1
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Van Stappen C, Van Kuiken BE, Mörtel M, Ruotsalainen KO, Maganas D, Khusniyarov MM, DeBeer S. Correlating Valence and 2p3d RIXS Spectroscopies: A Ligand-Field Study of Spin-Crossover Iron(II). Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7386-7400. [PMID: 38587408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The molecular spin-crossover phenomenon between high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) states is a promising route to next-generation information storage, sensing applications, and molecular spintronics. Spin-crossover complexes also provide a unique opportunity to study the ligand field (LF) properties of a system in both HS and LS states while maintaining the same ligand environment. Presently, we employ complementing valence and core-level spectroscopic methods to probe the electronic excited-state manifolds of the spin-crossover complex [FeII(H2B(pz)2)2phen]0. Light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST) at liquid He temperatures is exploited to characterize magnetic and spectroscopic properties of the photoinduced HS state using SQUID magnetometry and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. In parallel, Fe 2p3d RIXS spectroscopy is employed to examine the ΔS = 0, 1 excited LF states. These experimental studies are combined with state-of-the-art CASSCF/NEVPT2 and CASCI/NEVPT2 calculations characterizing the ground and LF excited states. Analysis of the acquired LF information further supports the notion that the spin-crossover of [FeII(H2B(pz)2)2phen]0 is asymmetric, evidenced by a decrease in eπ in the LS state. The results demonstrate the power of cross-correlating spectroscopic techniques with high and low LF information content to make accurate excited-state assignments, as well as the current capabilities of ab initio theory in interpreting these electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Van Stappen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin E Van Kuiken
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Max Mörtel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kari O Ruotsalainen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Dimitrios Maganas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Marat M Khusniyarov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Kudo Y, Kumaki F, Nagasaka M, Adachi JI, Noguchi Y, Koga N, Itabashi H, Hiyama M. Experimental and Theoretical Study for Core Excitation of Firefly Luciferin in Carbon K-Edge Spectra. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:611-617. [PMID: 38227306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Carbon (C) K-edge X-ray absorption spectra for firefly luciferin were measured and assigned using time-dependent density functional theoretical calculations for luciferin anion and dianion to elucidate the effect of hydroxy-group deprotonation. It was found that the C K-edge spectra for luciferin had four characteristic peaks. The effect of deprotonation of the hydroxy group appears in the energy difference of the first and second peaks of these spectra. This energy difference is 1.0 eV at pH 7 and 2.3 eV at pH 10. The deprotonation of the hydroxy group can be distinguished based on the soft X-ray absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kudo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Kumaki
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Masanari Nagasaka
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Adachi
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Noguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Itabashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
| | - Miyabi Hiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
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3
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Yang F, Tarakina N, Antonietti M. A Stunt of Sustainability: Artificial Humic Substances Can Generate and Stabilize Single Fe 0 Species on Mineral Surfaces. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300385. [PMID: 37010131 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron species are omnipresent in fertile soils and contribute to biological and geological redox processes. Here, we show by advanced electron microscopy techniques that an important, but previously not considered iron species, single atom Fe0 stabilized on clay mineral surfaces, is contained in soils when humic substances are present. As the concentration of neutral iron atoms is highest under frost logged soil conditions, their formation can be attributed to the action of a then reductive microbiome. The Fe0 /Fe2+ couple is with -0.04 V standard potential highly suited for natural environmental remediation and detoxification, and its occurrence can help to explain the sustained auto-detoxification of black soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Joint laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Nadezda Tarakina
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Kumaki F, Nagasaka M, Fukaya R, Okano Y, Yamashita S, Nozawa S, Adachi SI, Adachi JI. Operando time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy for photoexcitation processes of metal complexes in solutions. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:104201. [PMID: 36922146 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Operando time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-SXAS) is an effective method to reveal the photochemical processes of metal complexes in solutions. In this study, we have developed the TR-SXAS measurement system for observing various photochemical reactions in solutions by the combination of laser pump pulses with soft x-ray probe pulses from the synchrotron radiation. For the evaluation of the developed TR-SXAS system, we have measured nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectra of aqueous iron phenanthroline solutions during a photoinduced spin transition process. The decay process of the high spin state to the low spin state in the iron complex has been obtained from the ligand side by N K-edge XAS, and the time constant is close to that obtained from the central metal side by time-resolved Fe K-edge XAS in the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kumaki
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Fukaya
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Okano
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamashita
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Adachi
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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5
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Element- and enantiomer-selective visualization of molecular motion in real-time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:386. [PMID: 36693825 PMCID: PMC9873934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast optical-domain spectroscopies allow to monitor in real time the motion of nuclei in molecules. Achieving element-selectivity had to await the advent of time resolved X-ray spectroscopy, which is now commonly carried at X-ray free electron lasers. However, detecting light element that are commonly encountered in organic molecules, remained elusive due to the need to work under vacuum. Here, we present an impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) pump/carbon K-edge absorption probe investigation, which allowed observation of the low-frequency vibrational modes involving specific selected carbon atoms in the Ibuprofen RS dimer. Remarkably, by controlling the probe light polarization we can preferentially access the enantiomer of the dimer to which the carbon atoms belong.
