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Yao B, Kuznetsov VL, Xiao T, Jie X, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Dilworth JR, Al-Megren HA, Alshihri SM, Edwards PP. Fuels, power and chemical periodicity. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190308. [PMID: 32811361 PMCID: PMC7435144 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The insatiable-and ever-growing-demand of both the developed and the developing countries for power continues to be met largely by the carbonaceous fuels comprising coal, and the hydrocarbons natural gas and liquid petroleum. We review the properties of the chemical elements, overlaid with trends in the periodic table, which can help explain the historical-and present-dominance of hydrocarbons as fuels for power generation. However, the continued use of hydrocarbons as fuel/power sources to meet our economic and social needs is now recognized as a major driver of dangerous global environmental changes, including climate change, acid deposition, urban smog and the release of many toxic materials. This has resulted in an unprecedented interest in and focus on alternative, renewable or sustainable energy sources. A major area of interest to emerge is in hydrogen energy as a sustainable vector for our future energy needs. In that vision, the issue of hydrogen storage is now a key challenge in support of hydrogen-fuelled transportation using fuel cells. The chemistry of hydrogen is itself beautifully diverse through a variety of different types of chemical interactions and bonds forming compounds with most other elements in the periodic table. In terms of their hydrogen storage and production properties, we outline various relationships among hydride compounds and materials of the chemical elements to provide some qualitative and quantitative insights. These encompass thermodynamic and polarizing strength properties to provide such background information. We provide an overview of the fundamental nature of hydrides particularly in relation to the key operating parameters of hydrogen gravimetric storage density and the desorption/operating temperature at which the requisite amount of hydrogen is released for use in the fuel cell. While we await the global transition to a completely renewable and sustainable future, it is also necessary to seek CO2 mitigation technologies applied to the use of fossil fuels. We review recent advances in the strategy of using hydrocarbon fossil fuels themselves as compounds for the high capacity storage and production of hydrogen without any CO2 emissions. Based on these advances, the world may end up with a hydrogen economy completely different from the one it had expected to develop; remarkably, with 'Green hydrogen' being derived directly from the hydrogen-stripping of fossil fuels. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mendeleev and the periodic table'.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Yao
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - V. L. Kuznetsov
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - T. Xiao
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - X. Jie
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - S. Gonzalez-Cortes
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - J. R. Dilworth
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - H. A. Al-Megren
- Materials Division, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S. M. Alshihri
- Materials Division, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - P. P. Edwards
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Gonzalez-Cortes S, Slocombe DR, Xiao T, Aldawsari A, Yao B, Kuznetsov VL, Liberti E, Kirkland AI, Alkinani MS, Al-Megren HA, Thomas JM, Edwards PP. Wax: A benign hydrogen-storage material that rapidly releases H 2-rich gases through microwave-assisted catalytic decomposition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35315. [PMID: 27759014 PMCID: PMC5069496 DOI: 10.1038/srep35315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen is often described as the fuel of the future, especially for application in hydrogen powered fuel-cell vehicles (HFCV's). However, its widespread implementation in this role has been thwarted by the lack of a lightweight, safe, on-board hydrogen storage material. Here we show that benign, readily-available hydrocarbon wax is capable of rapidly releasing large amounts of hydrogen through microwave-assisted catalytic decomposition. This discovery offers a new material and system for safe and efficient hydrogen storage and could facilitate its application in a HFCV. Importantly, hydrogen storage materials made of wax can be manufactured through completely sustainable processes utilizing biomass or other renewable feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gonzalez-Cortes
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - D. R. Slocombe
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - T. Xiao
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - A. Aldawsari
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - B. Yao
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - V. L. Kuznetsov
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - E. Liberti
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Holder Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - A. I. Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Holder Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - M. S. Alkinani
