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Alikhani ME, Madebène B, Silvi B. Microsolvation of cobalt, nickel, and copper atoms with ammonia: a theoretical study of the solvated electron precursors. J Mol Model 2024; 30:220. [PMID: 38902588 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The s-block metals dissolved in ammonia form metal-ammonia complexes with diffuse electrons which could be used for redox catalysis. In this theoretical paper, we investigated the possibility of the d-bloc transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) solvated by ammonia. It has been demonstrated that both Mn and Fe atoms undergo into an oxidative reaction with NH3 forming an inserted species, HMNH2. On the contrary, the Co, Ni, and Cu atoms can accommodate four NH3, via the coordination bond, to form the first solvation sphere within C2v, D2d, and Td point groups, respectively. Addition of a fifth NH3 constitute the second solvation shell by forming hydrogen bond with the other NH3s. Interestingly, M(NH3)4 (M = Co, Ni, and Cu) is a so-called solvated electron precursor and should be considered as a monocation M(NH3)4+ kernel in tight contact with one electron distributed over its periphery. This nearly free electron could be used to capture a CO2 molecule and engages in a reduction reaction. METHODS Geometry optimization of the stationary points on the potential energy surface was performed using density functional theory - CAM-B3LYP functional including the GD3BJ dispersion contribution - in combination with the 6-311 + + G(2d, 2p) basis set for all the atoms. All first-principles calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 quantum chemical packages. The natural electron configuration of transition atom engaged in the compounds has been found using the natural bond orbital (NBO) method. We used the EDR (electron delocalization range) approach to analyze the structure of solvated electrons in real space. We also used the electron localization function (ELF) to measure the degree of electronic localization within a chemical compound. The EDR and ELF analyses are done using the TopMod and Multiwfn packages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Madebène
- Sorbonne Université CNRS, MONARIS, UMR8233, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Silvi
- Sorbonne Université CNRS, LCT, UMR7616, F-75005, Paris, France
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2
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Ding C, Lu Q, Guo Z, Huang T, Wang J, Han Y, Xing D, Sun J. Quasi-2D spin-Peierls transition through interstitial anionic electrons in K(NH 3) 2. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1027-1036. [PMID: 38423875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Electron-phonon interactions and electron-electron correlations represent two crucial facets of condensed matter physics. For instance, in a half-filled spin-1/2 anti-ferromagnetic chain, the lattice dimerization induced by electron-nucleus interaction can be intensified by onsite Coulomb repulsion, resulting in a spin-Peierls state. Through first-principles calculations and crystal structure prediction methods, we have identified that under mild pressures, potassium and ammonia can form stable compounds: R3¯m K(NH3)2, Pm3¯m K(NH3)2, and Cm K2(NH3)3. Our predictions suggest that the R3¯m K(NH3)2 exhibits electride characteristics, marked by the formation of interstitial anionic electrons (IAEs) in the interlayer space. These IAEs are arranged in quasi-two-dimensional triangular arrays. With increasing pressure, the electronic van-Hove singularity shifts toward the Fermi level, resulting in an augmented density of states and the onset of both Peierls and magnetic instabilities. Analyzing these instabilities, we determine that the ground state of the R3¯m K(NH3)2 is the dimerized P21/m phase with zigzag-type anti-ferromagnetic IAEs. This state can be described by the triangular-lattice antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model with modulated magnetic interactions. Furthermore, we unveil the coexistence and positive interplay between magnetic and Peierls instability, constituting a scenario of spin-Peierls instability unprecedented in realistic 2D materials, particularly involving IAEs. This work provides valuable insights into the coupling of IAEs with the adjacent lattice and their spin correlations in quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhaopeng Guo
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tianheng Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dingyu Xing
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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3
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Pandey P, Wang X, Gupta H, Smith PW, Lapsheva E, Carroll PJ, Bacon AM, Booth CH, Minasian SG, Autschbach J, Zurek E, Schelter EJ. Realization of Organocerium-Based Fullerene Molecular Materials Showing Mott Insulator-Type Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17857-17869. [PMID: 38533949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Electron-rich organocerium complexes (C5Me4H)3Ce and [(C5Me5)2Ce(ortho-oxa)], with redox potentials E1/2 = -0.82 V and E1/2 = -0.86 V versus Fc/Fc+, respectively, were reacted with fullerene (C60) in different stoichiometries to obtain molecular materials. Structurally characterized cocrystals: [(C5Me4H)3Ce]2·C60 (1) and [(C5Me5)2Ce(ortho-oxa)]3·C60 (2) of C60 with cerium-based, molecular rare earth precursors are reported for the first time. The extent of charge transfer in 1 and 2 was evaluated using a series of physical measurements: FT-IR, Raman, solid-state UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The physical measurements indicate that 1 and 2 comprise the cerium(III) oxidation state, with formally neutral C60 as a cocrystal in both cases. Pressure-dependent periodic density functional theory calculations were performed to study the electronic structure of 1. Inclusion of a Hubbard-U parameter removes Ce f states from the Fermi level, opens up a band gap, and stabilizes FM/AFM magnetic solutions that are isoenergetic because of the large distances between the Ce(III) cations. The electronic structure of this strongly correlated Mott insulator-type system is reminiscent of the well-studied Ce2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Pandey
