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Bottom-up assembly of a bilayer structure of icosahedral viral nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2020; 15:041009. [PMID: 32752605 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of 2D and 3D structures on the nanoscale containing viral nanoparticles (VNPs) as interesting nanobuilding blocks has come into focus for a bottom-up approach as an alternative to the top-down approach in nanobiotechnology. Our research has focused on the plant Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV). In a previous study, we reported the impact of the pH value on the 2D assembly of viral monolayers. Here, we extend these studies into the third dimension by using specific interactions between the layers in combination with selective side chains on the viral capsid. The virus bilayer structure is prepared by an alternating deposition of His-tagged TBSV (4D6H-TBSV, first layer), Ni-NTA nanogold (second layer) complexes and 4D6H-TBSV, respectively, and 6D-TBSV (6xaspartic acid TBSV) as the third layer, i.e., the second layer of VNPs. The formed layer structures were imaged by using scanning force and scanning electron microscopy. The data show that a virus bilayer structure was successfully built up by means of the interaction between Ni-NTA nanogold and histidine. By comparing 4D6H- with 6D-TBSV in the third layer, the importance of these specific interactions is shown. This work paves the way for 3D nanodevices based on VNPs.
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2
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Abstract
Within the materials science community, proteins with cage-like architectures are being developed as versatile nanoscale platforms for use in protein nanotechnology. Much effort has been focused on the functionalization of protein cages with biological and non-biological moieties to bring about new properties of not only individual protein cages, but collective bulk-scale assemblies of protein cages. In this review, we report on the current understanding of protein cage assembly, both of the cages themselves from individual subunits, and the assembly of the individual protein cages into higher order structures. We start by discussing the key properties of natural protein cages (for example: size, shape and structure) followed by a review of some of the mechanisms of protein cage assembly and the factors that influence it. We then explore the current approaches for functionalizing protein cages, on the interior or exterior surfaces of the capsids. Lastly, we explore the emerging area of higher order assemblies created from individual protein cages and their potential for new and exciting collective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Aumiller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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3
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Chung S, Chung WJ, Wang D, Lee SW, De Yoreo JJ. Growth of Au and ZnS nanostructures via engineered peptide and M13 bacteriophage templates. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2996-3002. [PMID: 29637974 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00090e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate directed nucleation of Au and ZnS patterns on templates comprised of functional peptides and an M13 bacteriophage. We discuss the control over nucleation in terms of the interplay between enhanced ion binding and reduced interfacial energy resulting from the presence of the templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwook Chung
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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4
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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5
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Hosseinidoust Z, Olsson AL, Tufenkji N. Going viral: Designing bioactive surfaces with bacteriophage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 124:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Saunders K, Lomonossoff GP. Exploiting plant virus-derived components to achieve in planta expression and for templates for synthetic biology applications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:16-26. [PMID: 23452220 PMCID: PMC7167714 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the varying roles that have been played by many plant-viral regulatory sequences and proteins in the creation of plant-based expression systems and virus particles for use in nanotechnology. Essentially, there are two ways of expressing an exogenous protein: the creation of transgenic plants possessing a stably integrated gene construction, or the transient expression of the desired gene following the infiltration of the gene construct. Both depend on disarmed strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver the created gene construction into cell nuclei, usually through the deployment of virus-derived components. The importance of efficient mRNA translation in the latter process is highlighted. Plant viruses replicate to sustain an infection to promote their survival. The major product of this, the virus particle, is finding increasing roles in the emerging field of bionanotechnology. One of the major products of plant-viral expression is the virus-like particle (VLP). These are increasingly playing a role in vaccine development. Similarly, many VLPs are suitable for the investigation of the many facets of the emerging field of synthetic biology, which encompasses the design and construction of new biological functions and systems not found in nature. Genetic and chemical modifications to plant-generated VLPs serve as ideal starter templates for many downstream synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Saunders
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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7