- Petrochemical Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - H. A. Al-Megren
- Petrochemical Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J. M. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - P. P. Edwards
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Liu B, Slocombe D, AlKinany M, AlMegren H, Wang J, Arden J, Vai A, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Xiao T, Kuznetsov V, Edwards PP. Advances in the study of coke formation over zeolite catalysts in the methanol-to-hydrocarbon process. Appl Petrochem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-016-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Vai AT, Rashidi N, Fang Y, Kuznetsov VL, Edwards PP. Contrasting the grain boundary-affected performance of zinc and indium oxide transparent conductors. J Phys Condens Matter 2016; 28:224003. [PMID: 26952740 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/22/224003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide-based transparent conductors have long been advanced for their potential as low-cost, earth-abundant replacements for the indium oxide-based materials that currently dominate in practical applications. However, this potential has yet to be realized because of the difficulties in producing zinc oxide thin films with the necessary high levels of electrical conductivity and environmental stability that are readily achieved using indium oxide. To better understand the fundamental reasons for this, polycrystalline zinc and indium oxide thin films were prepared across a range of deposition temperatures using the technique of spray pyrolysis. Electrical transport measurements of these samples both as a function of temperature and UV irradiation were correlated with film morphology to illustrate that the different grain boundary behaviour of these two materials is one of the key reasons for their divergent performance. This is a critical challenge that must be addressed before any substantial increase in the adoption of ZnO-based transparent conductors can take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Vai
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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Du X, Yao B, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Kuznetsov VL, AlMegren H, Xiao T, Edwards PP. Catalytic dehydrogenation of propane by carbon dioxide: a medium-temperature thermochemical process for carbon dioxide utilisation. Faraday Discuss 2015; 183:161-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dehydrogenation of C3H8 in the presence of CO2 is an attractive catalytic route for C3H6 production. In studying the various possibilities to utilise CO2 to convert hydrocarbons using the sustainable energy source of solar thermal energy, thermodynamic calculations were carried out for the dehydrogenation of C3H8 using CO2for the process operating in the temperature range of 300–500 °C. Importantly, the results highlight the enhanced potential of C3H8 as compared to its lighter and heavier homologues (C2H6 and C4H10, respectively). To be utilised in this CO2 utilisation reaction the Gibbs free energy (ΔrGθm) of each reaction in the modelled, complete reacting system of the dehydrogenation of C3H8 in the presence of CO2 also indicate that further cracking of C3H6 will affect the ultimate yield and selectivity of the final products. In a parallel experimental study, catalytic tests of the dehydrogenation of C3H8 in the presence of CO2 over 5 wt%-Cr2O3/ZrO2 catalysts operating at 500 °C, atmospheric pressure, and for various C3H8 partial pressures and various overall GHSV (Gas Hourly Space Velocity) values. The results showed that an increase in the C3H8 partial pressure produced an inhibition of C3H8 conversion but, importantly, a promising enhancement of C3H6 selectivity. This phenomenon can be attributed to competitive adsorption on the catalyst between the generated C3H6 and inactivated C3H8, which inhibits any further cracking effect on C3H6 to produce by-products. As a comparison, the increase of the overall GHSV can also decrease the C3H8 conversion to a similar extent, but the further cracking of C3H6 cannot be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Du
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) – Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
| | - B. Yao
- SINOPEC Shanghai Petrochemical Company LTD
- Shanghai
- China
| | - S. Gonzalez-Cortes
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) – Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
| | - V. L. Kuznetsov
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) – Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
| | - Hamid AlMegren
- Petrochemicals Research Institute (PRI)
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST)
- Riyadh 11442
- Saudi Arabia
| | - T. Xiao
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) – Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
| | - P. P. Edwards
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) – Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
