lactams is described. The mechanistic analysis comprises the experimental evaluation of the structure-reactivity relationship for a wide range of fumaramides [2]rotaxanes (Hammet-plots), KIE studies with deuterium-labelled interlocked fumaramides and computational analysis of two alternative mechanistic pathways for the cyclization process. The obtained results confirm that: (a) the rate-determining step is the deprotonation of the N-benzyl group of the thread by the amidate group of the macrocycle generated by the external base, (b) the polyamide macrocycle plays an important role not only as activating element but also as the stereodifferenciating factor responsible for the observed diastereoselection and (c) the higher flexibility of the adamantyl core speeds up the cyclization process in diadamantyl-derived rotaxanes. A mechanistic study of the diastereoselective cyclization of interlocked fumaramides to give β-lactams unveils the key factors for successfully taming the process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Carmen Diaz-Marin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" 30100 Murcia Spain
| | | | - Mateo Alajarin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" 30100 Murcia Spain
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27
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Zhu L, Li J, Yang J, Au-Yeung HY. Cross dehydrogenative C-O coupling catalysed by a catenane-coordinated copper(i). Chem Sci 2020; 11:13008-13014. [PMID: 34094485 PMCID: PMC8163234 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic activity of copper(i) complexes supported by phenanthroline-containing catenane ligands towards a new C(sp3)–O dehydrogenative cross-coupling of phenols and bromodicarbonyls is reported. As the phenanthrolines are interlocked by the strong and flexible mechanical bond in the catenane, the active catalyst with an open copper coordination site can be revealed only transiently and the stable, coordinatively saturated Cu(i) pre-catalyst is quickly regenerated after substrate transformation. Compared with a control Cu(i) complex supported by non-interlocked phenanthrolines, the catenane-supported Cu(i) is highly efficient with a broad substrate scope, and can be applied in gram-scale transformations without a significant loss of the catalytic activity. This work demonstrates the advantages of the catenane ligands that provide a dynamic and responsive copper coordination sphere, highlighting the potential of the mechanical bond as a design element in transition metal catalyst development. The use of a catenane-supported copper(i) complex for the cross dehydrogenative C–O coupling of phenols and bromodicarbonyls is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jiasheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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28
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Dzieszkowski K, Barańska I, Mroczyńska K, Słotwiński M, Rafiński Z. Organocatalytic Name Reactions Enabled by NHCs. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163574. [PMID: 32823580 PMCID: PMC7475904 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Giving reactions the names of their discoverers is an extraordinary tradition of organic chemistry. Nowadays, this phenomenon is much rarer, although already named historical reactions are still often developed. This is also true in the case of a broad branch of N-heterocyclic carbenes catalysis. NHCs allow many unique synthetic paths, including commonly known name reactions. This article aims to gather this extensive knowledge and compare historical reactions with current developed processes. Furthermore, this review is a great opportunity to highlight some of the unique applications of these procedures in the total synthesis of biologically active compounds. Hence, this concise article may also be a source of knowledge for scientists just starting their adventure with N-heterocyclic carbene chemistry.
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29
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30
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Saura-Sanmartin A, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically Interlocked Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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31
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Kauerhof D, Niemeyer J. Functionalized Macrocycles in Supramolecular Organocatalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:889-899. [PMID: 32391655 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular organocatalysis has emerged as a novel research field in the context of homogeneous catalysis. In particular, the use of functionalized macrocycles as supramolecular catalysts is highly promising, as these systems are oftentimes easily accessible and offer distinct advantages in catalysis. Macrocyclic catalysts can provide defined binding pockets, such as hydrophobic cavities, and can thus create a reaction microenvironment for catalysis. In addition, macrocycles can offer a preorganized arrangement of functional groups, such as binding sites or catalytically active groups, thus enabling a defined and possibly multivalent binding and activation of substrates. The aim of this Minireview is to provide an overview of recent advances in the area of supramolecular organocatalysis based on functionalized macrocycles (including cyclodextrins, calixarenes, and resorcinarenes), with a focus on those examples where certain catalytically active groups (such as hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, Brønsted acid or base groups, or nucleophilic units) are present in or have been installed on the macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kauerhof
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
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32
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Heard AW, Goldup SM. Synthesis of a Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxane Ligand for Enantioselective Catalysis. Chem 2020; 6:994-1006. [PMID: 32309674 PMCID: PMC7153771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotaxanes are interlocked molecules in which a molecular ring is trapped on a dumbbell-shaped axle because of its inability to escape over the bulky end groups, resulting in a so-called mechanical bond. Interlocked molecules have mainly been studied as components of molecular machines, but the crowded, flexible environment created by threading one molecule through another has also been explored in catalysis and sensing. However, so far, the applications of one of the most intriguing properties of interlocked molecules, their ability to display stereogenic units that do not rely on the stereochemistry of their covalent subunits, termed "mechanical chirality," have yet to be properly explored, and prototypical demonstration of the applications of mechanically chiral rotaxanes remain scarce. Here, we describe a mechanically planar chiral rotaxane-based Au complex that mediates a cyclopropanation reaction with stereoselectivities that are comparable with the best conventional covalent catalyst reported for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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33
