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Moore JC, Modell L, Glenn JR, Jones KD, Argent SP, Lane JR, Canals M, Lam HW. Enantioselective de novo synthesis of 14-hydroxy-6-oxomorphinans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6007-6010. [PMID: 38787679 PMCID: PMC11155717 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The enantioselective de novo synthesis of pharmacologically important 14-hydroxy-6-oxomorphinans is described. 4,5-Desoxynaltrexone and 4,5-desoxynaloxone were prepared using this route and their biological activities against the opioid receptors were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Moore
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Louis Modell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jacqueline R Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Kieran D Jones
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J Robert Lane
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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2
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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3
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Zhao BY, Jia Q, Wang YQ. Synthesis of meta-carbonyl phenols and anilines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2415. [PMID: 38499520 PMCID: PMC10948751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenols and anilines are of extreme importance for medicinal chemistry and material science. The development of efficient approaches to prepare both compounds has thus long been a vital research topic. The utility of phenols and anilines directly reflects the identity and pattern of substituents on the benzenoid ring. Electrophilic substitutions remain among the most powerful synthetic methods to substituted phenols and anilines, yet in principle achieving ortho- and para-substituted products. Therefore, the selective preparation of meta-substituted phenols and anilines is the most significant challenge. We herein report an efficient copper-catalyzed dehydrogenation strategy to exclusively synthesize meta-carbonyl phenols and anilines from carbonyl substituted cyclohexanes. Mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation undergoes a copper-catalyzed dehydrogenation/allylic hydroxylation or amination/oxidative dehydrogenation/aromatization cascade process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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4
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Brufani G, Di Erasmo B, Li CJ, Vaccaro L. Csp 2-H functionalization of phenols: an effective access route to valuable materials via Csp 2-C bond formation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3831-3871. [PMID: 38487228 PMCID: PMC10935747 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the vast majority of top-selling pharmaceutical and industrial products, phenolic structural motifs are highly prevalent. Non-functionalized simple phenols serve as building blocks in the synthesis of value-added chemicals. It is worth mentioning that lignin, being the largest renewable biomass source of aromatic building blocks in nature, mainly consists of phenolic units, which enable the production of structurally diverse phenols. Given their remarkable applicability in the chemical value chain, many efforts have been devoted to increasing the molecular complexity of the phenolic scaffold. Among the key techniques, direct functionalization of Csp2-H is a powerful tool, enabling the construction of new Csp2-C bonds in an economical and atomic manner. Herein we present and summarize the large plethora of direct Csp2-H functionalization methods that enables scaffold diversification of simple, unprotected phenols, leading to the formation of new Csp2-C bonds. In this review article, we intend to summarize the contributions that appeared in the literature mainly in the last 5 years dealing with the functionalization of unprotected phenols, both catalytic and non-catalytic. Our goal is to highlight the key findings and the ongoing challenges in the stimulating and growing research dedicated to the development of new protocols for the valorization of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brufani
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
| | - Benedetta Di Erasmo
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A0B8 Canada
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
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5
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Lu H, Wan Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Wu H, Ma N, Zhang Z, Zhang G. Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids under Visible-Light Irradiation without Metal Catalysts or Additives. Org Lett 2024; 26:1959-1964. [PMID: 38407134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Phenols are versatile synthetic intermediates and key structural motifs in many natural products and biologically active compounds. We herein report a visible-light-induced aerobic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids/pinacol esters using air as oxidant and without using any catalysts and base, etc., additives, providing a green entry to a variety of phenols in a highly efficient and concise fashion. This novel reaction is enabled by photoactivation of an electron donor-acceptor complex, in which THF serves as both the solvent and electron donor. DFT studies indicated that the oxidation process involves a concerted hydrogen abstraction transfer from THF and dehydroxylation of boronic acid undergoing spin crossover from triplet to singlet to produce an active peroxoboronic acid intermidiate. Salient merits of this chemistry include broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and versatile late-stage functionalizations as well as the use of air, visible light, and catalyst- and additive-free conditions. This strategy introduces a novel photoreaction mode with the aid of a solvent, offering a succinct and environmentally sustainable route for synthesizing phenols. The strong practicability and highly efficient access to modifying complex biorelevant molecules bode well for the potential applications of this chemistry in pharmaceutical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yameng Wan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Qiongjin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yabo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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6
