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Bousrez G, Harakat D, Chevreux S, Déchamps-Olivier I, Jaroschik F. Choosing between Ti(II) and Ti(III): selective reduction of titanocene dichloride by elemental lanthanides. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:15595-15601. [PMID: 39230327 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of titanocene dichloride Cp2TiCl2 with lanthanide metals has led to the discovery of a surprising lanthanide effect: while with most lanthanides, a divalent [Cp2Ti] equivalent was obtained, the use of samarium or ytterbium only led to the reduction to trivalent [Cp2TiCl]-type complexes, including the structurally characterized heterobimetallic complex [Cp2Ti(μ-Cl)2SmCl2(THF)3]. These results were corroborated by reactivity studies (alkyne coupling and radical reactions), EPR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry, providing new insights into the reduction chemistry of lanthanide metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bousrez
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7312, ICMR, URCATech, 51100 Reims, France
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dominique Harakat
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7312, ICMR, URCATech, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Sylviane Chevreux
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7312, ICMR, URCATech, 51100 Reims, France
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR CNRS 8247, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Florian Jaroschik
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7312, ICMR, URCATech, 51100 Reims, France
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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2
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Zhang Z, Slak D, Krebs T, Leuschner M, Schmickler N, Kuchuk E, Schmidt J, Domenianni LI, Kleine Büning JB, Grimme S, Vöhringer P, Gansäuer A. A Chiral Titanocene Complex as Regiodivergent Photoredox Catalyst: Synthetic Scope and Mechanism of Catalyst Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38016173 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a combined synthetic, spectroscopic, and computational study of a chiral titanocene complex as a regiodivergent photoredox catalyst (PRC). With Kagan's complex catCl2 either monoprotected 1,3-diols or 1,4-diols can be obtained in high selectivity from a common epoxide substrate in a regiodivergent epoxide opening depending on which enantiomer of the catalyst is employed. Due to the catalyst-controlled regioselectivity of ring opening and the broader substrate scope, the PRC with catCl2 is also a highly attractive branching point for diversity-oriented synthesis. The photochemical processes of cat(NCS)2, a suitable model for catCl2, were probed by time-correlated single-photon counting. The photoexcited complex displays a thermally activated delayed fluorescence as a result of a singlet-triplet equilibration, S1 ⇄ T1, via intersystem crossing and recrossing. Its triplet state is quenched by electron transfer to the T1 state. Computational and cyclic voltammetry studies highlight the importance of our sulfonamide additive. By bonding to sulfonamide additives, chloride abstraction from [catCl2]- is facilitated, and catalyst deactivation by coordination of the sulfonamide group is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Slak
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Krebs
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Leuschner
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Schmickler
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Kuchuk
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Ignacio Domenianni
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius B Kleine Büning
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Schmidt J, Domenianni LI, Leuschner M, Gansäuer A, Vöhringer P. Observing the Entry Events of a Titanium-Based Photoredox Catalytic Cycle in Real Time. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307178. [PMID: 37335756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-based catalysis in single electron transfer (SET) steps has evolved into a versatile approach for the synthesis of fine chemicals and first attempts have recently been made to enhance its sustainability by merging it with photo-redox (PR) catalysis. Here, we explore the photochemical principles of all-Ti-based SET-PR-catalysis, i.e. in the absence of a precious metal PR-co-catalyst. By combining time-resolved emission with ultraviolet-pump/mid-infrared-probe (UV/MIR) spectroscopy on femtosecond-to-microsecond time scales we quantify the dynamics of the critical events of entry into the catalytic cycle; namely, the singlet-triplet interconversion of the do-it-all titanocene(IV) PR-catalyst and its one-electron reduction by a sacrificial amine electron donor. The results highlight the importance of the PR-catalyst's singlet-triplet gap as a design guide for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schmidt
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis I Domenianni
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Leuschner
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Liu L, Mendoza-Espinosa D, Quiroz-Guzmán M, Rheingold AL, Hanna TA, Saha G, Tang L, Chen Y, Gilbert M, Dutta A, Asandei AD. Radical and Ring-Opening Polymerizations with Aryl-Substituted Methylene-Bridged Titanium Bisphenolates. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Box 298860, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Daniel Mendoza-Espinosa
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Box 298860, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Mauricio Quiroz-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Box 298860, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Tracy A. Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Box 298860, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Gobinda Saha
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06062-3136, United States
| | - Liming Tang
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06062-3136, United States
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06062-3136, United States
| | - Megan Gilbert
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06062-3136, United States
| | - Abhirup Dutta
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06062-3136, United States
| | - Alexandru D. Asandei
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06062-3136, United States
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5
