1
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Songsri S, McErlain H, Sutherland A. Stereoselective Synthesis of meso- and l,l-Diaminopimelic Acids from Enone-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10363-10370. [PMID: 38955772 PMCID: PMC11267594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), the key cross-linking amino acid of the peptidoglycan cell wall layer in Gram-negative bacteria, and its biological precursor, l,l-DAP, is described. The key step involved stereoselective reduction of a common enone-derived amino acid by substrate- or reagent-based control. Overman rearrangement of the resulting allylic alcohols, concurrent alkene hydrogenation and trichloroacetamide reduction, and subsequent ruthenium-catalyzed arene oxidation completed the synthesis of each stereoisomer. The synthetic utility of this approach was demonstrated with the efficient preparation of an l,l-DAP-derived dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineenard Songsri
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Holly McErlain
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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2
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Tsukano C, Uchino A, Irie K. Synthesis and applications of symmetric amino acid derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:411-428. [PMID: 37877370 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01379k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Symmetric α-amino acid derivatives can be used for the synthesis of intermolecularly linked peptides such as dimer-type peptides, and modified peptides in which two amino acids are intramolecularly linked. They are also synthetic intermediates for the total synthesis of natural products and functional molecules. These symmetric amino acid derivatives must be prepared based on organic synthesis. It is necessary to develop an optimal synthetic strategy for constructing the target symmetric amino acid derivative. In this review, we will introduce strategies for synthesizing symmetric amino acid derivatives. Additionally, selected applications of these amino acids in the life sciences will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tsukano
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Uchino
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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3
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Rousseau A, Michaud J, Pradeau S, Armand S, Cottaz S, Richard E, Fort S. Hijacking the Peptidoglycan Recycling Pathway of Escherichia coli to Produce Muropeptides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202991. [PMID: 36256497 PMCID: PMC10107939 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Soluble fragments of peptidoglycan called muropeptides are released from the cell wall of bacteria as part of their metabolism or as a result of biological stresses. These compounds trigger immune responses in mammals and plants. In bacteria, they play a major role in the induction of antibiotic resistance. The development of efficient methods to produce muropeptides is, therefore, desirable both to address their mechanism of action and to design new antibacterial and immunostimulant agents. Herein, we engineered the peptidoglycan recycling pathway of Escherichia coli to produce N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl-(1→4)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-D-muramic acid (GlcNAc-anhMurNAc), a common precursor of Gram-negative and Gram-positive muropeptides. Inactivation of the hexosaminidase nagZ gene allowed the efficient production of this key disaccharide, providing access to Gram-positive muropeptides through subsequent chemical peptide conjugation. E. coli strains deficient in both NagZ hexosaminidase and amidase activities further enabled the in vivo production of Gram-negative muropeptides containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, a rarely available amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Michaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sylvie Armand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sébastien Fort
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
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4
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Du Y, Li L, Zheng Y, Liu J, Gong J, Qiu Z, Li Y, Qiao J, Huo YX. Incorporation of Non-Canonical Amino Acids into Antimicrobial Peptides: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0161722. [PMID: 36416555 PMCID: PMC9746297 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01617-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern and calls for the development of novel antibiotic agents. Antimicrobial peptides seem to be promising candidates due to their diverse sources, mechanisms of action, and physicochemical characteristics, as well as the relatively low emergence of resistance. The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids into antimicrobial peptides could effectively improve their physicochemical and pharmacological diversity. Recently, various antimicrobial peptides variants with improved or novel properties have been produced by the incorporation of single and multiple distinct noncanonical amino acids. In this review, we summarize strategies for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids into antimicrobial peptides, as well as their features and suitabilities. Recent applications of noncanonical amino acid incorporation into antimicrobial peptides are also presented. Finally, we discuss the related challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University (SCU), Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaheng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University (SCU), Chengdu, China
| | - Julia Gong
- Marymount High School, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zekai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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5
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Apostolos AJ, Ocius KL, Koyasseril-Yehiya TM, Santamaria C, Silva JRA, Lameira J, Alves CN, Siegrist MS, Pires MM. Metabolic Processing of Selenium-Based Bioisosteres of meso-Diaminopimelic Acid in Live Bacteria. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1404-1414. [PMID: 35687722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A primary component of all known bacterial cell walls is the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which is composed of repeating units of sugars connected to short and unusual peptides. The various steps within PG biosynthesis are targets of potent antibiotics as proper assembly of the PG is essential for cellular growth and survival. Synthetic mimics of PG have proven to be indispensable tools to study the bacterial cell structure, growth, and remodeling. Yet, a common component of PG, meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) at the third position of the stem peptide, remains challenging to access synthetically and is not commercially available. Here, we describe the synthesis and metabolic processing of a selenium-based bioisostere of m-DAP (selenolanthionine) and show that it is installed within the PG of live bacteria by the native cell wall crosslinking machinery in mycobacterial species. This PG probe has an orthogonal release mechanism that could be important for downstream proteomics studies. Finally, we describe a bead-based assay that is compatible with high-throughput screening of cell wall enzymes. We envision that this probe will supplement the current methods available for investigating PG crosslinking in m-DAP-containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl L Ocius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Carolina Santamaria
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States
| | - José Rogério A Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cláudio N Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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6