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6
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Do VH, Lee JM. Orbital Occupancy and Spin Polarization: From Mechanistic Study to Rational Design of Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts toward Energy Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17847-17890. [PMID: 36314471 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, development of electrocatalysts for energy applications has extensively transitioned from trial-and-error methodologies to more rational and directed designs at the atomic levels via either nanogeometric optimization or modulating electronic properties of active sites. Regarding the modulation of electronic properties, nonprecious transition metal-based materials have been attracting large interest due to the capability of versatile tuning d-electron configurations expressed through the flexible orbital occupancy and various possible degrees of spin polarization. Herein, recent advances in tailoring electronic properties of the transition-metal atoms for intrinsically enhanced electrocatalytic performances are reviewed. We start with discussions on how orbital occupancy and spin polarization can govern the essential atomic level processes, including the transport of electron charge and spin in bulk, reactive species adsorption on the catalytic surface, and the electron transfer between catalytic centers and adsorbed species as well as reaction mechanisms. Subsequently, different techniques currently adopted in tuning electronic structures are discussed with particular emphasis on theoretical rationale and recent practical achievements. We also highlight the promises of the recently established computational design approaches in developing electrocatalysts for energy applications. Lastly, the discussion is concluded with perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities. We hope this review will present the beauty of the structure-activity relationships in catalysis sciences and contribute to advance the rational development of electrocatalysts for energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459
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7
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Kim P, Valentine AJS, Roy S, Mills AW, Castellano FN, Li X, Chen LX. Ultrafast branching in intersystem crossing dynamics revealed by coherent vibrational wavepacket motions in a bimetallic Pt(II) complex. Faraday Discuss 2022; 237:259-273. [PMID: 35642929 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast excited state processes of transition metal complexes (TMCs) are governed by complicated interplays between electronic and nuclear dynamics, which demand a detailed understanding to achieve optimal functionalities of photoactive TMC-based materials for many applications. In this work, we investigated a cyclometalated platinum(II) dimer known to undergo a Pt-Pt bond contraction in the metal-metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MMLCT) excited state using femtosecond broadband transient absorption (fs-BBTA) spectroscopy in combination with geometry optimization and normal mode calculations. Using a sub-20 fs pump and broadband probe pulses in fs-BBTA spectroscopy, we were able to correlate the coherent vibrational wavepacket (CVWP) evolution with the stimulated emission (SE) dynamics of the 1MMLCT state. The results demonstrated that the 145 cm-1 CVWP motions with the damping times of ∼0.9 ps and ∼2 ps originate from coherent Pt-Pt stretching vibrations in the singlet and triplet MMLCT states, respectively. On the basis of excited state potential energy surface calculations in our previous work, we rationalized that the CVWP transfer from the Franck-Condon (FC) state to the 3MMLCT state was mediated by a triplet ligand-centered (3LC) intermediate state through two step intersystem crossing (ISC) on a time scale shorter than a period of the Pt-Pt stretching wavepacket motions. Moreover, it was found that the CVWP motion had 110 cm-1 frequency decays with the damping time of ∼0.2 ps, matching the time constant of 0.253 ps, corresponding to a redshift in the SE feature at early times. This observation indicates that the Pt-Pt bond contraction changes the stretching frequency from 110 to 145 cm-1 and stabilizes the 1MMLCT state relative to the 3LC state with a ∼0.2 ps time scale. Thus, the ultrafast ISC from the 1MMLCT to the 3LC states occurs before the Pt-Pt bond shortening. The findings herein provide insight into understanding the impact of Pt-Pt bond contraction on the ultrafast branching of the 1MMLCT population into the direct (1MMLCT → 3MMLCT) and indirect ISC pathways (1MMLCT → 3LC → 3MMLCT) in the Pt(II) dimer. These results revealed intricate excited state electronic and nuclear motions that could steer the reaction pathways with a level of detail that has not been achieved before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyosang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. .,Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60349, USA
| | - Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Subhangi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Alexis W Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. .,Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60349, USA
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8
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Hui J, Yu J, Luo Y, Hu W, Liu Y, Hu Q, Wang K, Li T, Zhou X, Huang J, Zhang X, Ren Y, Wang H. Synchrotron X-ray-induced Synthesis of Copper Hydroxide Nitrate Nanoplates on Cu Thin Films in an Ambient Atmosphere. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23342-23347. [PMID: 35549025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-rays are widely used for material characterizations. However, they can also ionize atoms and molecules to damage and manipulate probed materials. We report here an X-ray-induced growth of copper hydroxide nitrate, Cu2(OH)3NO3, on copper thin films in the ambient atmosphere without solvents and thermal treatment. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the time-dependent growth process of theCu2(OH)3NO3 is accompanied by the consumption of Cu metal and can be described by a sigmoidal model. The growth rate was reduced after the initial fast growth period. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the isolated islands of Cu2(OH)3NO3 nanoplates formed in the beginning, which grew together with new nanoplates formed under continued X-ray irradiation. The result demonstrated that high-flux synchrotron X-rays may provide an unconventional approach to synthesizing and manipulating materials, which will inspire future investigation both experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jin Yu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qingyun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kailin Wang
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xinwei Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Neutron Scattering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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9
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Jay RM, Kunnus K, Wernet P, Gaffney KJ. Capturing Atom-Specific Electronic Structural Dynamics of Transition-Metal Complexes with Ultrafast Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:187-208. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082820-020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The atomic specificity of X-ray spectroscopies provides a distinct perspective on molecular electronic structure. For 3 d metal coordination and organometallic complexes, the combination of metal- and ligand-specific X-ray spectroscopies directly interrogates metal–ligand covalency—the hybridization of metal and ligand electronic states. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), the X-ray analog of resonance Raman scattering, provides access to all classes of valence excited states in transition-metal complexes, making it a particularly powerful means of characterizing the valence electronic structure of 3 d metal complexes. Recent advances in X-ray free-electron laser sources have enabled RIXS to be extended to the ultrafast time domain. We review RIXS studies of two archetypical photochemical processes: charge-transfer excitation in ferricyanide and ligand photodissociation in iron pentacarbonyl. These studies demonstrate femtosecond-resolution RIXS can directly characterize the time-evolving electronic structure, including the evolution of the metal–ligand covalency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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10
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Kim Y, Nam D, Ma R, Kim S, Kim MJ, Kim J, Eom I, Lee JH, Kim TK. Development of an experimental apparatus to observe ultrafast phenomena by tender X-ray absorption spectroscopy at PAL-XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:194-201. [PMID: 34985436 PMCID: PMC8733995 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521011449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of molecules is of fundamental importance. Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique for unveiling the time-dependent structural and electronic information of molecules that has been widely applied in various fields. Herein, the design and technical achievement of a newly developed experimental apparatus for TR-XAS measurements in the tender X-ray range with X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory XFEL (PAL-XFEL) are described. Femtosecond TR-XAS measurements were conducted at the Ru L3-edge of well known photosensitizer tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) in water. The results indicate ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer from the Ru center to the ligand, which demonstrates that the newly designed setup is applicable for monitoring ultrafast reactions in the femtosecond domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Rory Ma
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-jin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ma R, Hong K, Kim Y, Lee JH, Kim TK. Time‐resolved
X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Solvated [Ru(m‐bpy)
3
]
2+
Complex: Electronic Structures of
3
dd State. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Ma
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Gas Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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12
