1
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Rölz M, Butschke B, Breit B. Azobenzene-Integrated NHC Ligands: A Versatile Platform for Visible-Light-Switchable Metal Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13210-13225. [PMID: 38709955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A new class of photoswitchable NHC ligands, named azImBA, has been developed by integrating azobenzene into a previously unreported imidazobenzoxazol-1-ylidene framework. These rigid photochromic carbenes enable precise control over confinement around a metal's coordination sphere. As a model system, gold(I) complexes of these NHCs exhibit efficient bidirectional E-Z isomerization under visible light, offering a versatile platform for reversibly photomodulating the reactivity of organogold species. Comprehensive kinetic studies of the protodeauration reaction reveal rate differences of up to 2 orders of magnitude between the E and Z isomers of the NHCs, resulting in a quasi-complete visible-light-gated ON/OFF switchable system. Such a high level of photomodulation efficiency is unprecedented for gold complexes, challenging the current state-of-the-art in photoswitchable organometallics. Thorough investigations into the ligand properties paired with structure-reactivity correlations underscored the unique ligand's steric features as a key factor for reactivity. This effective photocontrol strategy was further validated in gold(I) catalysis, enabling in situ photoswitching of catalytic activity in the intramolecular hydroalkoxylation and -amination of alkynes. Given the significance of these findings and its potential as a widely applicable, easily customizable photoswitchable ancillary ligand platform, azImBA is poised to stimulate the development of adaptive, multifunctional metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rölz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Lutz MR, Roediger S, Rivero-Crespo MA, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydroarylation Reaction Involving Reversible C-C Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26657-26666. [PMID: 38032811 PMCID: PMC10722515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are ubiquitous but are among the least reactive bonds in organic chemistry. Recently, catalytic approaches to activate C-C bonds by transition metals have demonstrated the synthetic potential of directly reorganizing the skeleton of small molecules. However, these approaches are usually restricted to strained molecules or rely on directing groups, limiting their broader impact. We report a detailed mechanistic study of a rare example of catalytic C-C bond cleavage of unstrained alcohols that enables reversible ketone transfer hydroarylation under Rh-catalysis. Combined insight from kinetic analysis, in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports a symmetric catalytic cycle, including a key reversible β-carbon elimination event. In addition, we provide evidence regarding the turnover-limiting step, the catalyst resting state, and the role of the sterically encumbered NHC ligand. The study further led to an improved catalytic system with the discovery of two air-stable precatalysts that showed higher activity for the transformation in comparison to the original conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Roediger
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Buß F, Das M, Janssen-Müller D, Sietmann A, Das A, Wilm LFB, Freitag M, Seidl M, Glorius F, Dielmann F. Photoswitchable electron-rich phosphines: using light to modulate the electron-donating ability of phosphines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12019-12022. [PMID: 37728017 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of photoswitchable electron-rich phosphines containing N-heterocyclic imines equipped with a photochromic dithienylethene unit are reported. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and UV/vis studies reveal that the imine substituents undergo reversible electrocyclic ring-closing and ring-opening reactions upon exposure to UV and visible light, respectively. The photoisomerization alters the electron-donating ability of the phosphines by up to ΔTEP = 8 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florenz Buß
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Daniel Janssen-Müller
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany.
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Alexander Sietmann
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Ankita Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Lukas F B Wilm
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
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4
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Krishnan CG, Kondo M, Yasuda O, Fan D, Nakamura K, Wakabayashi Y, Sasai H, Takizawa S. Light-controlled p Ka value of chiral Brønsted acid catalysts in enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9956-9959. [PMID: 37526022 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Bis(dithienylethene)-based BINOL-derived phosphoric acid (DTE-BPA) has been developed as a light-controlled chiral organocatalyst for the first time. The photoinduced modulation of the reactivity and selectivity via the open/close isomerization of the DTE scaffold led to superior light-controlled ability in the enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of aldimines with indoles. DFT studies showed that photoisomerization is accompanied by a shift of 1.1 pKa units between the open and closed isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandu G Krishnan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Masaru Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yasuda
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Duona Fan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Kento Nakamura
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | | | - Hiroaki Sasai
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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5
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Majee D, Ramanauskaite G, Presolski S. Electronic Influences on the Dynamic Range of Photoswitchable Dithienylethene-Thiourea Organocatalysts. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4372-4378. [PMID: 36939093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Thiourea-based organocatalysts bearing a photoswitchable dithienylethene (DTE) core and a wide range of substituents were prepared and extensively tested for their ability to accelerate the Michael reaction between acetylacetone and trans-β-nitrostyrene. There is a strong correlation between the Hammett parameter of the modulating groups and catalytic activity following UV irradiation. Electron-withdrawing groups afford the largest reactivity difference between the catalysts in their ring-open form and their ring-closed isomer, with evidence for electronic coupling between the two halves in both oDTE and cDTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Majee
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
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6