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Pairault N, Zhu H, Jansen D, Huber A, Daniliuc CG, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional Rotaxanes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5102-5107. [PMID: 31793163 PMCID: PMC7154720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterobifunctional rotaxanes serve as efficient catalysts for the addition of malonates to Michael acceptors. We report a series of four different heterobifunctional rotaxanes, featuring an amine-based thread and a chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-phosphoric-acid-based macrocycle. High-level DFT calculations provided mechanistic insights and enabled rational catalyst improvements, leading to interlocked catalysts that surpass their non-interlocked counterparts in terms of reaction rates and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | - Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
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34
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Calles M, Puigcerver J, Alonso DA, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Enhancing the selectivity of prolinamide organocatalysts using the mechanical bond in [2]rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3629-3635. [PMID: 34094051 PMCID: PMC8152698 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a pair of switchable interlocked prolinamides and their use as organocatalysts in three different enamine-activated processes are reported. A diacylaminopyridine moiety was incorporated into the thread for directing [2]rotaxane formation further allowing the association of complementary small molecules. The rotaxane-based systems were tested as organocatalysts in asymmetric enamine-mediated processes, revealing a significantly improved catalytic ability if compared with the non-interlocked thread. The presence of an electron-withdrawing nitro group at the macrocycle helps to achieve high conversions and enantioselectivities. These systems are able to interact with N-hexylthymine as a cofactor to form supramolecular catalysts displaying a divergent catalytic behaviour. The presence or absence of the cofactor controls the chemoselectivity in competitive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Calles
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Julio Puigcerver
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Diego A Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
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35
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Pairault N, Zhu H, Jansen D, Huber A, Daniliuc CG, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional Rotaxanes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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36
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Wang HJ, Zhang HY, Zhang HY, Liu G, Dai X, Wu H, Liu Y. Guest-induced supramolecular chirality transfer in [2]pseudorotaxanes: experimental and computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7649-7655. [PMID: 32966527 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the factors governing the chirality transfer from a chiral unimolecule to a supramolecular assembly, we constructed a series of [2]pseudorotaxanes through the intermolecular noncovalent interaction of a pair of chiral binaphthalene crown ethers with achiral secondary ammonium salts with different chromophores, and found that the binaphthalene groups can induce new circular dichroism (CD) signals only in the [2]pseudorotaxane structures between the host crown ethers and the guest molecule with the anthryl group. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations show that the generation of the new CD signal is mainly due to the intermolecular chiral induction between the anthryl group in the guest and the naphthalene groups in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Wang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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37
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Gaedke M, Witte F, Anhäuser J, Hupatz H, Schröder HV, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Lützen A, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Chiroptical inversion of a planar chiral redox-switchable rotaxane. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10003-10009. [PMID: 32055357 PMCID: PMC7003955 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-containing crown ether macrocycle with C s symmetry was designed to implement planar chirality into a redox-active [2]rotaxane. The directionality of the macrocycle atom sequence together with the non-symmetric axle renders the corresponding [2]rotaxane mechanically planar chiral. Enantiomeric separation of the [2]rotaxane was achieved by chiral HPLC. The electrochemical properties - caused by the reversible oxidation of the TTF - are similar to a non-chiral control. Reversible inversion of the main band in the ECD spectra for the individual enantiomers was observed after oxidation. Experimental evidence, conformational analysis and DFT calculations of the neutral and doubly oxidised species indicate that mainly electronic effects of the oxidation are responsible for the chiroptical switching. This is the first electrochemically switchable rotaxane with a reversible inversion of the main ECD band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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38
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David AHG, Casares R, Cuerva JM, Campaña AG, Blanco V. A [2]Rotaxane-Based Circularly Polarized Luminescence Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18064-18074. [PMID: 31638802 PMCID: PMC6975276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A rotaxane-based molecular shuttle
has been synthesized in which
the switching of the position of a fluorescent macrocycle on the thread
turns “on” or “off” the circularly polarized
luminescence (CPL) of the system while maintaining similar fluorescence
profiles and quantum yields in both states. The chiroptical activity
relies on the chiral information transfer from an ammonium salt incorporating d- or l-phenylalanine residues as chiral stereogenic
covalent units to an otherwise achiral crown ether macrocycle bearing
a luminescent 2,2′-bipyrene unit when they interact through
hydrogen bonding. Each enantiomeric thread induces CPL responses of
opposite signs on the macrocycle. Upon addition of base, the switching
of the position of the macrocycle to a triazolium group disables the
chiral information transfer to the macrocycle, switching “off”
the CPL response. The in situ switching upon several acid/base cycles
is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H G David
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Raquel Casares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
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39
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Dommaschk M, Echavarren J, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Singleton TA. Dynamic Control of Chiral Space Through Local Symmetry Breaking in a Rotaxane Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14955-14958. [PMID: 31454135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on a switchable rotaxane molecular shuttle that features a pseudo-meso 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidine catalytic unit on the axle whose local symmetry is broken according to the position of a threaded benzylic amide macrocycle. The macrocycle can be selectively switched (with light in one direction; with catalytic acid in the other) with high fidelity between binding sites located to either side of the pyrrolidine unit. The position of the macrocycle dictates the facial bias of the rotaxane-catalyzed conjugate addition of aldehydes to vinyl sulfones. The pseudo-meso non-interlocked thread does not afford significant selectivity as a catalyst (2-14 % ee), whereas the rotaxane affords selectivities of up to 40 % ee with switching of the position of the macrocycle changing the handedness of the product formed (up to 60 % Δee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dommaschk