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick W Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ekaterina Lapsheva
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexandra M Bacon
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Alikhani ME, Janesko BG. A two-electron reducing reaction of CO 2 to an oxalate anion: a theoretical study of delocalized (presolvated) electrons in Al(CH 3) n(NH 3) m, n = 0-2 and m = 1-6, clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7149-7156. [PMID: 38349025 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Presolvated electron possibility in three oxidation states of aluminum - Al(0), Al(I), and Al(II) - has been theoretically investigated for the Al + 6NH3, Al(CH3) + 5NH3, and Al(CH3)2 + 4NH3 reactions. It has been shown that the metal center adopts a tetrahedral shape for its most stable geometric structure, irrespective of the degree of Al oxidation states. Using different analysis techniques (highest occupied molecular orbital shapes, spin density distributions, and electron delocalization ranges), we showed that presolvated (delocalized) electrons are only formed in the Al(CH3)2(NH3)p coordination complexes when 2 ≤ p ≤ 4. It has also been evidenced that these delocalized electrons being powerful reducing agents allowed two CO2 molecules to be captured and form an oxalate ion in close contact with the [Al2(CH3)2(CH2)2(NH3)4]2+ dication core.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S University Dr, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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5
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Werellapatha K, Palmer NE, Gorman MG, Bernier JV, Bhandarkar NS, Bradley DK, Braun DG, Bruhn M, Carpenter A, Celliers PM, Coppari F, Dayton M, Durand C, Eggert JH, Ferguson B, Heidl B, Heinbockel C, Heredia R, Huckins J, Hurd E, Hsing W, Krauland CM, Lazicki AE, Kalantar D, Kehl J, Killebrew K, Masters N, Millot M, Nagel SR, Petre RB, Ping Y, Polsin DN, Singh S, Stan CV, Swift D, Tabimina J, Thomas A, Zobrist T, Benedetti LR. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:013903. [PMID: 38236087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray diffraction data along a single line of sight during laser-driven, dynamic-compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The platform is comprised of a diagnostic imager built around ultrafast sensors with a 2-ns integration time, a custom target assembly that serves also to shield the imager, and a 10-ns duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source that produces ∼7 × 1011, 10.25-keV photons/ns at the 400 μm diameter sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werellapatha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N E Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M G Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J V Bernier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N S Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bruhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Durand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Ferguson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Heidl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Huckins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Hurd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C M Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kehl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Killebrew
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R B Petre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Singh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C V Stan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Tabimina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Racioppi S, Storm CV, McMahon MI, Zurek E. On the Electride Nature of Na-hP4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310802. [PMID: 37796438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Early quantum mechanical models suggested that pressure drives solids towards free-electron metal behavior where the ions are locked into simple close-packed structures. The prediction and subsequent discovery of high-pressure electrides (HPEs), compounds assuming open structures where the valence electrons are localized in interstitial voids, required a paradigm shift. Our quantum chemical calculations on the iconic insulating Na-hP4 HPE show that increasing density causes a 3s→3pd electronic transition due to Pauli repulsion between the 1s2s and 3s states, and orthogonality of the 3pd states to the core. The large lobes of the resulting Na-pd hybrid orbitals point towards the center of an 11-membered penta-capped trigonal prism and overlap constructively, forming multicentered bonds, which are responsible for the emergence of the interstitial charge localization in Na-hP4. These multicentered bonds facilitate the increased density of this phase, which is key for its stabilization under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Racioppi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo (USA), 777 Natural Science Complex, 14260-3000, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Christian V Storm