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Qiao Y, Qiu Z, Tian F, Yu L, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W. Effect of bacteriocin-producing Pediococcus acidilactici strains on the immune system and intestinal flora of normal mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Pascoe CA, Engelhardt DB, Rosana ARR, van Belkum MJ, Vederas JC. Methylene Analogues of Neopetrosiamide as Potential Antimetastatic Agents: Solid-Supported Syntheses Using Diamino Diacids for Pre-Stapling of Peptides with Multiple Disulfides. Org Lett 2021; 23:9216-9220. [PMID: 34784223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neopetrosiamide, a 28-residue peptide from Neopetrosia sp., contains three disulfide bonds and hinders mammalian tumor cell invasion. Proper connectivity of disulfide bonds is crucial for activity. Synthetic replacement of single disulfide bridges with methylene bridges gives active analogues. Pre-stapling of one ring enhances the correct formation of the remaining disulfides by reducing isomeric possibilities and possibly initiating the correct 3D fold. Cloning and expression of neopetrosiamide in E. coli affords access to the natural linear peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A Pascoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Daniel B Engelhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | | | - Marco J van Belkum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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8
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Liu D, Rubin GM, Dhakal D, Chen M, Ding Y. Biocatalytic synthesis of peptidic natural products and related analogues. iScience 2021; 24:102512. [PMID: 34041453 PMCID: PMC8141463 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidic natural products (PNPs) represent a rich source of lead compounds for the discovery and development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the chemical synthesis of PNPs with diverse modifications for drug research is often faced with significant challenges, including the unavailability of constituent nonproteinogenic amino acids, inefficient cyclization protocols, and poor compatibility with other functional groups. Advances in the understanding of PNP biosynthesis and biocatalysis provide a promising, sustainable alternative for the synthesis of these compounds and their analogues. Here we discuss current progress in using native and engineered biosynthetic enzymes for the production of both ribosomally and nonribosomally synthesized peptides. In addition, we highlight new in vitro and in vivo approaches for the generation and screening of PNP libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Garret M. Rubin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Manyun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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9
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Flynn J, Ryan A, Hudson SP. Pre-formulation and delivery strategies for the development of bacteriocins as next generation antibiotics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:149-163. [PMID: 34020021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocins, a class of antimicrobial peptide produced by bacteria, may offer a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics, an important step towards mitigating the ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance crisis. They are active against a range of clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriocins have been discussed in the literature for over a century. Although they are used as preservatives in food, no medicine based on their antimicrobial activity exists on the market today. In order to formulate them into clinical antibiotics, pre-formulation studies on their biophysical and physicochemical properties that will influence their activity in vivo and their stability during manufacture must be elucidated. Thermal, pH and enzymatic stability of bacteriocins are commonly studied and regularly reported in the literature. Solubility, permeability and aggregation properties on the other hand are less frequently reported for many bacteriocins, which may contribute to their poor clinical progression. Promising cytotoxicity studies report that bacteriocins exhibit few cytotoxic effects on a variety of mammalian cell lines, at active concentrations. This review highlights the lack of quantitative data and in many cases even qualitative data, on bacteriocins' solubility, stability, aggregation, permeability and cytotoxicity. The formulation strategies that have been explored to date, proposed routes of administration, trends in in vitro/in vivo behaviour and efforts in clinical development are discussed. The future promise of bacteriocins as a new generation of antibiotics may require tailored local delivery strategies to fulfil their potential as a force to combat antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Flynn
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aoibhín Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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10
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Rowe SM, Spring DR. The role of chemical synthesis in developing RiPP antibiotics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4245-4258. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review discusses the potential of ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) as antimicrobials and looks at the chemical synthesis of three classes of RiPP: lasso peptides, cyclotides, and lanthipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M. Rowe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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11
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Apostolos AJ, Nelson JM, Silva JRA, Lameira J, Achimovich AM, Gahlmann A, Alves CN, Pires MM. Facile Synthesis and Metabolic Incorporation of m-DAP Bioisosteres Into Cell Walls of Live Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2966-2975. [PMID: 33078931 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (PG), a scaffold that provides proper rigidity to resist lysis from internal osmotic pressure and a barrier to protect cells against external stressors. It consists of repeating sugar units with a linkage to a stem peptide that becomes cross-linked by cell wall transpeptidases (TP). While synthetic PG fragments containing l-lysine in the third position on the stem peptide are easier to access, those with meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) pose a severe synthetic challenge. Herein, we describe a solid phase synthetic scheme based on widely available building blocks to assemble meso-cystine (m-CYT), which mimics key structural features of m-DAP. To demonstrate proper mimicry of m-DAP, cell wall probes were synthesized with m-CYT in place of m-DAP and evaluated for their metabolic processing in live bacterial cells. We found that m-CYT-based cell wall probes were properly processed by TPs in various bacterial species that endogenously contain m-DAP in their PG. Additionally, we have used hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the influence of m-DAP analogs on the PG cross-linking. The results showed that the cross-linking mechanism of transpeptidases occurred through a concerted process. We anticipate that this strategy, which is based on the use of inexpensive and commercially available building blocks, can be widely adopted to provide greater accessibility of PG mimics for m-DAP containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Julia M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - José Rogério A. Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Alecia M. Achimovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andreas Gahlmann
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cláudio N. Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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12