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Griffiths RR, Greenfield JL, Thawani AR, Jamasb AR, Moss HB, Bourached A, Jones P, McCorkindale W, Aldrick AA, Fuchter MJ, Lee AA. Data-driven discovery of molecular photoswitches with multioutput Gaussian processes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13541-13551. [PMID: 36507171 PMCID: PMC9682911 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable molecules display two or more isomeric forms that may be accessed using light. Separating the electronic absorption bands of these isomers is key to selectively addressing a specific isomer and achieving high photostationary states whilst overall red-shifting the absorption bands serves to limit material damage due to UV-exposure and increases penetration depth in photopharmacological applications. Engineering these properties into a system through synthetic design however, remains a challenge. Here, we present a data-driven discovery pipeline for molecular photoswitches underpinned by dataset curation and multitask learning with Gaussian processes. In the prediction of electronic transition wavelengths, we demonstrate that a multioutput Gaussian process (MOGP) trained using labels from four photoswitch transition wavelengths yields the strongest predictive performance relative to single-task models as well as operationally outperforming time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) in terms of the wall-clock time for prediction. We validate our proposed approach experimentally by screening a library of commercially available photoswitchable molecules. Through this screen, we identified several motifs that displayed separated electronic absorption bands of their isomers, exhibited red-shifted absorptions, and are suited for information transfer and photopharmacological applications. Our curated dataset, code, as well as all models are made available at https://github.com/Ryan-Rhys/The-Photoswitch-Dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan-Rhys Griffiths
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Aditya R Thawani
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Arian R Jamasb
- The Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FD UK
| | | | - Anthony Bourached
- The Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University College London London WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Penelope Jones
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - William McCorkindale
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Alexander A Aldrick
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Alpha A Lee
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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7
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Ghorbani-Choghamarani A, Taherinia Z. Recent advances utilized in artificial switchable catalysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23595-23617. [PMID: 36090388 PMCID: PMC9389550 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing "green" catalytic systems with desirable performance such as solubility, recyclability, and switchability is a great challenge. However, inspired by nature, the studies on synthesis and activity of artificial switchable metal catalysts and organocatalysts have become an intense, fervid, and challenging field of research. The peculiarity of these catalysts is that they can be generally triggered in the "on" or "off" states by several external stimuli such as light, heat, solvents, pH change, coordination events or ion influxes, redox processes, mechanical forces, or other changes in reaction conditions. A large number of review articles are available in these areas. However, most efforts are currently focused on the invention of new types of switchable catalysts with different forms of stimuli-response units incorporated within their architectures in order to achieve control over the catalytic activity and regio-, chemo- and stereocontrol of various chemical reactions. Thus, in this review, we begin with a brief introduction to switchable catalysts, followed by discussion of types of stimuli and the influence factors on their activities in the field of biomedical engineering, and catalysis as well as related catalytic mechanisms summarized and discussed. The emphasis is on the recent advances utilized in artificial switchable catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghorbani-Choghamarani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran +98 8138380709 +98 8138282807
| | - Zahra Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam University P. O. Box 69315516 Ilam Iran
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8
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Gallarati S, Fabregat R, Juraskova V, Inizan TJ, Corminboeuf C. How Robust Is the Reversible Steric Shielding Strategy for Photoswitchable Organocatalysts? J Org Chem 2022; 87:8849-8857. [PMID: 35762705 PMCID: PMC9295146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly appealing strategy to modulate a catalyst's activity and/or selectivity in a dynamic and noninvasive way is to incorporate a photoresponsive unit into a catalytically competent molecule. However, the description of the photoinduced conformational or structural changes that alter the catalyst's intrinsic reactivity is often reduced to a handful of intuitive static representations, which can struggle to capture the complexity of flexible organocatalysts. Here, we show how a comprehensive exploration of the free energy landscape of N-alkylated azobenzene-tethered piperidine catalysts is essential to unravel the conformational characteristics of each configurational state and explain the experimentally observed reactivity trends. Mapping the catalysts' conformational space highlights the existence of false ON or OFF states that lower their switching ability. Our findings expose the challenges associated with the realization of a reversible steric shielding for the photocontrol of Brønsted basicity of piperidine photoswitchable organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Raimon Fabregat
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Juraskova
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Theo Jaffrelot Inizan
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research─Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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9
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β-Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Recognition of bis-Cationic Dithienylethenes. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular interactions in water between β-cyclodextrin and the open and closed photochromic forms of two bis-cationic dithienylethenes, characterized by different electronic properties, were investigated aiming at underlying the key aspects of the recognition process. The dithienylethene equipped with the cyclopentenyl unit showed a difference in binding free energies to the β-cyclodextrin between the open and closed photochromic forms of about 1 kJ/mol. Conversely, the dithienylethene equipped with the perfluorinated cyclopentenyl unit not only was a better guest but showed a three times higher difference in the binding of free energies between the open and closed isomers.