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Huo T, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Wei J, Zhu M, Dou X, Jiao N. Late-stage modification of bioactive compounds: Improving druggability through efficient molecular editing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1030-1076. [PMID: 38487004 PMCID: PMC10935128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry plays an indispensable role in drug discovery, contributing to hit compounds identification, lead compounds optimization, candidate drugs preparation, and so on. As Nobel Prize laureate James Black emphasized, "the most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug"1. Late-stage modification or functionalization of drugs, natural products and bioactive compounds have garnered significant interest due to its ability to introduce diverse elements into bioactive compounds promptly. Such modifications alter the chemical space and physiochemical properties of these compounds, ultimately influencing their potency and druggability. To enrich a toolbox of chemical modification methods for drug discovery, this review focuses on the incorporation of halogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-the ubiquitous elements in pharmacophore components of the marketed drugs-through late-stage modification in recent two decades, and discusses the state and challenges faced in these fields. We also emphasize that increasing cooperation between chemists and pharmacists may be conducive to the rapid discovery of new activities of the functionalized molecules. Ultimately, we hope this review would serve as a valuable resource, facilitating the application of late-stage modification in the construction of novel molecules and inspiring innovative concepts for designing and building new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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7
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Li K, Kelly HR, Franco A, Batista VS, Baráth E. Dehydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of Alkenones to Phenols and Ketones on Carbon-Supported Noble Metals. ACS Catal 2024; 14:2883-2896. [PMID: 38449532 PMCID: PMC10913045 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic dehydrogenation of substituted alkenones on noble metal catalysts supported on carbon (Pt/C, Pd/C, Rh/C, and Ru/C) was investigated in an organic phase under inert conditions. The dehydrogenation and semihydrogenation of the enone starting materials resulted in aromatic compounds (primary products), saturated cyclic ketones (secondary products), and cyclic alcohols (minor products). Pd/C exhibits the highest catalytic activity, followed by Pt/C and Rh/C. Aromatic compounds remain the primary products, even in the presence of hydrogen donors. Joint experimental and theoretical analyses showed that the four catalytic materials stabilize a common dienol intermediate on the metal surfaces, formed by keto-enol tautomerization. This intermediate subsequently forms aromatic products upon dehydrogenation. The binding orientation of the enone reactants on the catalytic surface is strongly metal-dependent, as the M-O bond distance changes substantially according to the metal. The longer M-O bonds (Pt: 2.84 Å > Pd: 2.23 Å > Rh: 2.17 Å > Ru: 2.07 Å) correlate with faster reaction rates and more favorable keto-enol tautomerization, as shorter distances correspond to a more stabilized starting material. Tautomerization is shown to occur via a stepwise surface-assisted pathway. Overall, each of the studied metals exhibits a distinct balance of enthalpy and entropy of activation (ΔH°‡, ΔS°‡), offering unique possibilities in the realm of enone dehydrogenation reactions that can be achieved by suitable selection of catalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
| | - H. Ray Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ana Franco
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse (e.V. LIKAT), Albert Einstein Str. 29a, Rostock D-18059, Germany
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Eszter Baráth
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse (e.V. LIKAT), Albert Einstein Str. 29a, Rostock D-18059, Germany
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8
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Le HN, Kuchlyan J, Baladi T, Albinsson B, Dahlén A, Wilhelmsson LM. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of a pH-sensitive quadracyclic uridine (qU) analogue. Chemistry 2024:e202303539. [PMID: 38230625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent base analogues (FBAs) have become useful tools for applications in biophysical chemistry, chemical biology, live-cell imaging, and RNA therapeutics. Herein, two synthetic routes towards a novel FBA of uracil named qU (quadracyclic uracil/uridine) are described. The qU nucleobase bears a tetracyclic fused ring system and is designed to allow for specific Watson-Crick base pairing with adenine. We find that qU absorbs light in the visible region of the spectrum and emits brightly with a quantum yield of 27 % and a dual-band character in a wide pH range. With evidence, among other things, from fluorescence lifetime measurements we suggest that this dual emission feature results from an excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) process. Furthermore, we find that both absorption and emission of qU are highly sensitive to pH. The high brightness in combination with excitation in the visible and pH responsiveness makes qU an interesting native-like nucleic acid label in spectroscopy and microscopy applications in, for example, the field of mRNA and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Ngoan Le
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cell Gene and RNA Therapy, Discovery Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 50, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jagannath Kuchlyan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom Baladi
- Cell Gene and RNA Therapy, Discovery Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 50, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Dahlén
- Cell Gene and RNA Therapy, Discovery Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 50, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Marcus Wilhelmsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Zhao H, Zhao CY, Chen L, Xia C, Hong X, Xu S. Aryl Chloride-Directed Enantioselective C(sp 2)-H Borylation Enabled by Iridium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25214-25221. [PMID: 37934914 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C-H borylation of aryl chlorides. A variety of prochiral biaryl compounds could be well-tolerated, affording a vast array of axially chiral biaryls with high enantioselectivities. The current method exhibits a high turnover number (TON) of 7000, which represents the highest in functional-group-directed asymmetric C-H activation. The high TON was attributed to a weak catalyst-substrate interaction that was caused by mismatched chirality between catalyst and substrate. We also demonstrated the synthetic application of the current method by C-B, ortho-C-H, and C-Cl bond functionalization, including programmed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling for the synthesis of axially chiral polyarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao-Yue Zhao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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10