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm I McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo (USA), 777 Natural Science Complex, 14260-3000, Buffalo, NY, USA
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7
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Jackson BA, Khan SN, Miliordos E. A fresh perspective on metal ammonia molecular complexes and expanded metals: opportunities in catalysis and quantum information. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10572-10587. [PMID: 37555315 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our comprehension of the electronic structure of metal ammonia complexes have opened avenues for novel materials with diffuse electrons. These complexes in their ground state can host peripheral "Rydberg" electrons which populate a hydrogenic-type shell model imitating atoms. Aggregates of such complexes form the so-called expanded or liquid metals. Expanded metals composed of d- and f-block metal ammonia complexes offer properties, such as magnetic moments and larger numbers of diffuse electrons, not present for alkali and alkaline earth (s-block) metals. In addition, tethering metal ammonia complexes via hydrocarbon chains (replacement of ammonia ligands with diamines) yields materials that can be used for redox catalysis and quantum computing, sensing, and optics. This perspective summarizes the recent findings for gas-phase isolated metal ammonia complexes and projects the obtained knowledge to the condensed phase regime. Possible applications for the newly introduced expanded metals and linked solvated electrons precursors are discussed and future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Shahriar N Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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8
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Bergara A, Yang G. Superconducting Li 10Se electride under pressure. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194112. [PMID: 35597635 DOI: 10.1063/5.0092516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving a compound with interesting multiple coexisting states, such as electride, metallicity, and superconductivity, is of great interest in basic research and practical application. Pressure has become an effective way to realize high-temperature superconductivity in hydrides, whereas most electrides are semiconducting or insulating at high pressure. Here, we have applied swarm-intelligence structural search to identify a hitherto unknown C2/m Li10Se electride that is superconducting at high pressure. More interestingly, Li10Se is estimated to exhibit the highest Tc value of 16 K at 50 GPa, which is the lowest pressure among Li-based chalcogen electrides. This superconducting transition is dominated by Se-related low frequency vibration modes. The increasing electronic occupation of the Se 4d orbital and the decreasing amount of interstitial anion electrons with pressure heighten their coupling with low-frequency phonons, which is responsible for the enhancement of the Tc value. The finding of Li-based chalcogen superconducting electrides provides a reference for the realization of other superconducting electrides at lower pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Aitor Bergara
- Departamento de Física, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guochun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hosono
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitano
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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10
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Ariyarathna IR. Ground and excited electronic structure analysis of XM 4 (X = N, P and M = Li, Na) and their anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16206-16212. [PMID: 34304257 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-level coupled-cluster, electron propagator, and multi-reference ab initio methods are employed to study the ground and excited electronic states of the XM4 (X = N, P and M = Li, Na) series. All XM4 species bear lower ionization potentials and can be classified as superalkalis. In the ground state each possesses a diffuse electron in the periphery. This expanded electron cloud of tetrahedral NLi4, NNa4, and PNa4 molecules is spherical (similar to an s-orbital) and evenly distributed around the XM4+ core. The outer electron is promoted to higher-angular momentum p-, d-, 2s-type orbitals in excited states. Singly occupied molecular orbitals of excited PLi4 are deformed due to its lower C1 symmetry. The aug-cc-pVQZ basis set was found to describe the excited states of XM4 accurately and efficiently. The bound singlet and triplet electronic states of XM4- that possess two peripheral electrons are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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11
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Be–Be Bond in Action: Lessons from the Beryllium–Ammonia Complexes [Be(NH3)0–4]20,2+. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9783-9792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R. Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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12
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Geometric and electronic structure analysis of calcium water complexes with one and two solvation shells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22426-22435. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability of calcium water complexes is investigated quantum mechanically. Ground and excited electronic states are studied for hexa-, octa-, and octakaideca-coordinated complexes, where calcium valence electrons move to outer diffuse orbitals.
