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Petracco E, Flourat AL, Belhomme MC, Castex S, Brunissen F, Brunois F, Peru AAM, Allais F, Haudrechy A. Green synthesis of ( R)-3-hydroxy-decanoic acid and analogs from levoglucosenone: a novel access to the fatty acid moiety of rhamnolipids. Front Chem 2024; 12:1362878. [PMID: 38708030 PMCID: PMC11066284 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1362878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) are highly valuable molecules in the cosmetic, pharmaceutic, and agricultural sectors with outstanding biosurfactant properties. In agriculture, due to their potential to artificially stimulate the natural immune system of crops (also known as elicitation), they could represent a critical substitute to conventional pesticides. However, their current synthesis methods are complex and not aligned with green chemistry principles, posing a challenge for their industrial applications. In addition, their bioproduction is cumbersome with reproducibility issues and expensive downstream processing. This work offers a more straightforward and green access to RLs, crucial to decipher their mechanisms of action and design novel potent and eco-friendly elicitors. To achieve this, we propose an efficient seven-step synthetic pathway toward (R)-3-hydroxyfatty acid chains present in RLs, starting from cellulose-derived levoglucosenone, with Michael addition, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Bernet-Vasella reaction, and cross-metathesis homologation as key steps. This method allowed the production of (R)-3-hydroxyfatty acid chains and derivatives with an overall yield ranging from 24% to 36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Petracco
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Amandine L. Flourat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Belhomme
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Stéphanie Castex
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Fanny Brunissen
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Fanny Brunois
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Aurélien A. M. Peru
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Arnaud Haudrechy
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
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2
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Structural determination of new metabolites from the sea snail Turbo chrysostomus by NMR and DFT calculation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Abstract
This study involves the total synthesis of casuarinin, a naturally occurring ellagitannin, in which an open-chain glucose is esterified with two (S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) groups. One HHDP group incorporates a C-glycosidic bond between its benzene ring and the glucose moiety, which was constructed with complete stereoselectivity using a benzyl oxime group that opened the glucopyranose ring and acted as a scaffold for C-glycoside production. This total synthesis enables future structure-activity relationship studies of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Wakamori
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Shintaro Matsumoto
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Reina Kusuki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kazutada Ikeuchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Yamada
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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4
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Feng Y, Wu J, Chen G, Chai Y. Fast and Low-Cost Purification Strategy for Oligosaccharide Synthesis Based on a Hop-On/Off Carrier. Org Lett 2020; 22:2564-2568. [PMID: 32181668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A feasible and convenient strategy for oligosaccharide synthesis, which realizes reaction in solution while product purification occurs only by solid-liquid filtration, has been developed. By using a hop-on/off carrier (polytetrafluoroethylene particle), rapid synthesis of tumor-associated antigen Globo-H hexasaccharide has been successfully achieved within 5 steps in 48% overall yield without any intermediate purification by column chromatography. Also, global deprotection, including the cleavage of the tag, proceeded simultaneously only by one-step hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingle Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yonghai Chai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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5
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Bassanini I, Galli C, Ferrandi EE, Vallone F, Andolfo A, Romeo S. Perfluorinated Probes for Noncovalent Protein Recognition and Isolation. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:513-519. [PMID: 31927891 PMCID: PMC7993633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) are nontoxic, biocompatible, bioavailable, and bioorthogonal species which possess the unique ability to segregate away from both polar and nonpolar solvents producing a compact fluorophilic phase. Traditional techniques of fluorous chemical proteomics are generally applied to enrich biological samples in target protein(s) exploiting this property of PFCs to build fluorinated probes able to covalently bind to protein ensembles and being selectively extracted by fluorophilic solvents. Aiming at building a strategy able to avoid irreversible modification of the analyzed biosystem, a novel fully noncovalent probe is presented as an enabling tool for the recognition and isolation of biological protein(s). In our strategy, both the fluorophilic extraction and the biorecognition of a selected protein successfully occur via the establishment of reversible but selective interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bassanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Corinna Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Erica E Ferrandi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabiana Vallone