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Dhindsa P, Solti D, Jacobson CR, Kuriakose A, Naidu GN, Bayles A, Yuan Y, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Facet Tunability of Aluminum Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10088-10094. [PMID: 36525692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum nanocrystals (Al NCs) with a well-defined size and shape combine unique plasmonic properties with high earth abundance, potentially ideal for applications where sustainability and cost are important factors. It has recently been shown that single-crystal Al {100} nanocubes can be synthesized by the decomposition of AlH3 with Tebbe's reagent, a titanium(IV) catalyst with two cyclopentadienyl ligands. By systematically modifying the catalyst molecular structure, control of the NC growth morphology is observed spectroscopically, as the catalyst stabilizes the {100} NC facets. By varying the catalyst concentration, Al NC faceted growth is tunable from {100} faceted nanocubes to {111} faceted octahedra. This study provides direct insight into the role of catalyst molecular structure in controlling Al NC morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmeet Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David Solti
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christian R Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Anvy Kuriakose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gopal Narmada Naidu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aaron Bayles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yigao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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6
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Wu X, Chang Y, Lin S. Titanium Radical Redox Catalysis: Recent Innovations in Catalysts, Reactions, and Modes of Activation. Chem 2022; 8:1805-1821. [PMID: 36213842 PMCID: PMC9543366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical chemistry has emerged as a cornerstone in modern organic synthesis, providing chemists with numerous new tools to rapidly expand reactivity and chemical space in academic and industrial research. In this regard, titanium complexes have been recognized as an attractive class of catalysts owing to their rich redox activities in addition to the abundance and low toxicity of this early transition metal. Traditionally employed for the activation of epoxides and carbonyl compounds, Ti radical redox catalysis has broken into new grounds in recent years, giving rise to a diverse repertoire of useful transformations. In this Perspective, we highlight recent developments in the area of TiIII/IV catalysis with respect to the activation of different types of chemical bonds. Furthermore, we discuss future opportunities in integrating Ti radical chemistry with other catalytic systems as well as with emerging new technologies such as photochemistry and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Yejin Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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7
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Hilche T, Younas SL, Gansäuer A, Streuff J. A Guide to Low‐Valent Titanocene Complexes as Tunable Single‐Electron Transfer Catalysts for Applications in Organic Chemistry. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hilche
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
| | - Sara L. Younas
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Institut für Organische Chemie Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau GERMANY
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
| | - Jan Streuff
- Uppsala Universitet Department of Chemistry - BMC Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala SWEDEN
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8
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Calogero F, Magagnano G, Potenti S, Pasca F, Fermi A, Gualandi A, Ceroni P, Bergamini G, Cozzi PG. Diastereoselective and enantioselective photoredox pinacol coupling promoted by titanium complexes with a red-absorbing organic dye. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5973-5981. [PMID: 35685797 PMCID: PMC9132033 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pinacol coupling reaction, a reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds that proceeds through the formation of ketyl radicals in the presence of an electron donor, affords the corresponding 1,2-diols in one single step. The photoredox version of this transformation has been accomplished using different organic dyes or photoactive metal complexes in the presence of sacrificial donors such as tertiary amines or Hantzsch's ester. Normally, the homo-coupling of such reactive ketyl radicals is neither diastereo- nor enantio-selective. Herein, we report a highly diastereoselective pinacol coupling reaction of aromatic aldehydes promoted by 5 mol% of the non-toxic, inexpensive and available Cp2TiCl2 complex. The key feature that allows the complete control of diastereoselectivity is the employment of a red-absorbing organic dye in the presence of a redox-active titanium complex. Taking advantage of the well-tailored photoredox potential of this organic dye, the selective reduction of Ti(iv) to Ti(iii) is achieved. These conditions enable the formation of the d,l (syn) diastereoisomer as the favored product of the pinacol coupling (d.r. > 20 : 1 in most of the cases). Moreover, employing a simply prepared chiral SalenTi complex, the new photoredox reaction gave a complete diastereoselection for the d,l diastereoisomer, and high enantiocontrol (up to 92% of enantiomeric excess). A metallaphotoredox, diastereoselective and enantioselective pinacol coupling reaction promoted by titanium complexes with the use of a red-absorbing organic dye was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calogero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giandomenico Magagnano
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Simone Potenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy .,Laboratorio SMART, Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Pasca
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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9
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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10
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Sahoo P, Majumdar M. Reductively disilylated N-heterocycles as versatile organosilicon reagents. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1281-1296. [PMID: 34889336 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reductively disilylated N-heterocyclic systems 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-aza-2,5-cyclohexadiene (1Si), 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-dihydropyrazine (2Si) and its methyl derivatives (3Si and 4Si), and 1,1'-bis(trimethylsilyl)-4,4'-bipyridinylidene (5Si) are proficient organosilicon reagents owing to their low first vertical ionization potentials and the heterophilicity of the polarized N-Si bonds. These have prompted their reactivity as two-electron reductants or reductive silylations. These reactions benefit from the concomitant rearomatization of the N-heterocycles and liberation of trimethylsilyl halides or (Me3Si)2O, which are mostly volatile or easily removable byproducts. In this perspective, we have discussed the utilization of these reductively disilylated N-heterocyclic systems as versatile reagents in the salt-free reduction of transition metals (A) and main-group halides (B), in organic transformations (C) and in materials syntheses (D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India.