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10
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Wilm LFB, Das M, Janssen‐Müller D, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Glorius F, Dielmann F. Photoschaltbare Stickstoff‐Superbasen: Mit Licht Kohlenstoffdioxid reversibel fixieren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas F. B. Wilm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 28–30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Institut für Organische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Daniel Janssen‐Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Institut für Organische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 28–30 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institut für Allgemeine Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80–82 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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11
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Wilm LFB, Das M, Janssen‐Müller D, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Glorius F, Dielmann F. Photoswitchable Nitrogen Superbases: Using Light for Reversible Carbon Dioxide Capture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112344. [PMID: 34694044 PMCID: PMC9299603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using light as an external stimulus to alter the reactivity of Lewis bases is an intriguing tool for controlling chemical reactions. Reversible photoreactions associated with pronounced reactivity changes are particularly valuable in this regard. We herein report the first photoswitchable nitrogen superbases based on guanidines equipped with a photochromic dithienylethene unit. The resulting N-heterocyclic imines (NHIs) undergo reversible, near quantitative electrocyclic isomerization upon successive exposure to UV and visible irradiation, as demonstrated over multiple cycles. Switching between the ring-opened and ring-closed states is accompanied by substantial pKa shifts of the NHIs by up to 8.7 units. Since only the ring-closed isomers are sufficiently basic to activate CO2 via the formation of zwitterionic Lewis base adducts, cycling between the two isomeric states enables the light-controlled capture and release of CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas F. B. Wilm
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Institute of Organic ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Daniel Janssen‐Müller
- Institute of Organic ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Institute of Organic ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Institute of Organic ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 28–3048149MünsterGermany
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical ChemistryLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
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12
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Thumser S, Köttner L, Hoffmann N, Mayer P, Dube H. All-Red-Light Photoswitching of Indirubin Controlled by Supramolecular Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18251-18260. [PMID: 34665961 PMCID: PMC8867725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Red-light responsiveness
of photoswitches is a highly desired property
for many important application areas such as biology or material sciences.
The main approach to elicit this property uses strategic substitution
of long-known photoswitch motives such as azobenzenes or diarylethenes.
Only very few photoswitches possess inherent red-light absorption
of their core chromophore structures. Here, we present a strategy
to convert the long-known purple indirubin dye into a prolific red-light-responsive
photoswitch. In a supramolecular approach, its photochromism can be
changed from a negative to a positive one, while at the same time,
significantly higher yields of the metastable E-isomer
are obtained upon irradiation. E- to Z-photoisomerization can then also be induced by red light of longer
wavelengths. Indirubin therefore represents a unique example of reversible
photoswitching using entirely red light for both switching directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thumser
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Köttner
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Hoffmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Ferreira P, Moncelsi G, Aragay G, Ballester P. Hydrogen-Bonded Dimeric Capsules with Appended Spiropyran Units: Towards Controlled Cargo Release. Chemistry 2021; 27:12675-12685. [PMID: 34097321 PMCID: PMC8456926 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of unprecedented tetra-urea derivatives of calix[4]arene and calix[4]pyrrole containing four spiropyran (SP) units at their upper rim. We investigate the photo- and acid-induced isomerization of the monomeric and homo-dimeric tetra-ureas derivatives using UV-Vis and 1 H NMR spectroscopies. At micromolar concentration, irradiation of the samples with 365 nm light induces changes in their absorption spectra that are consistent with SP→merocyanine (MC) isomerization. However, analogous experiments at millimolar concentration do not produce noticeable changes in the 1 H NMR spectra. The addition of triflic acid to micromolar and millimolar solutions of the tetra-ureas produces the quantitative isomerization of the SP units to the protonated merocyanine form (E-MCH+ ) and the simultaneous disassembly of the capsular dimers to form ill-defined aggregates. The neutralization of the acid solutions resets the SP form. Under these acid/base treatment conditions, the controlled release of the included guest and the reassembly of the all-SP tetra-urea dimers occurs at different extents depending on its calix[4]arene or calix[4]pyrrole scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ferreira
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giulia Moncelsi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aragay
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08101, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Karataş MO, Özdemir N, Sarıman M, Günal S, Ulukaya E, Özdemir İ. Water-soluble silver(i) complexes with N-donor benzimidazole ligands containing an imidazolium core: stability and preliminary biological studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11596-11603. [PMID: 34355725 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, characterisation and preliminary biological evaluation of two novel silver(i) complexes of type [AgL2](NO3)3 (3 and 4) with ionic N-donor benzimidazoles. The complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of 1.5 equivalents of silver nitrate and N-donor benzimidazoles containing an imidazolium core at the 2-position (1 and 2) in ethanol. The X-ray analysis of 4 shows that it has two free imidazolium cores and the charge is balanced with three nitrate anions. A study by the combination of NMR, IR, LC-MS and elemental analysis techniques also suggests that the complexes have this structure both in the solid-state and solution. The complexes are highly soluble and stable in water. Cytotoxicity evaluation against four cancerous human cells and one non-cancerous human cell revealed that the complexes have no significant anti-growth effect. However, the complexes showed a remarkable antimicrobial effect at normalized minimum inhibitory concentrations (normalized MICs) in the range of 33-268 μM against a panel of microorganisms consisting of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Olgun Karataş
- İnönü University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 9044280 Malatya, Turkey.