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Seel AG, Zurek E, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Ryan KR, Lodge MTJ, Edwards PP. Low energy structural dynamics and constrained libration of Li(NH3)4, the lowest melting point metal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10778-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03397c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural dynamics of Li(NH3)4, the lowest melting point metal, are reported in the range of phonon and low-energy internal distortions. Hindrance of NH3 libration in the solid are characterised via inelastic neutron scattering and computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Seel
- ISIS Spallation Neutron Source
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Chilton, UK
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept
- University of Oxford
| | - E. Zurek
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- State University of New York
- Buffalo, USA
| | - A. J. Ramirez-Cuesta
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division
- Neutron Sciences Directorate
- ORNL
- Oak Ridge, USA
| | - K. R. Ryan
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
| | | | - P. P. Edwards
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
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Ravnsbaek DB, Nickels EA, Cerny R, Olesen CH, David WIF, Edwards PP, Filinchuk Y, Jensen TR. ChemInform Abstract: Novel Alkali Earth Borohydride Sr(BH4)2and Borohydride-Chloride Sr(BH4)Cl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.201350015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ravnsbæk DB, Nickels EA, Černý R, Olesen CH, David WIF, Edwards PP, Filinchuk Y, Jensen TR. Novel alkali earth borohydride Sr(BH4)2 and borohydride-chloride Sr(BH4)Cl. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10877-85. [PMID: 24050805 DOI: 10.1021/ic400862s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two novel alkali earth borohydrides, Sr(BH4)2 and Sr(BH4)Cl, have been synthesized and investigated by in-situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) and Raman spectroscopy. Strontium borohydride, Sr(BH4)2, was synthesized via a metathesis reaction between LiBH4 and SrCl2 by two complementary methods, i.e., solvent-mediated and mechanochemical synthesis, while Sr(BH4)Cl was obtained from mechanochemical synthesis, i.e., ball milling. Sr(BH4)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system, a = 6.97833(9) Å, b = 8.39651(11) Å, and c = 7.55931(10) Å (V = 442.927(10) Å(3)) at RT with space group symmetry Pbcn. The compound crystallizes in α-PbO2 structure type and is built from half-occupied brucite-like layers of slightly distorted [Sr(BH4)6] octahedra stacked in the a-axis direction. Strontium borohydride chloride, Sr(BH4)Cl, is a stoichiometric, ordered compound, which also crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system, a = 10.8873(8) Å, b = 4.6035(3) Å, and c = 7.4398(6) Å (V = 372.91(3) Å(3)) at RT, with space group symmetry Pnma and structure type Sr(OH)2. Sr(BH4)Cl dissociates into Sr(BH4)2 and SrCl2 at ~170 °C, while Sr(BH4)2 is found to decompose in multiple steps between 270 and 465 °C with formation of several decomposition products, e.g., SrB6. Furthermore, partly characterized new compounds are also reported here, e.g., a solvate of Sr(BH4)2 and two Li-Sr-BH4 compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Ravnsbæk
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
We present momentum widths and mean kinetic energies of lithium and fluorine in (7)LiF, as determined simultaneously from deep inelastic neutron scattering (DINS) measurements. Experimental data across a temperature range from 4 to 300 K are presented, and these results compared to those calculated using a quasi-harmonic density-functional approach. In all cases, measured momentum widths are seen to be within approximately 5% of those calculated, despite the very low scattering cross sections of both (7)Li and (19)F. This is the first determination and comparison with theory of such simultaneous measurements for nuclei of mass > 4 amu, and demonstrates the implementation of the DINS method in its current form as a mass-selective neutron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Seel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
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David WIF, Callear SK, Jones MO, Aeberhard PC, Culligan SD, Pohl AH, Johnson SR, Ryan KR, Parker JE, Edwards PP, Nuttall CJ, Amieiro-Fonseca A. The structure, thermal properties and phase transformations of the cubic polymorph of magnesium tetrahydroborate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11800-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23439d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Seel AG, Sartbaeva A, Mayers J, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Edwards PP. Neutron Compton scattering investigation of sodium hydride: From bulk material to encapsulated nanoparticulates in amorphous silica gel. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:114511. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3561493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
AbstractRecent NMR studies by Nakayama et al. on sodium zeolite A saturated with potassium metal have implied the presence of the anionic Na− species. This, if confirmed, would represent the first observation in a zeolite and opens up a wide range of possibilities for mixed metal zeolitic systems. We report the results of a number of metal combinations, using both sodium and potassium forms of zeolite A as hosts, studied by ESR, solid state MAS-NMR and powder neutron diffraction.