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11
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12
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Hilche T, Reinsberg PH, Klare S, Liedtke T, Schäfer L, Gansäuer A. Design Platform for Sustainable Catalysis with Radicals: Electrochemical Activation of Cp 2 TiCl 2 for Catalysis Unveiled. Chemistry 2021; 27:4903-4912. [PMID: 33085978 PMCID: PMC7986168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of synthesis, rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, and computational investigations with the aid of DFT methods shows how a thiourea, a squaramide, and a bissulfonamide as additives affect the Eq Cr equilibrium of Cp2 TiCl2 . We have, for the first time, provided quantitative data for the Eq Cr equilibrium and have determined the stoichiometry of adduct formation of [Cp2 Ti(III)Cl2 ]- , [Cp2 Ti(III)Cl] and [Cp2 Ti(IV)Cl2 ] and the additives. By studying the structures of the complexes formed by DFT methods, we have established the Gibbs energies and enthalpies of complex formation as well as the adduct structures. The results not only demonstrate the correctness of our use of the Eq Cr equilibrium as predictor for sustainable catalysis. They are also a design platform for the development of novel additives in particular for enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hilche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Philip H. Reinsberg
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität BonnRömerstraße 16453117BonnGermany
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Luise Schäfer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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13
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Shu XZ, Pang X. Titanium: A Unique Metal for Radical Dehydroxylative Functionalization of Alcohols. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1406-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe dehydroxylative functionalization of alcohols is synthetic appealing, but it remains a long-term challenge in the synthetic community. Low-valent titanium has shown the power to produce carbon radicals from alcohols via homolytic cleavage of the C–OH bonds and thus offers the potential to overcome this problem. In this perspective manuscript, we summarized the recent advance on radical dehydroxylative transformation of alcohols either promoted or catalyzed by titanium. The limitation and outlook of the studies in this field are also provided.1 Introduction2 Recent Developments in Dehydroxylative Functionalization of Alcohols2.1 Stoichiometric Titanium Complexes Mediated Homolysis of Alcohols2.2 Radical Dehydroxylative Functionalization of Alcohols by Ti Catalysis3 Summary and Outlook
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14
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Abdou K. D. Dimé, Six Y, Buriez O. An Electrochemical Study of Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) Dichloride in the Presence of Magnesium Ions, Amides or Alkynes. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193521010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Martínez AR, Morales LP, Ojeda ED, Rodríguez MC, Rodríguez-García I. The Proven Versatility of Cp 2TiCl. J Org Chem 2020; 86:1311-1329. [PMID: 33147037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, titanocene monochloride has been postulated as a monoelectronic transfer reagent capable of catalyzing an important variety of chemical transformations. In this Perspective, our contributions to this growing field of research are summarized and analyzed. Especially known have been our contributions in C-C bond formation reactions, hydrogen-atom transfer from water to radicals, and isomerization reactions, as well as the development of a catalytic cycle that has subsequently allowed the preparation of a great variety of natural terpenes. It is also worth mentioning our contribution in the postulation of this single-electron transfer agent (SET) as a new green catalyst with a broad range of applications in organic and organometallic chemistry. The most significant catalytic processes developed by other research groups are also briefly described, with special emphasis on the reaction mechanisms involved. Finally, a reflection is made on the future trends in the research of this SET, aimed at consolidating this chemical as a new green reagent that will be widely used in fine chemistry, green chemistry, and industrial chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosales Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura Pozo Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilio Díaz Ojeda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Castro Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Fermi A, Gualandi A, Bergamini G, Cozzi PG. Shining Light on Ti
IV
Complexes: Exceptional Tools for Metallaphotoredox Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Shuangjie Lin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fusheng Li
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xinhai Zhang
- School of Traffic and Materials EngineeringHebi Polytechnic Hebi 458030 China
| | - Luqing Lin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lei Shi
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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18
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Wiesler S, Younas SL, Kratzert D, Streuff J. Titanocene catalysts with modifiable C-symmetric chiral ligands. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Li FS, Chen YQ, Lin SJ, Shi CZ, Li XY, Sun YC, Guo ZW, Shi L. Visible-light-mediated Barbier allylation of aldehydes and ketones via dual titanium and photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a photocatalytic Barbier-type allylation of various aldehydes and ketones with allyl halides for the synthesis of homoallylic alcohols driven by dual titanium and photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-sheng Li