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Halder R, Ma G, Rickmeier J, McDaniel JW, Petzold R, Neumann CN, Murphy JM, Ritter T. Deoxyfluorination of phenols for chemoselective 18F-labeling of peptides. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3614-3651. [PMID: 37853158 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of forming C-18F bonds is often a bottleneck in the development of new 18F-labeled tracer molecules for noninvasive functional imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET). Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is the most widely employed reaction to functionalize aromatic substrates with the radioactive fluorine-18 but its scope is restricted to arenes containing electron-withdrawing substituents. Furthermore, many protic functional groups are incompatible with basic fluoride anions. Peptide substrates, which are highly desirable targets for PET molecular imaging, are particularly challenging to label with fluorine-18 because they are densely functionalized and sensitive to high temperatures and basic conditions. To expand the utility of nucleophilic aromatic substitution with fluorine-18, we describe two complementary procedures for the radiodeoxyfluorination of bench-stable and easy-to-access phenols that ensure rapid access to densely functionalized electron-rich and electron-poor 18F-aryl fluorides. The first procedure details the synthesis of an 18F-synthon and its subsequent ligation to the cysteine residue of Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys in 10.5 h from commercially available starting materials (189-min radiosynthesis). The second procedure describes the incorporation of commercially available CpRu(Fmoc-tyrosine)OTf into a fully protected peptide Lys-Met-Glu-(CpRu-Tyr)-Leu via solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent ruthenium-mediated uronium deoxyfluorination with fluorine-18 followed by deprotection, accomplished within 7 d (116-min radiosynthesis). Both radiolabeling methods are highly chemoselective and have conveniently been automated using commercially available radiosynthesis equipment so that the procedures described can be employed for the synthesis of peptide-based PET probes for in vivo imaging studies according to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Halder
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gaoyuan Ma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Strateos Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - James W McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roland Petzold
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Constanze N Neumann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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11
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Kirkeby EK, Schwartz ZT, Lovasz MA, Roberts AG. Deaminative ring contraction for the synthesis of polycyclic heteroaromatics: a concise total synthesis of toddaquinoline. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10508-10514. [PMID: 37800000 PMCID: PMC10548534 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03936f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A concise strategy to prepare polycyclic heteroaromatics involving a deaminative contraction cascade is detailed. The efficient deaminative ring contraction involves the in situ methylation of a biaryl-linked dihydroazepine to form a cyclic ammonium cation that undergoes a base-induced [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement/dehydroamination sequence. The presence of pseudosymmetry guides the retrosynthetic analysis of pyridyl-containing polycyclic heteroaromatics, enabling their construction by the reductive cyclization and deaminative contraction of tertiary amine precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Kirkeby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Zachary T Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Myles A Lovasz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Andrew G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
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12
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Duan S, Zhang X, Li X, Chi Z, Xie Z. Total Synthesis of Guajavadimer A via Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Cascade Double Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2023; 25:6987-6992. [PMID: 37725076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of guajavadimer A, a dimeric caryophyllene-derived meroterpenoid featuring an unprecedented 4-9-6-6-6-9-4-fused ring system, is reported. Key to the approach is the construction of the pyrano[4,3,2-de]chromene core via a cascade of double hetero-Diels-Alder reactions. Practically, a 4-substituted-2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal serves as an effective surrogate for ortho-quinone methide, which is generated from the corresponding aldehyde and trimethyl orthoformate, with β-caryophyllene undergoing cycloaddition to generate pyrano[4,3,2-de]chromene derivatives with excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in one pot under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiangxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhiyong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhixiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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13
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Rej RK, Thomas JE, Acharyya RK, Rae JM, Wang S. Targeting the Estrogen Receptor for the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Recent Advances and Challenges. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37377342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a well-established therapeutic target for the treatment of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancers. Despite the tremendous successes achieved with tamoxifen, a selective ER modulator, and aromatase inhibitors (AIs), resistance to these therapies is a major clinical problem. Therefore, induced protein degradation and covalent inhibition have been pursued as new therapeutic approaches to target ERα. This Perspective summarizes recent progress in the discovery and development of oral selective ER degraders (SERDs), complete estrogen receptor antagonists (CERANs), selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonists (SERCAs), and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) ER degraders. We focus on those compounds which have been advanced into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kalyan Rej
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Junius Eugene Thomas
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ranjan Kumar Acharyya
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James Michael Rae
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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14