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Moon H, Kim WG, Lim S, Kang YJ, Shin HH, Ko H, Hong SY, Kang S. Fabrication of uniform layer-by-layer assemblies with complementary protein cage nanobuilding blocks via simple His-tag/metal recognition. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4504-4510. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Natilla A, Hammond RW. Maize rayado fino virus virus-like particles expressed in tobacco plants: A new platform for cysteine selective bioconjugation peptide display. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:209-15. [PMID: 21963393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) virus-like-particles (VLPs) produced in tobacco plants were examined for their ability to serve as a novel platform to which a variety of peptides can be covalently displayed when expressed through a Potato virus X (PVX)-based vector. To provide an anchor for chemical modifications, three Cys-MRFV-VLPs mutants were created by substituting several of the amino acids present on the shell of the wild-type MRFV-VLPs with cysteine residues. The mutant designated Cys 2-VLPs exhibited, under native conditions, cysteine thiol reactivity in bioconjugation reactions with a fluorescent dye. In addition, this Cys 2-VLPs was cross-linked by NHS-PEG4-Maleimide to 17 (F) and 8 (HN) amino acid long peptides, corresponding to neutralizing epitopes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The resulting Cys 2-VLPs-F and Cys 2-VLPs-HN were recognized in Western blots by antibodies to MRFV as well as to F and HN. The results demonstrated that plant-produced MRFV-VLPs have the ability to function as a novel platform for the multivalent display of surface ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Natilla
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Sciences Institute, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The capsids of most plant viruses are simple and robust structures consisting of multiple copies of one or a few types of protein subunit arranged with either icosahedral or helical symmetry. In many cases, capsids can be produced in large quantities either by the infection of plants or by the expression of the subunit(s) in a variety of heterologous systems. In view of their relative simplicity, stability and ease of production, plant virus particles or virus-like particles (VLPs) have attracted attention as potential reagents for applications in bionanotechnology. As a result, plant virus particles have been subjected to both genetic and chemical modification, have been used to encapsulate foreign material and have, themselves, been incorporated into supramolecular structures.
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Matsuura K, Watanabe K, Matsuzaki T, Sakurai K, Kimizuka N. Self-assembled synthetic viral capsids from a 24-mer viral peptide fragment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:9662-5. [PMID: 21077072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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12
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Jutz G, Böker A. Bionanoparticles as functional macromolecular building blocks – A new class of nanomaterials. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Shen L, Bao N, Prevelige PE, Gupta A. Fabrication of ordered nanostructures of sulfide nanocrystal assemblies over self-assembled genetically engineered P22 coat protein. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17354-7. [PMID: 21090711 DOI: 10.1021/ja107080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ordered ZnS and CdS nanocrystal assemblies have been synthesized by a facile bioinspired approach consisting of an initial self-assembly of engineered proteins into spherical biotemplates and a subsequent protein-directed nucleation and growth of ZnS and CdS nanocrystals symmetrically distributed over the self-assembled biotemplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shen
- Center for Materials for Information Technology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
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14
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Matsuura K, Watanabe K, Matsuzaki T, Sakurai K, Kimizuka N. Self-Assembled Synthetic Viral Capsids from a 24-mer Viral Peptide Fragment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Cheung CL, Rubinstein AI, Peterson EJ, Chatterji A, Sabirianov RF, Mei WN, Lin T, Johnson JE, DeYoreo JJ. Steric and electrostatic complementarity in the assembly of two-dimensional virus arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3498-3505. [PMID: 19754157 DOI: 10.1021/la903114s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A highly ordered assembly of biological molecules provides a powerful means to study the organizational principles of objects at the nanoscale. Two-dimensional cowpea mosaic virus arrays were assembled in an ordered manner on mica using osmotic depletion effects and a drop-and-dry method. The packing of the virus array was controlled systematically from rhombic packing to hexagonal packing by modulating the concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) surfactant in the virus solutions. The orientation and packing symmetry of the virus arrays were found to be tuned by the concentrations of surfactants in the sample solutions. A phenomenological model for the present system is proposed to explain the assembly array morphology under the influence of the surfactant. Steric and electrostatic complementarity of neighboring virus capsids is found to be the key factors in controlling the symmetry of packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Li Cheung
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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16
