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Rowlett JR, Deglmann P, Sprafke J, Roy N, Mülhaupt R, Bruchmann B. Small-Molecule Investigation of Diels-Alder Complexes for Thermoreversible Crosslinking in Polymeric Applications. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8933-8944. [PMID: 34153187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of dienes and dienophiles were examined in order to elicit possible combinations for thermoreversible crosslinking units. Comparison of experimental results and quantum calculations indicated that reaction kinetics and activation energy were much better prediction factors than change in enthalpy for the prediction of successful cycloaddition. Further testing on diene-dienophile pairs that underwent successful cycloaddition determined the feasibility of thermoreversibility/retro-reaction of each of the Diels-Alder compounds. Heating and testing of the compounds in the presence of a trapping agent allowed for experimental determination of reverse kinetics and activation energy for the retro-reaction. The experimental values were in good agreement with quantum calculations. The combination of chemical calculations with experimental results provided a strong insight into the structure-property relationships and how quantum calculations can be used to examine the feasibility of the thermoreversibility of new Diels-Alder complexes in potential polymer systems or to fine-tune thermoreversible Diels-Alder systems already in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett R Rowlett
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Johannes Sprafke
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Nabarun Roy
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH, Elastogranstr 60, D-49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Ji Y, Zhang L, Gu X, Zhang W, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Sequence-Controlled Polymers with Furan-Protected Maleimide as a Latent Monomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ji
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Liuqiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xue Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Nianchen Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
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Ji Y, Zhang L, Gu X, Zhang W, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Sequence-Controlled Polymers with Furan-Protected Maleimide as a Latent Monomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2328-2333. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ji
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Liuqiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xue Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Nianchen Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
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7
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Anastasaki A, Nikolaou V, Haddleton DM. Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization: recent highlights and applications; a perspective. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization or single electron transfer living radical polymerization (Cu(0)-mediated LRP or SET-LRP) is a versatile polymerization technique that has attracted considerable interest during the past few years for the facile preparation of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Anastasaki
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | | | - David M. Haddleton
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
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Anastasaki A, Nikolaou V, Nurumbetov G, Wilson P, Kempe K, Quinn JF, Davis TP, Whittaker MR, Haddleton DM. Cu(0)-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization: A Versatile Tool for Materials Synthesis. Chem Rev 2015; 116:835-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Anastasaki
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Gabit Nurumbetov
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilson
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
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Wang HC, Zhang Y, Possanza CM, Zimmerman SC, Cheng J, Moore JS, Harris K, Katz JS. Trigger chemistries for better industrial formulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6369-6382. [PMID: 25768973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, innovations and consumer demands have led to increasingly complex liquid formulations. These growing complexities have provided industrial players and their customers access to new markets through product differentiation, improved performance, and compatibility/stability with other products. One strategy for enabling more complex formulations is the use of active encapsulation. When encapsulation is employed, strategies are required to effect the release of the active at the desired location and time of action. One particular route that has received significant academic research effort is the employment of triggers to induce active release upon a specific stimulus, though little has translated for industrial use to date. To address emerging industrial formulation needs, in this review, we discuss areas of trigger release chemistries and their applications specifically as relevant to industrial use. We focus the discussion on the use of heat, light, shear, and pH triggers as applied in several model polymeric systems for inducing active release. The goal is that through this review trends will emerge for how technologies can be better developed to maximize their value through industrial adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chin Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine M Possanza
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Keith Harris
- ∥Formulation Science, Corporate Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Joshua S Katz
- ⊥Formulation Science, Corporate Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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Lyu B, Cha W, Mao T, Wu Y, Qian H, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhang S, Liu L, Yang G, Lu Z, Zhu Q, Ma H. Surface confined retro Diels-Alder reaction driven by the swelling of weak polyelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6254-6259. [PMID: 25734373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the type of reactions driven by mechanical force has increased significantly; however, the number of methods for activating those mechanochemical reactions stays relatively limited. Furthermore, in situ characterization of a reaction is usually hampered by the inherent properties of conventional methods. In this study, we report a new platform that utilizes mechanical force generated by the swelling of surface tethered weak polyelectrolytes. An initiator with Diels-Alder (DA) adduct structure was applied to prepare the polyelectrolyte-carboxylated poly(OEGMA-r-HEMA), so that the force could trigger the retro DA reaction. The reaction was monitored in real time by quartz crystal microbalance and confirmed with atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Compared with the conventional heating method, the swelling-induced retro DA reaction proceeded rapidly with high conversion ratio and selectivity. A 23.61 kcal/mol theoretical energy barrier supported the practicability of this retro DA reaction being triggered mechanically at ambient temperature. During swelling, the tensile force was controllable and persistent. This unique feature imparts this mechanochemical platform the potential to "freeze" an intermediate state of a reaction for in situ spectroscopic observations, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and frequency generation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beier Lyu