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Ariyarathna IR, Almeida NMS, Miliordos E. Stability and Electronic Features of Calcium Hexa-, Hepta-, and Octa-Coordinated Ammonia Complexes: A First-Principles Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6744-6750. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R. Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Nuno M. S. Almeida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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14
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Almeida NMS, Pawłowski F, Ortiz JV, Miliordos E. Transition-metal solvated-electron precursors: diffuse and 3d electrons in V(NH3)0,±6. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7090-7097. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07420h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ground and excited electronic states of V(NH3)0,±6 complexes, investigated with ab initio electronic structure theory, consist of a V(NH3)62+ core with up to three electrons distributed over its periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Auburn University
- Auburn
- USA
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15
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Tang H, Wan B, Gao B, Muraba Y, Qin Q, Yan B, Chen P, Hu Q, Zhang D, Wu L, Wang M, Xiao H, Gou H, Gao F, Mao H, Hosono H. Metal-to-Semiconductor Transition and Electronic Dimensionality Reduction of Ca 2N Electride under Pressure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800666. [PMID: 30479920 PMCID: PMC6247025 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of electrides, in particular, inorganic electrides where electrons substitute anions, has inspired striking interests in the systems that exhibit unusual electronic and catalytic properties. So far, however, the experimental studies of such systems are largely restricted to ambient conditions, unable to understand their interactions between electron localizations and geometrical modifications under external stimuli, e.g., pressure. Here, pressure-induced structural and electronic evolutions of Ca2N by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electrical resistance measurements, and density functional theory calculations with particle swarm optimization algorithms are reported. Experiments and computation are combined to reveal that under compression, Ca2N undergoes structural transforms from R3 ¯ m symmetry to I4 ¯ 2d phase via an intermediate Fd3 ¯ m phase, and then to Cc phase, accompanied by the reductions of electronic dimensionality from 2D, 1D to 0D. Electrical resistance measurements support a metal-to-semiconductor transition in Ca2N because of the reorganizations of confined electrons under pressure, also validated by the calculation. The results demonstrate unexplored experimental evidence for a pressure-induced metal-to-semiconductor switching in Ca2N and offer a possible strategy for producing new electrides under moderate pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyCollege of Material Science and EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Biao Wan
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyCollege of Material Science and EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Bo Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
| | - Yoshinori Muraba
- Materials Research Center for Element StrategyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐kuYokohamaKanagawa226‐8503Japan
- Laboratory for Materials and StructuresInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyMailbox R3‐4, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐kuYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Qin Qin
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
| | - Bingmin Yan
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyCollege of Material Science and EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Qingyang Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
| | - Dongzhou Zhang
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and PlanetologySchool of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawai'i at ManoaHonoluluHawaii96822USA
| | - Lailei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyCollege of Material Science and EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Mingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyCollege of Material Science and EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
| | - Huiyang Gou
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
- Key Laboratory of Applied ChemistryCollege of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Faming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied ChemistryCollege of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Ho‐kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchBeijing100094China
- Geophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of Washington5251 Broad Branch Road NWWashingtonDC20015USA
| | - Hideo Hosono
- Materials Research Center for Element StrategyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐kuYokohamaKanagawa226‐8503Japan
- Laboratory for Materials and StructuresInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyMailbox R3‐4, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐kuYokohama226‐8503Japan
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16
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Ariyarathna IR, Pawłowski F, Ortiz JV, Miliordos E. Molecules mimicking atoms: monomers and dimers of alkali metal solvated electron precursors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24186-24191. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05497e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tetra-amino lithium and sodium complexes M(NH3)0,−4 (M = Li, Na) have one or two electrons that occupy diffuse hydrogenic type orbitals distributed chiefly outside the M(NH3)4+ core. Two such neutral species can bind to form a dimer which can be seen as the analogue of molecular hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Auburn University
- Auburn
- USA
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17
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Grochala W. The generalized maximum hardness principle revisited and applied to solids (Part 2). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30984-31006. [PMID: 29120466 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Building on Part 1 devoted to atoms and molecules (PCCP, in press 2017), we now focus on the crystal structure and electronic properties of solids as viewed from the Maximum Hardness Principle (MHP), first formulated by Pearson in 1987. The focus is on cases where nuclear potential acting on electrons does not remain constant and where substantial modifications of the nuclear geometry take place (Generalized MHP, GMHP). We present an overview of important manifestations of the (G)MHP for solids such as (i) a tendency of metals and doped-semiconductors to undergo superconducting transition at low temperatures, (ii) propensity of many types of alloys to develop a band gap or a pseudo-gap, (iii) preference for preserving the noble gas (octet, doublet) configuration of main block element ions in the solid state, (iv) preference of Jahn-Teller systems for band-gap-opening vibronic-coupling-related lattice distortions, (v) pressure phenomena leading to localization of the electronic density, (vi) tendency to annihilate the null band gap via phase separation (while preserving the nominal chemical composition), (vii) absence of a large number of families of high-TC superconductors, (viii) resistance of most stable systems to chemical doping, etc. GMHP turns out to be an important qualitative guide in studies of solid state polymorphism and electronic phenomena. Exceptions from (G)MHP are discussed, and a more restrictive formulation of the principle is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Grochala