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15
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Deacy A, Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Chen TTD, Williams CK. Sequence Control from Mixtures: Switchable Polymerization Catalysis and Future Materials Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10021-10040. [PMID: 34190553 PMCID: PMC8297863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for higher-performing polymeric materials counterbalanced by the need for sustainability throughout the life cycle. Copolymers comprising ester, carbonate, or ether linkages could fulfill some of this demand as their monomer-polymer chemistry is closer to equilibrium, facilitating (bio)degradation and recycling; many monomers are or could be sourced from renewables or waste. Here, an efficient and broadly applicable route to make such copolymers is discussed, a form of switchable polymerization catalysis which exploits a single catalyst, switched between different catalytic cycles, to prepare block sequence selective copolymers from monomer mixtures. This perspective presents the principles of this catalysis, catalyst design criteria, the selectivity and structural copolymer characterization tools, and the properties of the resulting copolymers. Uses as thermoplastic elastomers, toughened plastics, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures, and for programmed degradation, among others, are discussed. The state-of-the-art research into both catalysis and products, as well as future challenges and directions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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16
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Devillard M, Nour Eddine N, Cordier M, Alcaraz G. Dithienylethene‐Based Photochromic Siloles: A Straightforward and Divergent Synthetic Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Devillard
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—, UMR 6226 Univ Rennes CNRS 35000 Rennes France
| | - Nour Nour Eddine
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—, UMR 6226 Univ Rennes CNRS 35000 Rennes France
| | - Marie Cordier
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—, UMR 6226 Univ Rennes CNRS 35000 Rennes France
| | - Gilles Alcaraz
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—, UMR 6226 Univ Rennes CNRS 35000 Rennes France
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17
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Devillard M, Nour Eddine N, Cordier M, Alcaraz G. Dithienylethene-Based Photochromic Siloles: A Straightforward and Divergent Synthetic Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12356-12359. [PMID: 33740313 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic methodology for the preparation of photochromic siloles based on the dithienylethene motif is developed. It relies upon an efficient palladium-catalyzed annulation reaction of a 2,3-bis(3-thienyl)-silirene with terminal alkynes in mild conditions. The reaction is functional group-tolerant and can be performed in high yields with a variety of functional terminal alkynes. It can even be extended to a polymeric polypropargylmethacrylamide (PPMA) substrate affording the corresponding photochromic polymer with different degree of photochromic unit incorporation by simply adjusting the polymer/ silirene stoichiometric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Devillard
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-, UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nour Nour Eddine
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-, UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-, UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Alcaraz
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-, UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
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18
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Longevial J, Rose C, Poyac L, Clément S, Richeter S. Molecular Systems Combining Porphyrinoids and N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clémence Rose
- ICGM Univ. Montpellier CNRS ENSCM 34000 Montpellier France
| | - Ludivine Poyac
- ICGM Univ. Montpellier CNRS ENSCM 34000 Montpellier France
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19
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Majee D, Presolski S. Dithienylethene-Based Photoswitchable Catalysts: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Majee
- Division of Science (Chemistry), Yale-NUS College 16 College Ave West, Singapore 138527
| | - Stanislav Presolski
- Division of Science (Chemistry), Yale-NUS College 16 College Ave West, Singapore 138527
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20
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Kondo M, Nakamura K, Krishnan CG, Takizawa S, Abe T, Sasai H. Photoswitchable Chiral Phase Transfer Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kondo
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kento Nakamura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Chandu G. Krishnan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Abe
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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21
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Wu X, Zhou L, Li F, Xiao J. PCl 3-mediated transesterification and aminolysis of tert-butyl esters via acid chloride formation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820987530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A PCl3-mediated conversion of tert-butyl esters into esters and amides in one-pot under air is developed. This novel protocol is highlighted by the synthesis of skeletons of bioactive molecules and gram-scale reactions. Mechanistic studies revealed that this transformation involves the formation of an acid chloride in situ, which is followed by reactions with alcohols or amines to afford the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Fangshao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, P.R. China
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22
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Dolinski ND, Geng Z, Oh S, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. The role of anions in light-driven conductivity in diarylethene-containing polymeric ionic liquids. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of anion character in the photostationary state, magnitude of conductivity, and light-responsive properties of diarylethene-containing polymeric ionic liquids was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
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23
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Kaler S, McKeown P, Ward BD, Jones MD. Aluminium( iii) and zinc( ii) complexes of azobenzene-containing ligands for ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the outcome of polymerisations using an external stimulus remains a formidable challenge.