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Kim P, Valentine AJS, Roy S, Mills AW, Chakraborty A, Castellano FN, Li X, Chen LX. Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics of Photoluminescent Pt(II) Dimers Probed by a Coherent Vibrational Wavepacket. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6794-6803. [PMID: 34270259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intricate potential energy surfaces (PESs) of some transition metal complexes (TMCs) pose challenges in mapping out initial excited-state pathways that could influence photochemical outcomes. Ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) dynamics of four structurally related platinum(II) dimer complexes were examined by detecting their coherent vibrational wavepacket (CVWP) motions of Pt-Pt stretching mode in the metal-metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer excited states. Structurally dependent CVWP behaviors (frequency, dephasing time, and oscillation amplitudes) were captured by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, analyzed by short-time Fourier transformation, and rationalized by quantum mechanical calculations, revealing dual ISC pathways. The results suggest that the ligands could fine-tune the PESs to influence the proximity of the conical intersections of the excited states with the Franck-Condon state and thus to control the branching ratio of the dual ISC pathways. This comparative study presents future opportunities in control excited-state trajectories of TMCs via ligand structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyosang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Subhangi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Alexis W Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Arnab Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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13
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Moitra T, Karak P, Chakraborty S, Ruud K, Chakrabarti S. Behind the scenes of spin-forbidden decay pathways in transition metal complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:59-81. [PMID: 33319894 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of the ultrafast photophysics of transition metal complexes following photo-absorption is quite involved as the heavy metal center leads to a complicated and entangled singlet-triplet manifold. This opens up multiple pathways for deactivation, often with competitive rates. As a result, intersystem crossing (ISC) and phosphorescence are commonly observed in transition metal complexes. A detailed understanding of such an excited-state structure and dynamics calls for state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methodologies. In this review, we delve into the inability of non-relativistic quantum theory to describe spin-forbidden transitions, which can be overcome by taking into account spin-orbit coupling, whose importance grows with increasing atomic number. We present the quantum chemical theory of phosphorescence and ISC together with illustrative examples. Finally, a few applications are highlighted, bridging the gap between theoretical studies and experimental applications, such as photofunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsha Moitra
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Woodhouse MD, McCusker JK. Mechanistic Origin of Photoredox Catalysis Involving Iron(II) Polypyridyl Chromophores. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16229-16233. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Woodhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James K. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Mitzner R, Fondell M, Föhlisch A. Quantitative evaluation of transient valence orbital occupations in a 3d transition metal complex as seen from the metal and ligand perspective. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Jay RM, Vaz da Cruz V, Eckert S, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Probing Solute-Solvent Interactions of Transition Metal Complexes Using L-Edge Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5636-5645. [PMID: 32532156 PMCID: PMC7357850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to tailor solution-phase chemical reactions involving transition metal complexes, it is critical to understand how their valence electronic charge distributions are affected by the solution environment. Here, solute-solvent interactions of a solvatochromic mixed-ligand iron complex were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the transition metal L2,3-edge. Due to the selectivity of the corresponding core excitations to the iron 3d orbitals, the method grants direct access to the valence electronic structure around the iron center and its response to interactions with the solvent environment. A linear increase of the total L2,3-edge absorption cross section as a function of the solvent Lewis acidity is revealed. The effect is caused by relative changes in different metal-ligand-bonding channels, which preserve local charge densities while increasing the density of unoccupied states around the iron center. These conclusions are corroborated by a combination of molecular dynamics and spectrum simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory. The simulations reproduce the spectral trends observed in the X-ray but also optical absorption experiments. Our results underscore the importance of solute-solvent interactions when aiming for an accurate description of the valence electronic structure of solvated transition metal complexes and demonstrate how L2,3-edge absorption spectroscopy can aid in understanding the impact of the solution environment on intramolecular covalency and the electronic charge distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Lawson Daku LM. Spin-state dependence of the structural and vibrational properties of solvated iron( ii) polypyridyl complexes from AIMD simulations: III. [Fe(tpen)]Cl 2 in acetonitrile. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43343-43357. [PMID: 35519674 PMCID: PMC9058091 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve an in-depth understanding of the role played by the solvent in the photoinduced low-spin (LS) → high-spin (HS) transition in solvated Fe(ii) complexes, an accurate description of the solvated complexes in the two spin states is required. To this end, we are applying state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to the study of the structural and vibrational properties of iron(ii) polypyridyl complexes. Two aqueous LS complexes were investigated in this framework, namely, [Fe(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) [Lawson Daku and Hauser, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2010, 1, 1830; Lawson Daku, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 6236] and [Fe(tpy)2]2+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-ter-pyridine) [Lawson Daku, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21, 650]. For aqueous [Fe(bpy)3]2+, combining the results of forefront wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments with those of the AIMD simulations allowed the visualization of the interlaced coordination and solvation spheres of the photoinduced HS state [Khakhulin et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21, 9277]. In this paper, we report the extension of our AIMD studies to the spin-crossover complex [Fe(tpen)]2+ (tpen = N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) in acetonitrile (ACN). The determined LS and HS solution structures of the complex are in excellent agreement with the experimental results obtained by high-resolution transient X-ray absorption spectroscopy [Zhang et al., ACS Omega, 2019, 4, 6375]. The first solvation shell of [Fe(tpen)]2+ consists of ACN molecules located in the grooves defined by the chelating coordination motif of the tpen ligand. Upon the LS → HS change of states, the solvation number of the complex is found to increase from ≈9.2 to ≈11.9 and an inner solvation shell is formed. This inner solvation shell originates from the occupancy by about one ACN molecule of the internal cavity which results from the arrangement of the 4 pyridine rings of the tpen ligand, and which becomes accessible to the solvent molecules in the HS state only thanks to the structural changes undergone by the complex. The presence of this inner solvation shell for the solvated HS complex probably plays a key role in the spin-state dependent reactivity of [Fe(tpen)]2+ in liquid solutions. AIMD study of the SCO [Fe(tpen)]2+ complex in acetonitrile: radial distribution functions and running coordination numbers characterizing its solvation structure in the HS state.![]()
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Ould Hamouda A, Dutin F, Degert J, Tondusson M, Naim A, Rosa P, Freysz E. Study of the Photoswitching of a Fe(II) Chiral Complex through Linear and Nonlinear Ultrafast Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5975-5982. [PMID: 31536709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitching the physical properties of molecular systems opens large possibilities for driving materials far from equilibrium toward new states. Moreover, ultrashort pulses of light make it possible to induce and to record photoswitching on a very short time scale, opening the way to fascinating new functionalities. Among molecular materials, Fe(II) complexes exhibit an ultrafast spin-state transition during which the spin state of the complex switches from a low spin state (LS, S = 0) to a high spin state (HS, S = 2). The latter process is remarkable: It takes place within ∼100 fs with a quantum efficiency of ∼100%. Moreover, the spin-state switching induces an important shift of the broad metal-to-ligand absorption band of the complex, and it results in large modifications of the physical and chemical properties of the compounds. But because most of the Fe(II) complexes crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups, this prevents them from exhibiting piezoelectric, ferroelectric, as well as second-order nonlinear optical properties such as second-harmonic generation (SHG). This considerably limits their potential applications. We have recently synthesized [Fe(phen)3] [Δ-As2(tartrate)2] chiral complexes that crystallize in a noncentrosymmetric 32 space group. Hereafter, upon the excitation of a thin film of these complexes by a femtosecond laser pulse and performing simultaneously transient absorption (TRA) and time-resolved SHG (TRSH) measurements, we have recorded the ultrafast LS to HS switching. Whereas a single TRA measurement gives only partial information, we demonstrate that TRSH readily reveals the different mechanisms in play during the HS-to-LS state relaxation. Moreover, a simple model makes it possible to evaluate the relaxation times as well as the hyperpolarizabilities of the different excited states through which the system travels during the spin-state transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Ould Hamouda
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LOMA UMR 5798 , 351 Cours de la Libération , 33405 Talence , France
| | - Frédéric Dutin
