1
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Abstract
Temporal order in living matters reflects the self-organizing nature of dynamical processes driven out of thermodynamic equilibrium. Because of functional reasons, the period of a biochemical oscillation must be tuned to a specific value with precision; however, according to the thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR), the precision of the oscillatory period is constrained by the thermodynamic cost of generating it. After reviewing the basics of chemical oscillations using the Brusselator as a model system, we study the glycolytic oscillation generated by octameric phosphofructokinase (PFK), which is known to display a period of several minutes. By exploring the phase space of glycolytic oscillations, we find that the glycolytic oscillation under the cellular condition is realized in a cost-effective manner. Specifically, over the biologically relevant range of parameter values of glycolysis and octameric PFK, the entropy production from the glycolytic oscillation is minimal when the oscillation period is (5-10) min. Furthermore, the glycolytic oscillation is found at work near the phase boundary of limit cycles, suggesting that a moderate increase of glucose injection rate leads to the loss of oscillatory dynamics, which is reminiscent of the loss of pulsatile insulin release resulting from elevated blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureun Kim
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Korea
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2
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Pires DAT, Guedes IA, Pereira WL, Teixeira RR, Dardenne LE, Nascimento CJ, Figueroa-Villar JD. Isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones as new tyrosinase inhibitors: Biological activity and interaction studies by molecular docking and NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140580. [PMID: 33278593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated and copper-containing oxidase enzyme that can be found in animals, plants, and fungi. It is involved in several biological processes such as melanin biosynthesis. In this work, a series of isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones was evaluated as tyrosinase inhibitors. It was found that compounds phthalaldehydic acid (1), 3-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-isopropylphenyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (7), and 2-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)-1,3-phenylene diacetate (9) were the most potent compounds inhibiting tyrosinase activity in a concentration dependent manner. Ligand-enzyme NMR studies and docking investigations allowed to map the atoms of the ligands involved in the interaction with the copper atoms present in the active site of the tyrosinase. This behaviour is similar to kojic acid, a well know tyrosinase inhibitor and used as positive control in the biological assays. The findings herein described pave the way for future rational design of new tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A T Pires
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Rua São Bartolomeu s/n, Vila Esperança, Luziânia, GO 72811-580, Brazil
| | - Isabella A Guedes
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333 - Quitandinha, Petrópolis, RJ 25651-075, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Róbson R Teixeira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Laurent E Dardenne
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333 - Quitandinha, Petrópolis, RJ 25651-075, Brazil
| | - Claudia J Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-250, Brazil.
| | - José D Figueroa-Villar
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-270, Brazil
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3
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Schaffner A, Li X, Gomez-Llorente Y, Leandrou E, Memou A, Clemente N, Yao C, Afsari F, Zhi L, Pan N, Morohashi K, Hua X, Zhou MM, Wang C, Zhang H, Chen SG, Elliott CJ, Rideout H, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Yue Z. Vitamin B 12 modulates Parkinson's disease LRRK2 kinase activity through allosteric regulation and confers neuroprotection. Cell Res 2019; 29:313-329. [PMID: 30858560 PMCID: PMC6462009 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause the majority of familial and some sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The hyperactivity of LRRK2 kinase induced by the pathogenic mutations underlies neurotoxicity, promoting the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as therapeutics. Many potent and specific small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors have been reported with promise. However, nearly all inhibitors are ATP competitive-some with unwanted side effects and unclear clinical outcome-alternative types of LRRK2 inhibitors are lacking. Herein we identify 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), a physiological form of the essential micronutrient vitamin B12 as a mixed-type allosteric inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase activity. Multiple assays show that AdoCbl directly binds LRRK2, leading to the alterations of protein conformation and ATP binding in LRRK2. STD-NMR analysis of a LRRK2 homologous kinase reveals the contact sites in AdoCbl that interface with the kinase domain. Furthermore, we provide evidence that AdoCbl modulates LRRK2 activity through disrupting LRRK2 dimerization. Treatment with AdoCbl inhibits LRRK2 kinase activity in cultured cells and brain tissue, and prevents neurotoxicity in cultured primary rodent neurons as well as in transgenic C. elegans and D. melanogaster expressing LRRK2 disease variants. Finally, AdoCbl alleviates deficits in dopamine release sustainability caused by LRRK2 disease variants in mouse models. Our study uncovers vitamin B12 as a novel class of LRRK2 kinase modulator with a distinct mechanism, which can be harnessed to develop new LRRK2-based PD therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schaffner