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Jang JW, Sanedrin RG, Senesi AJ, Zheng Z, Chen X, Hwang S, Huang L, Mirkin CA. Generation of metal photomasks by dip-pen nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1850-3. [PMID: 19384884 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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17
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Archer MJ, Liu JL. Bacteriophage t4 nanoparticles as materials in sensor applications: variables that influence their organization and assembly on surfaces. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:6298-311. [PMID: 22454586 PMCID: PMC3312445 DOI: 10.3390/s90806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles possess characteristics that make them ideal candidates as materials for sensors, particularly as sensor probes. Their surface can be modified, either through genetic engineering or direct chemical conjugation to display functional moieties such as antibodies or other proteins to recognize a specific target. However, in order for T4 nanoparticles to be utilized as a sensor probe, it is necessary to understand and control the variables that determine their assembly and organization on a surface. The aim of this work is to discuss some of variables that we have identified as influencing the behavior of T4 nanoparticles on surfaces. The effect of pH, ionic strength, substrate characteristics, nanoparticle concentration and charge was addressed qualitatively using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. Archer
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jinny L. Liu
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA; E-Mail:
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18
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Block copolymer nanotemplating of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis viruses. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:893-902. [PMID: 19010745 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the interaction between a block copolymer and a virus. A poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) block copolymer was loaded with nickel, and cast from a selective solvent mixture to form a cylindrical microstructure (PS/P4VP-Ni). The nickel ions were confined within the P4VP block of the copolymer. The binding of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco necrosis virus on microphase-separated PS/P4VP-Ni was examined. A staining technique was developed to simultaneously visualize virus and block copolymer structure by transmission electron microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed virus particles associated with block copolymer microphase-separated domains, even after extensive washes with Tween. In contrast, virus associated with PS/P4VP block copolymers lacking Ni were readily removed by Tween. The cylinder long axis of the microstructure was oriented using a hot press and a cooled channel die for quenching, resulting in PS/P4VP cylinders that had a strong anisotropic directional preference. When exposed to flowing solutions of TMV, the PS/P4VP-Ni surface exhibited an ability to retain TMV in a partially aligned state, when the direction of flow coincided with the long axis of the PS/P4VP-Ni cylinders. These results suggest that Coulombic interactions provide a robust means for the binding of virus particles to block copolymer surfaces.
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19
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Bermudez H, Hathorne AP. Incorporating stimulus-responsive character into filamentous virus assemblies. Faraday Discuss 2009; 139:327-35; discussion 399-417, 419-20. [PMID: 19049004 DOI: 10.1039/b800675j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Controlling interactions between building blocks, in either guided- or self-assemblies, is becoming increasingly important for the creation of functional materials. We have focused our attention on the well-known model assembly, the filamentous bacteriophage, where our strategy is to selectively alter surface features by focusing on spatially distinct capsid proteins. Towards introducing stimulus-responsive behavior in these flexible, rod-like particles, we have introduced elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) motifs of isoleucine and tyrosine "guest" residues by recombinant DNA methods. Our hypothesis is that modification of the major coat capsid protein would be greatly amplified by the 2700 copies per particle. Characterization of ELP-phage particles was carried out by microbiological assays, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, and calorimetry. Bacteria producing ELP-phage particles grow more slowly and surprisingly, ELP-modified phages display a significant reduction in viral infectivity. For the lengths of ELP inserts studied, modified phages do not aggregate from solution as monitored by DLS. However, the hydrodynamic size of the phages depends on the details of the ELP motif. Zeta potential measurements reveal the particles are electrostatically stabilized, and this contributes in part to the energetic barrier against aggregation. Preliminary calorimetric data indicate subtle thermal transitions in the range 35-45 degrees C, suggesting that the ELP motif may collapse without triggering macroscopic aggregation. The results are consistent with the classical picture of critical solution phenomena at low concentrations, where to drive phase separation, solvent quality must be increasingly poor. Apart from being model systems to study basic questions of self-assembly, extending these modular systems is likely to result in improved understanding and control over self-assembly in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Bermudez
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts. Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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20