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yu-qing Chen
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Shuang-jie Lin
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Cai-zhe Shi
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xi-yu Li
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yu-chen Sun
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Zhuo-wen Guo
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
| | - Lei Shi
- Dalian University of Technology
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian
- China
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20
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Manßen M, Schafer LL. Titanium catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals – development and trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6947-6994. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atlas as a Titan(ium) is holding the earth-abundant chemistry world. Titanium is the second most abundant transition metal, is a key player in important industrial processes (e.g. polyethylene) and shows much promise for diverse applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Manßen
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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21
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Lin S, Chen Y, Li F, Shi C, Shi L. Visible-light-driven spirocyclization of epoxides via dual titanocene and photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 11:839-844. [PMID: 34123060 PMCID: PMC8146098 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05601g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synergistic utilization of titanocene/photoredox dual catalysis driven by visible light for the radical opening/spirocyclization of easily accessible epoxyalkynes. This environmentally benign process uses the organic donor-acceptor fluorophore 2,4,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN) as a photocatalyst and Hantzsch ester (HE) as an electron donor instead of stoichiometric metallic reductants. The photocatalytic conditions showed exceptionally high reactivity for the synthesis of privileged and synthetically challenging spirocycles featuring a spiro all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies suggest that Cp2TiIIICl is the catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Lin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fusheng Li
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Caizhe Shi
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lei Shi
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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22
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Weweler J, Younas SL, Streuff J. Titanium(III)-Catalyzed Reductive Decyanation of Geminal Dinitriles by a Non-Free-Radical Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17700-17703. [PMID: 31513329 PMCID: PMC6899653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A titanium-catalyzed mono-decyanation of geminal dinitriles is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, tolerates numerous functional groups, and can be applied to quaternary malononitriles. A corresponding desulfonylation is demonstrated as well. Mechanistic experiments support a catalyst-controlled cleavage without the formation of free radicals, which is in sharp contrast to traditional stoichiometric radical decyanations. The involvement of two TiIII species in the C-C cleavage is proposed, and the beneficial role of added ZnCl2 and 2,4,6-collidine hydrochloride is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Sara L. Younas
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
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23
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Abstract
New catalytic strategies that leverage single-electron redox events have provided chemists with useful tools for solving synthetic problems. In this context, Ti offers opportunities that are complementary to late transition metals for reaction discovery. Following foundational work on epoxide reductive functionalization, recent methodological advances have significantly expanded the repertoire of Ti radical chemistry. This Synopsis summarizes recent developments in the burgeoning area of Ti radical catalysis with a focus on innovative catalytic strategies such as radical redox-relay and dual catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McCallum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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24
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Weweler J, Younas SL, Streuff J. Titan(III)‐katalysierte, reduktive Decyanierung geminaler Dinitrile ohne freie Radikalintermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
| | - Sara L. Younas
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
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25
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Zegke M, Zhang X, Pidchenko I, Hlina JA, Lord RM, Purkis J, Nichol GS, Magnani N, Schreckenbach G, Vitova T, Love JB, Arnold PL. Differential uranyl(v) oxo-group bonding between the uranium and metal cations from groups 1, 2, 4, and 12; a high energy resolution X-ray absorption, computational, and synthetic study. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9740-9751. [PMID: 32055343 PMCID: PMC6993744 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05717f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uranyl Pacman takes them all: the bonding of s- and d-block cations to uranyl is compared by experiment, spectroscopy and theory.