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xianting Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yacob Gomez-Llorente
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Emmanouela Leandrou
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Memou
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicolina Clemente
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Farinaz Afsari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Nina Pan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Keita Morohashi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xiaoluan Hua
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Shu G Chen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Hardy Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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4
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Aguirre C, Cala O, Krimm I. Overview of Probing Protein‐Ligand Interactions Using NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 81:17.18.1-17.18.24. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1718s81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Aguirre
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Isabelle Krimm
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon Villeurbanne France
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5
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Gilsbach BK, Messias AC, Ito G, Sattler M, Alessi DR, Wittinghofer A, Kortholt A. Structural Characterization of LRRK2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3751-6. [PMID: 25897865 DOI: 10.1021/jm5018779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinase inhibition is considered to be an important therapeutic target for LRRK2 mediated Parkinson's disease (PD). Many LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have been reported but have yet to be optimized in order to qualify as drug candidates for the treatment of the disease. In order to start a structure-function analysis of such inhibitors, we mutated the active site of Dictyostelium Roco4 kinase to resemble LRRK2. Here, we show saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR and the first cocrystal structures of two potent in vitro inhibitors, LRRK2-IN-1 and compound 19, with mutated Roco4. Our data demonstrate that this system can serve as an excellent tool for the structural characterization and optimization of LRRK2 inhibitors using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd K Gilsbach
- †Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana C Messias
- ‡Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,§Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Genta Ito
- ∥University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Dundee, Scotland
| | - Michael Sattler
- ‡Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,§Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | | | | | - Arjan Kortholt
- †Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Breen ME, Soellner MB. Small molecule substrate phosphorylation site inhibitors of protein kinases: approaches and challenges. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:175-89. [PMID: 25494294 PMCID: PMC4301090 DOI: 10.1021/cb5008376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Protein kinases are
important mediators of cellular communication
and attractive drug targets for many diseases. Although success has
been achieved with developing ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors, the
disadvantages of ATP-competitive inhibitors have led to increased
interest in targeting sites outside of the ATP binding pocket. Kinase
inhibitors with substrate-competitive, ATP-noncompetitive binding
modes are promising due to the possibility of increased selectivity
and better agreement between biochemical and in vitro potency. However, the difficulty of identifying these types of inhibitors
has resulted in significantly fewer small molecule substrate phosphorylation
site inhibitors being reported compared to ATP-competitive inhibitors.
This review surveys reported substrate phosphorylation site inhibitors
and methods that can be applied to the discovery of such inhibitors,
including a discussion of the challenges inherent to these screening
methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Breen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew B. Soellner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Abstract
Fragment-based drug design (FBDD) comprises both fragment-based screening (FBS) to find hits and elaboration of these hits to lead compounds. Typical fragment hits have lower molecular weight (<300-350 Da) and lower initial potency but higher ligand efficiency when compared to those from high-throughput screening. NMR spectroscopy has been widely used for FBDD since it identifies and localizes the binding site of weakly interacting hits on the target protein. Here we describe ligand-based NMR methods for hit identification from fragment libraries and for functional cross-validation of primary hits.