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Cha
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- #Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mao
- §State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzi Wu
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hujun Qian
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitian Zhou
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Shen Zhang
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanying Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhongyuan Lu
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- §State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Pinpointing Mechanochemical Bond Rupture by Embedding the Mechanophore into a Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2556-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Lokalisierung eines mechanochemischen Bindungsbruchs durch Einbettung des Mechanophors in einen Makrocyclus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Min Y, Huang S, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Du B, Zhang X, Fan Z. Sonochemical Transformation of Epoxy–Amine Thermoset into Soluble and Reusable Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501934p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Min
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuyun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Kuhl N, Bode S, Hager MD, Schubert US. Self-Healing Polymers Based on Reversible Covalent Bonds. SELF-HEALING MATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Li J, Shiraki T, Hu B, Wright RAE, Zhao B, Moore JS. Mechanophore activation at heterointerfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15925-8. [PMID: 25360903 DOI: 10.1021/ja509949d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles grafted with poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) chains anchored by a maleimide-anthracene cycloadduct were synthesized to demonstrate mechanochemically selective activation of mechanophores at heterogeneous interfaces. By quantifying the anthracene-containing cleaved PMA polymers, which are generated via retro-[4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, the first-order kinetic coefficient was determined. Activation characteristics of mechanophores anchored to a nanoparticle exhibit behavior similar to mechanophore-linked polymers, e.g., threshold molecular weight and linear increase in rate coefficient with molecular weight above the threshold. This model system is thus valuable as a probe to test stress activation of interfacially bonded mechanophores relevant to the design of fiber-reinforced polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Wu F, Jiang H, Jia X. Mechanical activation of a dithioester derivative-based retro RAFT-HDA reaction. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hemmer JR, Smith PD, van Horn M, Alnemrat S, Mason BP, de Alaniz JR, Osswald S, Hooper JP. High strain-rate response of spiropyran mechanophores in PMMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Patrick D. Smith
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Matt van Horn
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Sufian Alnemrat
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Brian P. Mason
- Research Department; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division; 3767 Strauss Ave. Indian Head Maryland 20640
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Sebastian Osswald
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Joseph P. Hooper
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
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Tong F, Cruz CD, Jezowski SR, Zhou X, Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Chronister EL, Bardeen CJ. Pressure dependence of the forward and backward rates of 9-tert-butylanthracene Dewar isomerization. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5349-54. [PMID: 24978589 DOI: 10.1021/jp504771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
9-tert-Butylanthracene undergoes a photochemical reaction to form its strained Dewar isomer, which thermally back-reacts to reform the original molecule. When 9-tert-butylanthracene is dissolved in a polymer host, we find that both the forward and reverse isomerization rates are pressure-dependent. The forward photoreaction rate, which reflects the sum of contributions from photoperoxidation and Dewar isomerization, decreases by a factor of 1000 at high pressure (1.5 GPa). The back-reaction rate, on the other hand, increases by a factor of ∼3 at high pressure. Despite being highly strained and higher volume, the back-reaction reaction rate of the Dewar isomer is at least 100× less sensitive to pressure than that of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer studied previously by our group. These results suggest that the high pressure sensitivity of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer reaction is not just due to the presence of strained four-membered rings but instead relies on the unique molecular geometry of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Church DC, Peterson GI, Boydston AJ. Comparison of Mechanochemical Chain Scission Rates for Linear versus Three-Arm Star Polymers in Strong Acoustic Fields. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:648-651. [PMID: 35590762 DOI: 10.1021/mz5003068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of star versus linear polymer architecture on the rates of mechanochemically induced bond scission has been explored. We determined rate constants for chain scission of parent linear and star polymers, from which daughter fragments were cleanly resolved. These studies confirm a mechanistic interpretation of star polymer chain scission that is governed by the spanning rather than total molecular weight. We further demonstrate the preserved rate of site-selective mechanophore activation across two different polymer structures. Specifically, we observed consistent activation rate constants from three-arm star and linear polymer analogues, despite the Mn of the star polymer being 1.5 times greater than that of the linear system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C. Church
