1
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Dai D, Zhan Q, Shi T, Wang D, Zheng Y. Spin characteristics in conjugated stable diradicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8997-9006. [PMID: 39081131 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Spin properties are intrinsic characters of electrons. Radical molecules contain unpaired electron(s), and their unique chemical and physical properties make them an ideal platform for investigating spin properties in molecular systems. Among them, the burgeoning interest in stable conjugated diradicals is attributed to their distinctive characteristics, notably the dynamic resonance structures between open-shell and closed-shell forms, the malleability of their spin states, and the profound influence of intermolecular spin-spin interactions. A deep understanding of the spin characteristics of unpaired electrons in stable conjugated diradicals provides guidance for the design, synthesis, and characterization of radical-based materials. In this review, we discuss the unique spin delocalization, spin states, and spin-spin coupling characteristics of conjugated diradicals and emphasize how to precisely control these spin characteristics to understand their role in the molecules and as functional radical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Dai
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianfang Shi
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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2
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Gao Y, Liu Z, Li T, Zhao W. Mixed-Valence BN-Doped Corannulene Trimer Radical Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314006. [PMID: 37847644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-valence (MV) dimers have been extensively investigated, however, the structure and properties of purely organic MV trimers based on open-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remain elusive. Herein, unprecedented MV BN-doped corannulene radical cations [BN-Cor1]3 ⋅⋅2+ ⋅ 2[BArylF 4 ]- and [BN-Cor2]3 ⋅⋅2+ ⋅ 2[BArylF 4 ]- were synthesized via chemical oxidation, and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These uncommon radical cations consist of three corannulene cores and two [BArylF 4 ]- anions, and three corannulene motifs [BN-Cor1]3 ⋅⋅2+ and [BN-Cor2]3 ⋅⋅2+ in the unit cell exhibit a trimer structure with a slipped π-stacking configuration. Detailed structural analyses further revealed that the corannulene cores exhibit an infinite layered self-assembly configuration, allowing their potential applications as building blocks for molecular conductors. The detection of a forbidden transition (Δms =±2) by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy further confirmed the existence of two unpaired electrons in the π-trimers and the MV characteristic of these two species. Variable-temperature EPR and conductivity measurements suggested that the BN-doped π-trimers exhibited antiferromagnetic coupling and conductivity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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3
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Duan L, Xue X, Hong B, Gu Z. Conjugation-Induced Spin Delocalization in Helical Chiral Carbon Radicals via Through-Bond and Through-Space Effects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304563. [PMID: 37867251 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A class of highly stable hydrocarbon radicals with helical chirality are synthesized, which can be isolated and purified by routine column chromatography on silica gel. These carbon-centered radicals are stabilized by through-bond delocalization and intramolecular through-space conjugation, which is evidenced by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. The high stability enables to directly modify the carbon radical via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with the radical being untapped. The structures and optoelectronic properties are investigated with a variety of experimental methods, including Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Ultraviolet Visisble Near Infrared (UV-vis-NIR) measurements, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and X-ray crystallographic analysis. DFT calculations indicated that the 9-anthryl helical radical is more stable than its tail-to-tail σ-dimer over 13.2 kJ mol-1 , which is consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Duan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xue
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Biqiong Hong
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
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4
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Wang P, Xiang Q, Tian M, Tao S, Xu Z, Guo Y, Hu W, Sun Z. Spin-Distribution-Directed Regioselective Substitution Strategy for Highly Stable Olympicenyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313257. [PMID: 37771246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of bench-stable conjugated π-radicals is challenging owing to the lack of modular approaches, which greatly hampers their practical material screens and applications. Here, we demonstrate a spin-distribution-directed regioselective substitution strategy to introduce substituents into the specific positions of an olympicenyl radical in a stepwise manner, resulting in a series of highly stable radical species. The substituents can also adjust the crystal packing by means of steric and electronic factors, enabling the changing from a π-dimer to a pseudo-one-dimensional chain. The first single crystal organic field-effect transistor device based on a graphenic radical is fabricated in air, showing a hole mobility of up to 0.021 cm2 V-1 s-1 and excellent device stability. This approach may be generalized to diverse spin-delocalized open-shell organic radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Miaoyue Tian
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sheng Tao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yupeng Guo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
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5