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Al-Joumhawy MK, Chang JC, Sabzi F, Gabel D. Facile Attachment of Halides and Pseudohalides to Dodecaborate(2-) via Pd-catalyzed Cross-Coupling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073245. [PMID: 37050008 PMCID: PMC10096879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions with [B12H11I]2− as one partner have been used successfully for Kumada and Buchwald Hartwig couplings with Pd catalysis. Here, we found that the iodide could be substituted easily, and unexpectedly, with other halides such as Br and Cl, and with pseudohalides such as cyanide, azide, and isocyanate. We found that for Cl, Br, N3, and NCO, tetrabutylammonium salts—or sodium salts—were successful halide sources, whereas for cyanide, CuCN was the only halide source that allowed a successful exchange. The azide could be reacted further in a click reaction with triazoles. While no substitution with fluoride occurred, tetrabutylammonium fluoride in the presence of water led to [B12H11OH]2−. Yields were high to very high, and reaction times were short when using a microwave oven as a heating source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jui-Chi Chang
- School of Science, Constructor University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Fariba Sabzi
- School of Science, Constructor University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Detlef Gabel
- School of Science, Constructor University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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15
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Duff L, Meakin H, Richardson A, Greener AJ, Smith GWA, Ocaña I, Chechik V, James MJ. Denitrative Hydroxylation of Unactivated Nitroarenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203807. [PMID: 36594445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A one-step method for the conversion of nitroarenes into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. This denitrative functionalization protocol provides a concise and economical alternative to conventional three-step synthetic sequences. Experimental and computational studies suggest that nitroarenes may be substituted by an electron-catalysed radical-nucleophilic substitution (SRN 1) chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Harry Meakin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - George W A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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16
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Baldwin A, Cabral S, Jones KN, Kohrt JT, Limberakis C, Liu Y, Magano J, Monfette S, Nematalla A, Ovaska S, Piotrowski DW, Piper JL, Raggon JW, Thuma BA, Wei L. Route Optimization of the Non-covalent Modulator of Hemoglobin PF-07059013 for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease, Part I: From Discovery Synthesis to First Kilogram-Scale Manufacture. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Baldwin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kris N. Jones
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kohrt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Javier Magano
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Asaad Nematalla
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sami Ovaska
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David W. Piotrowski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jared L. Piper
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Raggon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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17
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Chen G, Xu B. Hydrogen Bond Donor and Unbalanced Ion Pair Promoter-Assisted Gold-Catalyzed Carbon–Oxygen Cross-Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Iodides with Alcohols. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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18
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Choi SJ, Kim SH. Bench-stable oxidant sodium percarbonate for functional group transformation of arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Xiong W, Shi Q, Liu WH. Simple and Practical Conversion of Benzoic Acids to Phenols at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15894-15902. [PMID: 35997485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are important organic molecules because they have found widespread applications in many fields. Herein, an efficient and practical approach to prepare phenols from benzoic acids via simple organic reagents at room temperature is reported. This approach is compatible with various functional groups and heterocycles and can be easily scaled up. To demonstrate its synthetic utility, bioactive molecules and unsymmetrical hexaarylbenzenes have been prepared by leveraging this transformation as strategic steps. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the key migration step involves a free carbocation instead of a radical intermediate. Considering the abundance of benzoic acids and the utility of phenols, it is anticipated that this method will find broad applications in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiu Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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20
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Shi L, Zheng L, Ning S, Gao Q, Sun C, Zhang Z, Xiang J. Electrooxidative Dearomatization of Inactive Biphenyls to Cyclohexadienones. Org Lett 2022; 24:5782-5786. [PMID: 35914177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient electrooxidative dearomatization of inactive biphenyls has been developed under mild and easy-to-operate conditions. The protocol provides a powerful tool for the rapid synthesis of cyclohexadienones in moderate to high yields with wide substrate scope and good functional group compatibility even to oxidation-sensitive motifs. This method provides an environment-friendly and direct approach for the construction of C-O bonds with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shi
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Lianyou Zheng
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Ning
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qiansong Gao
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Sun
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqi Zhang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xiang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
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21
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Dwarakanath D, Gaonkar SL. Advances in Synthetic Strategies and Medicinal Importance of Benzofurans: A Review. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Dwarakanath
- Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education 576104 Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Santosh L. Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education 576104 Manipal Karnataka India
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22
