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Wei J, Pham T, Attah EI, Liu M, Yaroshuk T, Chen H, Wojtas L, Shi X. Gold-Catalyzed Diyne-Ene Annulation for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzenes through Formal [3+3] Approach with Amide as the Critical Co-Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407360. [PMID: 38973064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The one-step synthesis of tetra-substituted benzenes was accomplished via gold-catalyzed diyne-ene annulation. Distinguished from prior modification methods, this novel strategy undergoes formal [3+3] cyclization, producing polysubstituted benzenes with exceptional efficiency. The critical factor enabling this transformation was the introduction of amides, which were reported for the first time in gold catalysis as covalent nucleophilic co-catalysts. This interesting protocol not only offers a new strategy to achieve functional benzenes with high efficiency, but also enlightens potential new reaction pathways within gold-catalyzed alkyne activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Thong Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Emmanuel Ifeanyi Attah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Mengjia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Timothy Yaroshuk
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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2
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Hasegawa S, Harano K, Motokura K. RhRu Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Catalysts for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Arenes and Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19059-19069. [PMID: 38842195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters are promising novel catalysts. In this study, we developed carbon-supported RhRu bimetallic oxide clusters (RhRuOx/C) with a mean diameter of 1.2 nm, which showed remarkable catalytic activity for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of arenes and carboxylic acids with O2 as the sole oxidant. RhRu bimetallic oxide cluster formation was confirmed by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Kinetic isotope and substituent effects indicated that arene C-H bond cleavage was the rate-determining step and proceeded via electrophilic concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism, with a carboxylate as an internal base. Density functional theory calculations supported the proposed mechanism and indicated that the active center for C-H bond activation was Rh(V) rather than Rh(III), while Ru enhanced the electrophilicity of the Rh(V) site by decreasing the negative charge of the surrounding oxygen atoms. Electron-rich arenes showed relatively high reactivity for the RhRuOx/C-catalyzed CDC reaction, and both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids were applicable to the reaction. The RhRuOx/C catalyst is promising for the CDC reaction of arenes and carboxylic acids to produce aryl esters. This work promotes the development of noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters for C-H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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3
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Ma J, Qi S, Yan G, Kirillov AM, Yang L, Fang R. DFT Study on the Mechanisms and Selectivities in Rh (III)-Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of 2-Alkenylanilides and 2-Alkylphenols with Allenyl Acetates. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8562-8577. [PMID: 38847049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms and regio-, chemo-, and stereoselectivity were theoretically investigated in the Rh(III)-catalyzed [5 + 1] annulation of 2-alkenylanilides and 2-alkylphenols with allenyl acetates. Two different reactants, 2-alkenylanilides and 2-alkylphenols, were selected as model systems in the density functional theory calculations. The obtained theoretical results show that both these reactants exhibit similar steps, namely, (1) N-H/O-H deprotonation and C-H activation, (2) allenyl acetate migratory insertion, (3) β-oxygen elimination, (4) intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the nitrogen/oxygen-rhodium bond resulting in [5 + 1]-annulation, and (5) protonation with the formation of the desired product and regeneration of the Rh(III) catalyst. The theoretical evidence suggests that the selectivity is determined at the step of allenyl acetate's migratory insertion. Moreover, the regioselectivity is driven by electronic effects, while the interaction energies (C-H···π and C-H···O interactions) play a more imperative role in controlling the stereoselectivity. The obtained theoretical results not only well rationalize the experimental observations but also provide important mechanistic insights for related types of [5 + 1]-annulation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Simeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Alexander M Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Lizi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ran Fang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
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4
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Alves EHS, Oliveira DAS, Braga AAC. Palladium(II)-catalyzed annulation of N-methoxy amides and arynes: computational mechanistic insights and substituents effects. J Mol Model 2024; 30:152. [PMID: 38687370 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The combined use of transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation with aryne annulation reactions has emerged as an important strategy in organic synthesis. In this study, the mechanisms of the palladium(II)-catalyzed annulation reaction of N-methoxy amides and arynes were computationally investigated by density functional theory. The role of methoxy amide as a directing group was elucidated through the calculation of three different pathways for the C-H activation step, showing that the pathway where amide nitrogen acts as a directing group is preferable. At the reductive elimination transition state, an unstable seven-membered ring is formed preventing the lactam formation. A substituent effect study based on an NBO analysis, Hammet, and using a More O'Ferall-Jenks plot indicates that the C-H activation step proceeds via an electrophilic concerted metalation-deprotonation (eCMD) mechanism. The results show that electron-withdrawing groups increase the activation barrier and contribute to an early Pd-C bond formation and a late C-H bond breaking when compared with electron-donating substituents. Our computational results are in agreement with the experimental data provided in the literature. METHODS All calculations were performed using Gaussian 16 software. Geometry optimizations, frequency analyses at 393.15 K, and IRC calculations were conducted at the M06L/Def2-SVP level of theory. Corrected electronic energies, NBO charges, and Wiberg bond indexes were computed at the M06L/Def2-TZVP//M06L/Def2-SVP level of theory. Implicit solvent effects were considered in all calculations using the SMD model, with acetonitrile employed as the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick H S Alves
- Departament of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel A S Oliveira
- Departament of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ataualpa A C Braga