- ProMiFa, Protein Microsequencing Facility, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Annapaola Andolfo
- ProMiFa, Protein Microsequencing Facility, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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6
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Janssens J, Risseeuw MDP, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Regioselective Ring Opening of 1,3-Dioxane-Type Acetals in Carbohydrates. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4) 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Martijn D. P. Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4) 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
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7
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Wang Y, Meng S, Yue T, Li S, Li Z. The rapid assembling of oligosaccharides by the developed HASP strategy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Chai YH, Feng YL, Wu JJ, Deng CQ, Liu AY, Zhang Q. Recyclable benzyl-type fluorous tags: Preparation and application in oligosaccharide synthesis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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10
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Müller F, Hönzke S, Luthardt WO, Wong EL, Unbehauen M, Bauer J, Haag R, Hedtrich S, Rühl E, Rademann J. Rhamnolipids form drug-loaded nanoparticles for dermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 116:31-37. [PMID: 28012989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biosurfactants are nature's strategy to solubilize and ingest hydrophobic molecules and nutrients using a fully biodegradable transport system. Eight structurally defined rhamnolipids were selected and investigated as potential drug carrier systems. Depending on the molecular structures defining their packing parameters, the rhamnolipids were found to form spherical nanoparticles with precisely defined average sizes between 5 and 100nm, low polydispersity, and stability over a broad concentration range as revealed from dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. As rhamnolipids were tolerated well by the human skin, rhamnolipid nanoparticles were considered for dermal drug delivery and thus loaded with hydrophobic drug molecules. Using the drug model, Nile red, dexamethasone, and tacrolimus nanoparticles charged with up to 30% drug loading (w/w) were obtained. Nanoparticles loaded with Nile red were investigated for dermal drug delivery in a Franz cell using human skin. Fluoresence microscopy of skin slices indicated the efficient penetration of the model drug into human skin, both into the stratum corneum and although to a lesser extent into the lower epidermis. Rhamnolipid nanocarriers were found to be non-toxic to primary human fibroblasts in a proliferation assay and thus are considered candidates for the dermal delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hönzke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wulf-Ole Luthardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ee Lin Wong
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Meng S, Tian T, Wang YH, Meng XB, Li ZJ. Convergent synthesis of oligosaccharides on the gram-scale using cetyl thioglycoside based on a hydrophobically assisted switching phase method. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7722-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) method is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of carrier-loaded oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Tian Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yun-He Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xiang-Bao Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Zhong-Jun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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12
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Satoh H, Hansen HS, Manabe S, van Gunsteren WF, Hünenberger PH. Theoretical Investigation of Solvent Effects on Glycosylation Reactions: Stereoselectivity Controlled by Preferential Conformations of the Intermediate Oxacarbenium-Counterion Complex. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 6:1783-97. [PMID: 26615839 DOI: 10.1021/ct1001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of solvent effects on the stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions is investigated using quantum-mechanical (QM) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, considering a methyl-protected glucopyranoside triflate as a glycosyl donor equivalent and the solvents acetonitrile, ether, dioxane, or toluene, as well as gas-phase conditions (vacuum). The QM calculations on oxacarbenium-solvent complexes do not provide support to the usual solvent-coordination hypothesis, suggesting that an experimentally observed β-selectivity (α-selectivity) is caused by the preferential coordination of a solvent molecule to the reactive cation on the α-side (β-side) of the anomeric carbon. Instead, explicit-solvent MD simulations of the oxacarbenium-counterion (triflate ion) complex (along with corresponding QM calculations) are compatible with an alternative mechanism, termed here the conformer and counterion distribution hypothesis. This new hypothesis suggests that the stereoselectivity is dictated by two interrelated conformational properties of the reactive complex, namely, (1) the conformational preferences of the oxacarbenium pyranose ring, modulating the steric crowding and exposure of the anomeric carbon toward the α or β face, and (2) the preferential coordination of the counterion to the oxacarbenium cation on one side of the anomeric carbon, hindering a nucleophilic attack from this side. For example, in acetonitrile, the calculations suggest a dominant B2,5 ring conformation of the cation with preferential coordination of the counterion on the α side, both factors leading to the experimentally observed β selectivity. Conversely, in dioxane, they suggest a dominant (4)H3 ring conformation with preferential counterion coordination on the β side, both factors leading to the experimentally observed α selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Satoh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan, and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Halvor S Hansen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan, and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shino Manabe