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8
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Novel approaches for targeting kinases: allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation and pseudokinases. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:541-61. [PMID: 24649957 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are involved in many essential cellular processes and their deregulation can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer. The pharmaceutical industry has invested heavily in the identification of kinase inhibitors to modulate these disease-promoting pathways, resulting in several successful drugs. However, the field is challenging as it is difficult to identify novel selective inhibitors with good pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. In addition, resistance to kinase inhibitor treatment frequently arises. The identification of non-ATP site targeting ('allosteric') inhibitors, the identification of kinase activators and the expansion of kinase target space to include the less studied members of the family, including atypical- and pseudo-kinases, are potential avenues to overcome these challenges. In this perspective, the opportunities and challenges of following these approaches and others will be discussed.
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9
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Labroli MA, Dwyer MP, Shen R, Popovici-Muller J, Pu Q, Wyss D, McCoy M, Barrett D, Davis N, Seghezzi W, Shanahan F, Taricani L, Beaumont M, Malinao MC, Parry D, Guzi TJ. The identification of novel 5'-amino gemcitabine analogs as potent RRM1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2303-10. [PMID: 24588962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme is a heteromer of RRM1 and RRM2 subunits. The active enzyme catalyzes de novo reduction of ribonucleotides to generate deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are required for DNA replication and DNA repair processes. Complexity in the generation of physiologically relevant, active RRM1/RRM2 heterodimers was perceived as limiting to the identification of selective RRM1 inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and led us to seek alternative methods to identify lead series. In short, we found that gemcitabine, as its diphosphate metabolite, represents one of the few described active site inhibitors of RRM1. We herein describe the identification of novel 5'-amino gemcitabine analogs as potent RRM1 inhibitors through in-cell phenotypic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Labroli
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ruichao Shen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Qinglin Pu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Wyss
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mark McCoy
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Dianah Barrett
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Nicole Davis
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Wolfgang Seghezzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lorena Taricani
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Maribel Beaumont
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - David Parry
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Timothy J Guzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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NMR-based analysis of protein-ligand interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:943-56. [PMID: 23591643 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Physiological processes are mainly controlled by intermolecular recognition mechanisms involving protein-protein and protein-ligand (low molecular weight molecules) interactions. One of the most important tools for probing these interactions is high-field solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) through protein-observed and ligand-observed experiments, where the protein receptor or the organic compounds are selectively detected. NMR binding experiments rely on comparison of NMR parameters of the free and bound states of the molecules. Ligand-observed methods are not limited by the protein molecular size and therefore have great applicability for analysing protein-ligand interactions. The use of these NMR techniques has considerably expanded in recent years, both in chemical biology and in drug discovery. We review here three major ligand-observed NMR methods that depend on the nuclear Overhauser effect-transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, saturation transfer difference spectroscopy and water-ligand interactions observed via gradient spectroscopy experiments-with the aim of reporting recent developments and applications for the characterization of protein-ligand complexes, including affinity measurements and structural determination.