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LOMA UMR 5798 , 351 Cours de la Libération , 33405 Talence , France
| | - Jérôme Degert
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LOMA UMR 5798 , 351 Cours de la Libération , 33405 Talence , France
| | - Marc Tondusson
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LOMA UMR 5798 , 351 Cours de la Libération , 33405 Talence , France
| | - Ahmad Naim
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Patrick Rosa
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Eric Freysz
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LOMA UMR 5798 , 351 Cours de la Libération , 33405 Talence , France
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Kovalenzgetriebene Erhaltung lokaler Ladungsdichten in einem durch Metall‐Ligand‐Ladungstransfer angeregten Eisenphotosensibilisator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy Max Born Strasse 2A 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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20
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Covalency-Driven Preservation of Local Charge Densities in a Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited Iron Photosensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10742-10746. [PMID: 31145507 PMCID: PMC6771958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Covalency is found to even out charge separation after photo‐oxidation of the metal center in the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer state of an iron photosensitizer. The σ‐donation ability of the ligands compensates for the loss of iron 3d electronic charge, thereby upholding the initial metal charge density and preserving the local noble‐gas configuration. These findings are enabled through element‐specific and orbital‐selective time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the iron L‐edge. Thus, valence orbital populations around the central metal are directly accessible. In conjunction with density functional theory we conclude that the picture of a localized charge‐separation is inadequate. However, the unpaired spin density provides a suitable representation of the electron–hole pair associated with the electron‐transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany.,Current address: Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Strasse 2A, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Britz A, Gawelda W, Assefa TA, Jamula LL, Yarranton JT, Galler A, Khakhulin D, Diez M, Harder M, Doumy G, March AM, Bajnóczi É, Németh Z, Pápai M, Rozsályi E, Sárosiné Szemes D, Cho H, Mukherjee S, Liu C, Kim TK, Schoenlein RW, Southworth SH, Young L, Jakubikova E, Huse N, Vankó G, Bressler C, McCusker JK. Using Ultrafast X-ray Spectroscopy To Address Questions in Ligand-Field Theory: The Excited State Spin and Structure of [Fe(dcpp)2]2+. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9341-9350. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Britz
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadesse A. Assefa
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Laser Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lindsey L. Jamula
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Yarranton
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | | | - Dmitry Khakhulin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Diez
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Harder
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Anne Marie March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Éva Bajnóczi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emese Rozsályi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Hana Cho
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sriparna Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
| | - Stephen H. Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nils Huse
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - James K. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Wernet P. Chemical interactions and dynamics with femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and the role of X-ray free-electron lasers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170464. [PMID: 30929622 PMCID: PMC6452048 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers with intense, tuneable and short-pulse X-ray radiation are transformative tools for the investigation of transition-metal complexes and metalloproteins. This becomes apparent in particular when combining the experimental observables from X-ray spectroscopy with modern theoretical tools for calculations of electronic structures and X-ray spectra from first principles. The combination gives new insights into how charge and spin densities change in chemical reactions and how they determine reactivity. This is demonstrated for the investigations of structural dynamics with metal K-edge absorption spectroscopy, spin states in excited-state dynamics with metal 3p-3d exchange interactions, the frontier-orbital interactions in dissociation and substitution reactions with metal-specific X-ray spectroscopy, and studies of metal oxidation states with femtosecond pulses for 'probe-before-destroy' spectroscopy. The role of X-ray free-electron lasers is addressed with thoughts about how they enable 'bringing back together' different aspects of the same problem and this is thought to go beyond a conventional review paper where these aspects are formulated in italic font type in a prequel, an interlude and in a sequel. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Bertoni R, Collet E, Cailleau H, Boillot ML, Tissot A, Laisney J, Enachescu C, Lorenc M. Temperature dependence of the cooperative out-of-equilibrium elastic switching in a spin-crossover material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6606-6612. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We explore the key parameters that influence the efficiency of the cooperative low-spin to high-spin conversion through long range elastic intermolecular interactions during the so-called elastic step, triggered by instantaneous photo-induced conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bertoni
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Eric Collet
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Hervé Cailleau
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Marie-Laure Boillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
- Univ. Paris Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
| | - Antoine Tissot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
- Univ. Paris Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
| | - Jérôme Laisney
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
- Univ. Paris Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
| | | | - Maciej Lorenc
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
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25
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Lawson Daku LM. Spin-state dependence of the structural and vibrational properties of solvated iron(ii) polypyridyl complexes from AIMD simulations: II. aqueous [Fe(tpy)2]Cl2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:650-661. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06671j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LS and HS Fe–O radial distribution functions and running coordination numbers for aqueous [Fe(tpy)2]Cl2: in both spin states, the first hydration shell of [Fe(tpy)2]2+ consists in a chain of ∼15 hydrogen-bonded water molecules wrapped around the ligands.
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26
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Chang SY, Kathyola TA, Willneff EA, Willis CJ, Wilson P, Dowding PJ, Cibin G, Kroner AB, Shotton EJ, Schroeder SLM. A versatile liquid-jet/sessile droplet system for operando studies of reactions in liquid dispersions and solutions by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy for operando studies of liquid dispersions and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-Y. Chang
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- Diamond Light Source
| | - T. A. Kathyola
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | | | | | | - P. J. Dowding
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- Infineum UK Ltd
| | | | | | | | - S. L. M. Schroeder
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- Diamond Light Source
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27
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Carey MC, Adelman SL, McCusker JK. Insights into the excited state dynamics of Fe(ii) polypyridyl complexes from variable-temperature ultrafast spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 10:134-144. [PMID: 30746076 PMCID: PMC6335846 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to better define the nature of the nuclear coordinate associated with excited state dynamics in first-row transition metal-based chromophores, variable-temperature ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine activation parameters associated with ground state recovery dynamics in a series of low-spin Fe(ii) polypyridyl complexes. Our results establish that high-spin (5T2) to low-spin (1A1) conversion in complexes of the form [Fe(4,4'-di-R-2,2'-bpy')3]2+ (R = H, CH3, or tert-butyl) is characterized by a small but nevertheless non-zero barrier in the range of 300-350 cm-1 in fluid CH3CN solution, a value that more than doubles to ∼750 cm-1 for [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). The data were analyzed in the context of semi-classical Marcus theory. Changes in the ratio of the electronic coupling to reorganization energy (specifically, H ab 4/λ) reveal an approximately two-fold difference between the [Fe(bpy')3]2+ complexes (∼1/30) and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (∼1/14), suggesting a change in the nature of the nuclear coordinate associated with ground state recovery between these two types of complexes. These experimentally-determined ratios, along with estimates for the 5T2/1A1 energy gap, yield electronic coupling values between these two states for the [Fe(bpy')3]2+ series and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ of 4.3 ± 0.3 cm-1 and 6 ± 1 cm-1, respectively, values that are qualitatively consistent with the second-order nature of high-spin/low-spin coupling in a d6 ion. In addition to providing useful quantitative information on these prototypical Fe(ii) complexes, these results underscore the utility of variable-temperature spectroscopic measurements for characterizing ultrafast excited state dynamics in this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Carey
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA .
| | - Sara L Adelman
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA .
| | - James K McCusker
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA .