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24
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Chatterjee B, Chang W, Werlé C. Molecularly Controlled Catalysis – Targeting Synergies Between Local and Non‐local Environments. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basujit Chatterjee
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Wei‐Chieh Chang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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25
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Sun N, Wang C, Wang H, Gao X, Jiang J. Photonic Switching Porous Organic Polymers toward Reversible Control of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56491-56498. [PMID: 33263980 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction of photoswitchable dithienylethene (AEDTE) with metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-iodophenyl)porphyrin and its metal derivatives (MTIPP, M = H2, Zn(II), Fe(II)) results in three porous organic polymers (POPs) including AEDTE-H2TIPP-POP, AEDTE-ZnTIPP-POP, and AEDTE-FeTIPP-POP. The morphology, components, and structures of newly obtained POPs have been examined by a range of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including infrared spectroscopy (IR), solid-state UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The porous structures have been estimated by nitrogen and carbon dioxide sorption isotherms at 77 and 196 K, respectively. The open-AEDTE-H2TIPP-POP with AEDTE in an open form was revealed to be an effective and stable heterogeneous photocatalyst for visible light-driven oxidation of N-methylpyridinium salts possibly because of its relatively large specific surface area. In particular, a proof-of-concept of photoswitchable POP photocatalysts has been established using different light irradiation upon open-AEDTE-H2TIPP-POP to control its heterogeneous photocatalytic behaviors because of the adjustment over the electron transfer process and porous structures through photoisomerization of AEDTE. The present result highlights the bright perspective of photoswitching POPs in the field of materials chemistry and catalysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chiming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuewang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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26
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Doerr AM, Burroughs JM, Gitter SR, Yang X, Boydston AJ, Long BK. Advances in Polymerizations Modulated by External Stimuli. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Justin M. Burroughs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Sean R. Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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27
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28
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Sponza AD, Liu D, Chen EP, Shaw A, Diawara L, Chiu M. Synthesis strategies for non-symmetric, photochromic diarylethenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7238-7252. [PMID: 32926036 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diarylethenes (DAEs) represent an important class of photochromes with notable characteristics, like thermally irreversible photoisomerization and high fatigue resistance. Structural diversification of the DAE scaffold has enabled further refinement of photochromic properties and realization of new applications, ranging from advanced materials to tools for studying biological systems. In particular, methods for synthesizing non-symmetric DAE scaffolds, which are typically more challenging to synthesize than their symmetric counterparts, have grown over the past 20 years. These developments are surveyed in this review, with discussion of how access to these compounds has contributed to the improvement of photochromic properties and paved the way for exploring new applications of DAEs. First, non-symmetric DAE structures are classified and their uses and applications are overviewed. Subsequent sections discuss the main strategies that have been used to access non-symmetric DAEs with examples illustrating the impact of non-symmetric DAEs in the growing field of light-controlled molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro D Sponza
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Emily P Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Allison Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Lassana Diawara
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Melanie Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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29
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Medici F, Goual N, Delattre V, Voituriez A, Marinetti A. Photoswitchable phosphines in catalysis. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Nawel Goual
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Vincent Delattre
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Arnaud Voituriez
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Angela Marinetti
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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30
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Liu G, Lovell JF, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Stimulus-Responsive Nanomedicines for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6380. [PMID: 32887466 PMCID: PMC7504550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems generally aim to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in response to specific conditions and have recently been explored for disease treatments. These approaches can also be extended to molecular imaging to report on disease diagnosis and management. The stimuli used for activation are based on differences between the environment of the diseased or targeted sites, and normal tissues. Endogenous stimuli include pH, redox reactions, enzymatic activity, temperature and others. Exogenous site-specific stimuli include the use of magnetic fields, light, ultrasound and others. These endogenous or exogenous stimuli lead to structural changes or cleavage of the cargo carrier, leading to release of the API. A wide variety of stimulus-responsive systems have been developed-responsive to both a single stimulus or multiple stimuli-and represent a theranostic tool for disease treatment. In this review, stimuli commonly used in the development of theranostic nanoplatforms are enumerated. An emphasis on chemical structure and property relationships is provided, aiming to focus on insights for the design of stimulus-responsive delivery systems. Several examples of theranostic applications of these stimulus-responsive nanomedicines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengqi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyeong Ryu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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32