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Lu Y, Sugita H, Mikami K, Aoki D, Otsuka H. A rational design strategy of radical-type mechanophores with thermal tolerance. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8792-8797. [PMID: 37621432 PMCID: PMC10445462 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02991c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical-type mechanophores (RMs) are attractive molecules that undergo homolytic scission of their central C-C bond to afford radical species upon exposure to heat or mechanical stimuli. However, the lack of a rational design concept limits the development of RMs with pre-determined properties. Herein, we report a rational design strategy of RMs with high thermal tolerance while maintaining mechanoresponsiveness. A combined experimental and theoretical analysis revealed that the high thermal tolerance of these RMs is related to the radical-stabilization energy (RSE) as well as the Hammett and modified Swain-Lupton constants at the para-position (σp). The trend of the RSE values is in good agreement with the experimentally evaluated thermal tolerance of a series of mechanoresponsive RMs based on the bisarylcyanoacetate motif. Furthermore, the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) levels clearly exhibit a negative correlation with σp within a series of RMs that are based on the same skeleton, paving the way toward the development of RMs that can be handled under ambient conditions without peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hajime Sugita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute 2743-1 Hayakawa Ayase Kanagawa 252-1193 Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute 2743-1 Hayakawa Ayase Kanagawa 252-1193 Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8501 Japan
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6
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Guo Y, Wu X, Hou B, Xiang Q, Ni Y, Li J, Sun Z. Synthesis and Characterization of a Persistent Benzoanthracenyl Radical Derivative. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-2360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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7
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Hou B, Li K, He H, Hu J, Xu Z, Xiang Q, Wang P, Chen X, Sun Z. Stable Crystalline Nanohoop Radical and Its Self-Association Promoted by van der Waals Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301046. [PMID: 36754831 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A stable nanohoop radical (OR3) combining the structures of cycloparaphenylene and an olympicenyl radical is synthesized and isolated in the crystalline state. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that OR3 forms a unique head-to-tail dimer that further aggregates into a one-dimensional chain in the solid state. Variable-temperature NMR and concentration-dependent absorption measurements indicate that the π-dimer is not formed in solution. An energy decomposition analysis indicates that van der Waals interactions are the driving force for the self-association process, in contrast with other olympicenyl derivatives that favor π-dimerization. The physical properties in solution phase have been studied, and the stable cationic species obtained by one-electron chemical oxidation. This study offers a new molecular design to modulate the self-association of organic radicals for overcoming the spin-Peierls transition, and to prepare novel nanohoop compounds with spin-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxia Hou
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huijie He
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
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8
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Wang P, Hu J, Xu Z, Pu Z, Sato S, Zhang X, Hu W, Sun Z. Synthesis and structure elucidation of triarylmethyl radicals with anthryl substitution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2015-2018. [PMID: 36723079 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06083c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two stable triarylmethyl radicals with one or two anthryl substitutions are synthesized in gram scale, and are isolated in the crystalline state. Detailed structural elucidation with X-ray crystallographic analysis and DFT calculations revealed that the twisted structure is more energetically favorable than the folded structure, and consequently, the spin density is mainly localized at the methyl carbon. The spin distribution leads to unique physical properties, making them promising open-shell organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Zhaofangzhou Pu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Integrated Molecular Structure Analysis Laboratory, Social Cooperation Program, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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9
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Gong Z, Xiang Q, Li K, Xu Z, Hu J, Ni Y, Sato S, Sun Z. Pentagon‐Containing
Doublet Graphene Fragments with
Edge‐Dependent
Spin/Charge Distribution. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongcheng Gong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Integrated Molecular Structure Analysis Laboratory, Social Cooperation Program, The University of Tokyo
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
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10
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Ahmed J, Mandal SK. Phenalenyl Radical: Smallest Polycyclic Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon Present in the Graphene Sheet. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11369-11431. [PMID: 35561295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl, a zigzag-edged odd alternant hydrocarbon unit can be found in the graphene nanosheet. Hückel molecular orbital calculations indicate the presence of a nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO), which originates from the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) arising from 13 carbon atoms of the phenalenyl molecule. Three redox states (cationic, neutral radical, and anionic) of the phenalenyl-based molecules were attributed to the presence of this NBMO. The cationic state can undergo two consecutive reductions to result in neutral radical and anionic states, stepwise, respectively. The phenalenyl-based radicals were found as crucial building blocks and attracted the attention of various research fields such as organic synthesis, material science, computation, and device physics. From 2012 onward, a strategy was devised using the cationic state of phenalenyl-based molecules and in situ generated phenalenyl radicals, which created a new domain of catalysis. The in situ generated phenalenyl radicals were utilized for the single electron transfer (SET) process resulting in redox catalysis. This emerging range of applications rejuvenates the more than six decades-old phenalenyl chemistry. This review captures such developments ranging from fundamental understanding to multidirectional applications of phenalenyl-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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11