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Structure-Based Engineering of an Icosahedral Virus for Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 327:23-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Protein capsids derived from viruses may be modified by methods, generated, isolated, and purified on large scales with relative ease. In recent years, methods for their chemical derivatization have been employed to broaden the properties and functions accessible to investigators desiring monodisperse, atomic-resolution structures on the nanometer scale. Here we review the reactions and methods used in these endeavors, including the modification of lysine, cysteine, and tyrosine side chains, as well as the installation of unnatural amino acids, with particular attention to the special challenges imposed by the polyvalency and size of virus-based scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strable
- Dynavax Technologies Corp., Berkeley, CA 94710-2753, USA
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23
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Maye MM, Freimuth P, Gang O. Adenovirus knob trimers as tailorable scaffolds for nanoscale assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1941-1944. [PMID: 18932187 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M Maye
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Li T, Niu Z, Emrick T, Russell TP, Wang Q. Core/shell biocomposites from the hierarchical assembly of bionanoparticles and polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1624-1629. [PMID: 18819135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Layer-by-layer assembly of viral capsid for cell adhesion. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:838-43. [PMID: 18387348 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)-based thin films are biologically active for cell culture. Using layer-by-layer assembly of CPMV and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), quantitatively scalable biomolecular surfaces were constructed, which were well characterized using quartz crystal microbalance, UV-vis and atomic force microscopy. The surface coverage of CPMV nanoparticles depended on the adsorption time and pH of the virus solution, with a greater amount of CPMV adsorption occurring near its isoelectric point. It was found that the adhesion and proliferation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts can be controlled by the coverage of viral particles using this multilayer technique.
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Yoo PJ, Nam KT, Belcher AM, Hammond PT. Solvent-assisted patterning of polyelectrolyte multilayers and selective deposition of virus assemblies. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1081-1089. [PMID: 18355056 DOI: 10.1021/nl073079f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a simple method to pattern electrostatic assemblies of viruses onto a polyelectrolyte multilayer. The increased mobility of weak polycation chains in the multilayer above a given thickness ensures the surface mobility of viruses required for spontaneous ordering of densely packed viruses atop polymeric patterns. To pattern the polyelectrolyte multilayer film, we employ a nonconventional patterning method known as solvent-assisted capillary molding for the first time on multilayer films, and demonstrate micrometer-scaled dense patterns of viruses, where the accessible feature size can be correlated by the length scale of virus and swelling property of underlying patterned polyelectrolyte multilayer. We further examine the ability to modify the top surfaces of these assemblies with biological ligands, which extends the applicability of patterned viruses to biological detection purposes. We expect that the present method described here can be generally applied to the patterning of other polyelectrolyte multilayers and combined with the ordered assembly of anisotropic nanomaterials such as polymeric nanotubes or inorganic nanowires for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil J Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Elhadj S, Chernov AA, De Yoreo JJ. Solvent-mediated repair and patterning of surfaces by AFM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:105304. [PMID: 21817697 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/10/105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A tip-based approach to shaping surfaces of soluble materials with nanometer-scale control is reported. The proposed method can be used, for example, to eliminate defects and inhomogeneities in surface shape, repair mechanical or laser induced damage to surfaces, or perform 3D lithography on the length scale of an AFM tip. The phenomenon that enables smoothing and repair of surfaces is based on the transport of material from regions of high to low curvature within the solution meniscus formed in a solvent-containing atmosphere between the surface in question and an AFM tip scanned over the surface. Using in situ AFM measurements of the kinetics of surface remodeling on KDP (KH(2)PO(4)) crystals in humid air, we show that redistribution of solute material during relaxation of grooves and mounds is driven by a reduction in surface free energy as described by the Gibbs-Thomson law. We find that the perturbation from a flat interface evolves according to the diffusion equation, where the effective diffusivity is determined by the product of the surface stiffness and the step kinetic coefficient. We also show that, surprisingly, if the tip is instead scanned over or kept stationary above an atomically flat area of the surface, a convex structure is formed, with a diameter that is controlled by the dimensions of the meniscus, indicating that the presence of the tip and meniscus reduces the substrate chemical potential beneath that of the free surface. This allows one to create nanometer-scale 3D structures of arbitrary shape without the removal of substrate material or the use of extrinsic masks or chemical compounds. Potential applications of these tip-based phenomena are discussed.