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Karbalaei-Heidari HR, Budisa N. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance With New-To-Nature Lanthipeptides Created by Genetic Code Expansion. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590522. [PMID: 33250877 PMCID: PMC7674664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains in recent decades, the commercially available effective antibiotics are becoming increasingly limited. On the other hand, widespread antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as the lantibiotic nisin has been used worldwide for more than 40 years without the appearance of significant bacterial resistance. Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobials generated by posttranslational modifications. Their biotechnological production is of particular interest to redesign natural scaffolds improving their pharmaceutical properties, which has great potential for therapeutic use in human medicine and other areas. However, conventional protein engineering methods are limited to 20 canonical amino acids prescribed by the genetic code. Therefore, the expansion of the genetic code as the most advanced approach in Synthetic Biology allows the addition of new amino acid building blocks (non-canonical amino acids, ncAAs) during protein translation. We now have solid proof-of-principle evidence that bioexpression with these novel building blocks enabled lantibiotics with chemical properties transcending those produced by natural evolution. The unique scaffolds with novel structural and functional properties are the result of this bioengineering. Here we will critically examine and evaluate the use of the expanded genetic code and its alternatives in lantibiotics research over the last 7 years. We anticipate that Synthetic Biology, using engineered lantibiotics and even more complex scaffolds will be a promising tool to address an urgent problem of antibiotic resistance, especially in a class of multi-drug resistant microbes known as superbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Karbalaei-Heidari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Kirichenko K, Hillman JD, Handfield M, Park JH. Complete synthesis of the bicyclic ring of a mutacin analog with orthogonally protected lanthionine via solid-phase intracyclization. J Pept Sci 2020; 25:e3214. [PMID: 31721375 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutacin 1140 (MU1140) is a naturally occurring lantibiotic derived from posttranslational modifications of a ribosomally synthesized peptide during the fermentation of a bacterium called Streptococcus mutans, the etiological agent of dental cavities. A practical approach for chemically synthesizing lantibiotics would be a valuable tool to expand the MU1140 library with additional semisynthetic analogs. In turn, an expanded library may prove useful to explore additional therapeutic indications for this pipeline of novel compounds. In this work, orthogonally protected lanthionine analogs were synthesized via an aziridine ring opening strategy. This lanthionine was utilized to synthesize a cysteamine (Cya) instead of the (S)-aminovinyl-D-cysteine (AviCys) that is naturally found in MU1140. The Cya containing bicyclic C/D ring of MU1140 was synthesized by Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The linear peptides were synthesized using OPfp ester derivatives and using various common coupling reagents such as COMU and TCTU. The linear peptide was intracyclized with DEPBT to construct the so-called bicyclic ring C/D. This is the first report on the complete chemical synthesis of the bicyclic C/D ring of a MU1140 analog using orthogonally protected lanthionines using SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Kirichenko
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A.,SynQuest Laboratories, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey D Hillman
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Martin Handfield
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Jae H Park
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
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14
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Soni AS, Vacariu CM, Chen JY, Tanner ME. Synthesis of a meso-Oxa-Diaminopimelic Acid Containing Peptidoglycan Pentapeptide and Coupling to the GlcNAc- anhydro-MurNAc Disaccharide. Org Lett 2020; 22:2313-2317. [PMID: 32133861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of peptidoglycan (PG)-derived peptides containing meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-Dap) are typically quite lengthy due to the need to prepare orthogonally protected meso-Dap. In this work, the preparation of the PG pentapeptide containing the isosteric analog meso-oxa-Dap is described. The synthesis relies on the ring opening of a peptide embedded aziridine via the attack of a serine residue. The pentapeptide was attached to a GlcNAc-anhydro-MurNAc disaccharide, to produce a putative substrate for the AmpG pore protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind S Soni
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Condarache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeff Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Wang X, Gu Q, Breukink E. Non-lipid II targeting lantibiotics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183244. [PMID: 32126235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wang
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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16
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De Luca S, Digilio G, Verdoliva V, Tovillas P, Jiménez-Osés G, Peregrina JM. Lanthionine Peptides by S-Alkylation with Substituted Cyclic Sulfamidates Promoted by Activated Molecular Sieves: Effects of the Sulfamidate Structure on the Yield. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14957-14964. [PMID: 31625377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A green and efficient method for preparing lanthionine peptides by a highly chemoselective and stereochemically controlled procedure is presented. It involves an S-alkylation reaction, promoted by activated molecular sieves, on chiral cyclic sulfamidates, both N-protected and unprotected. Of note, the reaction yield was high also for cyclic sulfamidates bearing a free amine group, while other strategies failed to achieve a ring-opening nucleophilic reaction with N-unprotected substrates. To prove the feasibility of the procedure, the synthesis of a thioether ring B mimetic of the natural lantibiotic haloduracin β was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Luca
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging , National Research Council , 80134 Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Digilio
- Department of Science and Technologic Innovation Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , 15121 Alessandria , Italy
| | - Valentina Verdoliva
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging , National Research Council , 80134 Naples , Italy
| | - Pablo Tovillas
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain.,CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 , 48170 Derio , Spain
| | - Jesús M Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain
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17
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Soni AS, Lin CSH, Murphy MEP, Tanner ME. Peptides Containing meso-Oxa-Diaminopimelic Acid as Substrates for the Cell-Shape-Determining Proteases Csd6 and Pgp2. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1591-1598. [PMID: 30746833 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes Csd6 and Pgp2 are peptidoglycan (PG) proteases found in the pathogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, respectively. These enzymes are involved in the trimming of non-crosslinked PG sidechains and catalyze the cleavage of the bond between meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-Dap) and d-alanine, thus converting a PG tetrapeptide into a PG tripeptide. They are known to be cell-shape-determining enzymes, because deletion of the corresponding genes results in mutant strains that have lost the normal helical phenotype and instead possess a straight-rod morphology. In this work, we report two approaches directed towards the synthesis of the tripeptide substrate Ac-iso-d-Glu-meso-oxa-Dap-d-Ala, which serves as a mimic of the terminus of an non-crosslinked PG tetrapeptide substrate. The isosteric analogue meso-oxa-Dap was utilized in place of meso-Dap to simplify the synthetic procedure. The more efficient synthesis involved ring opening of a peptide-embedded aziridine by a serine-based nucleophile. A branched tetrapeptide was also prepared as a mimic of the terminus of a crosslinked PG tetrapeptide. We used MS analysis to demonstrate that the tripeptide serves as a substrate for both Csd6 and Pgp2 and that the branched tetrapeptide serves as a substrate for Pgp2, albeit at a significantly slower rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind S Soni