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Islam Sk A, Kundu K, Kundu PK. Azobenzene Isomerization-Induced Photomodulation of Electronic Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:4214-4219. [PMID: 31943364 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-based protonated N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), N,N'-bis(azobenzene)imidazolium chlorides (IAz-X⋅HCl; X=OMe, Br, H) were successfully synthesized and switching abilities of the attached azobenzene units along with the concomitant photoinduced generation of geometric isomers were studied. Upon irradiation with 365 nm UV light, a p-methoxy-azobenzene derivative get transformed from all-trans isomer to nearly all-cis isomer at the photostationary state. The extent of photomodulation of electronic properties in the NHC ring of the p-methoxy-azobenzene derivative is determined through the Tolman Electronic Parameter (TEP). Iridium complex, [(IAz-OMe)IrCl(CO)2 ] was synthesized and infrared spectra were recorded in dichloromethane solution as film in NaCl crystals and by drop-casting in an ATR crystal. Comparison in averaged carbonyl stretching frequency between all-trans isomer ( ν ˜ t t av ) and all-cis isomer ( ν ˜ c c a v ) indicates a significant decrement of Δtt-cc ν ˜ av =2.7 cm-1 (film) and 3.8 cm-1 (ATR). Therefore, moderate to excellent enhancement of electron density (Δtt-cc TEP=2.3 cm-1 [film] and 3.2 cm-1 [ATR]) at the C-2 position of the NHC is achieved through trans→cis isomerization of the remotely placed azobenzene units. This fine phototuning of electron-donating ability at the catalytic center would pave the way to control NHC/NHC-metal catalyzed organic transformations through external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam Sk
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Kshama Kundu
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Pintu K Kundu
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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33
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Dolinski ND, Hu J, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. Light-Controllable Ionic Conductivity in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5123-5128. [PMID: 31925869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) have attracted considerable attention as electrolytes with high stability and mechanical durability. Light-responsive materials are enabling for a variety of future technologies owing to their remote and noninvasive manipulation, spatiotemporal control, and low environmental impact. To address this potential, responsive PIL materials based on diarylethene units were designed to undergo light-mediated conductivity changes. Key to this modulation is tuning of the cationic character of the imidazolium bridging unit upon photoswitching. Irradiation of these materials with UV light triggers a circa 70 % drop in conductivity in the solid state that can be recovered upon subsequent irradiation with visible light. This light-responsive ionic conductivity enables spatiotemporal and reversible patterning of PIL films using light. This modulation of ionic conductivity allows for the development of light-controlled electrical circuits and wearable photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nicole S Schauser
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Neil D Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jerry Hu
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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34
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Dolinski ND, Hu J, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. Light‐Controllable Ionic Conductivity in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Jerry Hu
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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35
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Niedek D, Erb FR, Topp C, Seitz A, Wende RC, Eckhardt AK, Kind J, Herold D, Thiele CM, Schreiner PR. In Situ Switching of Site-Selectivity with Light in the Acetylation of Sugars with Azopeptide Catalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1835-1846. [PMID: 31763833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel concept for the in situ control of site-selectivity of catalytic acetylations of partially protected sugars using light as external stimulus and oligopeptide catalysts equipped with an azobenzene moiety. The isomerizable azobenzene-peptide backbone defines the size and shape of the catalytic pocket, while the π-methyl-l-histidine (Pmh) moiety transfers the electrophile. Photoisomerization of the E- to the Z-azobenzene catalyst (monitored via NMR) with an LED (λ = 365 nm) drastically changes the chemical environment around the catalytically active Pmh moiety, so that the light-induced change in the catalyst shape alters site-selectivity. As a proof of principle, we employed (4,6-O-benzylidene)methyl-α-d-pyranosides, which provide a change in regioselectivity from 2:1 (E) to 1:5 (Z) for the monoacetylated products at room temperature. The validity of this new catalyst-design concept is further demonstrated with the regioselective acetylation of the natural product quercetin. In situ irradiation NMR spectroscopy was used to quantify photostationary states under continuous irradiation with UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Niedek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Frederik R Erb
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Christopher Topp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Alexander Seitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Raffael C Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - André K Eckhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 16 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dominik Herold
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 16 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 16 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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36