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Katagiri K, Kuriyama M, Yamamoto K, Demizu Y, Onomura O. Organocatalytic Synthesis of Phenols from Diaryliodonium Salts with Water under Metal-Free Conditions. Org Lett 2022; 24:5149-5154. [PMID: 35822911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metal-free synthesis of phenols from diaryliodonium salts with water was developed by using N-benzylpyridin-2-one as an organocatalyst. In this process, sterically congested, functionalized, and heterocycle-containing iodonium salts were smoothly converted to the desired products, and the clofibrate and mecloqualone derivatives were also synthesized in high yields. In addition, the gram-scale experiment was successfully carried out with 10 mmol of a sterically congested substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotone Katagiri
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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23
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Sharma M, Adhikari B, Awoyemi RF, Perkins AM, Duckworth AK, Donnadieu B, Wipf DO, Stokes SL, Emerson JP. Copper(II) NHC Catalyst for the Formation of Phenol from Arylboronic Acid. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 4:560-575. [PMID: 38031556 PMCID: PMC10686634 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Arylboronic acids are commonly used in modern organic chemistry to form new C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. These activated organic synthons show reactivity with heteroatoms in a range of substrates under ambient oxidative conditions. This broad reactivity has limited their use in protic, renewable solvents like water, ethanol, and methanol. Here, we report our efforts to study and optimize the activation of arylboronic acids by a copper(II) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex in aqueous solution and in a range of alcohols to generate phenol and aryl ethers, respectively. The optimized reactivity showcases the ability to make targeted C-O bonds, but also identifies conditions where water and alcohol activation could be limiting for C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. This copper(II) complex shows strong reactivity toward arylboronic acid activation in aqueous medium at ambient temperature. The relationship between product formation and temperature and catalyst loading are described. Additionally, the effects of buffer, pH, base, and co-solvent are explored with respect to phenol and ether generation reactions. Characterization of the new copper(II) NCN-pincer complex by X-ray crystallography, HR-MS, cyclic voltammetry, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectral studies is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Bhupendra Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Raymond Femi Awoyemi
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Amanda M. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Alison K. Duckworth
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - David O. Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Sean L. Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
| | - Joseph P. Emerson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9573, USA
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24
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Peng D, Zhang Y, Liu XQ, Shang H, Lin G, Jin HY, Liu XF, He R, Shang YH, Xu YH, Luo SP. Highly active and reusable copper phthalocyanine derivatives catalyzed the hydroxylation of (hetero)aryl halides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Jin Choi S, Lee YG, Sang Shin U, Kim SH. Carbocatalyst-promoted oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Le Vaillant F, Mateos Calbet A, González-Pelayo S, Reijerse EJ, Ni S, Busch J, Cornella J. Catalytic synthesis of phenols with nitrous oxide. Nature 2022; 604:677-683. [PMID: 35478236 PMCID: PMC9046086 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic chemical processes that enable the revalorization of nitrous oxide (N2O) is an attractive strategy to alleviate the environmental threat posed by its emissions1–6. Traditionally, N2O has been considered an inert molecule, intractable for organic chemists as an oxidant or O-atom transfer reagent, owing to the harsh conditions required for its activation (>150 °C, 50‒200 bar)7–11. Here we report an insertion of N2O into a Ni‒C bond under mild conditions (room temperature, 1.5–2 bar N2O), thus delivering valuable phenols and releasing benign N2. This fundamentally distinct organometallic C‒O bond-forming step differs from the current strategies based on reductive elimination and enables an alternative catalytic approach for the conversion of aryl halides to phenols. The process was rendered catalytic by means of a bipyridine-based ligands for the Ni centre. The method is robust, mild and highly selective, able to accommodate base-sensitive functionalities as well as permitting phenol synthesis from densely functionalized aryl halides. Although this protocol does not provide a solution to the mitigation of N2O emissions, it represents a reactivity blueprint for the mild revalorization of abundant N2O as an O source. A study demonstrates that nitrous oxide can act as the source of O in a catalytic conversion of aryl halides to phenols, releasing N2 as by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Mateos Calbet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Shengyang Ni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Julia Busch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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27
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Wu Y, Hu C, Wang T, Eberle L, Hashmi ASK. Gold‐Catalyzed Reaction of Anthranils with Alkynyl Sulfones for the Regioselective Formation of 3‐Hydroxyquinolines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lukas Eberle
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University (KAU) 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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28
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Linde E, Bulfield D, Kervefors G, Purkait N, Olofsson B. Diarylation of N- and O-nucleophiles through a metal-free cascade reaction. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Hetero-Type Benzannulation Leading to Substituted Benzothio-Phenes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227008. [PMID: 34834100 PMCID: PMC8620883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TiCl4 (or SnCl4)-promoted hetero-type benzannulation reactions using various (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)(thiophen-2-yl)methanols proceeded smoothly to produce uniquely substituted 4-chlorobenzothiophenes (five examples). The present approach involves the first distinctive thiophene formation from thiophene cores, in contrast to traditional methods of thiophene formation from benzene cores. The stereocongested (less reactive) Cl position in the obtained 4-chlorobenzothiophenes functioned successfully as the partners of three cross-coupling reactions: (i) a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings using Pd(OAc)2/SPhos/K3PO4 catalysis (seven examples; 63–91%), (ii) a hydroxylation using KOH/Pd(dba)2/tBu-XPhos catalysis (85%), and (iii) a borylation using a B2(pin)2/Pd(dba)2/XPhos/NaOAc catalysis-provided 4-(pin)B-benzothiophene (58%).