- Departament of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Vampugani NMR, Shelke AB, Singh PB, Ahmad A, Kapat A. Regioselective Synthesis of the Tetrahydrocarbazole Core of Akuammiline Alkaloids via Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylation Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4461-4466. [PMID: 38527008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocarbazole is the central core for several biologically active alkaloids, and regioselective synthesis of this core is a challenging task. Herein, we report an efficient strategy for the synthesis of this core involving palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation reaction with excellent regioselectivity (>99%) starting from N-phenyl-bromoalkene without having any relocation of double bonds via competitive palladium-catalyzed isomerization reaction. Broad functional group tolerance and exclusive regioselectivity have been observed for meta-substituted halide substrates. Furthermore, this reaction can be scalable on the gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga M R Vampugani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University) Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Ajay B Shelke
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University) Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Prashant B Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University) Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Asrar Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University) Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Ajoy Kapat
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University) Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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6
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Yang XX, Wu MY, Wang SQ, Yang SD. Eight-Membered Palladacycle Intermediate Enabled Synthesis of Cyclic Biarylphosphonates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302416. [PMID: 37792811 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions that involve the direct functionalization of insert C-H bond represent one of the most efficient strategies for forming carbon-carbon bonds. Herein, a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H bond arylation of triaryl phosphates is reported to access seven-membered cyclic biarylphosphonate targets. The reaction is achieved via a unique eight-membered palladacyclic intermediate and shows good functional group compatibility. Meanwhile, the product can be readily converted into other valuable phosphate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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7
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Ibáñez-Ibáñez L, Mollar-Cuni A, Apaloo-Messan E, Sharma AK, Mata JA, Maseras F, Vicent C. Ion mobility mass spectrometry uncovers regioselectivity in the carboxylate-assisted C-H activation of palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:656-665. [PMID: 38073605 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02793g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylate-assisted Pd-catalyzed C-H bond activation constitutes a mild and versatile synthetic tool to efficiently and selectively cleave inert C-H bonds. Herein, we demonstrate a simple method to experimentally evaluate both reactivity and selectivity in such systems using mass spectrometry (MS) methods. The N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) cations [(NHC)PdX]+, bearing as X- ligand bases commonly used to promote the C-H activation (carboxylates and bicarbonate), are generated in the gas-phase by ESI-MS. Their C-H bond activation at the N-bound groups of the NHC is then studied using Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IM)-MS is exploited to identify a number of regioisomers associated with the distinctive site selective C-H activations. It is demonstrated that such C-H activation concomitant with acetic acid release occurs from a mixture of activated [(NHC-H)Pd(CH3CO2H)]+ and non-activated [(NHC)Pd(CH3CO2)]+ complexes. The identity of the X-type ligands (X = Cl-, carboxylates and bicarbonate) has a significant impact on the regioisomer branching ratio upon CID conditions. IM-MS in conjunction with a DFT mechanistic study is presented for the acetate-assisted C-H activation of the [(NHC)Pd(CH3CO2)]+ cation featuring butyl and aryl as N-donor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibáñez-Ibáñez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Andres Mollar-Cuni
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Edmond Apaloo-Messan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Jose A Mata
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Cristian Vicent
- Serveis Centrals d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC). Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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8
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Guo Y, Liu S, Shen X. Carbonyl Olefin Metathesis and Dehydrogenative Cyclization of Aromatic Ketones and gem-Difluoroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202315269. [PMID: 38065839 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The beauty of one-pot cascade reaction lies in the efficient disconnection and construction of several bonds in a single reaction flask, without the isolation of any intermediates. Herein, we report the first photoinduced thermally promoted cascade reactions of readily available aromatic ketones and aromatic gem-difluoroalkenes for the synthesis of phenanthrenes which possess potential utility in drug design and materials science. The reaction combines carbonyl-olefin metathesis (cascade photoinduced [2+2] cyclization and thermally controlled retro [2+2] cyclization) and dehydrogenative cyclization (cascade photoinduced conrotatory 6π electrocyclization and collidine-promoted dehydrogenative aromatization) together in one pot. The oxidant-free, acid-free and metal-free reaction shows broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Youyuan Guo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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9
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Yamada KE, Stepek IA, Matsuoka W, Ito H, Itami K. Synthesis of Heptagon-Containing Polyarenes by Catalytic C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311770. [PMID: 37902441 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarbons incorporating non-hexagonal aromatic rings - such as five-, seven-, and eight-membered rings - have various intriguing physical properties such as curved structures, unique one-dimensional packing, and promising magnetic, optical, and conductivity properties. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic approach to polycyclic aromatics containing seven-membered rings via a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Ar-H/Ar-Br coupling. In addition to all-hydrocarbon scaffolds, heteroatom-embedded heptagon-containing polyarenes can be efficiently constructed with this method. Rhodium- and palladium-catalyzed sequential six- and seven-membered ring formations also afford complex heptagon-containing molecular nanocarbons from readily available arylacetylenes and biphenyl boronic acids. Detailed mechanistic analysis by DFT calculations showed the feasibility of seven-membered ring formation by a concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism. This reaction can serve as a template for the synthesis of a wide range of seven-membered ring-containing molecular nanocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo E Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Iain A Stepek