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Xiang Q, Sun Z. Doublet Open-Shell Graphene Fragments. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200251. [PMID: 35438845 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances on neutral delocalized radical species based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with fused hexagonal rings, herein defined as doublet open-shell graphene fragments, are summarized in this review. A few simple yet useful theoretical approaches for structural analysis and molecular design were introduced at first. Then, based on the number of fused hexagonal rings, molecular systems with different size, symmetry and edge structure were discussed with emphasis on those isolated in the crystalline form. Their unique self-association behavior, chemical reactivity and physical properties were summarized and discussed, and insights on their functions and potential applications were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Tianjin University, Institute of Molecular Plus, CHINA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin University, Institute of molecular plus, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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12
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Herzog S, Hinz A, Breher F, Podlech J. Cyclopenta-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons: synthesis and characterisation of a stable, carbon-centred helical radical. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2873-2880. [PMID: 35315476 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An air- and moisture-stable helical radical with seven six- and five-membered rings arranged alternately was synthesized by cyclizations in a suitably ortho,ortho'-substituted terphenyl and re-establishment of its conjugation. Mesityl groups at the five-membered rings prevent radical reactions. This cyclopenta-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbon (CP-PAH) was characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis, EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and by cyclic voltammetry. Further properties and spectra were determined by quantum chemical calculation (spin densities, orbital energies, UV/Vis/NIR and ECD spectra). It turned out that this radical is best described with its radical centre being in the outer five-membered rings, which allows for the largest number of fully intact benzene rings. Its triradical character is rather small and can be neglected. The five-membered rings show significant antiaromatic character, which is highest in the central ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Herzog
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Engesserstraße 15, Germany.
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Engesserstraße 15, Germany.
| | - Joachim Podlech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Germany
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13
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Nishiuchi T, Ishii D, Aibara S, Sato H, Kubo T. Synthesis, properties and chemical modification of a persistent triisopropylsilylethynyl substituted tri(9-anthryl)methyl radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3306-3309. [PMID: 35178540 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In studies aimed at developing new organic spin materials, we prepared a triisopropylsilylethynyl substituted tri(9-anthryl)methyl (TAntM) radical. The TIPS-ethynyl group in this radical effectively suppresses its reactivity, resulting in extremely high stability in air for at least one month. Chemical modification of the radical using [4+2] Diels-Alder reaction proceeds even at room temperature. Because harsh conditions and metal-catalyzed reactions are not required, this post-modification strategy should be highly versatile for use in constructing unique spin-labelled molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan. .,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Seito Aibara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan. .,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Guo Y, Ding S, Zhang N, Xu Z, Wu S, Hu J, Xiang Q, Li ZY, Chen X, Sato S, Wu J, Sun Z. π-Extended Doublet Open-Shell Graphene Fragments Exhibiting One-Dimensional Chain Stacking. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2095-2100. [PMID: 35099946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hitherto elusive benzo[c]anthanthrenyl radical derivatives composed of seven fused six-membered rings are synthesized and isolated in the crystalline form, representing a laterally π-extended doublet open-shell graphene fragment compared to the phenalenyl and olympicenyl radical structures. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed one-dimensional chain stacking with relatively close intermolecular contacts, which is an important precondition for achieving single-component conductors. The magnetic, optical, and redox properties are investigated in the solution phase. In combination with the good stability, such open-shell molecular systems have potentials as functional electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Guo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Educational Park, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Integrated Molecular Structure Analysis Laboratory, Social Cooperation Program, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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15
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Liu J, Zeng J, Zhao D, Yao Y, Hu D, Ma Y. Comprehending radicals, diradicals and their bondings in aggregates of imide-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9985-9992. [PMID: 36128241 PMCID: PMC9430410 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures and optical properties of imide-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals, which exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism as discovered recently and the strong pancake bondings in NDI radical aggregates are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liu