The uranyl(vi) ‘Pacman’ complex [(UO2)(py)(H2L)] A (L = polypyrrolic Schiff-base macrocycle) is reduced by Cp2Ti(η2-Me3SiC
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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CSiMe3) and [Cp2TiCl]2 to oxo-titanated uranyl(v) complexes [(py)(Cp2TiIIIOUO)(py)(H2L)] 1 and [(ClCp2TiIVOUO)(py)(H2L)] 2. Combination of ZrII and ZrIV synthons with A yields the first ZrIV–uranyl(v) complex, [(ClCp2ZrOUO)(py)(H2L)] 3. Similarly, combinations of Ae0 and AeII synthons (Ae = alkaline earth) afford the mono-oxo metalated uranyl(v) complexes [(py)2(ClMgOUO)(py)(H2L)] 4, [(py)2(thf)2(ICaOUO)(py) (H2L)] 5; the zinc complexes [(py)2(XZnOUO)(py)(H2L)] (X = Cl 6, I 7) are formed in a similar manner. In contrast, the direct reactions of Rb or Cs metal with A generate the first mono-rubidiated and mono-caesiated uranyl(v) complexes; monomeric [(py)3(RbOUO)(py)(H2L)] 8 and hexameric [(MOUO)(py)(H2L)]6 (M = Rb 8b or Cs 9). In these uranyl(v) complexes, the pyrrole N–H atoms show strengthened hydrogen-bonding interactions with the endo-oxos, classified computationally as moderate-strength hydrogen bonds. Computational DFT MO (density functional theory molecular orbital) and EDA (energy decomposition analysis), uranium M4 edge HR-XANES (High Energy Resolution X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) and 3d4f RIXS (Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering) have been used (the latter two for the first time for uranyl(v) in 7 (ZnI)) to compare the covalent character in the UV–O and O–M bonds and show the 5f orbitals in uranyl(vi) complex A are unexpectedly more delocalised than in the uranyl(v) 7 (ZnI) complex. The Oexo–Zn bonds have a larger covalent contribution compared to the Mg–Oexo/Ca–Oexo bonds, and more covalency is found in the U–Oexo bond in 7 (ZnI), in agreement with the calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zegke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB R3T 2N2 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-204-474-6261
| | - Ivan Pidchenko
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , P.O. Box 3640 , 76021 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Johann A Hlina
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
| | - Rianne M Lord
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
| | - Jamie Purkis
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
| | - Nicola Magnani
- Institute for Transuranium Elements , Joint Research Centre , European Commission , PO Box 2340 , 76125 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB R3T 2N2 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-204-474-6261
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , P.O. Box 3640 , 76021 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
| | - Polly L Arnold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK . ; ; ; Tel: +44(0) 130 650 5429
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26
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Katayama A, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Inomata T, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Theoretical Study of N 2 Coordination to Titanocene(III) Monochloride in Ionic Liquid. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katayama
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Wasada-Tsutsui
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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27
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Liedtke T, Hilche T, Klare S, Gansäuer A. Condition Screening for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps by Cyclic Voltammetry: Additives and Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3166-3171. [PMID: 30779429 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry-based screening method for Cp2 TiX-catalyzed reactions is extended to the screening of solvents other than tetrahydrofuran for bulk electrolysis of the catalyst and radical arylation. It was found that CH3 CN can be used as a solvent for both processes without additives. Furthermore, in tetrahydrofuran, squaramide L2 is more efficient than the previously reported supramolecular halide binder, Schreiner's thiourea L1. The results extend the usefulness of the proposed time and resource-efficient screening method for designing catalysis reactions in single-electron steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hilche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Beaumier EP, Pearce AJ, See XY, Tonks IA. Modern applications of low-valent early transition metals in synthesis and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:15-34. [PMID: 30989127 PMCID: PMC6462221 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent early transition metals are often intrinsically highly reactive as a result of their strong propensity toward oxidation to more stable high-valent states. Harnessing these highly reducing complexes for productive reactivity is potentially powerful for C-C bond construction, organic reductions, small-molecule activation and many other reactions that offer orthogonal chemoselectivity and/or regioselectivity patterns to processes promoted by late transition metals. Recent years have seen many exciting new applications of low-valent metals through building new catalytic and/or multicomponent reaction manifolds out of classical reactivity patterns. In this Review, we survey new methods that employ early transition metals and invoke low-valent precursors or intermediates in order to identify common themes and strategies in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Beaumier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam J. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xin Yi See
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian A. Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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29