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Wheatley M, Zuccarello M, Tsitopoulou M, Macgregor SA, Baudoin O. Effect of α-Substitution on the Reactivity of C(sp 3)-H Bonds in Pd 0-Catalyzed C-H Arylation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:12563-12570. [PMID: 37822862 PMCID: PMC10563019 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We report mechanistic studies on the reactivity of different α-substituted C(sp3)-H bonds, -CHnR (R = H, Me, CO2Me, CONMe2, OMe, and Ph, as well as the cyclopropyl and isopropyl derivatives -CH(CH2)2 and -CHMe2) in the context of Pd0-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation. Primary kinetic isotope effects, kH/kD, were determined experimentally for R = H (3.2) and Me (3.5), and these, along with the determination of reaction orders and computational studies, indicate rate-limiting C-H activation for all substituents except when R = CO2Me. This last result was confirmed experimentally (kH/kD ∼ 1). A reactivity scale for C(sp3)-H activation was then determined: CH2CO2Me > CH(CH2)2 ≥ CH2CONMe2 > CH3 ≫ CH2Ph > CH2Me > CH2OMe ≫ CHMe2. C-H activation involves AMLA/CMD transition states featuring intramolecular O → H-C H-bonding assisted by C-H → Pd agostic bonding. The "AMLA coefficient", χ, is introduced to quantify the energies associated with these interactions via natural bond orbital 2nd order perturbation theory analysis. Higher barriers correlate with lower χ values, which in turn signal a greater agostic interaction in the transition state. We believe that this reactivity scale and the underlying factors that determine this will be of use for future studies in transition-metal-catalyzed C(sp3)-H activation proceeding via the AMLA/CMD mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wheatley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Zuccarello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Tsitopoulou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Zhong C, Liu M, Qiu X, Wei H, Cui B, Shi Y, Cao C. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aryl Methyl Sulfides with Aryl Bromides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13418-13426. [PMID: 37752001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl methyl sulfides with aryl bromides has been developed to access biaryls in yields of up to 86%. The reactions proceeded well using Ni(COD)2 as catalyst with the ligand BINAP (2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1'-binaphthalene) in the presence of magnesium. The method has a broad scope of substrates and is scalable. The wide availability of commercially available aryl bromides and the absence of preparation and preparation of organometallic reagents make the reaction of high application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Mengna Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xianchao Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hao Wei
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Benqiang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yanhui Shi
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Changsheng Cao
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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12
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Huo J, Fu Y, Tang MJ, Liu P, Dong G. Escape from Palladium: Nickel-Catalyzed Catellani Annulation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11005-11011. [PMID: 37184338 PMCID: PMC10973944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While Catellani reactions have become increasingly important for arene functionalizations, they have been solely catalyzed by palladium. Here we report the first nickel-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation of aryl triflates and chlorides to form various benzocyclobutene-fused norbornanes in high efficiency. Mechanistic studies reveal a surprising outer-sphere concerted metalation/deprotonation pathway during the formation of the nickelacycle, as well as the essential roles of the base and the triflate anion. The reaction shows a broad functional group tolerance and enhanced regioselectivity compared to the corresponding palladium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Melody J. Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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13
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Piszel PE, Orzolek BJ, Olszewski AK, Rotella ME, Spiewak AM, Kozlowski MC, Weix DJ. Protodemetalation of (Bipyridyl)Ni(II)-Aryl Complexes Shows Evidence for Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Cyclic Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10.1021/jacs.3c00618. [PMID: 37026854 PMCID: PMC10558627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Protonation of C-M bonds and its microscopic reverse, metalation of C-H bonds, are fundamental steps in a variety of metal-catalyzed processes. As such, studies on protonation of C-M bonds can shed light on C-H activation. We present here studies on the rate of protodemetalation (PDM) of a suite of arylnickel(II) complexes with various acids that provide evidence for a concerted, cyclic transition state for the PDM of C-Ni bonds and demonstrate that five-, six-, and seven-membered transition states are particularly favorable. Our data show that while the rate of protodemetalation of arylnickel(II) complexes scales with acidity for many acids, several are faster than predicted by pKa. For example, while acetic acid and acetohydroxamic acid are much less acidic than HCl, they both protodemetalate arylnickel(II) complexes significantly faster than HCl. Our data also show how in the case of acetohydroxamic acid, a seven-membered cyclic transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH) can be more favorable than a six-membered transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH). Similarly, five-membered transition states, such as for pyrazole, are highly favorable as well. Comparison of transition state polarization (from density functional theory) compares these new nickel transition states to better-studied precious-metal systems and demonstrates how the base can change the polarization of the transition state giving rise to opposing electronic preferences. Collectively, these studies suggest several new avenues for study in C-H activation as well as approaches to accelerate or slow protodemetalation in nickel catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Piszel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brandon J. Orzolek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alyssa K. Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amanda M. Spiewak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Naksomboon K, Gómez-Bengoa E, Mehara J, Roithová J, Otten E, Fernández-Ibáñez MÁ. Mechanistic studies of the palladium-catalyzed S,O-ligand promoted C-H olefination of aromatic compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2943-2953. [PMID: 36937590 PMCID: PMC10016329 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions of non-directed substrates have recently emerged as an attractive alternative to the use of directing groups. Key to the success of these transformations has been the discovery of new ligands capable of increasing both the reactivity of the inert C-H bond and the selectivity of the process. Among them, a new type of S,O-ligand has been shown to be highly efficient in promoting a variety of Pd-catalyzed C-H olefination reactions of non-directed arenes. Despite the success of this type of S,O-ligand, its role in the C-H functionalization processes is unknown. Herein, we describe a detailed mechanistic study focused on elucidating the role of the S,O-ligand in the Pd-catalyzed C-H olefination of non-directed arenes. For this purpose, several mechanistic tools, including isolation and characterization of reactive intermediates, NMR and kinetic studies, isotope effects and DFT calculations have been employed. The data from these experiments suggest that the C-H activation is the rate-determining step in both cases with and without the S,O-ligand. Furthermore, the results indicate that the S,O-ligand triggers the formation of more reactive Pd cationic species, which explains the observed acceleration of the reaction. Together, these studies shed light on the role of the S,O-ligand in promoting Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kananat Naksomboon
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 1072 20080 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Jaya Mehara