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chang Sheng-Huei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael E P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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18
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Huang DL, Bai JS, Wu M, Wang X, Riedl B, Pook E, Alt C, Erny M, Li YM, Bierer D, Shi J, Fang GM. Non-reducible disulfide bond replacement implies that disulfide exchange is not required for hepcidin-ferroportin interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2821-2824. [PMID: 30762062 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have led to opposing hypotheses about the requirement of intermolecular disulfide exchange in the binding of the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin to its receptor ferroportin. To clarify this issue, we used the diaminodiacid approach to replace the disulfide bonds in hepcidin with non-reducible thioether bonds. Our results implied that disulfide exchange is not required for the interaction between hepcidin and ferroportin. This theory is further supported by our development of biologically active minihepcidins that do not show activity dependence on cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Liang Huang
- School of Life Science, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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19
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Wang T, Fan J, Chen XX, Zhao R, Xu Y, Bierer D, Liu L, Li YM, Shi J, Fang GM. Synthesis of Peptide Disulfide-Bond Mimics by Using Fully Orthogonally Protected Diaminodiacids. Org Lett 2018; 20:6074-6078. [PMID: 30216082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy was developed for the synthesis of peptide disulfide-bond mimics using fully orthogonally protected diaminodiacids. This method overcomes the previous problems of heavy-metal contamination and poor compatibility with Fmoc chemistry and provides a practical avenue for the efficient preparation of peptide disulfide-bond mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Life Science, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei 230601 , P. R. China.,School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Fan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xu Chen
- School of Life Science, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei 230601 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Bayer AG , Aprather Weg 18A , 42096 Wuppertal , Germany
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Ge-Min Fang
- School of Life Science, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei 230601 , P. R. China
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20
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Xu B, Aitken EJ, Baker BP, Turner CA, Harvey JE, Stott MB, Power JF, Harris PWR, Keyzers RA, Brimble MA. Genome mining, isolation, chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel lanthipeptide, tikitericin, from the extremophilic microorganism Thermogemmatispora strain T81. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7311-7317. [PMID: 30294420 PMCID: PMC6167946 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tikitericin, a novel lanthipeptide was isolated and characterised together with its first total synthesis.
Genome mining of the New Zealand extremophilic microorganism Thermogemmatispora strain T81 indicated the presence of biosynthetic machinery to produce several different peptidic natural products. Solid-phase culture of T81 led to the isolation of tikitericin 1, a new lanthipeptide characterised by four (methyl)lanthionine bridges. The mass-guided isolation and structural elucidation of tikitericin 1 is described together with its total synthesis via Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The key non-canonical (methyl)lanthionine residues were synthesised in solution phase via an improved synthetic route and subsequently assembled to construct the peptide backbone using Fmoc-SPPS. N-Terminal truncated analogues of tikitericin (2–5) were also prepared in order to evaluate the contribution of each sequential ring of the polycyclic lanthipeptide to the antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzhe Xu
- School of Chemical Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 9 9238259.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117
| | - Emma J Aitken
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Benjamin P Baker
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Claire A Turner
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Joanne E Harvey
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Matthew B Stott
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand.,GNS Science , Private Bag 2000 , Taupō 3352 , New Zealand
| | - Jean F Power
- GNS Science , Private Bag 2000 , Taupō 3352 , New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 9 9238259.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Biological Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 9 9238259.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Biological Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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21
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Denoël T, Lemaire C, Luxen A. Progress in Lanthionine and Protected Lanthionine Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:15421-15441. [PMID: 29714402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lanthionine (Lan), a non-proteinogenic natural amino acid, is an essential component of peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of Fusobacterium species. Lan and β-methyllanthionine are also key constituents in lantibiotics, a prevalent class of peptide antibiotics. The development of those new antibacterial drugs with enhanced properties is the focus of recent research. Since multiple isomers of Lan are possible, a regio- and diastereoselective synthesis is challenging. This comprehensive review summarizes the known chemical syntheses of lanthionine from various precursors (e.g., β-chloroalanine, cystine, dehydroalanine, β-iodoalanine, aziridine, serine lactone, sulfamidate) since 1941. Methods for preparation of unprotected, protected, orthogonally protected, and mutually orthogonally protected lanthionine with relevant experimental details and perspectives on their usefulness are provided. The potential of these Lan derivatives is illustrated by one recent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Denoël
- Cyclotron Research Centre, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, allée du VI août, 8, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- Cyclotron Research Centre, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, allée du VI août, 8, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- Cyclotron Research Centre, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, allée du VI août, 8, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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22
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Li QQ, Zhao YF, Chen YX, Li YM. De Novo Design To Synthesize Lanthipeptides Involving Cascade Cysteine Reactions: SapB Synthesis as an Example. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7528-7533. [PMID: 29893565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are a family of ribosomally synthesized peptides that have crucial biological functions. However, due to their complicated structures, the total synthesis of lanthipeptides is challenging. Here, a novel strategy to construct lanthipeptides is described, which involves cascade reactions of cysteine, including Cys disalkylation elimination, Michael reaction, and native chemical ligation. We utilized this strategy to synthesize lanthipeptide SapB as an example. This methodology has the potential to obtain lanthipeptides and their analogues for biological research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Chen
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Beijing 100069 , P.R. China
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23