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiarui Zeng
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Duokai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dehua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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16
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Chen WC, Chang YC. Rational design of organic semiconductors with low internal reorganization energies for hole and electron transport: position effect of aza-substitution in phenalenyl derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18163-18172. [PMID: 34612279 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amphoteric-redox phenalenyl radical (PLY) is a suitable candidate used to design ambipolar organic materials. Because the singly occupied nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO) of PLY has a perfect local nonbonding character, its internal reorganization energy (λ) for transporting holes (λ+) or electrons (λ-) is known to be small. Herein, PLY is employed to study the position effect of the aza group on the λ. By adding or extracting an electron from the NBMO, the bond length alterations can be minute. Therefore, the PLY derivatives are also an excellent candidate to study the contributions from the bond angle alterations to the λ. Substituting the aza groups at the β- or α-positions of PLY shows two different trends. When consecutively substituting the aza group at the three β-positions of PLY, the λs are consistently decreased. Contrarily, a series of double functionalization of aza groups at the four α-positions of PLY, the λs are increased. It is because the local bonding or antibonding character in frontier orbitals (FMO) is observed in α2N-PLY and α4N-PLY. As the FMOs of the three β-substituted PLYs and α6N-PLY have perfect local nonbonding character, we found the bond angle alterations are the main contributors of λ. The λs for most aza-PLYs were smaller than 100 meV. Thus, we propose a design rule for substituting aza groups on the parent molecules with strong local nonbonding character in their FMOs. Based on the adiabatic ionization potential and electron affinity, two π-extended PLY derivatives with small λ were recommended for fabricating air-stable ambipolar OFET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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17
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Yang Y, Blacque O, Sato S, Juríček M. Cycloparaphenylene-Phenalenyl Radical and Its Dimeric Double Nanohoop*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13529-13535. [PMID: 33635576 PMCID: PMC8252656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a neutral spin-delocalized carbon-nanoring radical was achieved by integration of the open-shell phenalenyl unit into cycloparaphenylene (CPP). Spin distribution in this hydrocarbon is localized primarily on the phenalenyl segment and partially on the CPP segment as a consequence of steric and electronic effects. The resulting geometry is reminiscent of a diamond ring, with pseudo-perpendicular arrangement of the radial and the planar π-surface. The phenylene rings attached directly to the phenalenyl unit give rise to a steric effect that governs a highly selective dimerization pathway, yielding a giant double nanohoop. Its π-framework made of 158 sp2 -carbon atoms was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed a three-segment CPP-peropyrene-CPP structure. This nanocarbon shows a fluorescence profile characteristic of peropyrene, regardless of which segment gets excited. These results in conjunction with DFT suggest that adjusting the size of the CPP segments in this double nanohoop could deliver donor-acceptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied ChemistryThe University of TokyoHongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZurichSwitzerland
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18
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Yang Y, Blacque O, Sato S, Juríček M. Cycloparaphenylene–Phenalenyl Radical and Its Dimeric Double Nanohoop**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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19
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Chen WC, Chao I. Charge transport properties of open-shell graphene fragments: a computational study of the phenalenyl tilings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3256-3266. [PMID: 33319889 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thinking outside the box of the phenalenyl radical: a systematic structure design strategy, phenalenyl tiling, is found to benefit the electron transport properties of open-shell graphene fragments with one free radical. Compared with the closed-shell species, phenalenyl-based π-radicals exhibit smaller intramolecular reorganization energies and larger intermolecular electronic couplings. However, the on-site Coulomb repulsion can be too strong and impedes the charge transport efficiency of such materials. The repulsion can be weakened in radical species by spin delocalization. In this paper, the extended π-radicals we studied are categorized into three types of open-shell structures: the zigzag, the armchair and the discotic odd alternant hydrocarbons. The latter two belong to phenalenyl tilings. We found that the phenalenyl tilings fully inherit the desirable features of the singly occupied molecular orbital of the phenalenyl radical in a predictable and delocalized fashion, and their on-site Coulomb repulsion is effectively reduced. The zigzag π-radicals are less satisfactory. Therefore, the phenalenyl tilings are favorable candidates for charge transporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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20