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - M Ángeles Fernández-Ibáñez
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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15
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Saito T, Awad JM, Zhang W. Synthetic Studies on Tetracyclic Diquinane Lycopodium Alkaloids Magellanine, Magellaninone and Paniculatine. Molecules 2023; 28:1501. [PMID: 36771167 PMCID: PMC9920116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-Magellanine, (+)-magellaninone, and (+)-paniculatine are three natural products isolated from the Lycopodium family that share a unique 6-5-5-6-fused tetracyclic diquinane core skeleton. Several members of this family have potent s anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory properties and are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Several research groups have undertaken the formal and total syntheses of this class of natural products. This review highlights over 20 reported total syntheses of these three alkaloids and the development of synthetic methods for the assembly of their core skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Green Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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16
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Li BW, Yan J, Wang X, Yu X, Li X, Ling-jian Z, Li H. Theoretical study on Rh(III)-Catalyzed reaction of allenylsilanes with N-methoxybenzamides. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Zhang P, Li Z, Liu Y, Shi F, Wang L, Pu M, Lei M. Hydride Relay Exchange Mechanism for the Heterocyclic C-H Arylation of Benzofuran and Benzothiophene Catalyzed by Pd Complexes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12997-13010. [PMID: 36166363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and regioselectivity of the heterocyclic C-H arylation of benzofuran and benzothiophene catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 complexes were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The Pd(0)L2(PhI) complex (L = HOAc) is proposed to be the catalytic species. Compared to the traditional Heck-type mechanism, concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) mechanism, and electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) mechanism for the C-H arylation, a new hydride relay exchange mechanism was proposed for the benzoheterocyclic C-H arylation catalyzed by Pd complexes, which consists of two redox processes between Pd(II) and Pd(0) species to complete the regioselective C-H activation. The calculated results indicate that the reaction along the hydride relay exchange mechanism is more favorable than those along other mechanisms, including the traditional Heck-type mechanism and the base-assisted anti-H elimination mechanism. This agrees well with the experimental results. Meanwhile, the origin for the regioselective C-H arylation was unveiled in which the α-C-H arylation products are major for the heterocyclic C-H arylation of benzofuran, but the β-C-H arylation products are major for that of benzothiophene. This study might provide a deep mechanistic understanding on the regioselective C-H activation and arylation of benzoheterocycle compounds catalyzed by transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yangqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fuxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Luocong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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18
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Yamada T, Hashimoto Y, Tanaka K, Morita N, Tamura O. Cationic palladium(ii)-catalyzed synthesis of substituted pyridines from α,β-unsaturated oxime ethers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21548-21557. [PMID: 36043185 PMCID: PMC9351437 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03875g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of multi-substituted pyridines from β-aryl-substituted α,β-unsaturated oxime ethers and alkenes via Pd-catalyzed C–H activation has been developed. The method, using Pd(OAc)2 and a sterically hindered pyridine ligand, provides access to various multi-substituted pyridines with complete regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that the pyridine products are formed by Pd-catalyzed electrophilic C–H alkenylation of α,β-unsaturated oxime followed by aza-6π-electrocyclization. The utility of this method is showcased by the synthesis of 4-aryl-substituted pyridine derivatives, which are difficult to synthesize efficiently using previously reported Rh-catalyzed strategies with alkenes. An efficient method for the synthesis of multi-substituted pyridines from α,β-unsaturated oxime ethers via cationic Pd(ii)-catalyzed C–H activation has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamada
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | | | - Kosaku Tanaka
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | | | - Osamu Tamura
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
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19
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Corpas J, Arpa EM, Lapierre R, Corral I, Mauleón P, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Interplay between the Directing Group and Multifunctional Acetate Ligand in Pd-Catalyzed anti-Acetoxylation of Unsymmetrical Dialkyl-Substituted Alkynes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6596-6605. [PMID: 35692253 PMCID: PMC9173690 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cooperative action of the acetate ligand, the 2-pyridyl sulfonyl (SO2Py) directing group on the alkyne substrate, and the palladium catalyst has been shown to be crucial for controlling reactivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity in the acetoxylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes under mild reaction conditions. The corresponding alkenyl acetates were obtained in good yields with complete levels of β-regioselectivity and anti-acetoxypalladation stereocontrol. Experimental and computational analyses provide insight into the reasons behind this delicate interplay between the ligand, directing group, and the metal in the reaction mechanism. In fact, these studies unveil the multiple important roles of the acetate ligand in the coordination sphere at the Pd center: (i) it brings the acetic acid reagent into close proximity to the metal to allow the simultaneous activation of the alkyne and the acetic acid, (ii) it serves as an inner-sphere base while enhancing the nucleophilicity of the acid, and (iii) it acts as an intramolecular acid to facilitate protodemetalation and regeneration of the catalyst. Further insight into the origin of the observed regiocontrol is provided by the mapping of potential energy profiles and distortion-interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Corpas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique M. Arpa
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping
University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Romain Lapierre
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias,
UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Mauleón
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Wang D, Li M, Shuang C, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Wang M, Shi Z. Rhodium-catalyzed selective direct arylation of phosphines with aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2934. [PMID: 35614077 PMCID: PMC9132997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of phosphine ligand libraries is frequently hampered by the challenges associated with their modular preparation. Here, we report a protocol that appends arenes to arylphosphines to access a series of biaryl monophosphines via rhodium-catalyzed P(III)-directed ortho C-H activation, enabling unprecedented one-fold, two-fold, and three-fold direct arylation. Our experimental and theoretical findings reveal a mechanism involving oxidative addition of aryl bromides to the Rh catalyst, further ortho C-H metalation via a four-membered cyclometalated ring. Given the ready availability of substrates, our approach opens the door to developing more general methods for the construction of phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chengdong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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21