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Chung SW, Presley AD, Elhadj S, Hok S, Hah SS, Chernov AA, Francis MB, Eaton BE, Feldheim DL, DeYoreo JJ. Scanning probe-based fabrication of 3D nanostructures via affinity templates, functional RNA, and meniscus-mediated surface remodeling. SCANNING 2008; 30:159-171. [PMID: 18220254 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing generic platforms to organize discrete molecular elements and nanostructures into deterministic patterns on surfaces is one of the central challenges in the field of nanotechnology. Here we review three applications of the atomic force microscope (AFM) that address this challenge. In the first, we use two-step nanografting to create patterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to drive the organization of virus particles that have been either genetically or chemically modified to bind to the SAMs. Virus-SAM chemistries are described that provide irreversible and reversible binding, respectively. In the second, we use similar SAM patterns as affinity templates that have been designed to covalently bind oligonucleotides engineered to bind to the SAMs and selected for their ability to mediate the subsequent growth of metallic nanocrystals. In the final application, the liquid meniscus that condenses at the AFM tip-substrate contact is used as a physical tool to both modulate the surface topography of a water soluble substrate and guide the hierarchical assembly of Au nanoparticles into nanowires. All three approaches can be generalized to meet the requirements of a wide variety of materials systems and thereby provide a potential route toward development of a generic platform for molecular and materials organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wook Chung
- Chemistry, Materials, Earth and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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Steinmetz NF, Bock E, Richter RP, Spatz JP, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. Assembly of multilayer arrays of viral nanoparticles via biospecific recognition: a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring study. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:456-62. [PMID: 18197628 DOI: 10.1021/bm700797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of multilayered thin film assemblies containing (bio)molecules is driven by the need to miniaturize sensors, reactors, and biochips. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have become popular nanobuilding blocks for material fabrication, and our research has focused on the well-characterized plant virus Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). In a previous study, we have reported the construction of multilayer VNP assemblies. Here we extend these studies by providing further details on the formation and properties of arrays that are made by the alternating deposition of biotinylated CPMV particles and streptavidin molecules. Array formation was followed in real time by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Our data provide indications that multiple interactions between biotin and streptavidin not only promote the assembly of a multilayered structure but also generate cross-links within each layer of CPMV particles. The degree of intralayer and interlayer cross-linking and hence the mechanical properties and order of the array can be modulated by the grafting density and spacer length of the biotin moieties on the CPMV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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Evans DJ. The bionanoscience of plant viruses: templates and synthons for new materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b804305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Whyburn GP, Li Y, Huang Y. Protein and protein assembly based material structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b807421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aniagyei SE, Dufort C, Kao CC, Dragnea B. Self-assembly approaches to nanomaterial encapsulation in viral protein cages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:3763-3774. [PMID: 19809586 DOI: 10.1039/b805874c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A perspective on abiotic material encapsulation inside virus capsids is provided. The emphasis is on the physical principles of virus assembly relevant to packaging, strategies for encapsulation and capsid modification, and on emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella E Aniagyei
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Camarero JA. Recent developments in the site-specific immobilization of proteins onto solid supports. Biopolymers 2007; 90:450-8. [PMID: 17618518 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of proteins onto surfaces is of great importance in numerous applications, including protein analysis, drug screening, and medical diagnostics, among others. The success of all these technologies relies on the immobilization technique employed to attach a protein to the corresponding surface. Non-specific physical adsorption or chemical cross-linking with appropriate surfaces results in the immobilization of the protein in random orientations. Site-specific covalent attachment, on the other hand, leads to molecules being arranged in a definite, orderly fashion and allows the use of spacers and linkers to help minimize steric hindrances between the protein and the surface. The present work reviews the latest chemical and biochemical developments for the site-specific covalent attachment of proteins onto solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Camarero
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Holder P, Francis M. Integration of a Self-Assembling Protein Scaffold with Water-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Holder PG, Francis MB. Integration of a Self-Assembling Protein Scaffold with Water-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4370-3. [PMID: 17458849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Holder
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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