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Xiang Q, Guo J, Xu J, Ding S, Li Z, Li G, Phan H, Gu Y, Dang Y, Xu Z, Gong Z, Hu W, Zeng Z, Wu J, Sun Z. Stable Olympicenyl Radicals and Their π-Dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11022-11031. [PMID: 32456437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An olympicenyl radical, a spin 1/2 hydrocarbon radical with C2v symmetry and uneven spin distribution, remains elusive despite the considerable theoretical research interest. Herein, we report syntheses of two air-stable olympicenyl radical derivatives, OR1 and OR2, with half-life times (τ1/2) in air-saturated solution of 7 days and 34 days. The high stability was ascribed to kinetic blocking of reactive sites with high spin densities. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed unique 20-center-2-electron head-to-tail π-dimer structures with intermolecular distances shorter than the sum of van der Waals radius of carbon. The ground state of the π-dimers was found to be singlet, with singlet-triplet energy gaps estimated to be -2.34 kcal/mol and -3.28 kcal/mol for OR1 and OR2, respectively, by variable-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The monomeric radical species were in equilibrium with the π-dimer in solution, and the optical and electrochemical properties of the monomers and π-dimers in solution were investigated by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, revealing a concentration-dependent nature. Theoretical calculations illustrated that upon formation of a π-dimer the local aromaticity of each monomer was enhanced, and spatial ring current between the monomers was present, which resulted in an increment of aromaticity of the interior of the π-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Educational Park, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zongcheng Gong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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21
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Wang Q, Song M, Song X, Bu Y. Unexpected diradical character and large magnetic spin coupling in modified porphyrins induced by inverting pyrrole rings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17209-17220. [PMID: 31343647 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02691f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives with inverted pyrrole rings have been experimentally synthesized, and their relevant electronic and magnetic properties have great application prospects in terms of electronic devices. In this work, we rationally design the structures and computationally investigate the electronic properties of porphine and Mg/Zn-porphyrin derivatives with two inverted pyrrole rings, i.e. the dipyrrole-inverted porphine and Mg/Zn-porphyrin analogues (1NN-2H, 2NN-2H, 1NN-Mg, 2NN-Mg, 1NN-Zn and 2NN-Zn), at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. The main structural characters of these porphyrin derivatives are that the [double bond splayed left]NH units of two pyrrole rings are inverted outwards and the porphyrin-like macrocycles are distorted from square to diamond shapes. More interestingly, these dipyrrole-inverted porphyrin derivatives present diradical characters with noticeably large antiferromagnetic spin coupling constants, i.e.-982.2/-936.3 cm-1 for 1NN-2H/2NN-2H, -796.3/-764.2 cm-1 for 1NN-Mg/2NN-Mg and -1044.5/-1055.2 cm-1 for 1NN-Zn/2NN-Zn, but their monopyrrole-inverted counterparts do not. Examinations of the orbital properties featuring large occupation numbers of the lowest unoccupied natural orbitals and two singly occupied molecular orbitals that are polarized in opposite directions also confirm these findings. These porphyrin derivatives have small singlet-triplet energy gaps and small energy gaps between the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the closed-shell singlet states. These are conducive to the emergence of diradical character and large spin coupling constants. Furthermore, the spin-alternation analyses show that each dipyrrole-inverted porphyrin derivative has two resonant structures featuring two spin-opposite single electrons, in agreement with the observed antiferromagnetic spin couplings. This work provides novel insights into the electronic structures and properties of the porphyrin derivatives with modified structures and also provides helpful information for the rational design, synthesis and characterization of new porphyrin-based magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meiyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Mailman A, Robertson CM, Winter SM, Dube PA, Oakley RT. The Importance of Electronic Dimensionality in Multiorbital Radical Conductors. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6495-6506. [PMID: 31021620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The exceptional performance of oxobenzene-bridged bis-1,2,3-dithiazolyls 6 as single-component neutral radical conductors arises from the presence of a low-lying π-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which reduces the potential barrier to charge transport and increases the kinetic stabilization energy of the metallic state. As part of ongoing efforts to modify the solid-state structures and transport properties of these so-called multiorbital materials, we report the preparation and characterization of the acetoxy, methoxy, and thiomethyl derivatives 6 (R = OAc, OMe, SMe). The crystal structures are based on ribbonlike arrays of radicals laced together by S···N' and S···O' secondary bonding interactions. The steric and electronic effects of the exocyclic ligands varies, affording one-dimensional (1D) π-stacked radicals for R = OAc, 1D cofacial dimer π-stacks for R = SMe, and a pseudo two-dimensional (2D) brick-wall arrangement for R = OMe. Variable-temperature magnetic and conductivity measurements reveal strong antiferromagnetic interactions and Mott insulating behavior for the two radical-based structures (R = OAc, OMe), with lower room-temperature conductivities (σRT ≈ 1 × 10-4 and ∼1 × 10-3 S cm-1, respectively) and higher thermal activation energies ( Eact = 0.24 and 0.21 eV, respectively) than found for the ideal 2D brick-wall structure of 6 (R = F), where σRT ≈ 1 × 10-2 S cm-1 and Eact = 0.10 eV. The performance of R = OMe, OAc relative to that of R = F, is consistent with the results of density functional theory band electronic structure calculations, which indicate a lower kinetic stabilization energy of the putative metallic state arising from their reduced electronic dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä , Finland.,Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main 60438 , Germany
| | - Paul A Dube
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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24
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Kato K, Osuka A. Platforms for Stable Carbon‐Centered Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8978-8986. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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25