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Guo M, Källman E, Pinjari RV, Couto RC, Kragh Sørensen L, Lindh R, Pierloot K, Lundberg M. Fingerprinting Electronic Structure of Heme Iron by Ab Initio Modeling of Metal L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectra. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 15:477-489. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rahul V. Pinjari
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rafael C. Couto
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lasse Kragh Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristine Pierloot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Fondell M, Miedema PS, Norell J, Pietzsch A, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kunnus K, Föhlisch A. The nature of frontier orbitals under systematic ligand exchange in (pseudo-)octahedral Fe(ii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27745-27751. [PMID: 30211412 PMCID: PMC6240897 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ligand substitution on metal-ligand covalency and the valence excited state landscape is investigated using resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering.
Understanding and controlling properties of transition metal complexes is a crucial step towards tailoring materials for sustainable energy applications. In a systematic approach, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to study the influence of ligand substitution on the valence electronic structure around an aqueous iron(ii) center. Exchanging cyanide with 2-2′-bipyridine ligands reshapes frontier orbitals in a way that reduces metal 3d charge delocalization onto the ligands. This net decrease of metal–ligand covalency results in lower metal-centered excited state energies in agreement with previously reported excited state dynamics. Furthermore, traces of solvent-effects were found indicating a varying interaction strength of the solvent with ligands of different character. Our results demonstrate how ligand exchange can be exploited to shape frontier orbitals of transition metal complexes in solution-phase chemistry; insights upon which future efforts can built when tailoring the functionality of photoactive systems for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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30
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Paquette MM, Plaul D, Kurimoto A, Patrick BO, Frank NL. Opto-Spintronics: Photoisomerization-Induced Spin State Switching at 300 K in Photochrome Cobalt-Dioxolene Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14990-15000. [PMID: 30351017 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Controllable quantum systems are under active investigation for quantum computing, secure information processing, and nonvolatile memory. The optical manipulation of spin quantum states provides an important strategy for quantum control with both temporal and spatial resolution. Challenges in increasing the lifetime of photoinduced magnetic states at T > 200 K have hindered progress toward utilizing photomagnetic materials in quantum device architectures. Here we demonstrate reversible light-induced magnetization switching in an organic thin film at device operating temperatures of 300-330 K. By utilizing photochromic ligands that undergo structural changes in the solid state, the changes in ligand field associated with photoisomerization modulate the ligand field and in turn the oxidation and spin state of a bound metal center. Green light irradiation (λexc = 550 nm) of a spirooxazine cobalt-dioxolene complex induces photoisomerization of the ligand that in turn triggers a reversible intramolecular charge-transfer coupled spin-transition process at the cobalt center. The generation of photomagnetic states through conversion between a low-spin Co(III)-semiquinone doublet and a high-spin Co(II)-bis-semiquinone sextet state has been demonstrated in both solution and the solid state and is described as a photoisomerization-induced spin-charge excited state (PISCES) process. The high transition temperature (325 K) and long-lived photoinduced state (τ = 10 s at 300 K) are dictated by the photochromic ligand. Theory provides effective modeling of the phenomenon and long-term strategies to further modulate the lifetimes of photomagnetic states for quantum information technologies at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Paquette
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 STN CSC , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Daniel Plaul
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 STN CSC , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Aiko Kurimoto
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 STN CSC , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Natia L Frank
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 STN CSC , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
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31
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Chergui M. Ultrafast photophysics and photochemistry of iron hexacyanides in solution: Infrared to X-ray spectroscopic studies. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Kubin M, Guo M, Kroll T, Löchel H, Källman E, Baker ML, Mitzner R, Gul S, Kern J, Föhlisch A, Erko A, Bergmann U, Yachandra V, Yano J, Lundberg M, Wernet P. Probing the oxidation state of transition metal complexes: a case study on how charge and spin densities determine Mn L-edge X-ray absorption energies. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6813-6829. [PMID: 30310614 PMCID: PMC6115617 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals in inorganic systems and metalloproteins can occur in different oxidation states, which makes them ideal redox-active catalysts. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the catalytic reactions, knowledge of the oxidation state of the active metals, ideally in operando, is therefore critical. L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique that is frequently used to infer the oxidation state via a distinct blue shift of L-edge absorption energies with increasing oxidation state. A unified description accounting for quantum-chemical notions whereupon oxidation does not occur locally on the metal but on the whole molecule and the basic understanding that L-edge XAS probes the electronic structure locally at the metal has been missing to date. Here we quantify how charge and spin densities change at the metal and throughout the molecule for both redox and core-excitation processes. We explain the origin of the L-edge XAS shift between the high-spin complexes MnII(acac)2 and MnIII(acac)3 as representative model systems and use ab initio theory to uncouple effects of oxidation-state changes from geometric effects. The shift reflects an increased electron affinity of MnIII in the core-excited states compared to the ground state due to a contraction of the Mn 3d shell upon core-excitation with accompanied changes in the classical Coulomb interactions. This new picture quantifies how the metal-centered core hole probes changes in formal oxidation state and encloses and substantiates earlier explanations. The approach is broadly applicable to mechanistic studies of redox-catalytic reactions in molecular systems where charge and spin localization/delocalization determine reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kubin
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Sweden .
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Heike Löchel
- Institute for Nanometre Optics and Technology , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Sweden .
| | - Michael L Baker
- The School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester at Harwell , Didcot , OX11 OFA , UK
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Alexei Erko
- Institute for Nanometre Optics and Technology , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Vittal Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Sweden .