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Bhattacharyya S, Maity M, Chowdhury A, Saha ML, Panja SK, Stang PJ, Mukherjee PS. Coordination-Assisted Reversible Photoswitching of Spiropyran-Based Platinum Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2083-2091. [PMID: 31971781 PMCID: PMC10615217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Control over the stimuli-responsive behavior of smart molecular systems can influence their capability to execute complex functionalities. Herein, we report the development of a suite of spiropyran-based multi-stimuli-responsive self-assembled platinum(II) macrocycles (5-7), rendering coordination-assisted enhanced photochromism relative to the corresponding ligands. 5 showed shrinking and swelling during photoreversal, while 6 and 7 are fast and fatigue-free supramolecular photoswitches. 6 turns out to be a better fatigue-resistant photoswitch and can retain an intact photoswitching ability of up to 20 reversible cycles. The switching behavior of the macrocycles can also be precisely controlled by tuning the pH of the medium. Our present strategy for the construction of rapid stimuli-responsive supramolecular architectures via coordination-driven self-assembly represents an efficient route for the development of smart molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Manoranjan Maity
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
- Department of Industrial Chemistry , Mizoram University , Aizawl , Mizoram 796004 , India
| | - Manik Lal Saha
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Sumit Kumar Panja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
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37
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Schlüter D, Kleemiss F, Fugel M, Lork E, Sugimoto K, Grabowsky S, Harmer JR, Vogt M. Non-Oxido-Vanadium(IV) Metalloradical Complexes with Bidentate 1,2-Dithienylethene Ligands: Observation of Reversible Cyclization of the Ligand Scaffold in Solution. Chemistry 2020; 26:1335-1343. [PMID: 31721322 PMCID: PMC7027510 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of 1,2‐dithienylethene (DTE) have superb photochromic properties due to an efficient reversible photocyclization reaction of their hexatriene structure and, thus, have application potential in materials for optoelectronics and (multi‐responsive) molecular switches. Transition‐metal complexes bearing switchable DTE motifs commonly incorporate their coordination site rather distant from the hexatriene system. In this work the redox active ligand 1,2‐bis(2,5‐dimethylthiophen‐3‐yl)ethane‐1,2‐dione is described, which reacts with [V(TMEDA)2Cl2] to give a rare non‐oxido vanadium(IV) species 3(M,M/P,P). This blue complex has two bidentate en‐diolato ligands which chelate the VIV center and give rise to two five‐membered metallacycles with the adjacent hexatriene DTE backbone bearing axial chirality. Upon irradiation with UVA light or prolonged heating in solution, the blue compound 3(M,M/P,P) converts into the purple atropisomer 4(para,M/para,P). Both complexes were isolated and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis (using lab source and synchrotron radiation). The antiparallel configuration (M or P helicity) present in both 3(M,M/P,P) and 4(para,M/para,P) is a prerequisite for (reversible) 6π cyclization reactions. A CW EPR spectroscopic study reveals the metalloradical character for 3(M,M/P,P) and 4(para,M/para,P) and indicates dynamic reversible cyclization of the DTE backbone in complex 3(M,M/P,P) at ambient temperature in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schlüter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Abteilung für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Malte Fugel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- SPring-8/JASRI, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Abteilung für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Center of Advanced Imaging (CAI), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QL, Australia
| | - Matthias Vogt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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38
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Grewal S, Roy S, Kumar H, Saraswat M, Bari NK, Sinha S, Venkataramani S. Temporal control in tritylation reactions through light-driven variation in chloride ion binding catalysis – a proof of concept. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A proof-of-concept on temporal control in the tritylation reactions has been demonstrated using a designed tripodal triazole-linked azo(hetero)arene-based photoswitchable catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Grewal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali
- India
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali
- India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali
- India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali
- India
| | - Naimat K. Bari
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST)
- Mohali-160 062
- India
| | - Sharmistha Sinha
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST)
- Mohali-160 062
- India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali
- India
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39
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Abstract
Photoswitchable catalysis using organometallic complexes: a ligand design perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraida Freixa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- San Sebastián
- Spain
- IKERBASQUE
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40
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Mizutsu R, Asato R, Martin CJ, Yamada M, Nishikawa Y, Katao S, Yamada M, Nakashima T, Kawai T. Photo-Lewis Acid Generator Based on Radical-Free 6π Photo-Cyclization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20043-20047. [PMID: 31814390 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present here a new photo-active molecule which acts as a photo-Lewis acid generator (PLAG) based on photo-chemical 6π-percyclization. Photo-illumination of the PLAG molecule produces a condensed aromatic carbocation with a triflate counteranion, which exhibits Lewis acid chemical catalytic reactivity such as initiation of the polymerization of epoxy monomers and catalysis of Mukaiyama-aldol reactions. The terminal-end structure in the epoxy polymerization was modified with the Lewis acid fragment. The carbocation induced the Mukaiyama-aldol reaction as a new photo-gated system with remarkably high catalytic reactivity and turnover numbers higher than 60. The photo-chemical quantum yield of the carbocation generation is 50%, which is considerably higher than obtained with most Brønsted photo-acid generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mizutsu