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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20
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Balkenende DWR, Coulibaly S, Balog S, Simon YC, Fiore GL, Weder C. Mechanochemistry with metallosupramolecular polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10493-8. [PMID: 24972163 DOI: 10.1021/ja5051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transduction of mechanical force into useful chemical reactions is an emerging design approach to impart soft materials with new functions. Here, we report that mechanochemical transductions can be achieved in metallosupramolecular polymers. We show that both reversible and irreversible reactions are possible and useful to create mechanically responsive materials that display new functions. The metallopolymer studied was a cross-linked network assembled from a europium salt and a telechelic poly(ethylene-co-butylene) with 2,6-bis(1'-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine (Mebip) ligands at the termini. The Eu(3+) complexes serve both as mechanically responsive binding motifs and as built-in optical probes that can monitor the extent of (dis)assembly due to their characteristic photoluminescent properties. Indeed, dose-dependent and reversible metal-ligand dissociation occurs upon exposure to ultrasound in solution. The absence of ultrasound-induced dissociation of a low-molecular weight model complex and in-depth studies of temperature effects confirm that the dissociation is indeed the result of mechanical activation. The influence of the strength of the metal-ligand interactions on the mechanically induced dissociation was also explored. Metallopolymers in which the Mebip ligands were substituted with more strongly coordinating dipicolinate (dpa) ligands do not dissociate upon exposure to ultrasound. Finally, we show that mechanochemical transduction in metallosupramolecular polymers is also possible in the solid state. We demonstrate mending of damaged objects through ultrasound as well as mechanochromic behavior based on metal-exchange reactions in metallopolymers imbibed with an auxiliary metal salt.
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21
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Cannon JR, Clark KA, Vanden Bout DA, Brodbelt JS, Keatinge‐Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Modulating the Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Protein Biocomposites for Ratio‐ and Intensiometric Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5088-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Constance B. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Joe R. Cannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Katie A. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - David A. Vanden Bout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Adrian T. Keatinge‐Clay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA)
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
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22
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Cannon JR, Clark KA, Vanden Bout DA, Brodbelt JS, Keatinge-Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Modulating the Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Protein Biocomposites for Ratio- and Intensiometric Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Krupička M, Sander W, Marx D. Mechanical Manipulation of Chemical Reactions: Reactivity Switching of Bergman Cyclizations. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:905-909. [PMID: 26274086 DOI: 10.1021/jz402644e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches incorporated into molecular frameworks have been used since a long time to trigger chemical processes on demand. Here, it is shown how mechanophores can be used as switches in order to drastically change the reactivity of a neighboring functional group as a function of external stress. The reactivities of cyclic enediynes, which are highly toxic agents when undergoing Bergman cyclization, roughly correlate with the distance between the bond-forming carbons in many cases. It is demonstrated how this distance, and thus enediyne reactivity, can be tuned upon applying mechanical stress. Depending on suitable substitution patterns, chemically inert species can be turned into highly reactive ones and vice versa, thus extending the concept of photoswitching to mechanoswitching. Moreover, depending on the derivative, it is found that C1-C5 cyclization becomes energetically preferred over the Bergman (C1-C6) pathway at nano-Newton forces, thus leading to a force-induced switch in selectivity in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krupička
- †Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- †Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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24
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Fang X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanical Activation of Mechanophore Enhanced by Strong Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:141-145. [PMID: 35590494 DOI: 10.1021/mz400600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically active spiropyran (SP) mechanophore is incorporated into the backbone of prepolymer which is further end-capped with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) or urethane. Strong mechanochromic reaction of SP arises in the bulk films of UPy containing materials whereas much weaker activation occurs in urethane containing counterparts, coincident with their stress-strain responses. The difference in the magnitudes of supramolecular interactions leads to different degrees of chain orientation and strain induced crystallization (SIC) in the bulk and consequently distinct capabilities to transfer the load to the mechanophores. This study may aid the design of novel mechanoresponsive materials whose mechanoresponsiveness can be tailored by tuning supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Fang
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Surampudi SK, Patel HR, Nagarjuna G, Venkataraman D. Mechano-isomerization of azobenzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:7519-21. [PMID: 23864053 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43797c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show that ultrasound-induced mechanical force isomerizes an azobenzene centered within a poly(methyl acrylate) polymer from cis to trans configuration without cleaving the azo bond. The isomerization rate was not altered by the polarity of the solvent indicating that the isomerization occurs through a non-polar, inversion transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan K Surampudi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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26