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
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33
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Zhang K, Girolami GS, Vura-Weis J. Improved charge transfer multiplet method to simulate M- and L-edge X-ray absorption spectra of metal-centered excited states. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1600-1608. [PMID: 30179201 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518009517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer multiplet (CTM) theory is a computationally undemanding and highly mature method for simulating the soft X-ray spectra of first-row transition metal complexes. However, CTM theory has seldom been applied to the simulation of excited-state spectra. In this article, the CTM4XAS software package is extended to simulate M2,3- and L2,3-edge spectra for the excited states of first-row transition metals and also interpret CTM eigenfunctions in terms of Russell-Saunders term symbols. These new programs are used to reinterpret the recently reported excited-state M2,3-edge difference spectra of photogenerated ferrocenium cations and to propose alternative assignments for the electronic state of these cations responsible for the spectroscopic features. These new programs were also used to model the L2,3-edge spectra of FeII compounds during nuclear relaxation following photoinduced spin crossover and to propose spectroscopic signatures for their vibrationally hot states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gregory S Girolami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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34
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Kubin M, Guo M, Ekimova M, Baker ML, Kroll T, Källman E, Kern J, Yachandra VK, Yano J, Nibbering ETJ, Lundberg M, Wernet P. Direct Determination of Absolute Absorption Cross Sections at the L-Edge of Dilute Mn Complexes in Solution Using a Transmission Flatjet. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5449-5462. [PMID: 29634280 PMCID: PMC5972834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3d transition metals play a pivotal role in many charge transfer processes in catalysis and biology. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the L-edge of metal sites probes metal 2p-3d excitations, providing key access to their valence electronic structure, which is crucial for understanding these processes. We report L-edge absorption spectra of MnII(acac)2 and MnIII(acac)3 complexes in solution, utilizing a liquid flatjet for X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode. With this, we derive absolute absorption cross-sections for the L-edge transitions with peak magnitudes as large as 12 and 9 Mb for MnII(acac)2 and MnIII(acac)3, respectively. We provide insight into the electronic structure with ab initio restricted active space calculations of these L-edge transitions, reproducing the experimental spectra with excellent agreement in terms of shapes, relative energies, and relative intensities for the two complexes. Crystal field multiplet theory is used to assign spectral features in terms of the electronic structure. Comparison to charge transfer multiplet calculations reveals the importance of charge transfer in the core-excited final states. On the basis of our experimental observations, we extrapolate the feasibility of 3d transition metal L-edge absorption spectroscopy using the liquid flatjet approach in probing highly dilute biological solution samples and possible extensions to table-top soft X-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kubin
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael L. Baker
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester at Harwell, Didcot, OX11 OFA, U.K
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Borgatti F, Torelli P, Brucale M, Gentili D, Panaccione G, Castan Guerrero C, Schäfer B, Ruben M, Cavallini M. Opposite Surface and Bulk Solvatochromic Effects in a Molecular Spin-Crossover Compound Revealed by Ambient Pressure X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3604-3609. [PMID: 29510051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the solvatochromic effect of a Fe-based spin-crossover (SCO) compound via ambient pressure soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (AP-XAS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AP-XAS provides the direct evidence of the spin configuration for the Fe(II) 3d states of the SCO material upon in situ exposure to specific gas or vapor mixtures; concurrent changes in nanoscale topography and mechanical characteristics are revealed via AFM imaging and AFM-based force spectroscopy, respectively. We find that exposing the SCO material to gaseous helium promotes an effective decrease of the transition temperature of its surface layers, while the exposure to methanol vapor causes opposite surfacial and bulk solvatochromic effects. Surfacial solvatochromism is accompanied by a dramatic reduction of the surface layers stiffness. We propose a rationalization of the observed effects based on interfacial dehydration and solvation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borgatti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , Bologna 40129 , Italy
| | - Piero Torelli
- CNR-IOM , Tasc Laboratory , S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park , Basovizza , Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , Bologna 40129 , Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , Bologna 40129 , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Panaccione
- CNR-IOM , Tasc Laboratory , S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park , Basovizza , Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Celia Castan Guerrero
- CNR-IOM , Tasc Laboratory , S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park , Basovizza , Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Bernhard Schäfer
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen D-76344 , Germany
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 43 , Strasbourg Cedex 2 67034 , France
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen D-76344 , Germany
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 43 , Strasbourg Cedex 2 67034 , France
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , Bologna 40129 , Italy
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36
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Penfold TJ, Gindensperger E, Daniel C, Marian CM. Spin-Vibronic Mechanism for Intersystem Crossing. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6975-7025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Penfold
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Gindensperger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie UMR-7177, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie UMR-7177, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christel M. Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Norell J, Jay RM, Hantschmann M, Eckert S, Guo M, Gaffney KJ, Wernet P, Lundberg M, Föhlisch A, Odelius M. Fingerprints of electronic, spin and structural dynamics from resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering in transient photo-chemical species. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7243-7253. [PMID: 29484313 PMCID: PMC5885270 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe how inversion symmetry separation of electronic state manifolds in resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS) can be applied to probe excited-state dynamics with compelling selectivity. In a case study of Fe L3-edge RIXS in the ferricyanide complex Fe(CN)63-, we demonstrate with multi-configurational restricted active space spectrum simulations how the information content of RIXS spectral fingerprints can be used to unambiguously separate species of different electronic configurations, spin multiplicities, and structures, with possible involvement in the decay dynamics of photo-excited ligand-to-metal charge-transfer. Specifically, we propose that this could be applied to confirm or reject the presence of a hitherto elusive transient Quartet species. Thus, RIXS offers a particular possibility to settle a recent controversy regarding the decay pathway, and we expect the technique to be similarly applicable in other model systems of photo-induced dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics , AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden .
| | - Raphael M. Jay
- Universität Potsdam , Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 32 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Universität Potsdam , Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 32 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology , Chemistry and Pharmacy , Universitá di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Universität Potsdam , Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 32 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics , AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden .
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Kjær KS, Kunnus K, Harlang TCB, Van Driel TB, Ledbetter K, Hartsock RW, Reinhard ME, Koroidov S, Li L, Laursen MG, Biasin E, Hansen FB, Vester P, Christensen M, Haldrup K, Nielsen MM, Chabera P, Liu Y, Tatsuno H, Timm C, Uhlig J, Sundstöm V, Németh Z, Szemes DS, Bajnóczi É, Vankó G, Alonso-Mori R, Glownia JM, Nelson S, Sikorski M, Sokaras D, Lemke HT, Canton SE, Wärnmark K, Persson P, Cordones AA, Gaffney KJ. Solvent control of charge transfer excited state relaxation pathways in [Fe(2,2'-bipyridine)(CN) 4] 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4238-4249. [PMID: 29364300 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07838b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The excited state dynamics of solvated [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]2-, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, show significant sensitivity to the solvent Lewis acidity. Using a combination of optical absorption and X-ray emission transient spectroscopies, we have previously shown that the metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state of [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]2- has a 19 picosecond lifetime and no discernable contribution from metal centered (MC) states in weak Lewis acid solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile.1,2 In the present work, we use the same combination of spectroscopic techniques to measure the MLCT excited state relaxation dynamics of [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]2- in water, a strong Lewis acid solvent. The charge-transfer excited state is now found to decay in less than 100 femtoseconds, forming a quasi-stable metal centered excited state with a 13 picosecond lifetime. We find that this MC excited state has triplet (3MC) character, unlike other reported six-coordinate Fe(ii)-centered coordination compounds, which form MC quintet (5MC) states. The solvent dependent changes in excited state non-radiative relaxation for [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]2- allows us to infer the influence of the solvent on the electronic structure of the complex. Furthermore, the robust characterization of the dynamics and optical spectral signatures of the isolated 3MC intermediate provides a strong foundation for identifying 3MC intermediates in the electronic excited state relaxation mechanisms of similar Fe-centered systems being developed for solar applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper S Kjær