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Bolt HL, Kleijn LHJ, Martin NI, Cobb SL. Synthesis of Antibacterial Nisin⁻Peptoid Hybrids Using Click Methodology. Molecules 2018; 23:E1566. [PMID: 29958423 PMCID: PMC6099617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and structurally related peptoids offer potential for the development of new antibiotics. However, progress has been hindered by challenges presented by poor in vivo stability (peptides) or lack of selectivity (peptoids). Herein, we have developed a process to prepare novel hybrid antibacterial agents that combine both linear peptoids (increased in vivo stability compared to peptides) and a nisin fragment (lipid II targeting domain). The hybrid nisin⁻peptoids prepared were shown to have low micromolar activity (comparable to natural nisin) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Bolt
- Center for Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Laurens H J Kleijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Center for Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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24
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Mamo G. Anaerobes as Sources of Bioactive Compounds and Health Promoting Tools. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 156:433-464. [PMID: 27432247 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic microorganisms have been sources of medicinal agents for several decades and an impressive variety of drugs have been isolated from their cultures, studied and formulated to treat or prevent diseases. On the other hand, anaerobes, which are believed to be the oldest life forms on earth and evolved remarkably diverse physiological functions, have largely been neglected as sources of bioactive compounds. However, results obtained from the limited research done so far show that anaerobes are capable of producing a range of interesting bioactive compounds that can promote human health. In fact, some of these bioactive compounds are found to be novel in their structure and/or mode of action.Anaerobes play health-promoting roles through their bioactive products as well as application of whole cells. The bioactive compounds produced by these microorganisms include antimicrobial agents and substances such as immunomodulators and vitamins. Bacteriocins produced by anaerobes have been in use as preservatives for about 40 years. Because these substances are effective at low concentrations, encounter relatively less resistance from bacteria and are safe to use, there is a growing interest in these antimicrobial agents. Moreover, several antibiotics have been reported from the cultures of anaerobes. Closthioamide and andrimid produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum and Pantoea agglomerans, respectively, are examples of novel antibiotics of anaerobe origin. The discovery of such novel bioactive compounds is expected to encourage further studies which can potentially lead to tapping of the antibiotic production potential of this fascinating group of microorganisms.Anaerobes are widely used in preparation of fermented foods and beverages. During the fermentation processes, these organisms produce a number of bioactive compounds including anticancer, antihypertensive and antioxidant substances. The well-known health promoting effect of fermented food is mostly due to these bioactive compounds. In addition to their products, whole cell anaerobes have very interesting applications for enhancing the quality of life. Probiotic anaerobes have been on the market for many years and are receiving growing acceptance as health promoters. Gut anaerobes have been used to treat patients suffering from severe Clostridium difficile infection syndromes including diarrhoea and colitis which cannot be treated by other means. Whole cell anaerobes are also studied to detect and cure cancer. In recent years, evidence is emerging that anaerobes constituting the microbiome are linked to our overall health. A dysfunctional microbiome is believed to be the cause of many diseases including cancer, allergy, infection, obesity, diabetes and several other disorders. Maintaining normal microflora is believed to alleviate some of these serious health problems. Indeed, the use of probiotics and prebiotics which favourably change the number and composition of the gut microflora is known to render a health promoting effect. Our interaction with the microbiome anaerobes is complex. In fact, not only our lives but also our identities are more closely linked to the anaerobic microbial world than we may possibly imagine. We are just at the beginning of unravelling the secret of association between the microbiome and human body, and a clear understanding of the association may bring a paradigm shift in the way we diagnose and treat diseases and disorders. This chapter highlights some of the work done on bioactive compounds and whole cell applications of the anaerobes that foster human health and improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Mamo
- Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Ongey EL, Yassi H, Pflugmacher S, Neubauer P. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of lanthipeptides undergoing clinical studies. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:473-482. [PMID: 28044226 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic qualities of lanthipeptides for their use as therapeutic drugs present several challenges because of their properties, which include stability, solubility and bioavailability, which, under physiological conditions, are very low. Researches have encouraged clinical evaluation of a few compounds, such as mutacin 1140, microbisporicin, actagardine and duramycin, with pharmacokinetic profiles showing rapid distribution and elimination rates, good bioavailability and fecal excretion, as well as high protein binding. Local and parenteral administration are currently suitable to minimize environmental influences on lanthipeptides and ensure efficient activity. Nevertheless, valuable improvements on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties may also permit systemic applications via enteral routes. Understanding how rational modifications influence the desired pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of these biomolecules would help to answer some specific questions about their susceptibility to environmental changes, mechanism of action and how to engineer other peptides of the same group to improve their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Legala Ongey
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, 13355, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hüseyin Yassi
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (BIT), 10538, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, 13355, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Zhao B, Zhang Q, Li Z. Constructing thioether-tethered cyclic peptides via on-resin intra-molecular thiol-ene reaction. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:540-4. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zigang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
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27
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Ongey EL, Neubauer P. Lanthipeptides: chemical synthesis versus in vivo biosynthesis as tools for pharmaceutical production. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:97. [PMID: 27267232 PMCID: PMC4897893 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthipeptides (also called lantibiotics for those with antibacterial activities) are ribosomally synthesized post-translationally modified peptides having thioether cross-linked amino acids, lanthionines, as a structural element. Lanthipeptides have conceivable potentials to be used as therapeutics, however, the lack of stable, high-yield, well-characterized processes for their sustainable production limit their availability for clinical studies and further pharmaceutical commercialization. Though many reviews have discussed the various techniques that are currently employed to produce lanthipeptides, a direct comparison between these methods to assess industrial applicability has not yet been described. In this review we provide a synoptic comparison of research efforts on total synthesis and in vivo biosynthesis aimed at fostering lanthipeptides production. We further examine current applications and propose measures to enhance product yields. Owing to their elaborate chemical structures, chemical synthesis of these biomolecules is economically less feasible for large-scale applications, and hence biological production seems to be the only realistic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Legala Ongey