- Centre for New Technologies, The University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Seel AG, Swan H, Bowron DT, Wasse JC, Weller T, Edwards PP, Howard CA, Skipper NT. Electron Solvation and the Unique Liquid Structure of a Mixed-Amine Expanded Metal: The Saturated Li-NH 3 -MeNH 2 System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1561-1565. [PMID: 28071838 PMCID: PMC5396365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal-amine solutions provide a unique arena in which to study electrons in solution, and to tune the electron density from the extremes of electrolytic through to true metallic behavior. The existence and structure of a new class of concentrated metal-amine liquid, Li-NH3 -MeNH2 , is presented in which the mixed solvent produces a novel type of electron solvation and delocalization that is fundamentally different from either of the constituent systems. NMR, ESR, and neutron diffraction allow the environment of the solvated electron and liquid structure to be precisely interrogated. Unexpectedly it was found that the solution is truly homogeneous and metallic. Equally surprising was the observation of strong longer-range order in this mixed solvent system. This is despite the heterogeneity of the cation solvation, and it is concluded that the solvated electron itself acts as a structural template. This is a quite remarkable observation, given that the liquid is metallic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Seel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Helen Swan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,National Nuclear Laboratory, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Daniel T Bowron
- ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jonathan C Wasse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Weller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter P Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Christopher A Howard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Neal T Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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19
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Electron Solvation and the Unique Liquid Structure of a Mixed-Amine Expanded Metal: The Saturated Li-NH3
-MeNH2
System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Seel AG, Baker PJ, Cottrell SP, Howard CA, Skipper NT, Edwards PP. Questioning Antiferromagnetic Ordering in the Expanded Metal, Li(NH3)4: A Lack of Evidence from μSR. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3966-3970. [PMID: 26722900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a muon spin relaxation study of the solid phases of the expanded metal, Li(NH3)4. No discernible change in muon depolarization dynamics is witnessed in the lowest temperature phase (≤25 K) of Li(NH3)4, thus suggesting that the prevailing view of antiferromagnetic ordering is incorrect. This is consistent with the most recent neutron diffraction data. Discernible differences in muon behavior are reported for the highest temperature phase of Li(NH3)4 (82-89 K), attributed to the onset of structural dynamics prior to melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Seel
- ISIS Spallation Neutron and Muon Source , Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Baker
- ISIS Spallation Neutron and Muon Source , Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Cottrell
- ISIS Spallation Neutron and Muon Source , Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Howard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Neal T Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P Edwards
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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21
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Miao MS, Hoffmann R. High-Pressure Electrides: The Chemical Nature of Interstitial Quasiatoms. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3631-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-sheng Miao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, California 91330, United States
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 10084, P. R. China
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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22
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Sun WM, Wu D, Li Y, Li ZR. Theoretical study on superalkali (Li3) in ammonia: novel alkalides with considerably large first hyperpolarizabilities. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:486-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Seel AG, Zurek E, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Ryan KR, Lodge MTJ, Edwards PP. Low energy structural dynamics and constrained libration of Li(NH3)4, the lowest melting point metal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10778-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03397c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural dynamics of Li(NH3)4, the lowest melting point metal, are reported in the range of phonon and low-energy internal distortions. Hindrance of NH3 libration in the solid are characterised via inelastic neutron scattering and computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Seel
- ISIS Spallation Neutron Source
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Chilton, UK
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept
- University of Oxford
| | - E. Zurek
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- State University of New York
- Buffalo, USA
| | - A. J. Ramirez-Cuesta
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division
- Neutron Sciences Directorate
- ORNL
- Oak Ridge, USA
| | - K. R. Ryan
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
| | | | - P. P. Edwards
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
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24
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Lodge MTJH, Cullen P, Rees NH, Spencer N, Maeda K, Harmer JR, Jones MO, Edwards PP. Multielement NMR Studies of the Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation and the Metal-to-Nonmetal Transition in Fluid Lithium– and Sodium–Ammonia Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13322-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. J. H. Lodge
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - P. Cullen
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Neil Spencer
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Kiminori Maeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jeffrey R. Harmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Martin O. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Peter P. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR),
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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25
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Zhong RL, Xu HL, Sun SL, Qiu YQ, Su ZM. The Excess Electron in a Boron Nitride Nanotube: Pyramidal NBO Charge Distribution and Remarkable First Hyperpolarizability. Chemistry 2012; 18:11350-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Moussa JE, Marom N, Sai N, Chelikowsky JR. Theoretical design of a shallow donor in diamond by lithium-nitrogen codoping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:226404. [PMID: 23003633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.226404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new substitutional impurity complex in diamond composed of a lithium atom that is tetrahedrally coordinated by four nitrogen atoms (LiN(4)). Density functional calculations are consistent with the hydrogenic impurity model, both supporting the prediction that this complex is a shallow donor with an activation energy of 0.27±0.06 eV. Three paths to the experimental realization of the LiN(4) complex in diamond are proposed and theoretically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Moussa
- Center for Computational Materials, Institute of Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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27
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Borden WT. Current Applications of Computational Chemistry in JACS—Molecules, Mechanisms, and Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14841-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206656w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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