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11
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Abstract
This review will highlight the most commonly used methods to discover small molecule Type III/IV kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Krim Gavrin
- Pfizer Research
- Rare Disease Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Eddine Saiah
- Pfizer Research
- Rare Disease Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry
- Cambridge
- USA
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12
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Li B, Shi X, Gu W, Zhao K, Chen N, Xian Y. Graphene based electrochemical biosensor for label-free measurement of the activity and inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase. Analyst 2013; 138:7212-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01483e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Begley DW, Moen SO, Pierce PG, Zartler ER. Saturation transfer difference NMR for fragment screening. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 5:251-268. [PMID: 24391096 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fragment screening by saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR) is a robust method for identifying small molecule binders and is well suited to a broad set of biological targets. STD-NMR is exquisitely sensitive for detecting weakly binding compounds (a common characteristic of fragments), which is a crucial step in finding promising compounds for a fragment-based drug discovery campaign. This protocol describes the development of a library suitable for STD-NMR fragment screening, as well as preparation of protein samples, optimization of experimental conditions, and procedures for data collection and analysis.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory
Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Magnetic
Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R.China
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15
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Huang X, Shipps GW, Cheng CC, Spacciapoli P, Zhang X, McCoy MA, Wyss DF, Yang X, Achab A, Soucy K, Montavon DK, Murphy DM, Whitehurst CE. Discovery and Hit-to-Lead Optimization of Non-ATP Competitive MK2 (MAPKAPK2) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:632-7. [PMID: 24900358 DOI: 10.1021/ml200113y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of non-ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors based on a furan-2-carboxyamide scaffold was discovered through high-throughput screening using the affinity selection-mass spectrometry-based Automated Ligand Identification System platform. Medicinal chemistry efforts optimized the initial screening hit to leadlike compounds with significant improvements in biochemical and cellular potencies, while maintaining excellent kinase selectivity and in vitro pharmacokinetic properties. Biophysical and biochemical studies confirmed the unique non-ATP-competitive binding mode of this series and suggested that highly selective inhibitors of MK2 should be feasible by targeting the outside ATP pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Huang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Gerald W. Shipps
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Cliff C. Cheng
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Peter Spacciapoli
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Xingmin Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Mark A. McCoy
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Daniel F. Wyss
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Xianshu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Abdelghani Achab
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Kyle Soucy
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Donna K. Montavon
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Denise M. Murphy
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Charles E. Whitehurst
- Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
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16
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Cha MH, Choi J, Choi BG, Park K, Kim IH, Jeong B, Han DK. Synthesis and characterization of novel thermo-responsive F68 block copolymers with cell-adhesive RGD peptide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 360:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Combining NMR and X-ray Crystallography in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery: Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective BACE-1 Inhibitors. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 317:83-114. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Eaton HL, Wyss DF. Effective Progression of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Detected Fragment Hits. Methods Enzymol 2011; 493:447-68. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381274-2.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Zhao L, Wu Q, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Wu J, Xu T. High-Throughput Screening of Dendrimer-Binding Drugs. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13182-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106128u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Moy FJ, Lee A, Gavrin LK, Xu ZB, Sievers A, Kieras E, Stochaj W, Mosyak L, McKew J, Tsao DHH. Novel synthesis and structural characterization of a high-affinity paramagnetic kinase probe for the identification of non-ATP site binders by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1238-49. [PMID: 20038108 DOI: 10.1021/jm901525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To aid in the pursuit of selective kinase inhibitors, we have developed a unique ATP site binder tool for the detection of binders outside the ATP site by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We report here the novel synthesis that led to this paramagnetic spin-labeled pyrazolopyrimidine probe (1), which exhibits nanomolar inhibitory activity against multiple kinases. We demonstrate the application of this probe by performing NMR binding experiments with Lck and Src kinases and utilize it to detect the binding of two compounds proximal to the ATP site. The complex structure of the probe with Lck is also presented, revealing how the probe fits in the ATP site and the specific interactions it has with the protein. We believe that this spin-labeled probe is a valuable tool that holds broad applicability in a screen for non-ATP site binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin J Moy