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Amieiro-Fonseca A, Ellis SR, Nuttall CJ, Hayden BE, Guerin S, Purdy G, Soulié JP, Callear SK, Culligan SD, David WIF, Edwards PP, Jones MO, Johnson SR, Pohl AH. A multidisciplinary combinatorial approach for tuning promising hydrogen storage materials towards automotive applications. Faraday Discuss 2011; 151:369-84; discussion 385-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fd00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Seel AG, Sartbaeva A, Rammirez-Cuesta AJ, Edwards PP. Inelastic neutron scattering of Na-zeolite A with in situ ammoniation: an examination of initial coordination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9661-6. [PMID: 20532315 DOI: 10.1039/c003567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection and rationalization of the coordination of low concentrations of ammonia within Na-zeolite A is carried out by the application of inelastic neutron scattering (INS), using inverse geometry time of flight spectrometry to study the partial phonon density of states of in situ ammoniated Na-zeolite A. The experimental spectra are subsequently characterised by density functional calculations, incorporating pre-optimisation by geometric simulation. We find that at a concentration of four ammonia molecules per alpha-cage, the ammonia molecule coordinates with extra-framework Na(+) cations and gives rise to three structured regions in the INS spectrum. We show that these regions correspond to translational, librational and tilting motions of the ammonia molecule. These results are in agreement structurally with previous studies of ammonia within a zeolite, and thus show that INS is a valid technique for such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Seel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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Abstract
Our present dependence on fossil fuels means that, as our demand for energy inevitably increases, so do emissions of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide (CO2). To avoid the obvious consequences on climate change, the concentration of such greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be stabilized. But, as populations grow and economies develop, future demands now ensure that energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. This unique set of (coupled) challenges also means that science and engineering have a unique opportunity-and a burgeoning challenge-to apply their understanding to provide sustainable energy solutions. Integrated carbon capture and subsequent sequestration is generally advanced as the most promising option to tackle greenhouse gases in the short to medium term. Here, we provide a brief overview of an alternative mid- to long-term option, namely, the capture and conversion of CO2, to produce sustainable, synthetic hydrocarbon or carbonaceous fuels, most notably for transportation purposes. Basically, the approach centres on the concept of the large-scale re-use of CO2 released by human activity to produce synthetic fuels, and how this challenging approach could assume an important role in tackling the issue of global CO2 emissions. We highlight three possible strategies involving CO2 conversion by physico-chemical approaches: sustainable (or renewable) synthetic methanol, syngas production derived from flue gases from coal-, gas- or oil-fired electric power stations, and photochemical production of synthetic fuels. The use of CO2 to synthesize commodity chemicals is covered elsewhere (Arakawa et al. 2001 Chem. Rev. 101, 953-996); this review is focused on the possibilities for the conversion of CO2 to fuels. Although these three prototypical areas differ in their ultimate applications, the underpinning thermodynamic considerations centre on the conversion-and hence the utilization-of CO2. Here, we hope to illustrate that advances in the science and engineering of materials are critical for these new energy technologies, and specific examples are given for all three examples. With sufficient advances, and institutional and political support, such scientific and technological innovations could help to regulate/stabilize the CO2 levels in the atmosphere and thereby extend the use of fossil-fuel-derived feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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Abstract
In a letter to one of the authors, Sir Nevill Mott, then in his tenth decade, highlighted the fact that the statement '... a metal conducts, and a non-metal doesn't' can be true only at the absolute zero of temperature, T=0 K. But, of course, experimental studies of metals, non-metals and, indeed, the electronic and thermodynamic transition between these canonical states of matter must always occur above T=0 K, and, in many important cases, for temperatures far above the absolute zero. Here, we review the issues-theoretical and experimental-attendant on studies of the metal to non-metal transition in doped semiconductors at temperatures close to absolute zero (T=0.03 K) and fluid chemical elements at temperatures far above absolute zero (T>1000 K). We attempt to illustrate Mott's insights for delving into such complex phenomena and experimental systems, finding intuitively the dominant features of the science, and developing a coherent picture of the different competing electronic processes. A particular emphasis is placed on the idea of a 'Mott metal to non-metal transition' in the nominally metallic chemical elements rubidium, caesium and mercury, and the converse metallization transition in the nominally non-metal elements hydrogen and oxygen. We also review major innovations by D. A. Goldhammer (Goldhammer 1913 Dispersion und absorption des lichtes) and K. F. Herzfeld (Herzfeld 1927 Phys. Rev. 29, 701-705. (doi:10.1103/PhysRev.29.701)) in a pre-quantum theory description of the metal-non-metal transition, which emphasize the pivotal role of atomic properties in dictating the metallic or non-metallic status of the chemical elements of the periodic table under ambient and extreme conditions; a link with Pauling's 'metallic orbital' is also established here.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
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Abstract