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30
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Greener AJ, Ubysz P, Owens-Ward W, Smith G, Ocaña I, Whitwood AC, Chechik V, James MJ. Radical-anion coupling through reagent design: hydroxylation of aryl halides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14641-14646. [PMID: 34881017 PMCID: PMC8580057 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and development of an oxime-based hydroxylation reagent, which can chemoselectively convert aryl halides (X = F, Cl, Br, I) into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. Key to the success of this approach was the identification of a reducing oxime anion which can interact and couple with open-shell aryl radicals. Experimental and computational studies support the proposed radical-nucleophilic substitution chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Patrycja Ubysz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Will Owens-Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - George Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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31
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Li F, Renata H. A Chiral-Pool-Based Strategy to Access trans-syn-Fused Drimane Meroterpenoids: Chemoenzymatic Total Syntheses of Polysin, N-Acetyl-polyveoline and the Chrodrimanins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18280-18286. [PMID: 34670085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
trans-syn-Fused drimane meroterpenoids are unique natural products that arise from contra-thermodynamic polycyclizations of their polyene precursors. Herein we report the first total syntheses of four trans-syn-fused drimane meroterpenoids, namely polysin, N-acetyl-polyveoline, chrodrimanin C, and verruculide A, in 7-18 steps from sclareolide. The trans-syn-fused drimane unit is accessed through an efficient acid-mediated C9 epimerization of sclareolide. Subsequent applications of enzymatic C-H oxidation and contemporary annulation methodologies install the requisite C3 hydroxyl group and enable rapid generation of structural complexity to provide concise access to these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhuo Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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32
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Su W, Xu P, Ritter T. Decarboxylative Hydroxylation of Benzoic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24012-24017. [PMID: 34464007 PMCID: PMC8596882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first decarboxylative hydroxylation to synthesize phenols from benzoic acids at 35 °C via photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT)-enabled radical decarboxylative carbometalation. The aromatic decarboxylative hydroxylation is synthetically promising due to its mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and late-stage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Su
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Su
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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34
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Zhang C, Hu W, Lovinger GJ, Jin J, Chen J, Morken JP. Enantiomerically Enriched α-Borylzinc Reagents by Nickel-Catalyzed Carbozincation of Vinylboronic Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14189-14195. [PMID: 34425672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper is described a synthesis of enantiomerically enriched, configurationally stable organozinc reagents by catalytic enantioselective carbozincation of a vinylboronic ester. This process furnishes enantiomerically enriched α-borylzinc intermediates that are shown to undergo stereospecific reactions, producing enantioenriched secondary boronic ester products. The properties of the intermediate α-borylzinc reagent are probed and the synthetic utility of the products is demonstrated by application to the synthesis of (-)-aphanorphine and (-)-enterolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Gabriel J Lovinger
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jingjia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - James P Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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35
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Kang Q, Lin Y, Li Y, Xu L, Li K, Shi H. Catalytic S
N
Ar Hydroxylation and Alkoxylation of Aryl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Kai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yuntong Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Lun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
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36
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An efficient Ti0.95Cu0.05O1.95 catalyst for ipso – hydroxylation of arylboronic acid and reduction of 4-nitrophenol. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Xue D, Yang L. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Hydroxylation Reaction of Aryl Halide for the Synthesis of Phenols. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1608-5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPhenols are important components of pharmaceuticals, biologically active natural products, and materials. Here, we briefly discuss recent advances in catalytic hydroxylation reactions for the synthesis of phenols, with particular attention to our recent work. H2O is proved to be an efficient hydroxide reagent in converting (hetero)aryl halides into the corresponding phenols under synergistic organophotoredox and nickel catalysis. Aryl bromides as well as less reactive aryl chlorides show high reactivity in this catalytic system. This methodology can be applied to the efficient synthesis of diverse phenols and allows the hydroxylation of multifunctional pharmaceutically relevant aryl halides.1 Introduction2 Representative Methods for Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Hydroxylation of (Hetero)Aryl Halides3 Organophotoredox/Ni Dual Catalytic Hydroxylation of Aryl Halides with Water4 Summary and Outlook
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38
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Kang QK, Lin Y, Li Y, Xu L, Li K, Shi H. Catalytic S N Ar Hydroxylation and Alkoxylation of Aryl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20391-20399. [PMID: 34263536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SN Ar) is a powerful strategy for incorporating a heteroatom into an aromatic ring by displacement of a leaving group with a nucleophile, but this method is limited to electron-deficient arenes. We have now established a reliable method for accessing phenols and phenyl alkyl ethers via catalytic SN Ar reactions. The method is applicable to a broad array of electron-rich and neutral aryl fluorides, which are inert under classical SN Ar conditions. Although the mechanism of SN Ar reactions involving metal arene complexes is hypothesized to involve a stepwise pathway (addition followed by elimination), experimental data that support this hypothesis is still under exploration. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations suggest either a stepwise or stepwise-like energy profile. Notably, we isolated a rhodium η5 -cyclohexadienyl complex intermediate with an sp3 -hybridized carbon bearing both a nucleophile and a leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Kai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuntong Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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39