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, 13355, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Zheng JS, He Y, Zuo C, Cai XY, Tang S, Wang ZA, Zhang LH, Tian CL, Liu L. Robust Chemical Synthesis of Membrane Proteins through a General Method of Removable Backbone Modification. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3553-61. [PMID: 26943264 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical protein synthesis can provide access to proteins with post-translational modifications or site-specific labelings. Although this technology is finding increasing applications in the studies of water-soluble globular proteins, chemical synthesis of membrane proteins remains elusive. In this report, a general and robust removable backbone modification (RBM) method is developed for the chemical synthesis of membrane proteins. This method uses an activated O-to-N acyl transfer auxiliary to install in the Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis process a RBM group with switchable reactivity toward trifluoroacetic acid. The method can be applied to versatile membrane proteins because the RBM group can be placed at any primary amino acid. With RBM, the membrane proteins and their segments behave almost as if they were water-soluble peptides and can be easily handled in the process of ligation, purification, and mass characterizations. After the full-length protein is assembled, the RBM group can be readily removed by trifluoroacetic acid. The efficiency and usefulness of the new method has been demonstrated by the successful synthesis of a two-transmembrane-domain protein (HCV p7 ion channel) with site-specific isotopic labeling and a four-transmembrane-domain protein (multidrug resistance transporter EmrE). This method enables practical synthesis of small- to medium-sized membrane proteins or membrane protein domains for biochemical and biophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shen Zheng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yao He
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chao Zuo
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Cai
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhipeng A Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long-Hua Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chang-Lin Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230031, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Slootweg JC, van Herwerden EF, van Doremalen MFM, Breukink E, Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS. Synthesis of nisin AB dicarba analogs using ring-closing metathesis: influence of sp(3) versus sp(2) hybridization of the α-carbon atom of residues dehydrobutyrine-2 and dehydroalanine-5 on the lipid II binding affinity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:5997-6009. [PMID: 25940216 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein the synthesis of two nisin AB dicarba analogs is described, focusing on amino acid modifications at positions 2 and 5. The nisin mimics were synthesized by a combination of solid phase synthesis of the linear peptides, followed by macrocyclization via ring-closing metathesis and fragment assembly by means of solution phase chemistry. The two N-terminal nisin AB-fragment mimics contain either the native dehydrobutyrine (Dhb)/dehydroalanine (Dha) amino acid residues or alanine at position 2 and 5, respectively. The native dehydrobutyrine at position 2 and dehydroalanine at position 5 were introduced as their precursors, namely threonine and serine, respectively, and subsequent dehydration was carried out by EDCI/CuCl as the condensing agent. Both AB-fragment mimics were analyzed in a lipid II binding assay and it was found that the Ala2/Ala5 AB-mimic (2) showed a reduced activity, while the Dhb2/Dha5 AB-mimic (3) was as active as the native AB-fragment (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Slootweg
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Field D, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. Bioengineering Lantibiotics for Therapeutic Success. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1363. [PMID: 26640466 PMCID: PMC4662063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several examples of highly modified antimicrobial peptides have been described. While many such peptides are non-ribosomally synthesized, ribosomally synthesized equivalents are being discovered with increased frequency. Of the latter group, the lantibiotics continue to attract most attention. In the present review, we discuss the implementation of in vivo and in vitro engineering systems to alter, and even enhance, the antimicrobial activity, antibacterial spectrum and physico-chemical properties, including heat stability, solubility, diffusion and protease resistance, of these compounds. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications of these lantibiotics for use as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Des Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Fermoy, Ireland ; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland ; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Fermoy, Ireland ; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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Koopmans T, Wood TM, 't Hart P, Kleijn LHJ, Hendrickx APA, Willems RJL, Breukink E, Martin NI. Semisynthetic Lipopeptides Derived from Nisin Display Antibacterial Activity and Lipid II Binding on Par with That of the Parent Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9382-9. [PMID: 26122963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid II-binding N-terminus of nisin, comprising the so-called A/B ring system, was synthetically modified to provide antibacterially active and proteolytically stable derivatives. A variety of lipids were coupled to the C-terminus of the nisin A/B ring system to generate semisynthetic constructs that display potent inhibition of bacterial growth, with activities approaching that of nisin itself. Most notable was the activity observed against clinically relevant bacterial strains including MRSA and VRE. Experiments with membrane models indicate that these constructs operate via a lipid II-mediated mode of action without causing pore formation. A lipid II-dependent mechanism of action is further supported by antagonization assays wherein the addition of lipid II was found to effectively block the antibacterial activity of the nisin-derived lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- §Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics Group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Escano J, Smith L. Multipronged approach for engineering novel peptide analogues of existing lantibiotics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:857-70. [PMID: 26004576 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1049527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lantibiotics are a class of ribosomally and post-translationally modified peptide antibiotics that are active against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. Great efforts have been made to promote the production of these antibiotics, so that they can one day be used in our antimicrobial arsenal to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. AREAS COVERED This review provides a synopsis of lantibiotic research aimed at furthering our understanding of the structural limitation of lantibiotics as well as identifying structural regions that can be modified to improve the bioactivity. In vivo, in vitro and chemical synthesis of lantibiotics has been useful for engineering novel variants with enhanced activities. These approaches have provided novel ways to further our understanding of lantibiotic function and have advanced the objective to develop lantibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases. EXPERT OPINION Synthesis of lantibiotics with enhanced activities will lead to the discovery of new promising drug candidates that will have a long lasting impact on the treatment of Gram-positive infections. The current body of literature for producing structural variants of lantibiotics has been more of a 'proof-of-principle' approach and the application of these methods has not yet been fully utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Escano