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan, and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wilfred F van Gunsteren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan, and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Philippe H Hünenberger
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan, and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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13
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Sutter M, Silva ED, Duguet N, Raoul Y, Métay E, Lemaire M. Glycerol Ether Synthesis: A Bench Test for Green Chemistry Concepts and Technologies. Chem Rev 2015. [PMID: 26196761 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sutter
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Eric Da Silva
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Duguet
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Yann Raoul
- Organisation Nationale Interprofessionnelle des Oléagineux, 11 rue de Monceau, CS 60003, 75378 Paris Cedex 08, France
| | - Estelle Métay
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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14
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Meng S, Tian T, Han D, Wang LN, Tang SG, Meng XB, Li ZJ. Efficient assembly of oligomannosides using the hydrophobically assisted switching phase method. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6711-22. [PMID: 25967589 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00730e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) method was applied in the assembly of oligomannosides. A new mannosyl donor with high reactivity was selected after a series of optimization studies, which was suitable for the synthesis of oligomannosides via the HASP method. The practicability of the HASP method towards the synthesis of branched oligosaccharides was explored and two branched penta-mannosides were assembled efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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An efficient ionic liquid supported divergent assembly of 3,6-branched glucosamine-containing pentasaccharide. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Mura MG, De Luca L, Taddei M, Williams JMJ, Porcheddu A. Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes based on a one-pot phase-switch dehydrogenative cross-coupling of primary alcohols. Org Lett 2014; 16:2586-9. [PMID: 24787700 DOI: 10.1021/ol500916g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen-transfer strategy for a direct access to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has been developed. The employment of enolates prepared in situ from alcohols avoided handling unstable aldehydes and provided a very appealing route to different cinnamaldehydes substituted in position 2. A silica-grafted amine was used as phase-switch tag leading to a selective one-pot process in favor of cross-dehydrogenative coupling products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G Mura
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari , via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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18
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Okada Y, Suzuki H, Nakae T, Fujita S, Abe H, Nagano K, Yamada T, Ebata N, Kim S, Chiba K. Tag-assisted liquid-phase peptide synthesis using hydrophobic benzyl alcohols as supports. J Org Chem 2012; 78:320-7. [PMID: 23215232 DOI: 10.1021/jo302127d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A soluble tag-assisted liquid-phase peptide synthesis was successfully established based on simple hydrophobic benzyl alcohols, which can be easily prepared from naturally abundant materials. Excellent precipitation yields can be obtained at each step, combining the best properties of solid-phase and liquid-phase techniques. This approach can also be applied efficiently to fragment couplings, allowing chemical synthesis of several bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Kitada S, Takahashi M, Yamaguchi Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Soluble-support-assisted electrochemical reactions: application to anodic disulfide bond formation. Org Lett 2012. [PMID: 23194319 DOI: 10.1021/ol302863r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A soluble-support-assisted technique was successfully applied to electrochemical reactions, leading to anodic disulfide bond formation. The support-bound peptide was soluble in electrolyte solution, allowing electron transfer at the surface of the electrodes. After completion of the reaction, the support-bound product was recovered as a precipitate by simple dilution of the reaction mixture with poor solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kitada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Wang Y, Dong Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Li G, Bai R. Investigation on RAFT Polymerization of a Y-Shaped Amphiphilic Fluorinated Monomer and Anti-Fog and Oil-Repellent Properties of the Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1816-21. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Stübs G, Rupp B, Schumann RR, Schröder NWJ, Rademann J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of a glycolipid library and elucidation of the antigenic epitope for construction of a vaccine against Lyme disease. Chemistry 2010; 16:3536-44. [PMID: 20143357 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne disease in Europe, North America, and Asia. The etiologic agents of LD are spirochetes of the group Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which possess a lipid content of 25-30% of the dry weight. The major glycolipid cholesteryl 6-O-acyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ACGal), present in B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii, is a specific and highly prevalent antigen frequently recognized by antibodies in late-stage LD. Here we report a convenient route for the chemical synthesis of ACGal by employing a combination of chemical synthesis steps with enzymatic transformations. This synthesized molecule was compared with bacterial extracts by immunoblots with patient sera, confirming the preserved antigenicity. Next, a glycolipid library derived from the native molecules with variations in the fatty acyl moiety and derivatives in which the cholesterol has been replaced was designed and synthesized. The chemical structures were confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The native and synthetic glycolipids were utilized in immunoblots to determine the epitope recognized by antibodies in patient sera. By this method we could demonstrate that galactose, cholesterol, and a fatty acid with a minimal chain length of four carbon atoms comprises the essential structure for recognition by antibodies. Finally, this finding allowed the synthesis of a functionalized ACGal with an omega-mercapto group at the fatty acid and a facile protection and deprotection strategy. This antigenic hapten can be conjugated to a carrier protein to effect immunization against Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunthard Stübs
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheenstrasse 96, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Mothana S, Grassot JM, Hall D. Multistep Phase-Switch Synthesis by Using Liquid-Liquid Partitioning of Boronic Acids: Productive Tags with an Expanded Repertoire of Compatible Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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de Paz JL, Mar Kayser M, Macchione G, Nieto PM. Exploration of the use of an acylsulfonamide safety-catch linker for the polymer-supported synthesis of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Mothana S, Grassot JM, Hall DG. Multistep phase-switch synthesis by using liquid-liquid partitioning of boronic acids: productive tags with an expanded repertoire of compatible reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2883-7. [PMID: 20146294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tagging along: a system for phase-switch synthesis has been developed. The boronic acid functionality is used as a phase tag that complexes to sorbitol and facilitates compound transfer from an organic solvent to water at high pH. The phase tag can then be used in a productive reaction step to generate targeted products, thereby eliminating purification by silica gel chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Mothana
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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25
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Jörg Rademann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Jörg Rademann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Markad SD, Schmidt RR. Temporary Carbohydrate Diol Protection with Ester Groups - Orthogonality under Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis Conditions. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Smoot JT, Demchenko AV. Oligosaccharide synthesis: from conventional methods to modern expeditious strategies. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2009; 62:161-250. [PMID: 19501706 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(09)00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T Smoot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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30
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Encinas L, Chiara JL. Lipophilic Thioglycosides for the Solution-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Using Biphasic Liquid-Liquid Separation. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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32
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33
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Kim S, Chiba K. Solution-Phase Chemical Processes Featuring Facile Multi-Step Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2009. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.67.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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34
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Izumi M, Okamoto R, Sato M, Nakajima S, Baba N, Fukase K. A New Catch-and-release Purification Method Using a Levulinyl Group as a Tag and Its Application to Oligosaccharide Synthesis. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Park G, Ko KS, Zakharova A, Pohl NL. Mono- Vs. Di-flourous tagged Glucosamines for Iterative Oligosaccharide Synthesis. J Fluor Chem 2008; 129:978-982. [PMID: 19802334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluorous-tagged protecting groups are attractive tools for elongating carbohydrate chains in oligosaccharide synthesis. To eliminate the accumulation of failed sequences during automated oligosaccharide synthesis conditions, an additional C(8)F(17) ester derived protecting group was attached to the glycosyl donor to better retain the desired doubly-tagged glycosylation product on fluorous solid phase extraction (FSPE) cartridges. Initial studies show that the double-fluorous-tagging strategy offers a robust enough separation using a commercial FSPE cartridge using simple gravity filtration to separate the desired product from the singly-fluorous-tagged starting materials and their decomposition products. In addition, removal of the fluorous acetate and its byproducts after sodium methoxide treatment and neutralization required only dissolution of the desired sugar in toluene and subsequent removal of the toluene layer from the denser fluorous byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisun Park