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Liu J, Wang X, Wang Z, Yang Y, Tang Q, Liu H, Huang H. Unlocking a self-catalytic cycle in a copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling/cyclization reaction. iScience 2022; 25:103906. [PMID: 35243259 PMCID: PMC8881718 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Computational study of the boraformylation of allenes catalyzed by copper complexes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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He Q, Yamazaki K, Ano Y, Chatani N. Palladium-Catalyzed Site-Selective [5 + 1] Annulation of Aromatic Amides with Alkenes: Acceleration of β-Hydride Elimination by Maleic Anhydride from Palladacycle. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Tamosiunaite N, Logie LC, Neale SE, Singh K, Davies DL, Macgregor SA. Experimental and Computational Studies on the Acetate-Assisted C-H Activation of N-Aryl Imidazolium Salts at Rhodium and Iridium: A Chloride Additive Changes the Selectivity of C-H Activation. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1445-1456. [PMID: 34967215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies of the reactions of unsymmetrical, para-substituted N-aryl imidazolium salts, L2-R1,R2, at [MCl2Cp*]2 (M = Rh, Ir) in the presence of NaOAc are reported. These proceed via intermediate N-heterocyclic carbene complexes that then allow an internal competition between two differently substituted aryl rings toward C-H activation to be monitored. At 348 K in dichloroethane C-H activation of the aryl with the more electron-withdrawing substituents is generally favored. DFT calculations show similar barriers for proton transfer and dissociative HOAc/Cl- ligand substitution, with proton transfer favoring electron-donating substituents, and ligand substitution favoring electron-withdrawing substituents. Microkinetic simulations reproduce the experimental preference implying that the ligand substitution step dominates selectivity. For several substrates, notably L2-F,OMe and L2-F,H, running the C-H activation reactions at 298 K in the presence of added [Et4N]Cl reverses the selectivity. The greater availability of chloride in solution makes an alternative dissociative interchange ligand substitution mechanism accessible, leaving proton transfer as selectivity determining and so favoring electron-donating substituents. Our results highlight the potential importance of the ligand substitution step in the interpretation of substituent effects and demonstrate how a simple additive, [Et4N]Cl, can have a dramatic effect on selectivity by changing the mechanism of ligand substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren C Logie
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Kuldip Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - David L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
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25
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Srinath R, Manna A, Shee S, Pathi VB, Ghosh S, Khamaru K, Maiti NC, Banerji B. Synthesis of N-Fused Triazole-Piperazine-Quinazolinones via One-Pot Tandem Click Reaction and Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:9365-9370. [PMID: 34806384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a one-pot protocol to synthesize tetracyclic triazole-piperazine-quinazolinone-fused N-heterocyclic scaffolds is reported. In this strategy, a tandem approach of two highly efficient synthetic reactions, click and cross-dehydrogentive coupling reactions, with high atom economy were employed to obtain the target N-fused scaffolds. Being highly functional group tolerable, this method has broad substrate scope. Interestingly, some of these derivatives showed strong white solid-state fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravuri Srinath
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Arindam Manna
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhankar Shee
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Vijay Babu Pathi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saswati Ghosh
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnendu Khamaru
- Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nakul Chandra Maiti
- Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswadip Banerji
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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26
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Soam P, Gaba H, Mandal D, Tyagi V. A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access benzoxazine fused 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9936-9945. [PMID: 34739023 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01539g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access clinically important fused 1,2,3-triazoles using N-aryl-α-(tosylhydrazone)acetamides with isocyanide has been developed. Besides, various substitutions on the N-aryl part of acetamides along with different isocyanides show good compatibility in this protocol. Next, two plausible mechanistic routes were proposed; however, one of the routes was more favourable which involved the formation of a benzoxazine ring first followed by the realization of a triazole ring. Additionally, the more favourable mechanistic route was investigated using DFT studies which suggests that the formations of a Pd(II)-isocyanide complex and α-diazoimino intermediates were key steps in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soam
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Hashmita Gaba
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Debasish Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
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27
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Yamazaki K, Rej S, Ano Y, Chatani N. An Unusual Perpendicular Metallacycle Intermediate is the Origin of Branch Selectivity in the Rh(II)-Catalyzed C–H Alkylation of Aryl Sulfonamides with Vinylsilanes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Supriya Rej
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Gu J, Zhao F, Houk KN, Lu Q, Liu F. Computational determination of the mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed formation of isatoic anhydrides from o-haloanilines, CO, and CO 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14453-14461. [PMID: 34571528 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed annulation of o-haloanilines with carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), discovered by Wen-Zhen Zhang and co-workers, provides a convenient method to synthesize isatoic anhydrides. We explored the mechanism of this reaction, particularly the order of the reaction of CO and CO2 and the effect of the base, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations (ωB97X-D and M06). It was found that the base-assisted N-H bond activation through a concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) mechanism is a requisite for carboxylation, and the carboxylation proceeds via the nucleophilic attack of the (Pd)NH nitrogen on CO2. The results show that carbonylation occurs prior to carboxylation, because the facile and exergonic carbonylation greatly decreases the energies of the following intermediates and transition states. The mechanistic exploration of the alternative pathways (e.g., mono-carbonylation and carboxylation) and the comparison with the annulation mechanism of the o-iodobenzylamine substrate further demonstrate the perfect cooperation of CO and CO2 in constructing an anhydride moiety for o-haloanilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Fengyue Zhao