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Gordon J, Hildebrandt S, Dewese KR, Klare S, Gansäuer A, RajanBabu TV, Nugent WA. Demystifying Cp 2Ti(H)Cl and its Enigmatic Role in the Reactions of Epoxides with Cp 2TiCl. Organometallics 2018; 37:4801-4809. [PMID: 30733623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of Cp2Ti(H)Cl in the reactions of Cp2TiCl with trisubstituted epoxides has been investigated in a combined experimental and computational study. Although Cp2Ti(H)Cl has generally been regarded as a robust species, its decomposition to Cp2TiCl and molecular hydrogen was found to be exothermic (ΔG = -11 kcal/mol when the effects of THF solvation are considered). In laboratory studies, Cp2Ti(H)Cl was generated using the reaction of 1,2-epoxy-1-methylcyclohexane with Cp2TiCl as a model. Rapid evolution of hydrogen gas was demonstrated, indicating that Cp2Ti(H)Cl is indeed a thermally unstable molecule, which undergoes intermolecular reductive elimination of hydrogen under the reaction conditions. The stoichiometry of the reaction (Cp2TiCl:epoxide = 1:1) and the quantity of hydrogen produced (1 mole per 2 moles of epoxide) is consistent with this assertion. The diminished yield of allylic alcohol from these reactions under the conditions of protic versus aprotic catalysis can be understood in terms of the predominant titanium(III) present in solution. Under the conditions of protic catalysis, Cp2TiCl complexes with collidine hydrochloride and the titanium(III) center is less available for "cross-disproportionation" with carbon-centered radicals; this leads to by-products from radical capture by hydrogen atom transfer, resulting in a saturated alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sven Hildebrandt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kendra R Dewese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - T V RajanBabu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William A Nugent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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30
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Wu X, Hao W, Ye KY, Jiang B, Pombar G, Song Z, Lin S. Ti-Catalyzed Radical Alkylation of Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Chlorides Using Michael Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14836-14843. [PMID: 30303379 PMCID: PMC6530901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl chlorides are common functional groups in synthetic organic chemistry. However, the engagement of unactivated alkyl chlorides, especially tertiary alkyl chlorides, in transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond formation remains challenging. Herein, we describe the development of a TiIII-catalyzed radical addition of 2° and 3° alkyl chlorides to electron-deficient alkenes. Mechanistic data are consistent with inner-sphere activation of the C-Cl bond featuring TiIII-mediated Cl atom abstraction. Evidence suggests that the active TiIII catalyst is generated from the TiIV precursor in a Lewis-acid-assisted electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Binyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gisselle Pombar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhidong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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31
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Streuff J, Himmel D, Younas SL. Understanding titanium-catalysed radical-radical reactions: a DFT study unravels the complex kinetics of ketone-nitrile couplings. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5072-5082. [PMID: 29561012 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The computational investigation of a titanium-catalysed reductive radical-radical coupling is reported. The results match the conclusions from an earlier experimental study and enable a further interpretation of the previously observed complex reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the interplay between neutral and cationic reaction pathways in titanium(iii)-catalysed reactions is investigated for the first time. The results show that hydrochloride additives and reaction byproducts play an important role in the respective equilibria. A full reaction profile is assembled and the computed activation barrier is found to be in reasonable agreement with the experiment. The conclusions are of fundamental importance to the field of low-valent titanium catalysis and the understanding of related catalytic radical-radical coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara L Younas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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32
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Liedtke T, Spannring P, Riccardi L, Gansäuer A. Mechanism-Based Condition Screening for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps by Cyclic Voltammetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Spannring
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Ludovico Riccardi
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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33
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Liedtke T, Spannring P, Riccardi L, Gansäuer A. Mechanism-Based Condition Screening for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps by Cyclic Voltammetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5006-5010. [PMID: 29488673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic-voltammetry-based screening method for Cp2 TiX-catalyzed reactions is introduced. Our mechanism-based approach enables the study of the influence of various additives on the electrochemically generated active catalyst Cp2 TiX, which is in equilibrium with catalytically inactive [Cp2 TiX2 ]- . Thioureas and ureas are most efficient in the generation of Cp2 TiX in THF. Knowing the precise position of the equilibrium between Cp2 TiX and [Cp2 TiX2 ]- allowed us to identify reaction conditions for the bulk electrolysis of Cp2 TiX2 complexes and for Cp2 TiX-catayzed radical arylations without having to carry out the reactions. Our time- and resource-efficient approach is of general interest for the design of catalytic reactions that proceed in single-electron steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Spannring
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludovico Riccardi
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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34
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Richrath RB, Olyschläger T, Hildebrandt S, Enny DG, Fianu GD, Flowers RA, Gansäuer A. Cp 2 TiX Complexes for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps. Chemistry 2018; 24:6371-6379. [PMID: 29327511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a combined electrochemical, kinetic, and synthetic study with a novel and easily accessible class of titanocene catalysts for catalysis in single-electron steps. The tailoring of the electronic properties of our Cp2 TiX-catalysts that are prepared in situ from readily available Cp2 TiX2 is achieved by varying the anionic ligand X. Of the complexes investigated, Cp2 TiOMs proved to be either equal or substantially superior to the best catalysts developed earlier. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties pertinent to catalysis have been determined. They allow a mechanistic understanding of the subtle interplay of properties required for an efficient oxidative addition and reduction. Therefore, our study highlights that efficient catalysts do not require the elaborate covalent modification of the cyclopentadienyl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben B Richrath