- 2756 Gilman, Department of Chemistry and the Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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36
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37
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Parlato MC, Kamat MN, Wang H, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Application of Glycosyl Thioimidates in Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1716-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701902f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cristina Parlato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience, University of MissouriSt. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
| | - Medha N. Kamat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience, University of MissouriSt. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
| | - Haisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience, University of MissouriSt. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience, University of MissouriSt. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience, University of MissouriSt. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
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39
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Kim S, Tsuruyama A, Ohmori A, Chiba K. Solution-phase oligosaccharide synthesis in a cycloalkane-based thermomorphic system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1816-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b717446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Jaipuri FA, Pohl NL. Toward solution-phase automated iterative synthesis: fluorous-tag assisted solution-phase synthesis of linear and branched mannose oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2686-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b803451f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Bauer J, Brandenburg K, Zähringer U, Rademann J. Chemical synthesis of a glycolipid library by a solid-phase strategy allows elucidation of the structural specificity of immunostimulation by rhamnolipids. Chemistry 2007; 12:7116-24. [PMID: 16915594 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of a glycolipid library by hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) synthesis is described. HASP synthesis enables flexible switching between solution-phase steps and solid-supported reactions conducted with molecules attached to a hydrophobic silica support. A library of glycolipids derived from the lead compound 1-a strongly immunostimulatory rhamnolipid--with variations in the carbohydrate part, the lipid components, and the stereochemistry of the 3-hydroxy fatty acids was designed and synthesized. The enantioselective synthesis of the 3-hydroxy fatty acid building blocks was achieved by employing asymmetric hydrogenation of 3-oxo fatty acids. Glycolipids were prepared by this approach without any intermediary isolation steps, mostly in excellent yields. Final deprotection to the carboxylic acids was accomplished by enzymatic ester cleavage. All prepared rhamnolipids were tested for their immunostimulatory properties against human monocyte cells by assaying the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) into the medium. The observed structure-activity relationships of rhamnolipids indicate a specific, recognition-based mode of action, with small structural variations in the rhamnolipids resulting in strong effects on the immunostimulatory activities of the rhamnolipids at low micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bauer
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Manabe S, Ueki A, Ito Y. Polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis using ultrafiltration methodology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3673-5. [PMID: 17728890 DOI: 10.1039/b705324j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis was carried out using an ultrafiltration technique in which the synthesized polymer-bound oligosaccharides were separated from the other reagents by ultrafiltration though membranes with specifically sized pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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43
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Ako T, Daikoku S, Ohtsuka I, Kato R, Kanie O. A Method of Orthogonal Oligosaccharide Synthesis Leading to a Combinatorial Library Based on Stationary Solid-Phase Reaction. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:798-813. [PMID: 17441123 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new, efficient synthesis of oligosaccharides, which involves solid-phase reactions without mixing in combination with an orthogonal-glycosylation strategy, is described. Despite a great deal of biological interest, the combinatorial chemistry of oligosaccharides is an extremely difficult subject. The problems include 1) lengthy synthetic protocols required for the synthesis and 2) the variety of glycosylation conditions necessary for individual reactions. These issues were addressed and solved by using the orthogonal-coupling protocol and the application of a temperature gradient to provide appropriate conditions for individual reactions. Furthermore, we succeeded in carrying out solid-phase reactions with neither mechanical mixing nor flow. In this report, the synthesis of a series of trisaccharides, namely, alpha/beta-L-Fuc-(1-->6)-alpha/beta-D-Gal-(1-->2/3/4/6)-alpha/beta-D-Glc-octyl, is reported to demonstrate the eligibility of the synthetic method in combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Ako