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biological Sciences, College Station , TX 77843 , USA
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33
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Saha N, Chatterjee B, Chattopadhyay SK. δ,ε-Unsaturated α,β-Diamino Acids as Building Blocks for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Diverse α,β-Diamino Acids. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1896-904. [PMID: 25562112 DOI: 10.1021/jo5022162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nemai Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhaskar Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
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34
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Pulka-Ziach K, Pavet V, Chekkat N, Estieu-Gionnet K, Rohac R, Lechner MC, Smulski CR, Zeder-Lutz G, Altschuh D, Gronemeyer H, Fournel S, Odaert B, Guichard G. Thioether analogues of disulfide-bridged cyclic peptides targeting death receptor 5: conformational analysis, dimerisation and consequences for receptor activation. Chembiochem 2014; 16:293-301. [PMID: 25487639 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides containing redox-stable thioether bridges might provide a useful alternative to disulfide-bridged bioactive peptides. We report the effect of replacing the disulfide bridge with a lanthionine linkage in a 16-mer cyclic peptide that binds to death receptor 5 (DR5, TRAIL-R2). Upon covalent oligomerisation, the disulfide-bridged peptide has previously shown similar behaviour to that of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), by selectively triggering the DR5 cell death pathway. The structural and biological properties of the DR5-binding peptide and its desulfurised analogue were compared. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data suggest that these peptides bind DR5 with comparable affinities. The same holds true for dimeric versions of these peptides: the thioether is able to induce DR5-mediated apoptosis of BJAB lymphoma and tumorigenic BJELR cells, albeit to a slightly lower extent compared to its disulfide homologue. NMR analysis revealed subtle variation in the conformations of the two peptides and suggests that the thioether peptide is slightly less folded than its disulfide homologue. These observations could account for the different capability of the two dimers to cluster DR5 receptors on the cell surface and to trigger apoptosis. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the thioether peptide is a potential candidate for evaluation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pulka-Ziach
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, UMR5248 CBMN, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac (France); Present address: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw (Poland)
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35
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Harmsen RA, Ghalit N, Kemmink J, Breukink E, Liskamp RM, Rijkers DT. A conformationally constrained fused tricyclic nisin AB-ring system mimic toward an improved pyrophosphate binder of lipid II. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wright PM, Seiple IB, Myers AG. The evolving role of chemical synthesis in antibacterial drug discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8840-69. [PMID: 24990531 PMCID: PMC4536949 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and implementation of antibiotics in the early twentieth century transformed human health and wellbeing. Chemical synthesis enabled the development of the first antibacterial substances, organoarsenicals and sulfa drugs, but these were soon outshone by a host of more powerful and vastly more complex antibiotics from nature: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, among others. These primary defences are now significantly less effective as an unavoidable consequence of rapid evolution of resistance within pathogenic bacteria, made worse by widespread misuse of antibiotics. For decades medicinal chemists replenished the arsenal of antibiotics by semisynthetic and to a lesser degree fully synthetic routes, but economic factors have led to a subsidence of this effort, which places society on the precipice of a disaster. We believe that the strategic application of modern chemical synthesis to antibacterial drug discovery must play a critical role if a crisis of global proportions is to be averted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Andrew G. Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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37
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O'Brien K, ó Proinsias K, Kelleher F. Studies on the synthesis of orthogonally protected azalanthionines, and of routes towards β-methyl azalanthionines, by ring opening of N-activated aziridine-2-carboxylates. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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38
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Wright PM, Seiple IB, Myers AG. Zur Rolle der chemischen Synthese in der Entwicklung antibakterieller Wirkstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Tabor AB. Recent advances in synthetic analogues of lantibiotics: What can we learn from these? Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:39-50. [PMID: 24877613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lantibiotics are a family of antibacterial cyclic peptides distinguished by one or more thioether linkages between amino acid side chains, and by unique modes of action. Recent developments in the chemical synthesis, mutagenesis and mutasynthesis of these peptides are providing insights into the structural requirements for antibacterial activity and into the mode of action, as well as having the potential to produce analogues with greater stability, potency and bioavailability. This Review provides a survey of these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethea B Tabor
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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40
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Sandiford SK. Advances in the arsenal of tools available enabling the discovery of novel lantibiotics with therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:283-97. [PMID: 24410252 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.877882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised peptides, which undergo extensive post-translational modification. Their mode of action and effectiveness against multi-drug-resistant pathogens, and relatively low toxicity, makes them attractive therapeutic options. AREAS COVERED This article provides background information on the four classes of lanthipeptides that have been described to date. Due to the clinical potential of these agents, specifically those from Class I and II, it is essential to identify organisms that harbour potentially interesting clusters encoding novel lantibiotics. Multiple emerging technologies have been applied to address this issue, including genome mining and specific bioinformatics programs designed to identify lantibiotic clusters present within the genome sequences. These clusters can then be effectively expressed using optimised heterologous expression systems, which are ideally amenable to large-scale production. EXPERT OPINION The continuing expansion of publicly available genomes, particularly genomes from microorganisms isolated from under-explored environments, combined with powerful bioinformatics tools able to accurately identify clusters of interest are of paramount importance in the discovery of novel lantibiotics. Detailed analysis of clusters drastically reduces dereplication time, which was often problematic when using the traditional method of isolation, purification and then identification. Allowing a more focused direction of 'wet lab' work, targeting the most promising agents, greatly increases the chance of novel lantibiotic discovery and development. High-throughput screening strategies are also required to enable the efficient analysis of these potentially clinically relevant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kate Sandiford