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Xu H, Yamaguchi S, Mitsudome T, Mizugaki T. A copper nitride catalyst for the efficient hydroxylation of aryl halides under ligand-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6593-6597. [PMID: 34019611 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper nitride (Cu3N) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the hydroxylation of aryl halides under ligand-free conditions. The cubic Cu3N nanoparticles showed high catalytic activity, comparable to those of conventional Cu catalysts with nitrogen ligands, demonstrating that the nitrogen atoms in Cu3N act as functional ligands that promote hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Takato Mitsudome
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Tomoo Mizugaki
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan. and Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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40
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Hao L, Auni A, Ding G, Li X, Xu H, Li T, Zhang Q. Selective hydroxylation of aryl iodides to produce phenols under mild conditions using a supported copper catalyst. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25348-25353. [PMID: 35478897 PMCID: PMC9036948 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the high activity and low-cost, copper-based catalysts are promising candidates for transforming aromatic halides to yield phenols. In this work, we report the selective hydroxylation of aromatic iodides to produce phenols using an atomically dispersed copper catalyst (Cu–ZnO–ZrO2) under mild reaction conditions. The reactions were conducted without the use of additional organic ligands, and the protection of an inert atmosphere environment is not required. The catalyst can be easily prepared, scalable, and is very efficient for a wide range of substrates. The catalytic reactions can be carried out with only 1.24 mol% Cu loading, which shows great potential in mass production. Atomically dispersed Cu catalyst was designed for highly efficient hydroxylation of aryl iodides under mild conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiduan Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA
| | - Anika Auni
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA .,X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA .,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA
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41
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Wang C, Du T, Deng Y, Yao J, Li R, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Wei H, Dang Y, Li R, Geng Y. High-yield and sustainable synthesis of quinoidal compounds assisted by keto-enol tautomerism. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9366-9371. [PMID: 34349908 PMCID: PMC8278874 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical synthesis of quinoids, which involves Takahashi coupling and subsequent oxidation, often gives only low to medium yields. Herein, we disclose the keto–enol-tautomerism-assisted spontaneous air oxidation of the coupling products to quinoids. This allows for the synthesis of various indandione-terminated quinoids in high isolated yields (85–95%). The origin of the high yield and the mechanism of the spontaneous air oxidation were ascertained by experiments and theoretical calculations. All the quinoidal compounds displayed unipolar n-type transport behavior, and single crystal field-effect transistors based on the micro-wires of a representative quinoid delivered an electron mobility of up to 0.53 cm2 V−1 s−1, showing the potential of this type of quinoid as an organic semiconductor. Facilitated by the highly efficient Pd-catalyzed coupling and keto–enol-tautomerism-assisted spontaneous air oxidation, various indandione-terminated quinoidal compounds have been synthesized in isolated yields up to 95%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiarong Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Riqing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xuxia Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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42
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Ferrocenylimine Palladium (II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions are essential synthetic tools for synthesizing polymers, natural products, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, new catalysts that function with greater efficiency and functional group tolerance are being researched. We have prepared new ferrocenylimine monodentate N and P donor ligands and N^N and N^P bidentate chelating ligands (L1 to L4) employed in stabilizing palladium ions for application in Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The ferrocenylimine ligands were successfully synthesized by Schiff base condensation reactions of acetyl ferrocene with hydrazine monohydrate to afford ferrocenyl hydrazone (L1). Ligand L1 was further treated with aldehydes to give ferrocenyl(2-diphenylphosphino)imine (L3) and ferrocenyl(pyridyl)imine (L3), while phosphination of L1 with chlorodiphenylphosphine afforded L2. The ligands were used to prepare new palladium(II) complexes (C1 to C4) by complexation with [PdCl2(MeCN)2]. All the ligands and complexes were fully characterized using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The complexes (C1 to C4) were tested for efficacies in catalyzing Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura C-C cross-coupling reactions and proved to be suitable catalyst precursors. Ferrocenyl(2-diphenylphosphine)imino and ferrocenyl-methyl hydrazone palladium(II) complexes C2 and C3 showed the best activities at TONs of up to 201. The ferrocenyl palladium(II) (pre)catalysts demonstrated moderate activity in Mizoroki-Heck reactions involving substrates with substituents on the olefin and aryl halide (including 4-Cl, 4-CH3, -CO2Me and -CO2Et). Density Functional Theory was used to study the mechanism of the Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions and have led to confirmation of the widely accepted catalytic cycle. Catalyst precursors (C1 to C4) also displayed good activity and selectivity in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, at 0.5 mol% catalyst loading, with good tolerance to functional groups present on the aryl halide and boronic acid substrates (such as 4-Cl, 4-CHO, 4-COOH, 3-NO2, 3,5-dimethoxy and 4-CH3).