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theresa Olyschläger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Hildebrandt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Godfred D Fianu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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35
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Yeung D, Penafiel J, Zijlstra HS, McIndoe JS. Oxidation of Titanocene(III): The Deceptive Simplicity of a Color Change. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:457-461. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darien Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Johanne Penafiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Harmen S. Zijlstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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36
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Katayama A, Inomata T, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Electrochemical Evaluation of Titanocenes in Ionic Liquids with Non-coordinating and Coordinating Anions and Application for NH3
Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katayama
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanophamaceutical Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanophamaceutical Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanophamaceutical Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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37
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Castro Rodríguez M, Rodríguez García I, Rodríguez Maecker RN, Pozo Morales L, Oltra JE, Rosales Martínez A. Cp2TiCl: An Ideal Reagent for Green Chemistry? Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Castro Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Pozo Morales
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. Enrique Oltra
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosales Martínez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
- Petrochemical
Engineering, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, 050150 Latacunga, Ecuador
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38
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Katayama A, Inomata T, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Ionic liquid promotes N 2 coordination to titanocene(iii) monochloride. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7668-7671. [PMID: 28574550 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of N2 to [(Cp2TiCl)2] in a non-coordinating ionic liquid, Pyr4FAP, was studied by UV-vis/NIR and EPR spectroscopies. [(Cp2TiCl)2] is in equilibrium between monomeric [Cp2TiCl] and dimeric species [(Cp2TiCl)2]. The frozen solution EPR spectrum revealed the coordination of N2 to [Cp2TiCl], suggesting that Pyr4FAP promotes N2 coordination to the Ti(iii) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katayama
- Department of Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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39
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Jaraíz M, Enríquez L, Pinacho R, Rubio JE, Lesarri A, López-Pérez JL. A DFT-Based Computational-Experimental Methodology for Synthetic Chemistry: Example of Application to the Catalytic Opening of Epoxides by Titanocene. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3760-3766. [PMID: 28288276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel DFT-based Reaction Kinetics (DFT-RK) simulation approach, employed in combination with real-time data from reaction monitoring instrumentation (like UV-vis, FTIR, Raman, and 2D NMR benchtop spectrometers), is shown to provide a detailed methodology for the analysis and design of complex synthetic chemistry schemes. As an example, it is applied to the opening of epoxides by titanocene in THF, a catalytic system with abundant experimental data available. Through a DFT-RK analysis of real-time IR data, we have developed a comprehensive mechanistic model that opens new perspectives to understand previous experiments. Although derived specifically from the opening of epoxides, the prediction capabilities of the model, built on elementary reactions, together with its practical side (reaction kinetics simulations of real experimental conditions) make it a useful simulation tool for the design of new experiments, as well as for the conception and development of improved versions of the reagents. From the perspective of the methodology employed, because both the computational (DFT-RK) and the experimental (spectroscopic data) components can follow the time evolution of several species simultaneously, it is expected to provide a helpful tool for the study of complex systems in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Jaraíz
- Department of Electronics, ETSIT, University of Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Lourdes Enríquez
- Department of Electronics, ETSIT, University of Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Ruth Pinacho
- Department of Electronics, ETSIT, University of Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - José E Rubio
- Department of Electronics, ETSIT, University of Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Alberto Lesarri
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid , Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - José L López-Pérez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - IBSAL-CIETUS, University of Salamanca , Avda. Campo Charro s/n, Salamanca 37071, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama , Panama City, Panama
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40
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Petrus R, Utko J, Lis T, Sobota P. Impact of Group 13 Metals on Cp2TiCl2 Reduction and Structural Characterization of Resulting Compounds. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3324-3334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Petrus
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Józef Utko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Sobota
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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41