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Sylvius Laboratories , Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden , The Netherlands +31 71 527 4759 ; +31 71 527 4900 ;
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41
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Albada HB, Prochnow P, Bobersky S, Langklotz S, Bandow JE, Metzler-Nolte N. Short antibacterial peptides with significantly reduced hemolytic activity can be identified by a systematic L-to-D exchange scan of their amino acid residues. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:585-92. [PMID: 24147906 DOI: 10.1021/co400072q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High systemic toxicity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) limits their clinical application to the treatment of topical infections; in parenteral systemic application of AMPs the problem of hemolysis is one of the first to be tackled. We now show that the selectivity of lipidated short synthetic AMPs can be optimized substantially by reducing their hemolytic activity without affecting their activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In order to identify the optimized peptides, two sets of 32 diastereomeric H-(D)Arg-WRWRW-(L)Lys(C(O)CnH2n+1)-NH2 (n = 7 or 9) peptides were prepared using a split-split procedure to perform a systematic L-to-D exchange scan on the central WRWRW-fragment. Compared to the all-L C8-lipidated lead sequence, diastereomeric peptides had very similar antibacterial properties, but were over 30 times less hemolytic. We show that the observed hemolysis and antibacterial activity is affected by both differences in lipophilicity of the different peptides and specific combinations of L- and D-amino acid residues. This study identified several peptides that can be used as tools to precisely unravel the origin of hemolysis and thus help to design even further optimized nontoxic very active short antibacterial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Bauke Albada
- Inorganic
Chemistry I—Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Prochnow
- Biology
of Microorganisms, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Bobersky
- Inorganic
Chemistry I—Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sina Langklotz
- Biology
of Microorganisms, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia E. Bandow
- Biology
of Microorganisms, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic
Chemistry I—Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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42
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O’Brien K, Kelleher F. Synthesis of orthogonally protected 1,2-diaminopropanoic acids by ring-opening of 3-unsubstituted N-activated aziridine 2-carboxylates with para-methoxybenzylamine: a study of the regioselectivity of the reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Knerr PJ, van der Donk WA. Chemical synthesis of the lantibiotic lacticin 481 reveals the importance of lanthionine stereochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7094-7. [PMID: 23621626 PMCID: PMC3736828 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are a family of antibacterial peptide natural products characterized by the post-translational installation of the thioether-containing amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Until recently, only a single naturally occurring stereochemical configuration for each of these cross-links was known. The discovery of lantibiotics with alternative lanthionine and methyllanthionine stereochemistry has prompted an investigation of its importance to biological activity. Here, solid-supported chemical synthesis enabled the total synthesis of the lantibiotic lacticin 481 and analogues containing cross-links with non-native stereochemical configurations. Biological evaluation revealed that these alterations abolished the antibacterial activity in all of the analogues, revealing the critical importance of the enzymatically installed stereochemistry for the biological activity of lacticin 481.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Knerr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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44
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O’Brien K, ó Proinsias K, Kelleher F. Synthesis of orthogonally protected azalanthionines (lanazanines) by sequential ring-opening of N-substituted aziridine 2-carboxylates. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Slootweg JC, Kemmink J, Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS. Synthesis and structural characterization of the individual diastereoisomers of a cross-stapled alkene-bridged nisin DE-ring mimic. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7486-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41359d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Solutions are urgently required for the growing number of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteriocins, which are antimicrobial peptides produced by certain bacteria, might warrant serious consideration as alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These molecules exhibit significant potency against other bacteria (including antibiotic-resistant strains), are stable and can have narrow or broad activity spectra. Bacteriocins can even be produced in situ in the gut by probiotic bacteria to combat intestinal infections. Although the application of specific bacteriocins might be curtailed by the development of resistance, an understanding of the mechanisms by which such resistance could emerge will enable researchers to develop strategies to minimize this potential problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
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47
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Liu K, Li Y, Liu W, Zheng X, Zong Z, Li Z. Efficient and Selective Synthesis of α,β-Epoxy-γ-Butyrolactones from 2-Peroxy-1,4-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Chem Asian J 2012; 8:359-63. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Knerr P, van der Donk WA. Chemical synthesis and biological activity of analogues of the lantibiotic epilancin 15X. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7648-51. [PMID: 22524291 PMCID: PMC3349288 DOI: 10.1021/ja302435y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are a large family of antibacterial peptide natural products containing multiple post-translational modifications, including the thioether structures lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Efforts to probe structure-activity relationships and engineer improved pharmacological properties have driven the development of new methods to produce non-natural analogues of these compounds. In this study, solid-supported chemical synthesis was used to produce analogues of the potent lantibiotic epilancin 15X, in order to assess the importance of several N-terminal post-translational modifications for biological activity. Surprisingly, substitution of these moieties, including the unusual N-terminal D-lactyl moiety, resulted in relatively small changes in the antimicrobial activity and pore-forming ability of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
J. Knerr
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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49
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50
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McKinnie SMK, Ross AC, Little MJ, Vederas JC. The solid phase supported peptide synthesis of analogues of the lantibiotic lactocin S. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four analogues of lactocin S, an antimicrobial lantibiotic peptide produced by Lactobacillus sakei L45, have been generated using solid phase peptide synthesis. These compounds show enhanced oxidative stability to atmospheric oxygen and provide information on structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avena C. Ross
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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