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43
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Dandia A, Sharma R, Saini P, Badgoti RS, Rathore KS, Parewa V. The graphite-catalyzed ipso-functionalization of arylboronic acids in an aqueous medium: metal-free access to phenols, anilines, nitroarenes, and haloarenes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18040-18049. [PMID: 35480165 PMCID: PMC9033238 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01940f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient, metal-free, and sustainable strategy has been described for the ipso-functionalization of phenylboronic acids using air as an oxidant in an aqueous medium. A range of carbon materials has been tested as carbocatalysts. To our surprise, graphite was found to be the best catalyst in terms of the turnover frequency. A broad range of valuable substituted aromatic compounds, i.e., phenols, anilines, nitroarenes, and haloarenes, has been prepared via the functionalization of the C-B bond into C-N, C-O, and many other C-X bonds. The vital role of the aromatic π-conjugation system of graphite in this protocol has been established and was observed via numerous analytic techniques. The heterogeneous nature of graphite facilitates the high recyclability of the carbocatalyst. This effective and easy system provides a multipurpose approach for the production of valuable substituted aromatic compounds without using any metals, ligands, bases, or harsh oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Dandia
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Pratibha Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Ranveer Singh Badgoti
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Kuldeep S Rathore
- Department of Physics, Arya College of Engineering and IT Jaipur India
| | - Vijay Parewa
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
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44
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Tsubogo T, Okamura F, Omori A, Uchiro H. An Efficient and Short Total Synthesis of (−)‐Heliannuol A by Intramolecular Ullmann C−O Coupling for the Construction of an Eight‐Membered Ether Ring. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Tsubogo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Division of Fusion of Regenerative Medicine with DDS Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST) Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Current address: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu Hokkaido 0610-293 Japan
| | - Fumiya Okamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Akiho Omori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Hiromi Uchiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Division of Fusion of Regenerative Medicine with DDS Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST) Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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45
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Hu L, Dietl MC, Han C, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Au-Ag Bimetallic Catalysis: 3-Alkynyl Benzofurans from Phenols via Tandem C-H Alkynylation/Oxy-Alkynylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10637-10642. [PMID: 33617065 PMCID: PMC8252013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new methodologies enabling a facile access to valuable heterocyclic frameworks still is an important subject of research. In this context, we describe a dual catalytic cycle merging C-H alkynylation of phenols and oxy-alkynylation of the newly introduced triple bond by using a unique redox property and the carbophilic π acidity of gold. Mechanistic studies support the participation of a bimetallic gold-silver species. The one-pot protocol offers a direct, simple, and regio-specific approach to 3-alkynyl benzofurans from readily available phenols. A broad range of substrates, including heterocycles, is transferred with excellent functional group tolerance. Thus, this methodology can be used for the late-stage incorporation of benzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm NeuenheimerFeld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Martin C. Dietl
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm NeuenheimerFeld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Chunyu Han
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm NeuenheimerFeld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm NeuenheimerFeld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm NeuenheimerFeld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm NeuenheimerFeld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University (KAU)21589JeddahSaudi Arabia
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46
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Zhang N, Ma W, Li J, Liu Y, Zeng M. Solvent‐Free Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Phosphines and Aryl Chlorides via C−H Activation: An Efficient and Straight Access to Aryl‐Substituted Biarylphosphines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni‐Juan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Tao Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Wei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Yue‐Jin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Hua Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University 541004 Guilin P. R. China
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Wang L, Tang P, Li M, Li J, Liu Y, Zeng M. Double Ligands Enabled Ruthenium Catalyzed
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‐C−H Arylation of Dialkyl Biarylphosphines: Straight and Economic Synthesis of Highly Steric and Electron‐Rich Aryl‐Substituted Buchwald‐Type Phosphines. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang‐Neng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan‐Ting Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia‐Wei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue‐Jin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming‐Hua Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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48
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Hu L, Dietl MC, Han C, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Au‐Ag‐Bimetallkatalyse: 3‐Alkinylbenzofurane aus Phenolen durch Tandem‐C‐H‐Alkinylierung/Oxyalkinylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im NeuenheimerFeld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Martin C. Dietl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im NeuenheimerFeld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Chunyu Han
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im NeuenheimerFeld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im NeuenheimerFeld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im NeuenheimerFeld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im NeuenheimerFeld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University (KAU) 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabien
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Sahoo PK, Zhang Y, Das S. CO 2-Promoted Reactions: An Emerging Concept for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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