The critical topic of energy and the environment has rarely had such a high profile, nor have the associated materials challenges been more exciting. The subject of functional materials for sustainable energy technologies is demanding and recognized as a top priority in providing many of the key underpinning technological solutions for a sustainable energy future. Energy generation, consumption, storage, and supply security will continue to be major drivers for this subject. There exists, in particular, an urgent need for new functional materials for next-generation energy conversion and storage systems. Many limitations on the performances and costs of these systems are mainly due to the materials' intrinsic performance. We highlight four areas of activity where functional materials are already a significant element of world-wide research efforts. These four areas are transparent conducting oxides, solar energy materials for converting solar radiation into electricity and chemical fuels, materials for thermoelectric energy conversion, and hydrogen storage materials. We outline recent advances in the development of these classes of energy materials, major factors limiting their intrinsic functional performance, and potential ways to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Kuznetsov
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Abstract
The problem of anthropogenically driven climate change and its inextricable link to our global society's present and future energy needs are arguably the greatest challenge facing our planet. Hydrogen is now widely regarded as one key element of a potential energy solution for the twenty-first century, capable of assisting in issues of environmental emissions, sustainability and energy security. Hydrogen has the potential to provide for energy in transportation, distributed heat and power generation and energy storage systems with little or no impact on the environment, both locally and globally. However, any transition from a carbon-based (fossil fuel) energy system to a hydrogen-based economy involves significant scientific, technological and socio-economic barriers. This brief report aims to outline the basis of the growing worldwide interest in hydrogen energy and examines some of the important issues relating to the future development of hydrogen as an energy vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Edwards
- University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Harrison
- a Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford , OX1 3QR , England
- b GEC Research Laboratories , Hirst Research centre , East Lane, Wembley, Middlesex , HA9 7PP , England
| | - P. P. Edwards
- a Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford , OX1 3QR , England
- c University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge , CB2 1EW , England
| | - J. B. Goodenough
- a Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford , OX1 3QR , England
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Abstract
Materials displaying the remarkable combination of high electrical conductivity and optical transparency already from the basis of many important technological applications, including flat panel displays, solar energy capture and other opto-electronic devices. Here we present the basic materials physics of these important materials centred on the nature of the doping process to generate n-type conductivity in transparent conducting oxides, the associated transition to the metallic (conducting) state and the detailed properties of the degenerate itinerant electron gas. The aim is to fully understand the origins of the basic performance limits of known materials and to set the scene for new or improved materials which will breach those limits for new-generation transparent conducting materials, either oxides, or beyond oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Edwards
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK OX1 3QR
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Gregory DH, Barker MG, Edwards PP, Siddons DJ. Synthesis and Structure of Ca6MnN5: A New Nitridomanganate with Planar [MnN3]6- Anions. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00125a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McEwen CS, St. Julien DJ, Edwards PP, Sienko MJ. Structure and superconductivity in lithium-intercalated niobium dichalcogenides. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00205a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Terskikh VV, Moudrakovski IL, Ratcliffe CI, Ripmeester JA, Reinhold CJ, Anderson PA, Edwards PP. Alkali metal loaded zeolite LiA: evidence for highly symmetrical Rb(-) and K(-). J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:2891-2. [PMID: 11456980 DOI: 10.1021/ja0038575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Pyper
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - P. P. Edwards
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A new ternary nitride, SrTiN(2), has been synthesized by the solid-state reaction of Sr(2)N with TiN and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. SrTiN(2) crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/nmm (a = 3.8799(2) Å, c = 7.6985(4) Å, Z = 2) and is isostructural with KCoO(2). Titanium is coordinated to five nitrogens in a distorted square-based pyramidal geometry, forming layers of edge-sharing pyramids which stack along the (001) direction. Strontium is situated between the Ti-N layers and is coordinated to five nitrogen atoms. The title compound is only the third example of a ternary titanium nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. H. Gregory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Anderson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Chemistry, The University, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK; and School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - A. R. Armstrong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Chemistry, The University, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK; and School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - A. Porch
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Chemistry, The University, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK; and School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - P. P. Edwards