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Grice KA, Saucedo C, Sovereign MA, Cho AP. The Electrochemical Behavior of Early Metal Metallocene Cp2MCl2 Complexes under CO2. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Pankhurst JR, Bell NL, Zegke M, Platts LN, Lamfsus CA, Maron L, Natrajan LS, Sproules S, Arnold PL, Love JB. Inner-sphere vs. outer-sphere reduction of uranyl supported by a redox-active, donor-expanded dipyrrin. Chem Sci 2016; 8:108-116. [PMID: 28451154 PMCID: PMC5304617 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02912d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The uranyl(vi) complex UO2Cl(L) of the redox-active, acyclic diimino-dipyrrin anion, L- is reported and its reaction with inner- and outer-sphere reductants studied. Voltammetric, EPR-spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies show that chemical reduction by the outer-sphere reagent CoCp2 initially reduces the ligand to a dipyrrin radical, and imply that a second equivalent of CoCp2 reduces the U(vi) centre to form U(v). Cyclic voltammetry indicates that further outer-sphere reduction to form the putative U(iv) trianion only occurs at strongly cathodic potentials. The initial reduction of the dipyrrin ligand is supported by emission spectra, X-ray crystallography, and DFT; the latter also shows that these outer-sphere reactions are exergonic and proceed through sequential, one-electron steps. Reduction by the inner-sphere reductant [TiCp2Cl]2 is also likely to result in ligand reduction in the first instance but, in contrast to the outer-sphere case, reduction of the uranium centre becomes much more favoured, allowing the formation of a crystallographically characterised, doubly-titanated U(iv) complex. In the case of inner-sphere reduction only, ligand-to-metal electron-transfer is thermodynamically driven by coordination of Lewis-acidic Ti(iv) to the uranyl oxo, and is energetically preferable over the disproportionation of U(v). Overall, the involvement of the redox-active dipyrrin ligand in the reduction chemistry of UO2Cl(L) is inherent to both inner- and outer-sphere reduction mechanisms, providing a new route to accessing a variety of U(vi), U(v), and U(iv) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Pankhurst
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . ;
| | - Nicola L Bell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . ;
| | - Markus Zegke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . ;
| | - Lucy N Platts
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . ;
| | - Carlos Alvarez Lamfsus
- LPCNO , INSA , Université de Toulouse , 135, avenue de Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 , France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO , INSA , Université de Toulouse , 135, avenue de Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 , France
| | - Louise S Natrajan
- Centre for Radiochemisty Research , School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK
| | - Polly L Arnold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . ;
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . ;
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43
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Yamamoto K, Higashida K, Nagae H, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Synthesis and Characterization of Heterobimetallic Tantalum-Rhodium and Tantalum-Iridium Complexes Connected by a Tantalacyclopentadiene Fragment. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kosuke Higashida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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44
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Katayama A, Inomata T, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Electrochemical conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia induced by a metal complex–supported ionic liquid. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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45
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Yoshimitsu T. Radical Cyclization Strategies in Total Syntheses of Bioactive Fused Cyclic Natural Products. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Streuff J, Feurer M, Frey G, Steffani A, Kacprzak S, Weweler J, Leijendekker LH, Kratzert D, Plattner DA. Mechanism of the TiIII-Catalyzed Acyloin-Type Umpolung: A Catalyst-Controlled Radical Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14396-405. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Feurer
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Frey
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alberto Steffani
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylwia Kacprzak
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonardus H. Leijendekker
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar A. Plattner
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, ‡Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, and §Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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47
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Streuff J, Gansäuer A. Metal-Catalyzed β-Functionalization of Michael Acceptors through Reductive Radical Addition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14232-42. [PMID: 26471460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed radical reactions are becoming increasingly important in modern organic chemistry. They offer fascinating and unconventional ways for connecting molecular fragments that are often complementary to traditional methods. In particular, reductive radical additions to α,β-unsaturated compounds have recently gained substantial attention as a result of their broad applicability in organic synthesis. This Minireview critically discusses the recent landmark achievements in this field in context with earlier reports that laid the foundation for today's developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany).
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany).
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48
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Streuff J, Gansäuer A. Metallkatalysierte β-Funktionalisierung von Michael-Akzeptoren über reduktive Radikaladditionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Chong E, Xue W, Storr T, Kennepohl P, Schafer LL. Pyridonate-Supported Titanium(III). Benzylamine as an Easy-To-Use Reductant. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Chong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Wei Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Tim Storr
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Durán-Peña MJ, Botubol-Ares JM, Hanson JR, Hernández-Galán R, Collado IG. Titanium carbenoid-mediated cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols: selectivity and mechanism. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6325-32. [PMID: 25968250 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the chemo- and stereoselective conversion of allylic alcohols into the corresponding cyclopropane derivatives has been developed. The cyclopropanation reaction was carried out with an unprecedented titanium carbenoid generated in situ from Nugent's reagent, manganese and methylene diiodide. The reaction involving the participation of an allylic hydroxyl group, proceeded with conservation of the alkene geometry and in a high diastereomeric excess. The scope, limitations and mechanism of this metal-catalysed reaction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Durán-Peña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4° planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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