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
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44
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Howe J, Bauer J, Andrä J, Schromm AB, Ernst M, Rössle M, Zähringer U, Rademann J, Brandenburg K. Biophysical characterization of synthetic rhamnolipids. FEBS J 2006; 273:5101-12. [PMID: 17059466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic rhamnolipids, derived from a natural diacylated glycolipid, RL-2,2(14), produced by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) plantarii, were analyzed biophysically. Changes in the chemical structures comprised variations in the length, the stereochemistry and numbers of the lipid chains, numbers of rhamnoses, and the occurrence of charged or neutral groups. As relevant biophysical parameters, the gel (beta) to liquid crystalline (alpha) phase behavior of the acyl chains of the rhamnoses, their three-dimensional supramolecular aggregate structure, and the ability of the compounds to intercalate into phospholipid liposomes in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein were monitored. Their biological activities were examined as the ability to induce cytokines in human mononuclear cells and to induce chemiluminescence in monocytes. Depending on the particular chemical structures, the physicochemical parameters as well as the biological test systems show large variations. This relates to the acyl chain fluidity, aggregate structure, and intercalation ability, as well as the bioactivity. Most importantly, the data extend our conformational concept of endotoxicity, based on the intercalation of naturally originating amphiphilic virulence factors into membranes from immune cells. This 'endotoxin conformation', produced by amphiphilic molecules with a hydrophilic charged backbone and apolar hydrophobic moiety, and adopting inverted cubic aggregate structures, causes high mechanical stress in target immune cells on integral proteins, eventually leading to cell activation. Furthermore, biologically inactive rhamnolipids with lamellar aggregate structures antagonize the endotoxin-induced activity in a way similar to lipid A-derived antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Howe
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Borstel, Germany
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45
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Jonke S, Liu KG, Schmidt RR. Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis of a Small Library of N-Glycans. Chemistry 2006; 12:1274-90. [PMID: 16273561 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis is based on a hydroxymethylbenzyl benzoate spacer linker which is connected to the Merrifield resin (1 P). Glycosylation was performed with O-glycosyl trichloroacetimidates of glucosamine, mannose, and galactose permitting chain extension (2e, 5e), branching (4b, 7b, 8b), and chain termination (3t, 6t, 9t) with the use of O-benzyl, O-benzoyl, and N-dimethylmaleoyl as permanent and O-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and O-phenoxyacetyl (PA) as temporary protecting groups. The steps required on solid phase are i) glycosylation under TMSOTf catalysis, ii) selective cleavage of the temporary protecting groups, Fmoc with NEt3 and PA with 0.5 equivalents of NaOMe in CH2Cl2/MeOH, and iii) product cleavage from the resin with 4.0 equivalents of NaOMe in CH2Cl2/MeOH and following O-acetylation for convenient product isolation. Thus a highly successful synthesis of a small library of seventeen N-glycan structures was made possible comprising the N-glycan pentasaccharide core structure 53 and two further chain extended hexa- and heptasaccharide N-glycans with a glucosamine or a lactosamine residue, respectively, which is attached to one of the mannose residues of the core structure (56 and 59).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jonke
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Chemie, Fach M 725, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Abstract
The success of microarrays, such as DNA chips, for biosample screening with minimal sample usage has led to a variety of technologies for assays on glass slides. Unfortunately, for small molecules, such as carbohydrates, these methods usually rely on covalent bond formation, which requires unique functional handles and multiple chemical steps. A new simpler concept in microarray formation is based on noncovalent fluorous-based interactions. A fluorous tail is designed not only to aid in saccharide purification but also to allow direct formation of carbohydrate microarrays on fluorous-derivatized glass slides for biological screening with lectins, such as concanavalin A. The noncovalent interactions in the fluorous-based array are even strong enough to withstand the detergents used in assays with the Erythrina crystagalli lectin. Additionally, the utility of benzyl carbonate protecting groups on fucose building blocks for the formation of alpha-linkages is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Seuk Ko
- Department of Chemistry and the Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
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Kantchev EAB, Bader SJ, Parquette JR. Oligosaccharide synthesis on a soluble, hyperbranched polymer support via thioglycoside activation. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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