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qianqian Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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29
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Abe H, Jeelani I, Yonoki A, Imai H, Horino Y. Synthesis of Chloro-Substituted 6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one Natural Products, Graphislactone G, and Palmariols A and B. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:781-788. [PMID: 34334522 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-mediated intramolecular aryl-aryl coupling reaction was applied to the total synthesis of the bioactive natural products, graphislactone G (1), and palmariols A (2) and B (3), which possess an unusual chloro-subsutituent on the 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one skeleton. Based on the transition state model of the coupling reaction, the mechanistic aspect for the regioselectivity of the aryl-aryl coupling reaction is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Abe
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama
| | - Ishtiaq Jeelani
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama
| | | | - Haruka Imai
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama
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30
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Shi X, Sosa Carrizo ED, Cordier M, Roger J, Pirio N, Hierso JC, Fleurat-Lessard P, Soulé JF, Doucet H. C-H Bond Arylation of Pyrazoles at the β-Position: General Conditions and Computational Elucidation for a High Regioselectivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:5546-5554. [PMID: 33624911 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation of most five-membered ring heterocycles are generally easily accessible and strongly favored at the α-position using classical palladium-catalysis. Conversely, regioselective functionalization of such heterocycles at the concurrent β-position remains currently very challenging. Herein, we report general conditions for regioselective direct arylation at the β-position of pyrazoles, while C-H α-position is free. By using aryl bromides as the aryl source and a judicious choice of solvent, the arylation reaction of variously N-substituted pyrazoles simply proceeds via β-C-H bond functionalization. The β-regioselectivity is promoted by a ligand-free palladium catalyst and a simple base without oxidant or further additive, and tolerates a variety of substituents on the bromoarene. DFT calculations revealed that a protic solvent such as 2-ethoxyethan-1-ol significantly enhances the acidity of the proton at β-position of the pyrazoles and thus favors this direct β-C-H bond arylation. This selective pyrazoles β-C-H bond arylation was successfully applied for the straightforward building of π-extended poly(hetero)aromatic structures via further Pd-catalyzed combined α-C-H intermolecular and intramolecular C-H bond arylation in an overall highly atom-economical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Shi
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Roger
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Pirio
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
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31
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Tóth BL, Monory A, Egyed O, Domján A, Bényei A, Szathury B, Novák Z, Stirling A. The ortho effect in directed C-H activation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5152-5163. [PMID: 34163752 PMCID: PMC8179598 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of transition metal-catalysed ortho-directed C-H activation is often plagued by the effects of undesirable interactions between the directing group (DG) and other groups introduced into the aromatic core of the substrate. In particular, when these groups are in neighbouring positions, their interactions can affect profoundly the efficacy of the C-H activation by transition metals. In this work we introduce a simple substrate-only-based model to interpret the influence of steric hindrance of a group in ortho position to the DG in directed ortho-C-H bond activation reactions, and coined the term Ortho Effect (OE) for such situations. We consider simple descriptors such as torsion angle and torsional energy to predict and explain the reactivity of a given substrate in directed C-H activation reactions. More than 250 examples have been invoked for the model, and the nature of the ortho effect was demonstrated on a wide variety of structures. In order to guide organic chemists, we set structural and energetic criteria to evaluate a priori the efficiency of the metalation step which is usually the rate-determining event in C-H activations, i.e. we provide a simple and general protocol to estimate the reactivity of a potential substrate in C-H activation. For borderline cases these criteria help set the minimum reaction temperature to obtain reasonable reaction rates. As an example for the practical applicability of the model, we performed synthetic validations via palladium-catalysed 2,2,2-trifluoroethylation reactions in our lab. Furthermore, we give predictions for the necessary reaction conditions for several selected DGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs L Tóth
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Monory
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Orsolya Egyed
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Domján
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Bényei
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Egyetem Tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Bálint Szathury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Rd Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Zoltán Novák
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly University Leányka u. 6 H-3300 Eger Hungary
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32
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Wan B, Lu Z, Wu Z, Cheng C, Zhang Y. Diastereoselective Construction of Eight-Membered Carbocycles through Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2021; 23:1269-1274. [PMID: 33560136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2-alkylphenyl bromides with biphenylene has been developed. The reactions formed eight-membered carbocycles through C(sp3)-H activation and the formation of two C-C bonds, and the chiral products were obtained with excellent diastereoselectivity. The reaction provides a new strategy for the construction of eight-membered carbocycles, and the products represent a novel type of chiral scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoer Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Cang Cheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yanghui Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
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33
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Hang C, Ramirez A, Chan C, Hsiao Y, DelMonte AJ, Simmons EM. Mechanistic Studies of a Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylation En Route to Beclabuvir: Dual Role of a Tetramethylammonium Cation and an Unusual Turnover-Limiting Step. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Collin Chan
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yi Hsiao
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Albert J. DelMonte
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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34