- Structural Biology and Computational Chemistry, Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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Lv D, Zhang YY, Li JH. One-Pot, Nickel triflate-catalysed homocoupling of aryl chlorides in the Presence of Metallic Magnesium. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3184/030823409x460759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The homocoupling reaction of aryl chlorides was successfully performed in one-pot without preparation of a Grignard reagent in advance. Various aryl chlorides underwent homocoupling reactions affording the corresponding symmetrical biaryls in moderate to good yields. The nickel triflate catalyst was recovered easily and reused smoothly with only a little loss of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hua Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P. R. China
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22
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Constantine KL, Mueller L, Metzler WJ, McDonnell PA, Todderud G, Goldfarb V, Fan Y, Newitt JA, Kiefer SE, Gao M, Tortolani D, Vaccaro W, Tokarski J. Multiple and Single Binding Modes of Fragment-Like Kinase Inhibitors Revealed by Molecular Modeling, Residue Type-Selective Protonation, and Nuclear Overhauser Effects. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6225-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800747w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith L. Constantine
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Luciano Mueller
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - William J. Metzler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Patricia A. McDonnell
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Gordon Todderud
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Valentina Goldfarb
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Yi Fan
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - John A. Newitt
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Susan E. Kiefer
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Mian Gao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - David Tortolani
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Wayne Vaccaro
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - John Tokarski
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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23
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Jhoti H. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery Using Rational Design. SPARKING SIGNALS 2008:169-85. [DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Jhoti H, Cleasby A, Verdonk M, Williams G. Fragment-based screening using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:485-93. [PMID: 17851109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Approaches which start from a study of the interaction of very simple molecules (fragments) with the protein target are proving to be valuable additions to drug design. Fragment-based screening allows the complementarity between a protein active site and drug-like molecules to be rapidly and effectively explored, using structural methods. Recent improvements in the intensities of laboratory X-ray sources permits the collection of greater amounts of high-quality diffraction data and have been matched by developments in automation, crystallisation and data analysis. Developments in NMR screening, including the use of cryogenically cooled NMR probes and (19)F-containing reporter molecules have expanded the scope of this technique, while increasing the availability of binding site and quantitative affinity data for the fragments. Application of these methods has led to a greater knowledge of the chemical variety, structural features and energetics of protein-fragment interactions. While fragment-based screening has already been shown to reduce the timescales of the drug discovery process, a more detailed characterisation of fragment screening hits can reveal unexpected similarities between fragment chemotypes and protein active sites leading to improved understanding of the pharmacophores and the re-use of this information against other protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harren Jhoti
- Astex Therapeutics, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
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25
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Ma JH, Guo C, Tang YL, Liu HZ. 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations on the micellization and gelation of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers in aqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:9596-605. [PMID: 17655339 DOI: 10.1021/la701221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature, polymer composition, and concentration on the micellization and gelation properties of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymers in aqueous solutions were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the temperature-dependent behavior of PPO blocks, observed as changes in chemical shift, half-height width, and integral value, could be attributed as an intrinsic tool to characterize the transition states during unimer to micelle formation. The 1H NMR spectral analysis revealed that the hydrophobic part, PPO, of the Pluronic polymers plays a more significant role in the temperature-induced micellization, whereas the transitional behavior of Pluronic polymer, i.e., from micellization to liquid crystals formation, resulted in the drastic broadening of the spectral signals for the PEO, indicating that the PEO segments play a more significant role in the crystallization process. It was also observed that the temperature-dependent changes in the half-height width of the PEO -CH2- signal are sensitive to the liquid crystalline phase formation, which could be attributed to the close packing of spherical micelles at high polymer concentrations or temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-he Ma