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Javier Echavarren
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas A Singleton
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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40
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Dommaschk M, Echavarren J, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Singleton TA. Dynamic Control of Chiral Space Through Local Symmetry Breaking in a Rotaxane Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dommaschk
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Javier Echavarren
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Thomas A. Singleton
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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41
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Tai TY, Liu YH, Lai CC, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Absolute Configurations of Topologically Chiral [2]Catenanes and the Acid/Base-Flippable Directions of Their Optical Rotations. Org Lett 2019; 21:5708-5712. [PMID: 31283244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The absolute configurations of the two enantiomers of a topologically chiral [2]catenane were determined unambiguously based on HPLC resolution and X-ray crystal analysis. Although structurally dissimilar to simple amino acids, the optical rotations of these separated [2]catenanes share the Clough-Lutz-Jirgensons behavior of amino acids: the optical rotation flips direction in the presence of acid and base, the first example of such behavior for a mechanically interlocked topologically chiral catenane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Tai
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung City 402 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
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42
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Marin-Luna M, Alonso DA, Ros-Ñiguez D, Alajarin M, Berna J. Interlocking the Catalyst: Thread versus Rotaxane-Mediated Enantiodivergent Michael Addition of Ketones to β-Nitrostyrene. Org Lett 2019; 21:5192-5196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Diego A. Alonso
- Departamento Química Orgánica e Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Diego Ros-Ñiguez
- Departamento Química Orgánica e Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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43
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Modicom F, Jamieson EMG, Rochette E, Goldup SM. Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond: A Tandem Active Template-Rearrangement Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3875-3879. [PMID: 30600892 PMCID: PMC6589916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the unexpected discovery of a tandem active template CuAAC-rearrangement process, in which N2 is extruded on the way to the 1,2,3-triazole product to give instead acrylamide rotaxanes. Mechanistic investigations suggest this process is dictated by the mechanical bond, which stabilizes the CuI -triazolide intermediate of the CuAAC reaction and diverts it down the rearrangement pathway; when no mechanical bond is formed, the CuAAC product is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Elise Rochette
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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44
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Modicom F, Jamieson EMG, Rochette E, Goldup SM. Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond: A Tandem Active Template‐Rearrangement Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Elise Rochette
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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45
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Gell CE, McArdle-Ismaguilov TA, Evans NH. Modulating the expression of chirality in a mechanically chiral rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1576-1579. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of mechanical chirality by a rotaxane may be modulated by affecting the co-conformational behaviour through varying solvent or by addition of acid and base.
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46
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Jinks MA, de Juan A, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Zhang Z, Goldup SM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14806-14810. [PMID: 30253008 PMCID: PMC6220991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral interlocked molecules in which the mechanical bond provides the sole stereogenic unit are typically produced with no control over the mechanical stereochemistry. Here we report a stereoselective approach to mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes in up to 98:2 d.r. using a readily available α-amino acid-derived azide. Symmetrization of the covalent stereocenter yields a rotaxane in which the mechanical bond provides the only stereogenic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Jinks
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alberto de Juan
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mathieu Denis
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Marzia Galli
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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47
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Jinks MA, de Juan A, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Zhang Z, Goldup SM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Jinks
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Alberto de Juan
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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48
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49
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Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Goldup SM. Chirality in rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5266-5311. [PMID: 29796501 PMCID: PMC6049620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although chiral mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have been synthesised and studied, enantiopure examples are relatively under-represented in the pantheon of reported catenanes and rotaxanes and the underlying chirality of the system is often even overlooked. This is changing with the advent of new applications of MIMs in catalysis, sensing and materials and the appearance of new methods to access unusual stereogenic units unique to the mechanical bond. Here we discuss the different stereogenic units that have been investigated in catenanes and rotaxanes, examples of their application, methods for assigning absolute stereochemistry and provide a perspective on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. G. Jamieson
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - F. Modicom
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - S. M. Goldup
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
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50
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Martinez‐Cuezva A, Bautista D, Alajarin M, Berna J. Enantioselective Formation of 2‐Azetidinones by Ring‐Assisted Cyclization of Interlocked
N
‐(α‐Methyl)benzyl Fumaramides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6563-6567. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
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