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Wehrmann CM, Charlton RT, Chen MS. A Concise Synthetic Strategy for Accessing Ambient Stable Bisphenalenyls toward Achieving Electroactive Open-Shell π-Conjugated Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3240-3248. [PMID: 30689950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell, π-conjugated molecules represent exciting next-generation materials due to their unique optoelectronic and magnetic properties and their potential to exploit unpaired spin densities to engineer exceptionally close π-π interactions. However, prior syntheses of ambient stable, open-shell molecules required lengthy routes and displayed intermolecular spin-spin coupling with limited dimensionality. Here we report a general fragment-coupling strategy with phenalenone that enables the rapid construction of both biradicaloid (Ph2- s-IDPL, 1) and radical [10(OTf)] bisphenalenyls in ≤7 steps from commercial starting materials. Significantly, we have discovered an electronically stabilized π-radical cation [10(OTf)] that shows multiple intermolecular closer-than-vdW contacts (<3.4 Å) in its X-ray crystal structure. DFT simulations reveal that each of these close π-π interactions allows for intermolecular spin-spin coupling to occur and suggests that 10(OTf) achieves electrostatically enhanced intermolecular covalent-bonding interactions in two dimensions. Single crystal devices were fabricated from 10(OTf) and demonstrate average electrical conductivities of 1.31 × 10-2 S/cm. Overall, these studies highlight the practical synthesis and device application of a new π-conjugated material, based on a design principle that promises to facilitate spin and charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Wehrmann
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Ryan T Charlton
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
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26
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Nishiuchi T, Aibara S, Kubo T. Synthesis and Properties of a Highly Congested Tri(9-anthryl)methyl Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Seito Aibara
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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27
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Nishiuchi T, Aibara S, Kubo T. Synthesis and Properties of a Highly Congested Tri(9-anthryl)methyl Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16516-16519. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Seito Aibara
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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28
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Kertesz M. Pancake Bonding: An Unusual Pi‐Stacking Interaction. Chemistry 2018; 25:400-416. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University 37th and O Streets NW Washington, DC 20057-1227 USA
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29
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Antoni PW, Hansmann MM. Pyrylenes: A New Class of Tunable, Redox-Switchable, Photoexcitable Pyrylium–Carbene Hybrids with Three Stable Redox-States. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14823-14835. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Ravat P, Šolomek T, Häussinger D, Blacque O, Juríček M. Dimethylcethrene: A Chiroptical Diradicaloid Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10839-10847. [PMID: 30067898 PMCID: PMC6120736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and properties of 13,14-dimethylcethrene, a prototype of a chiral diradicaloid photochemical switch that can be transformed reversibly via conrotatory electrocyclization to its more stable closed form by light (630 nm) or heat and back to its open form by light (365 nm). This system illustrates how the chemical reactivity of a diradicaloid molecule can be translated into a switching function, which alters substantially all electronic parameters, namely, the HOMO-LUMO and the singlet-triplet (ST) energy gaps, and the degree of helical twist. As a result, distinct changes in the optical and chiroptical properties of this system were observed, which allowed us to monitor the switching process by a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including NMR, UV-vis, and CD. In comparison to the previously reported parent molecule cethrene, this system benefits from two methyl substituents installed in the fjord region, which account for the stability of the closed form against oxidation and racemization. The methyl substituents increase the ST energy gap of 13,14-dimethylcethrene by ∼4 kcal mol-1 in comparison to cethrene. Our DFT calculations reveal that the larger ST gap is a result of electronic and geometric effects of the methyl substituents and show the potential of related systems to act as magnetic switches at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Ravat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Morita Y, Murata T, Ueda A, Yamada C, Kanzaki Y, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T. Trioxotriangulene: Air- and Thermally Stable Organic Carbon-Centered Neutral π-Radical without Steric Protection. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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32
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Zhao P, Bu Y. Remarkable Differences in Spin Couplings for Various Self-Paired Dimers of Ring-Expansion-Radicalized Uracil: A Basis for the Design of Magnetically Anisotropic Assemblies. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:208-219. [PMID: 29165931 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The spin-coupling properties of a series of radicalized uracil (rU) dimer diradicals with different H-bonding modes is examined. Each rU has four double H-bonding sites [the amide units: two at the Watson-Crick face (upper site WC1 and lower site WC2 ), a Hoogsteen site (HO), and a minor-groove site (MI)], and ten homogeneous dimers (rU-rU) can self-pair with well-defined diradical characters and comparable stability to the native U dimers. More interestingly, all these dimers exhibit distinctly different spin-coupling characters (ferromagnetic (FM) versus antiferromagnetic (AFM) and large- versus small-magnitude spin couplings), indicative of remarkable magnetic-coupling anisotropy of rU. This observation originates from the fusion of a cyclopentadienyl radical to U, which leads to uneven spin-density distribution. In rU, the fused five-membered radical ring can spin-polarize to the edge in the minor groove, and thus dimerization of rU leads to different H-bonded structures with remarkably different magnetic couplings. The calculated larger magnetic coupling constants J are 1003.7 and 540.2 cm-1 for the WC2 -HO and MI-HO H-bonding modes between rU, which exhibit considerably large FM couplings, the MI-MI, WC1 -WC2 and WC2 -WC2 modes show moderate FM couplings (J=0.4-77 cm-1 ), and the other modes exhibit moderate or weak AFM couplings. These observations indicate that the HO and MI sites are favorable spin-coupling sites. In addition, the H-bond lengths and electronic structures of the H-bonding sites, proton transfer, and extra H-bonding interaction with the surroundings can also affect the magnetic couplings of the base pairs. Clearly, the unique magnetic coupling anisotropy of rU provides a promising application basis for the design and assembly of bio-inspired anisotropically magnetic membranes and even magnetism-tunable building blocks for novel magnetic nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