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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39
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Leshchev D, Harlang TCB, Fredin LA, Khakhulin D, Liu Y, Biasin E, Laursen MG, Newby GE, Haldrup K, Nielsen MM, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P, Kjær KS, Wulff M. Tracking the picosecond deactivation dynamics of a photoexcited iron carbene complex by time-resolved X-ray scattering. Chem Sci 2018; 9:405-414. [PMID: 29629111 PMCID: PMC5868308 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the development of new iron-centered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes for solar energy applications. Compared to typical ligand systems, the NHC ligands provide Fe complexes with longer-lived metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states. This increased lifetime is ascribed to strong ligand field splitting provided by the NHC ligands that raises the energy levels of the metal centered (MC) states and therefore reduces the deactivation efficiency of MLCT states. Among currently known NHC systems, [Fe(btbip)2]2+ (btbip = 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-imidazol-1-ylidene)pyridine) is a unique complex as it exhibits a short-lived MC state with a lifetime on the scale of a few hundreds of picoseconds. Hence, this complex allows for a detailed investigation, using 100 ps X-ray pulses from a synchrotron, of strong ligand field effects on the intermediate MC state in an NHC complex. Here, we use time-resolved wide angle X-ray scattering (TRWAXS) aided by density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the molecular structure, energetics and lifetime of the high-energy MC state in the Fe-NHC complex [Fe(btbip)2]2+ after excitation to the MLCT manifold. We identify it as a 260 ps metal-centered quintet (5MC) state, and we refine the molecular structure of the excited-state complex verifying the DFT results. Using information about the hydrodynamic state of the solvent, we also determine, for the first time, the energy of the 5MC state as 0.75 ± 0.15 eV. Our results demonstrate that due to the increased ligand field strength caused by NHC ligands, upon transition from the ground state to the 5MC state, the metal to ligand bonds extend by unusually large values: by 0.29 Å in the axial and 0.21 Å in the equatorial direction. These results imply that the transition in the photochemical properties from typical Fe complexes to novel NHC compounds is manifested not only in the destabilization of the MC states, but also in structural distortion of these states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Leshchev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Tobias C B Harlang
- Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P. O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
- Molecular Movies Group , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , DK-2800 , Denmark
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Theoretical Chemistry Division , Lund University , P. O. Box 124 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | | | - Yizhu Liu
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , P. O. Box 12 4 , Lund 22100 , Sweden
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Molecular Movies Group , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , DK-2800 , Denmark
| | - Mads G Laursen
- Molecular Movies Group , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , DK-2800 , Denmark
| | - Gemma E Newby
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Molecular Movies Group , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , DK-2800 , Denmark
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Molecular Movies Group , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , DK-2800 , Denmark
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , P. O. Box 12 4 , Lund 22100 , Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P. O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical Chemistry Division , Lund University , P. O. Box 124 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P. O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
- Molecular Movies Group , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , DK-2800 , Denmark
| | - Michael Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France .
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40
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Lawson Daku LM. Spin-state dependence of the structural and vibrational properties of solvated iron(ii) polypyridyl complexes from AIMD simulations: aqueous [Fe(bpy)3]Cl2, a case study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6236-6253. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LS and HS IR spectra of aqueous [Fe(bpy)3]2+ and corresponding HS–LS difference IR spectrum as obtained from state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics simulations applied to the determination of the structural and vibrational properties of the solvated complex.
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41
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Lu J, Ozel IO, Belvin CA, Li X, Skorupskii G, Sun L, Ofori-Okai BK, Dincă M, Gedik N, Nelson KA. Rapid and precise determination of zero-field splittings by terahertz time-domain electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7312-7323. [PMID: 29163882 PMCID: PMC5672788 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00830a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters are fundamentally tied to the geometries of metal ion complexes. Despite their critical importance for understanding the magnetism and spectroscopy of metal complexes, they are not routinely available through general laboratory-based techniques, and are often inferred from magnetism data. Here we demonstrate a simple tabletop experimental approach that enables direct and reliable determination of ZFS parameters in the terahertz (THz) regime. We report time-domain measurements of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals associated with THz-frequency ZFSs in molecular complexes containing high-spin transition-metal ions. We measure the temporal profiles of the free-induction decays of spin resonances in the complexes at zero and nonzero external magnetic fields, and we derive the EPR spectra via numerical Fourier transformation of the time-domain signals. In most cases, absolute values of the ZFS parameters are extracted from the measured zero-field EPR frequencies, and the signs can be determined by zero-field measurements at two different temperatures. Field-dependent EPR measurements further allow refined determination of the ZFS parameters and access to the g-factor. The results show good agreement with those obtained by other methods. The simplicity of the method portends wide applicability in chemistry, biology and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
| | - I Ozge Ozel
- Department of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Carina A Belvin
- Department of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
| | - Benjamin K Ofori-Okai
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA .
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42
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Husek J, Cirri A, Biswas S, Baker LR. Surface electron dynamics in hematite (α-Fe 2O 3): correlation between ultrafast surface electron trapping and small polaron formation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8170-8178. [PMID: 29619171 PMCID: PMC5861984 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopically following charge carrier dynamics in catalytic materials has proven to be a difficult task due to the ultrafast timescales involved in charge trapping and the lack of spectroscopic tools available to selectively probe surface electronic structure. Transient extreme ultraviolet reflection-absorption (XUV-RA) spectroscopy is able to follow surface electron dynamics due to its element, oxidation-state, and surface specificity, as well as the ultrafast time-resolution which can be achieved with XUV pulses produced by high harmonic generation. Here, we use ultrafast XUV-RA spectroscopy to show that charge localization and small polaron formation in Fe2O3 occur within ∼660 fs. The photoexcitation of hematite at 400 nm initially leads to an electronically-delocalized ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) state, which subsequently evolves into a surface localized LMCT state. Comparison of the charge carrier dynamics for single and polycrystalline samples shows that the observed dynamics are negligibly influenced by grain boundaries and surface defects. Rather, correlation between experimental results and spectral simulations reveals that the lattice expansion during small polaron formation occurs on the identical time scale as surface trapping and represents the probable driving force for sub-ps electron localization to the hematite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Husek
- The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH 43210 , USA .
| | - Anthony Cirri
- The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH 43210 , USA .