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Groote R, Szyja BM, Leibfarth FA, Hawker CJ, Doltsinis NL, Sijbesma RP. Strain-Induced Strengthening of the Weakest Link: The Importance of Intermediate Geometry for the Outcome of Mechanochemical Reactions. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4022339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Groote
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bartłomiej M. Szyja
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Materials
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Nielsen C, Weizman H, Nemat-Nasser S. Thermally reversible cross-links in a healable polymer: Estimating the quantity, rate of formation, and effect on viscosity. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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29
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Jacobs MJ, Blank K. Joining forces: integrating the mechanical and optical single molecule toolkits. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining single molecule force measurements with fluorescence detection opens up exciting new possibilities for the characterization of mechanoresponsive molecules in Biology and Materials Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
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31
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Degen CM, May PA, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Time-Dependent Mechanochemical Response of SP-Cross-Linked PMMA. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Degen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Preston A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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32
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Hong G, Zhang H, Lin Y, Chen Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Xia H. Mechanoresponsive Healable Metallosupramolecular Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4017532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangning Hong
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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33
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Altintas O, Riazi K, Lee R, Lin CY, Coote ML, Wilhelm M, Barner-Kowollik C. RAFT-based Polystyrene and Polyacrylate Melts under Thermal and Mechanical Stress. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Altintas
- Preparative Macromolecular
Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Polymeric Materials, Institut für Technische Chemie
und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kamran Riazi
- Polymeric Materials, Institut für Technische Chemie
und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Richmond Lee
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical
Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Ching Y. Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical
Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical
Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Polymeric Materials, Institut für Technische Chemie
und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular
Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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34
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Kean ZS, Niu Z, Hewage GB, Rheingold AL, Craig SL. Stress-responsive polymers containing cyclobutane core mechanophores: reactivity and mechanistic insights. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13598-604. [PMID: 23941619 PMCID: PMC3806219 DOI: 10.1021/ja4075997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of covalent mechanochemistry is to develop polymer bound mechanophores that undergo constructive transformations in response to otherwise destructive forces. The [2 + 2] cycloreversion of cyclobutane mechanophores has emerged as a versatile framework to develop a wide range of stress-activated functionality. Herein, we report the development of a class of cyclobutane bearing bicyclo[4.2.0]octane mechanophores. Using carbodiimide polyesterification, these stress-responsive units were incorporated into high molecular weight polymers containing up to 700 mechanophores per polymer chain. Under exposure to the otherwise destructive elongational forces of pulsed ultrasound, these mechanophores unravel by ∼7 Å per monomer unit to form α,β-unsaturated esters that react constructively via thiol-ene conjugate addition to form sulfide functionalized copolymers and cross-linked polymer networks. To probe the dynamics of the mechanochemical ring opening, a series of bicyclo[4.2.0]octane derivatives that varied in stereochemistry, substitution, and symmetry were synthesized and activated. Reactivity and product stereochemistry was analyzed by (1)H NMR, which allowed us to interrogate the mechanism of the mechanochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion. These results support that the ring opening is not concerted but proceeds via a 1,4 diradical intermediate. The bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes hold promise as active functional groups in new classes of stress-responsive polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gihan B. Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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35
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Jiang S, Zhang L, Xie T, Lin Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Weng W, Dai L. Mechanoresponsive PS-PnBA-PS Triblock Copolymers via Covalently Embedding Mechanophore. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:705-709. [PMID: 35606956 DOI: 10.1021/mz400198n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically active spiropyran (SP) mechanophore is incorporated into the center of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) block to construct a series of mechanoresponsive polystyrene (PS)-PnBA-SP-PnBA-PS triblock copolymers. Similar mechanical activations of SP occur in all of the copolymers in solution, whereas a unique PS fraction-dependent mechanochromism is observed in the bulk. Effective mechanical activation occurs in the copolymer with a medium PS block length, whereas a very weak color change is observed in the samples bearing low PS fractions and activation appears only in the vicinity of the fracture point in the copolymer bearing long PS blocks. The difference in chemical compositions of the triblock copolymers leads to different microphase separated structures in the bulk and consequently the unique stress-strain responses and mechanochemistry. This platform promises to open way to the design of a wide range of useful mechanoresponsive triblock copolymers having different hard/soft blocks and various types of mechanoresponsive motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lingxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tingwan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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36