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100080, China
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26
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Tasic L, Borin PFL, Khater LC, Ramos CHI. Cloning and characterization of three hypothetical secretion chaperone proteins from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 53:363-9. [PMID: 17350859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker in plantations around the world and is of particular significance in Brazil where its incidence has risen exponentially over the past decade. Approximately one third of the predicted Xac open reading frames show no homology, or homology with very low score with that of known sequences. It is believed that Xac utilizes secretion systems to transfer virulence proteins into susceptible eukaryotic cells. This process is assisted by secretion chaperones that maintain virulence proteins partly or completely unfolded during translocation. We have cloned three of these hypothetical secretion chaperones: XAC0419 and XAC1346 from type III secretion system (TTSS) and XACb0033 from type IV secretion system (TFSS). All proteins were cloned in a pET23a vector (Novagen), expressed at 37 degrees C using a BL21(DE3)pLysS Escherichia coli strain and purified by ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatographic methods. Pure proteins were characterized using spectroscopic measurements: circular dichroism, and both static and lifetime emission fluorescence in the case of XACb0033. The analyzed proteins are stable at elevated temperatures (up to 65 degrees C) and exhibit alpha-helix content from approximately 30% (XACb003) to approximately 87% (XAC1346). XACb0033 exhibits lifetimes in the fluorescence experiments that indicate different neighborhoods for its tryptophan residues. These chaperones have the characteristics of TTSS and TFSS: all are small, with a high alpha-helix content, and without ATP-binding or ATP-hydrolyzing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Tasic
- Chemistry Institute, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Houliston RS, Yuki N, Hirama T, Khieu NH, Brisson JR, Gilbert M, Jarrell HC. Recognition Characteristics of Monoclonal Antibodies That Are Cross-Reactive with Gangliosides and Lipooligosaccharide fromCampylobacter jejuniStrains Associated with Guillain-Barré and Fisher Syndromes†. Biochemistry 2007; 46:36-44. [PMID: 17198373 DOI: 10.1021/bi062001v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni has the ability to synthesize glycan structures that are similar to mammalian gangliosides within the core component of its lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Exposure to ganglioside mimics in some individuals results in the production of autoantibodies that deleteriously attack nerve surface gangliosides, precipitating the onset of Guillain-Barré and Fisher syndromes (GBS and FS). We have characterized the interaction of four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), established by sensitization of mice with LOS isolated from GBS- and FS-associated C. jejuni strains, with chemoenzymatically synthesized gangliooligosaccharides. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements demonstrate that three of the mAbs interact specifically with derivatives corresponding to their targeted gangliosides, with dissociation constants ranging from 10 to 20 microM. Antibody binding to the gangliooligosaccharides was probed by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. STD signals, resulting from antibody/oligosaccharide interaction, were observed for each of the four mAbs. In two cases, differential saturation transfer rates to oligosaccharide resonances enabled detailed epitope mapping. The binding of GD1a-S-Phe with GB1 is characterized by close association of the immunoglobulin with sites that are distributed over several residues of the oligosaccharide. This contrasts sharply with the profile observed for the binding of both GD3-S-Phe and GT1a-S-Phe with FS1. The close antigenic contacts in these ganglioside derivatives are confined to the N-acetylmannosaminyl portion of the terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) residue of the disialosyl moiety. Our characterization of FS1 provides insight, at an atomic level, into how a single antigenic determinant presented by the LOS of C. jejuni can give rise to antibodies with binding promiscuity to [alphaNeuAc-(2-8)-alphaNeuAc]-bound epitopes and demonstrates why sera from FS patients have antibodies that are often reactive with more than one disialylated ganglioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Houliston
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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28
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Jauch R, Cho MK, Jäkel S, Netter C, Schreiter K, Aicher B, Zweckstetter M, Jäckle H, Wahl MC. Mitogen-activated protein kinases interacting kinases are autoinhibited by a reprogrammed activation segment. EMBO J 2006; 25:4020-32. [PMID: 16917500 PMCID: PMC1560367 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoinhibition is a recurring mode of protein kinase regulation and can be based on diverse molecular mechanisms. Here, we show by crystal structure analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based nucleotide affinity studies and rational mutagenesis that nonphosphorylated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases interacting kinase (Mnk) 1 is autoinhibited by conversion of the activation segment into an autoinhibitory module. In a Mnk1 crystal structure, the activation segment is repositioned via a Mnk-specific sequence insertion at the N-terminal lobe with the following consequences: (i) the peptide substrate binding site is deconstructed, (ii) the interlobal cleft is narrowed, (iii) an essential Lys-Glu pair is disrupted and (iv) the magnesium-binding loop is locked into an ATP-competitive conformation. Consistently, deletion of the Mnk-specific insertion or removal of a conserved phenylalanine side chain, which induces a blockade of the ATP pocket, increase the ATP affinity of Mnk1. Structural rearrangements required for the activation of Mnks are apparent from the cocrystal structure of a Mnk2 D228G -staurosporine complex and can be modeled on the basis of crystal packing interactions. Our data suggest a novel regulatory mechanism specific for the Mnk subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jauch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Göttingen, Germany