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43
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Fondell M, Eckert S, Jay RM, Weniger C, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kennedy B, Sorgenfrei F, Schick D, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Adamczyk K, Huse N, Wernet P, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Time-resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode on liquids at MHz repetition rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:054902. [PMID: 28852689 PMCID: PMC5555770 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a setup combining a liquid flatjet sample delivery and a MHz laser system for time-resolved soft X-ray absorption measurements of liquid samples at the high brilliance undulator beamline UE52-SGM at Bessy II yielding unprecedented statistics in this spectral range. We demonstrate that the efficient detection of transient absorption changes in transmission mode enables the identification of photoexcited species in dilute samples. With iron(II)-trisbipyridine in aqueous solution as a benchmark system, we present absorption measurements at various edges in the soft X-ray regime. In combination with the wavelength tunability of the laser system, the set-up opens up opportunities to study the photochemistry of many systems at low concentrations, relevant to materials sciences, chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Weniger
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Sorgenfrei
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Chergui M, Collet E. Photoinduced Structural Dynamics of Molecular Systems Mapped by Time-Resolved X-ray Methods. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11025-11065. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire
de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU), ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for
Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Faculté des Sciences de Base, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric Collet
- Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, UBL, Rennes F-35042, France
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45
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Van Kuiken BE, Ross MR, Strader ML, Cordones AA, Cho H, Lee JH, Schoenlein RW, Khalil M. Picosecond sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with applications to excited state proton transfer. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044021. [PMID: 28529962 PMCID: PMC5422206 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond X-ray absorption (XA) spectroscopy at the S K-edge (∼2.4 keV) is demonstrated and used to monitor excited state dynamics in a small organosulfur molecule (2-Thiopyridone, 2TP) following optical excitation. Multiple studies have reported that the thione (2TP) is converted into the thiol (2-Mercaptopyridine, 2MP) following photoexcitation. However, the timescale and photochemical pathway of this reaction remain uncertain. In this work, time-resolved XA spectroscopy at the S K-edge is used to monitor the formation and decay of two transient species following 400 nm excitation of 2TP dissolved in acetonitrile. The first transient species forms within the instrument response time (70 ps) and decays within 6 ns. The second transient species forms on a timescale of ∼400 ps and decays on a 15 ns timescale. Time-dependent density functional theory is used to identify the first and second transient species as the lowest-lying triplet states of 2TP and 2MP, respectively. This study demonstrates transient S K-edge XA spectroscopy as a sensitive and viable probe of time-evolving charge dynamics near sulfur sites in small molecules with future applications towards studying complex biological and material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew R Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matthew L Strader
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hana Cho
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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46
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Pertot Y, Schmidt C, Matthews M, Chauvet A, Huppert M, Svoboda V, von Conta A, Tehlar A, Baykusheva D, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy with a water window high-harmonic source. Science 2017; 355:264-267. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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47
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Zhang W, Kjær KS, Alonso-Mori R, Bergmann U, Chollet M, Fredin LA, Hadt RG, Hartsock RW, Harlang T, Kroll T, Kubiček K, Lemke HT, Liang HW, Liu Y, Nielsen MM, Persson P, Robinson JS, Solomon EI, Sun Z, Sokaras D, van Driel TB, Weng TC, Zhu D, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Gaffney KJ. Manipulating charge transfer excited state relaxation and spin crossover in iron coordination complexes with ligand substitution. Chem Sci 2016; 8:515-523. [PMID: 28451198 PMCID: PMC5341207 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical and X-ray free-electron laser measurements reveal ligand substitution in an Fe(ii)-centered complex extends its MLCT lifetime.
Developing light-harvesting and photocatalytic molecules made with iron could provide a cost effective, scalable, and environmentally benign path for solar energy conversion. To date these developments have been limited by the sub-picosecond metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) electronic excited state lifetime of iron based complexes due to spin crossover – the extremely fast intersystem crossing and internal conversion to high spin metal-centered excited states. We revitalize a 30 year old synthetic strategy for extending the MLCT excited state lifetimes of iron complexes by making mixed ligand iron complexes with four cyanide (CN–) ligands and one 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) ligand. This enables MLCT excited state and metal-centered excited state energies to be manipulated with partial independence and provides a path to suppressing spin crossover. We have combined X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) Kβ hard X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy with femtosecond time-resolved UV-visible absorption spectroscopy to characterize the electronic excited state dynamics initiated by MLCT excitation of [Fe(CN)4(bpy)]2–. The two experimental techniques are highly complementary; the time-resolved UV-visible measurement probes allowed electronic transitions between valence states making it sensitive to ligand-centered electronic states such as MLCT states, whereas the Kβ fluorescence spectroscopy provides a sensitive measure of changes in the Fe spin state characteristic of metal-centered excited states. We conclude that the MLCT excited state of [Fe(CN)4(bpy)]2– decays with roughly a 20 ps lifetime without undergoing spin crossover, exceeding the MLCT excited state lifetime of [Fe(2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+ by more than two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ;
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ; .,Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P.O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden.,Centre for Molecular Movies , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ; .,LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Theoretical Chemistry Division , Lund University , P.O. Box 124 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA
| | - Robert W Hartsock
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ; .,Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA
| | - Tobias Harlang
- Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P.O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Thomas Kroll
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA
| | - Katharina Kubiček
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , 37077 , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Henrik T Lemke
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Huiyang W Liang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ; .,LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Yizhu Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P.O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Centre for Molecular Movies , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical Chemistry Division , Lund University , P.O. Box 124 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Joseph S Robinson
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Edward I Solomon
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ;
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Centre for Molecular Movies , Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics , Lund University , P.O. Box 12 4 , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA . ;
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48
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Cho H, Hong K, Strader ML, Lee JH, Schoenlein RW, Huse N, Kim TK. Electronic and Molecular Structure of the Transient Radical Photocatalyst Mn(CO)5 and Its Parent Compound Mn2(CO)10. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5895-903. [PMID: 27248860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic study of the structural and electronic rearrangements of the photocatalyst Mn2(CO)10 upon photocleavage of the metal-metal bond. Our study of the manganese K-edge fine structure reveals details of both the molecular structure and valence charge distribution of the photodissociated radical product. Transient X-ray absorption spectra of the formation of the Mn(CO)5 radical demonstrate surprisingly small structural modifications between the parent molecule and the resulting two identical manganese monomers. Small modifications of the local valence charge distribution are decisive for the catalytic activity of the radical product. The spectral changes reflect altered hybridization of metal-3d, metal-4p, and ligand-2p orbitals, particularly loss of interligand interaction, accompanied by the necessary spin transition due to radical formation. The spectral changes in the manganese pre- and main-edge region are well-reproduced by time-dependent density functional theory and ab initio multiple scattering calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew L Strader
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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49
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Van Kuiken BE, Cho H, Hong K, Khalil M, Schoenlein RW, Kim TK, Huse N. Time-Resolved X-ray Spectroscopy in the Water Window: Elucidating Transient Valence Charge Distributions in an Aqueous Fe(II) Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:465-70. [PMID: 26727390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved nitrogen-1s spectroscopy in the X-ray water window is presented as a novel probe of metal-ligand interactions and transient states in nitrogen-containing organic compounds. New information on iron(II) polypyridyl complexes via nitrogen core-level transitions yields insight into the charge density of the photoinduced high-spin state by comparing experimental results with time-dependent density functional theory. In the transient high-spin state, the 3d electrons of the metal center are more delocalized over the nearest-neighbor nitrogen atoms despite increased bond lengths. Our findings point to a strong coupling of electronic states with charge-transfer character, facilitating the ultrafast intersystem crossing cascade in these systems. The study also highlights the importance of local charge density measures to complement chemical interaction concepts of charge donation and back-bonding with molecular orbital descriptions of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Van Kuiken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hana Cho
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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50
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Kim J, Kim KH, Oang KY, Lee JH, Hong K, Cho H, Huse N, Schoenlein RW, Kim TK, Ihee H. Tracking reaction dynamics in solution by pump–probe X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray liquidography (solution scattering). Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3734-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08949b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TRXL and TRXAS are powerful techniques for real-time probing of structural and electronic dynamics of photoinduced reactions in solution phase.
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