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33
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Okino K, Hira S, Inoue Y, Sakamaki D, Seki S. The Divergent Dimerization Behavior of N-Substituted Dicyanomethyl Radicals: Dynamically Stabilized versus Stable Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Okino
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shota Hira
- Nada High School; Kobe Hyogo 658-0082 Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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34
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Okino K, Hira S, Inoue Y, Sakamaki D, Seki S. The Divergent Dimerization Behavior of N-Substituted Dicyanomethyl Radicals: Dynamically Stabilized versus Stable Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16597-16601. [PMID: 29125667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that the dimerization behavior of amine-substituted dicyanomethyl radicals can be switched from σ- to π-dimerization simply by varying the electron-donating substituents. For dicyanomethyl radicals with a 4,4'-ditolylamine (DT. ) or a phenothiazine (PT. ) substituent, the monomeric radical form and the corresponding dimer connected by a reversible C-C bond (σ-dimer) are in equilibrium in solution. On the other hand, the radical with the julolidine skeleton (JD. ) does not undergo σ-dimerization and was isolated as a stable radical in spite of the absence of bulky protecting groups. X-ray single-crystal analysis revealed that JD. forms the π-dimer in the crystalline state, and variable-temperature spectroscopy showed that JD. is in equilibrium with the π-dimer in toluene solution. DFT calculations point to the importance of electrostatic interactions as a driving force for the π-dimerization of JD. because of its polarized structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Okino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shota Hira
- Nada High School, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0082, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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35
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Song M, Song X, Bu Y. Tuning the Spin Coupling Interactions in the Nitroxide-Based Bisphenol-Like Diradicals. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2487-2498. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
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36
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37
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Song M, Song X, Bu Y. Remarkable Magnetic Coupling Interactions in Multi-Beryllium-Expanded Small Graphene-like Molecules with Well-Defined Polyradical Characters. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Mailman A, Wong JWL, Winter SM, Claridge RCM, Robertson CM, Assoud A, Yong W, Steven E, Dube PA, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Oakley RT. Fine Tuning the Performance of Multiorbital Radical Conductors by Substituent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1625-1635. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mailman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eden Steven
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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39
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Kobayashi Y, Mishima Y, Mutoh K, Abe J. Highly durable photochromic radical complexes having no steric protections of radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4315-4318. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Durable radical-dissociation type photochromic reactions are demonstrated without the steric protections of the radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mishima
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
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40
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Trinquier G, Malrieu JP. Spreading out spin density in polyphenalenyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27623-27642. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Properly-designed monoradicals built from polycondensed phenalene units can enforce flattening of spin distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Trinquier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (CNRS-UMR5626)
- IRSAMC
- Université Paul-Sabatier (Toulouse III)
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex
- France
| | - Jean-Paul Malrieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (CNRS-UMR5626)
- IRSAMC
- Université Paul-Sabatier (Toulouse III)
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex
- France
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41
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Diev VV, Femia D, Zhong Q, Djurovich PI, Haiges R, Thompson ME. A quinoidal bis-phenalenyl-fused porphyrin with supramolecular organization and broad near-infrared absorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1949-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis is disclosed for a quinoidal bis-phenalenyl-fused porphyrin that displays near-infrared absorption and supramolecular organization in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Femia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Qiwen Zhong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | | | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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42