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Medel MA, Tapia R, Blanco V, Miguel D, Morcillo SP, Campaña AG. Octagon-Embedded Carbohelicene as a Chiral Motif for Circularly Polarized Luminescence Emission of Saddle-Helix Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6094-6100. [PMID: 33337575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a new family of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC)-based helical nanographenes incorporating π-extended carbo[5]helicenes bearing an octagonal carbocycle. This family represents a new kind of highly distorted saddle-helix hybrid nanographenes. For the first time, the eight-membered ring becomes a constituent of both a carbo[5]helicene and a HBC and thus, the negative curvature is responsible for twisting both units. This novel chiral motif, namely, oct-[5]helicene results in the largest torsion angle recorded so far for a carbo[5]helicene (θ=79.5°), as it has been suggested by DFT-calculations and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Consequently, the barriers of isomerization become exceptionally high for a [5]helicene unsubstituted in the fjord region since neither racemization nor decomposition were observed at 200 °C for 1 or 3 during 5 h. Therefore, racemic resolutions allowed subsequent chiroptical studies showing the ECD and CPL responses of this novel family of chiral nanographenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Medel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Tapia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Delia Miguel
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, UEQ, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara P Morcillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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35
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Medel MA, Tapia R, Blanco V, Miguel D, Morcillo SP, Campaña AG. Octagon‐Embedded Carbohelicene as a Chiral Motif for Circularly Polarized Luminescence Emission of Saddle‐Helix Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Medel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Rubén Tapia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Delia Miguel
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica Facultad de Farmacia, UEQ Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Sara P. Morcillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
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36
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Wang D, Chen X, Wong JJ, Jin L, Li M, Zhao Y, Houk KN, Shi Z. Phosphorus(III)-assisted regioselective C-H silylation of heteroarenes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:524. [PMID: 33483484 PMCID: PMC7822902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroarenes containing carbon-silicon (C-Si) bonds are important building blocks that play an important role in the construction of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organic materials. In this context, the C-H silylation of heteroarenes is a topic of intense interest. Indole C-H silylation can preferentially occur at the nucleophilic C3 and C2 position (pyrrole core), while accessing the C4-C7 positions (benzene core) of the indole remains highly challenging. Here, we show a general strategy for the regioselective C7-H silylation of indole derivatives. Mainly, the regioselectivity is determined by strong coordination of the palladium catalyst with phosphorus (III) directing group. Using this expedient synthetic strategy, the diverse C7-silylated indoles are synthesized effectively which exhibits the broad functional group compatibility. Moreover, this protocol also been extended to other heteroarenes such as carbazoles. The obtained silylated indoles have been employed in various transformations to enable the corresponding differently functionalized indole derivatives. Significantly, a cyclopalladated intermediate is successfully synthesized to test the hypothesis about the P(III)-directed C-H metalation event. A series of mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (M06-2X) calculations has shown the preferred pathway of this directed C-H silylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liqun Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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37
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Akulov AA, Varaksin MV, Mampuys P, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON, Maes BUW. C(sp 2)-H functionalization in non-aromatic azomethine-based heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:297-312. [PMID: 33026389 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct C(sp2)-H functionalization of the endocyclic azomethine and aldonitrone moieties in non-aromatic azaheterocycles has established itself as a promising methodology over the last decade. Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, α-metalation-electrophile quenching protocols, and (metal-free) nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen reactions (SNH) are the major routes applied on cyclic imines and their derivatives. In this overview, we show the tangible progress made in this area during the period from 2008 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Akulov
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Varaksin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia. and Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Pieter Mampuys
- Division of Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia. and Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg N Chupakhin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia. and Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Division of Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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38
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Velásquez CA, Torres AE, Gómez-Pech C, Ávila-Zárraga JG, Colmenares F. Role of the base Cs 2CO 3 on the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of two bromoindole derivatives to yield paullone-type products. J Mol Model 2021; 27:9. [PMID: 33392849 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions for the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of the o-bromoindole and the o-bromo-N-methyl-indole derivatives in the presence and absence of base (Cs2CO3) were explored through DFT calculations. For the base-free reactions, the palladium atom firstly interacts with the aromatic rings of the indole molecule to yield a stable adduct. Once this adduct has been formed, reaction proceeds readily to the oxidative addition intermediate that arises from the insertion of the metal atom into the C-Br bond of the organic fragment. Further steps leading to the paullone (or dimethyl paullone) product, mainly those involving the metalation and deprotonation of the inserted intermediate, are not energetically viable for these reactions. When the effect of the base on the metalation-deprotonation steps is modeled by replacing the bromide ion with CO32- in the metal-inserted structure, a feasible pathway connecting the oxidative addition intermediate with the paullone-type product was located for each of the investigated reactions. The results emerging from this study suggest that palladium can insert into the C-Br bond of the indole derivatives to yield the oxidative addition intermediate (without participation of the base). However, the metalation and deprotonation steps that evolve to the paullone-type product take place via a concerted action involving both the metal and the base. Metalation and deprotonation steps that evolve to the paullone-type product take place via a concerted action involving both the metal and the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Velásquez
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana E Torres
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Gómez-Pech
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Gustavo Ávila-Zárraga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Colmenares
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.