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory for Structural Biochemistry, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Genome, Singapore 138672. Tel.: +65 6478 8653; E-mail:
| | - Min-Kyu Cho
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, NMR-basierte Strukturbiologie, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Catharina Netter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Zelluläre Biochemie/Röntgenkristallographie, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, NMR-basierte Strukturbiologie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Jäckle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Zelluläre Biochemie/Röntgenkristallographie, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Zelluläre Biochemie/Röntgenkristallographie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Tel.: +49 551 201 1046; Fax: +49 551 201 1197; E-mail:
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29
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Betz M, Saxena K, Schwalbe H. Biomolecular NMR: a chaperone to drug discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006; 10:219-25. [PMID: 16679046 PMCID: PMC7185745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular NMR now contributes routinely to every step in the development of new chemical entities ahead of clinical trials. The versatility of NMR--from detection of ligand binding over a wide range of affinities and a wide range of drug targets with its wealth of molecular information, to metabolomic profiling, both ex vivo and in vivo--has paved the way for broadly distributed applications in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Proteomics and initial target selection both benefit from NMR: screenings by NMR identify lead compounds capable of inhibiting protein-protein interactions, still one of the most difficult development tasks in drug discovery. NMR hardware improvements have given access to the microgram domain of phytochemistry, which should lead to the discovery of novel bioactive natural compounds. Steering medicinal chemists through the lead optimisation process by providing detailed information about protein-ligand interactions has led to impressive success in the development of novel drugs. The study of biofluid composition--metabonomics--provides information about pharmacokinetics and helps toxicological safety assessment in animal model systems. In vivo, magnetic resonance spectroscopy interrogates metabolite distributions in living cells and tissues with increasing precision, which significantly impacts the development of anticancer or neurological disorder therapeutics. An overview of different steps in recent drug discovery is presented to illuminate the links with the most recent advances in NMR methodology.
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30
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Jahnke W, Blommers MJJ, Fernández C, Zwingelstein C, Amstutz R. Strategies for the NMR-based identification and optimization of allosteric protein kinase inhibitors. Chembiochem 2006; 6:1607-10. [PMID: 16028302 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Discovery Technologies, WSJ-88.904, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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31
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Cherry M, Reader J, Williams D. Finding protein kinase hits using structural information. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 44:1-63. [PMID: 16697894 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(05)44401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Cherry
- Sareum Ltd, 2 Pampisford Park, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Koistinen KM, Soininen P, Venäläinen TA, Häyrinen J, Laatikainen R, Peräkylä M, Tervahauta AI, Kärenlampi SO. Birch PR-10c interacts with several biologically important ligands. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:2524-33. [PMID: 16246382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PR-10c is a unique member of PR-10 proteins in birch, since it is the only one known to be post-translationally modified by glutathione and is not constitutively expressed in pollen. Both reduced and S-glutathiolated forms of PR-10c show low ribonuclease activity. However, the major function of the protein is apparently not yet resolved. Our protein-ligand interaction studies with saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR revealed that PR-10c interacts with several biologically important molecules, including cytokinin, flavonoid glycosides, sterols and emodin. Competition study with deoxycholate and kinetin revealed no statistically significant binding interference, indicating that these ligands have different binding sites in PR-10c. Ligand docking studies with a molecular model of PR-10c support the STD NMR results of ligand binding and binding epitopes, suggesting that there are three potential binding sites in PR-10c: two in the hydrophobic cavity and one in the glycine-rich loop. Our docking calculations suggested that only kinetin interacts with the glycine-rich loop, the binding occurring through its adenine moiety. Clear ligand specificity could be observed in the binding of nucleotide derivatives. S-glutathiolation of PR-10c did not affect kinetin binding. The present results suggest that birch PR-10c is a multifunctional protein, which has diverse roles in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Koistinen
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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