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Konda SSM, Brantley JN, Varghese BT, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW, Makarov DE. Molecular Catch Bonds and the Anti-Hammond Effect in Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12722-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sriharsha M. Konda
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Bibin T. Varghese
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dmitrii E. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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37
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Larsen MB, Boydston AJ. "Flex-activated" mechanophores: using polymer mechanochemistry to direct bond bending activation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8189-92. [PMID: 23687904 DOI: 10.1021/ja403757p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe studies in mechanochemical transduction that probe the activation of bonds orthogonal to an elongated polymer main chain. Compression of mechanophore-cross-linked materials resulted in the release of small molecules via cleavage of covalent bonds that were not integral components of the elongated polymer segments. The reactivity is proposed to arise from the distribution of force through the cross-linking units of the polymer network and subsequent bond bending motions that are consistent with the geometric changes in the overall reaction. This departure from contemporary polymer mechanochemistry, in which activation is achieved primarily by force-induced bond elongation, is a first step toward mechanophores capable of releasing side-chain functionalities without inherently compromising the overall macromolecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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38
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Pramanik NB, Bag DS, Alam S, Nando GB, Singha NK. Thermally amendable tailor-made functional polymer by RAFT polymerization and “click reaction”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabendu B. Pramanik
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Dibyendu S. Bag
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), DRDO; Kanpur 208013 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), DRDO; Kanpur 208013 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Golok B. Nando
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Nikhil K. Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
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39
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Yameen B, Zydziak N, Weidner SM, Bruns M, Barner-Kowollik C. Conducting Polymer/SWCNTs Modular Hybrid Materials via Diels–Alder Ligation. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yameen
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Zydziak
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Polymer Engineering, Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT), Josef-von-Fraunhoferstrasse
7, 76327 Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bruns
- Institute for Applied Materials
(IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Methods for activating and characterizing mechanically responsive polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7130-47. [PMID: 23389104 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive polymers harness mechanical energy to facilitate unique chemical transformations and bestow materials with force sensing (e.g., mechanochromism) or self-healing capabilities. A variety of solution- and solid-state techniques, covering a spectrum of forces and strain rates, can be used to activate mechanically responsive polymers. Moreover, many of these methods have been combined with optical spectroscopy or chemical labeling techniques to characterize the products formed via mechanical activation of appropriate precursors in situ. In this tutorial review, we discuss the methods and techniques that have been used to supply mechanical force to macromolecular systems, and highlight the advantages and challenges associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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41
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Kim JH, Ray D, Hong CS, Han JW, Oh CH. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of 4-platinumisochromenyliums with an olefin and tandem insertion into benzylic C–H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5690-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Tempelaar S, Barker IA, Truong VX, Hall DJ, Mespouille L, Dubois P, Dove AP. Organocatalytic synthesis and post-polymerization functionalization of propargyl-functional poly(carbonate)s. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20718d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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43
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Yuan J, Zhang H, Hong G, Chen Y, Chen G, Xu Y, Weng W. Using metal–ligand interactions to access biomimetic supramolecular polymers with adaptive and superb mechanical properties. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4809-4818. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gandini A. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction: A versatile click–unclick tool in macromolecular synthesis. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Wiggins KM, Keatinge-Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanobiochemistry: harnessing biomacromolecules for force-responsive materials. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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46
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Nguyen NH, Sun HJ, Levere ME, Fleischmann S, Percec V. Where is Cu(0) generated by disproportionation during SET-LRP? Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Leibfarth FA, Mattson KM, Fors BP, Collins HA, Hawker CJ. Externe Regulation kontrollierter Polymerisationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Leibfarth FA, Mattson KM, Fors BP, Collins HA, Hawker CJ. External Regulation of Controlled Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:199-210. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Brantley JN, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW. Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ribas-Arino J, Marx D. Covalent mechanochemistry: theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5412-87. [PMID: 22909336 DOI: 10.1021/cr200399q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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