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39
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40
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Chatterjee B, Chang WC, Jena S, Werlé C. Implementation of Cooperative Designs in Polarized Transition Metal Systems—Significance for Bond Activation and Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basujit Chatterjee
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wei-Chieh Chang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Soumyashree Jena
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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41
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Achar TK, Maiti S, Jana S, Maiti D. Transition Metal Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp2)–H Bond Functionalization. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Achar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sadhan Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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42
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Kim D, Choi G, Kim W, Kim D, Kang YK, Hong SH. The site-selectivity and mechanism of Pd-catalyzed C(sp 2)-H arylation of simple arenes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:363-373. [PMID: 34163602 PMCID: PMC8178950 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Control over site-selectivity is a critical challenge for practical application of catalytic C–H functionalization reactions in organic synthesis. Despite the seminal breakthrough of the Pd-catalyzed C(sp2)–H arylation of simple arenes via a concerted metalation–deprotonation (CMD) pathway in 2006, understanding the site-selectivity of the reaction still remains elusive. Here, we have comprehensively investigated the scope, site-selectivity, and mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed direct C–H arylation reaction of simple arenes. Counterintuitively, electron-rich arenes preferably undergo meta-arylation without the need for a specifically designed directing group, whereas electron-deficient arenes bearing fluoro or cyano groups exhibit high ortho-selectivity and electron-deficient arenes bearing bulky electron-withdrawing groups favor the meta-product. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations through a combination of kinetic measurements and stoichiometric experiments using arylpalladium complexes have revealed that the Pd-based catalytic system works via a cooperative bimetallic mechanism, not the originally proposed monometallic CMD mechanism, regardless of the presence of a strongly coordinating L-type ligand. Notably, the transmetalation step, which is influenced by a potassium cation, is suggested as the selectivity-determining step. The transmetalation step, not the C–H activation step, is suggested as the selectivity-determining step in Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation of simple arenes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Weonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Youn K Kang
- Department of Chemical Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University Seoul 03016 Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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43
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Markovič M, Koóš P, Čarný T, Gracza T. Recent advances in the construction of isoindolo[2,1-a]indol/indolin-6-ones via C C cross-coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Rocchigiani L, Bochmann M. Recent Advances in Gold(III) Chemistry: Structure, Bonding, Reactivity, and Role in Homogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 121:8364-8451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
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45
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Hegde RV, Ong TG, Ambre R, Jadhav AH, Patil SA, Dateer RB. Regioselective Direct C2 Arylation of Indole, Benzothiophene and Benzofuran: Utilization of Reusable Pd NPs and NHC-Pd@MNPs Catalyst for C–H Activation Reaction. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Boyaala R, Peng M, Tai WS, Touzani R, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Chi Y, Guerchais V, Doucet H, Soulé JF. Exploiting the Reactivity of Fluorinated 2-Arylpyridines in Pd-Catalyzed C–H Bond Arylation for the Preparation of Bright Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13898-13911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Boyaala
- Univ Rennes, CNRS UMR6226, F-3500 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Environnement (LCAE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Marie Peng
- Univ Rennes, CNRS UMR6226, F-3500 Rennes, France
| | - Wun-Shan Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rachid Touzani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Environnement (LCAE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | | | | | - Yun Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS UMR6226, F-3500 Rennes, France
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47
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Naweephattana P, Sawatlon B, Surawatanawong P. Insights into the Regioselectivity of Hydroheteroarylation of Allylbenzene with Pyridine Catalyzed by Ni/AlMe 3 with N-Heterocyclic Carbene: The Concerted Hydrogen Transfer Mechanism. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11340-11349. [PMID: 32786651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hydroheteroarylation of allylbenzene with pyridine as catalyzed by Ni/AlMe3 and a N-heterocyclic carbene ligand has recently been established. Density functional calculations revealed that the common stepwise pathway, which involves the C-H oxidative addition of pyridine-AlMe3 before the migratory insertion of allylbenzene, is unlikely as the migratory insertion needs to overcome a prohibitively high energy barrier. In contrast, the ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer pathway is more favorable in which the hydrogen is transferred directly from the para-position of pyridine-AlMe3 to C2 of allylbenzene. Our distortion-interaction analysis and natural bond orbital analysis indicate that the interaction energy is strongly correlated with the extent of the charge transfer from the alkene (hydrogen acceptor) to the pyridine-AlMe3 (hydrogen donor), which dictates the selectivity of the H-transfer to the C2 position of allylbenzene. Then, the subsequent C-C reductive elimination of the regioselective linear product is facilitated by the steric hindrance of the IPr ligand. Understanding these key factors affecting the product regioselectivity is important to the development of catalysts for hydroheteroarylation of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiphob Naweephattana
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Boodsarin Sawatlon
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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48
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Ohno A, Sato T, Mase T, Uozumi Y, Yamada YMA. A Convoluted Polyvinylpyridine‐Palladium Catalyst for Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling and C−H Arylation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuma Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mase
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Yoichi M. A. Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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49
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Yang Y, Cao F, Yao L, Shi T, Tang B, Kuninobu Y, Wang Z. C-N and C-O Bond Formation in Copper-Catalyzed/Mediated sp 3 C-H Activation: Mechanistic Studies from Experimental and Computational Aspects. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9713-9726. [PMID: 32678601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies on Cu-catalyzed/mediated sp3 C-H amidation and acetoxylation are investigated from experimental and computational aspects. The concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) mechanism rather than a radical-involved pathway is proved to occur in amidation and acetoxylation reactions, and this is the rare example of the CMD mechanism involved in the more challenging sp3 C-H activations. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that CMD is the rate-determining step either for methylic or benzylic positions in amidation and acetoxylation reactions, and intermolecular nucleophilic addition of acetate anions is more favorable than the ring opening of β-lactams and intramolecular acetoxylation. These mechanistic studies on the divergent and condition-dependent product formation are critical for developing Cu-promoted C-H functionalization via the CMD mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Linbin Yao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Bencan Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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50
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Cao L, Kabeshov M, Ley SV, Lapkin AA. In silico rationalisation of selectivity and reactivity in Pd-catalysed C-H activation reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1465-1475. [PMID: 32647548 PMCID: PMC7323619 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational approach has been developed to automatically generate and analyse the structures of the intermediates of palladium-catalysed carbon-hydrogen (C-H) activation reactions as well as to predict the final products. Implemented as a high-performance computing cluster tool, it has been shown to correctly choose the mechanism and rationalise regioselectivity of chosen examples from open literature reports. The developed methodology is capable of predicting reactivity of various substrates by differentiation between two major mechanisms - proton abstraction and electrophilic aromatic substitution. An attempt has been made to predict new C-H activation reactions. This methodology can also be used for the automated reaction planning, as well as a starting point for microkinetic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CARES Ltd., CREATE Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602 Singapore
| | - Mikhail Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Benevolent AI, Minerva Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CARES Ltd., CREATE Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602 Singapore
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