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Chemistry, The University, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK; and School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - L. J. Woodall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Chemistry, The University, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK; and School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT
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Affiliation(s)
- D. H. Gregory
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - M. G. Barker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - P. P. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - D. J. Siddons
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Panagopoulos C, Cooper JR, Peacock GB, Gameson I, Edwards PP, Schmidbauer W, Hodby JW. Anisotropic magnetic penetration depth of grain-aligned HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+ delta. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 53:R2999-R3002. [PMID: 9983905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.r2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Armstrong AR, David WI, Gameson I, Edwards PP, Capponi JJ, Bordet P, Marezio M. Crystal structure of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+ delta at high pressure (to 8.5 GPa) determined by powder neutron diffraction. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:15551-15557. [PMID: 9980914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Kurmaev EZ, Galakhov VR, Fedorenko VV, Elokhina LV, Bartkowski S, Neumann M, Greaves C, Edwards PP, Al-Mamouri M, Novikov DL. X-ray emission, photoelectron spectra, and electronic structure of Sr2CuO2F2+ delta. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:2390-2394. [PMID: 9981304 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Tunstall DP, Todd JR, Arumugam S, Dai G, Dalton M, Edwards PP. Titanium nuclear magnetic resonance in metallic superconducting lithium titanate and its lithium-substituted derivatives Li1+xTi2-xO4 (0<x<0.10). Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:16541-16549. [PMID: 9976041 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.16541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Anderson PA, Edwards PP. Reassessment of the conduction-electron spin resonance of alkali metals in zeolites. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:7155-7156. [PMID: 9974676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.7155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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AI-Mamouri M, Edwards PP, Greaves C, Slaski M. Synthesis and superconducting properties of the strontium copper oxy-fluoride Sr2CuO2F2+δ. Nature 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/369382a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Howes AP, Dupree R, Han ZP, Liu RS, Edwards PP. Anomalous temperature dependence of the static spin susceptibility of Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10- delta (Tc. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:11529-11532. [PMID: 10005302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.11529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Mertelj T, Mihailovic D, Matacotta FC, Liu RS, Cooper JR, Gameson I, Edwards PP. Correlations between bond lengths, Tc, and O vibration frequencies: Raman-scattering and infrared-absorption study of the 1:2:1:2 structure (Ca1-yYy)Sr2(Tl0.5Pb0.5)Cu2O7 as a function of doping. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:12104-12109. [PMID: 10005381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Edwards PP, Woodall LJ, Anderson PA, Armstrong AR, Slaski M. On the possibility of an insulator–metal transition in alkali metal-doped zeolites. Chem Soc Rev 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/cs9932200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Han ZP, Dupree R, Gencten A, Liu RS, Edwards PP. NMR evidence for common magnetic behavior in double layered superconducting cuprates. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 69:1256-1259. [PMID: 10047167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Yuan J, Brown LM, Liang WY, Liu RS, Edwards PP. Electron-energy-loss studies of core edges in (Tl0.5Pb0.5)(Ca1-xYx)Sr2Cu2O7- delta. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:8030-8037. [PMID: 9996427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Howie A, Buffat PA, Masson A, Thomas JM, Bernholc J, Joyner RW, Gallezot P, Rao CNR, Creighton JA, Johnson BFG, Hofmeister H, Harris PJF, Bradley JS, Kuroda H, Zamaraev KI, Couves JW, Greenslade DJ, Edwards PP, Mulvaney P, Stace AJ, Mile B, Leadbetter AJ, Duncan MA, Landsman DA, Henglein A, Matijevi? E, Stone FS, Simons JP, Bradshaw AM, Miessner H, Kappers M, Eadon D. General discussion. Faraday Discuss 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/fd9919200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bradshaw AM, Couves JW, Rao CNR, Joyner RW, Bradley JS, Richard D, Greenslade DJ, Henglein A, Hopkirk A, Matijevi? E, Benfield RE, Duncan MA, Johnson BFG, Thomas JM, Howie A, Haas U, Wrona PK, Aires FJCS, Mile B, Landsman DA, Canning NDS, Edwards PP, Dye JL, Stone FS, Murrell JN, Roberts MW, Munuera G, Bozon-Verduraz F, Masson A, Zamaraev KI. General discussion. Faraday Discuss 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/fd9919200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Masson A, Howie A, Thomas JM, Buffat PA, Joyner RW, Zamaraev KI, Gallezot P, Rao CNR, Benfield RE, Henglein A, Matijevi? E, Bradshaw AM, Edwards PP, Bradley JS, Wrona PK, Roberts MW, Miessner H, Mile B, Dye JL, Gauntlett JT, Kuroda H, Creighton JA, Greenslade DJ, Boudart M, Couves JW, Murrell JN. General discussion. Faraday Discuss 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/fd9919200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kirkland AI, Edwards PP, Jefferson DA, Duff DG. Chapter 8. The structure, characterization, and evolution of colloidal metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1039/pc9908700247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou W, Kirkland AI, Mackay KD, Armstrong AR, Harrison MR, Jefferson DA, Liang WY, Edwards PP. High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the High-Tc superconductor Bi2+xSr2Ca1−xCu2O8+δ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19891010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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