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Deardorff CL, Eric Sikma R, Rhodes CP, Hudnall TW. Carbene-derived α-acyl formamidinium cations: organic molecules with readily tunable multiple redox processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9024-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Singlet carbenes can impart stability, but can also be used to tailor the electrochemical properties of redox-active organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Eric Sikma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | | | - Todd W. Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
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43
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Anamimoghadam O, Symes MD, Long DL, Sproules S, Cronin L, Bucher G. Electronically Stabilized Nonplanar Phenalenyl Radical and Its Planar Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14944-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ommid Anamimoghadam
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Symes
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - De-Liang Long
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Götz Bucher
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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44
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Tian D, Winter SM, Mailman A, Wong JWL, Yong W, Yamaguchi H, Jia Y, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Julian SR, Jin C, Mito M, Ohishi Y, Oakley RT. The metallic state in neutral radical conductors: dimensionality, pressure and multiple orbital effects. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14136-48. [PMID: 26513125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced changes in the solid-state structures and transport properties of three oxobenzene-bridged bisdithiazolyl radicals 2 (R = H, F, Ph) over the range 0-15 GPa are described. All three materials experience compression of their π-stacked architecture, be it (i) 1D ABABAB π-stack (R = Ph), (ii) quasi-1D slipped π-stack (R = H), or (iii) 2D brick-wall π-stack (R = F). While R = H undergoes two structural phase transitions, neither of R = F, Ph display any phase change. All three radicals order as spin-canted antiferromagnets, but spin-canted ordering is lost at pressures <1.5 GPa. At room temperature, their electrical conductivity increases rapidly with pressure, and the thermal activation energy for conduction Eact is eliminated at pressures ranging from ∼3 GPa for R = F to ∼12 GPa for R = Ph, heralding formation of a highly correlated (or bad) metallic state. For R = F, H the pressure-induced Mott insulator to metal conversion has been tracked by measurements of optical conductivity at ambient temperature and electrical resistivity at low temperature. For R = F compression to 6.2 GPa leads to a quasiquadratic temperature dependence of the resistivity over the range 5-300 K, consistent with formation of a 2D Fermi liquid state. DFT band structure calculations suggest that the ease of metallization of these radicals can be ascribed to their multiorbital character. Mixing and overlap of SOMO- and LUMO-based bands affords an increased kinetic energy stabilization of the metallic state relative to a single SOMO-based band system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology , Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Yating Jia
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100080, China
| | - John S Tse
- Department of Physics, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard A Secco
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stephen R Julian
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Changqing Jin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Masaki Mito
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology , Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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45
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Yoshida T, Zhou W, Furuyama T, Leznoff DB, Kobayashi N. An Extremely Air-Stable 19π Porphyrinoid. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9258-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
| | - Taniyuki Furuyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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46
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Miura Y, Yoshioka N. π-Stacked structure of thiadiazolo-fused benzotriazinyl radical: Crystal structure and magnetic properties. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Kubo T. Phenalenyl-Based Open-Shell Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. CHEM REC 2014; 15:218-32. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kubo
- Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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48
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Tian Y, Uchida K, Kurata H, Hirao Y, Nishiuchi T, Kubo T. Design and Synthesis of New Stable Fluorenyl-Based Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12784-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurata
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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49
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Wong JWL, Mailman A, Lekin K, Winter SM, Yong W, Zhao J, Garimella SV, Tse JS, Secco RA, Desgreniers S, Ohishi Y, Borondics F, Oakley RT. Pressure Induced Phase Transitions and Metallization of a Neutral Radical Conductor. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1070-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411057x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kristina Lekin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jianbao Zhao
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Subrahmanyam V. Garimella
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Materials
Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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50
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Abstract
This chapter describes a series of two-dimensional (2D) expanded arene networks, also known as nanographenes, with either closed-shell or open-shell electronic structure in the ground state. These systems are further categorized into three classes on a basis of different edge structures: those with zigzag edges only, those with armchair edges only, and those possessing both. Distinctive physical properties of these 2D aromatic systems are closely related to their structural characteristics and provide great potential for them as materials for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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