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Asato
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan.,NAIST-CEMES International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems , NAIST, CEMES-UPR 8011 CNRS , 29, rue Jeanne Marvig , BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France
| | - Colin J Martin
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan.,NAIST-CEMES International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems , NAIST, CEMES-UPR 8011 CNRS , 29, rue Jeanne Marvig , BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France
| | - Mihoko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nishikawa
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Shohei Katao
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Miku Yamada
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan.,NAIST-CEMES International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems , NAIST, CEMES-UPR 8011 CNRS , 29, rue Jeanne Marvig , BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France
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41
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Benda L, Doistau B, Rossi-Gendron C, Chamoreau LM, Hasenknopf B, Vives G. Substrate-dependent allosteric regulation by switchable catalytic molecular tweezers. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAllosteric regulation is exploited by biological systems to regulate the activity and/or selectivity of enzymatic reactions but remains a challenge for artificial catalysts. Here we report switchable terpy(Zn-salphen)2 molecular tweezers and their metal-dependent allosteric regulation of the acetylation of pyridinemethanol isomers. Zinc-salphen moieties can both act as a Lewis acid to activate the anhydride reagents and provide a binding site for pyridinemethanol substrates. The tweezers’ conformation can be reversibly switched between an open and a closed form by a metal ion stimulus. Both states offer distinct catalytic profiles, with closed tweezers showing superior catalytic activity towards ortho substrates, while open tweezers presenting higher rate for the acetylation of meta and para substrates. This notable substrate dependent allosteric response is rationalized by a combination of experimental results and calculations supporting a bimetallic reaction in the closed form for ortho substrate and an inhibition of the cavity for meta and para substrates.
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42
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Liu D, Sponza AD, Yang D, Chiu M. Modulating Polymer Dispersity with Light: Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers Using Photochromic Initiators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16210-16216. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Stony Brook University Department of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Alvaro D. Sponza
- Stony Brook University Department of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Dandan Yang
- Stony Brook University Department of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Melanie Chiu
- Stony Brook University Department of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
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43
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Liu D, Sponza AD, Yang D, Chiu M. Modulating Polymer Dispersity with Light: Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers Using Photochromic Initiators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Stony Brook UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Alvaro D. Sponza
- Stony Brook UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Dandan Yang
- Stony Brook UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Melanie Chiu
- Stony Brook UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
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44
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Kieser JM, Kinney ZJ, Gaffen JR, Evariste S, Harrison AM, Rheingold AL, Protasiewicz JD. Three Ways Isolable Carbenes Can Modulate Emission of NH-Containing Fluorophores. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12055-12063. [PMID: 31322901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent molecules and materials that exhibit emission changes in response to analytes are of great interest across multiple disciplines. Herein, we investigate the response of NH-containing fluorophores carbazole and 2-phenylbenzimidazole (Ph-BIM) with two representative isolable singlet carbenes. Specifically, N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene (EtCAAC) were discovered to afford three different types of reaction products with carbazole and Ph-BIM. Depending on the reaction pair, hydrogen bonding (1), NH-insertion (2,3), or proton transfer (4) products can be isolated, each displaying variable photophysical responses. These products have been structurally authenticated by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectrometric methods. Studies of the solution state behavior of 1-4 reveals that these adducts are labile and can reversibly dissociate to free carbenes and fluorophores to varying extents. These equilibria produce concentration dependent solution state behavior as identified and quantified via UV-visible absorption, emission, 1H DOSY, and NMR spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Kieser
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Zacharias J Kinney
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Joshua R Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Sloane Evariste
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Alexandra M Harrison
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - John D Protasiewicz
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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45
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Baggi G, Casimiro L, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Credi A, Loeb SJ. Threading-gated photochromism in [2]pseudorotaxanes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5104-5113. [PMID: 31183062 PMCID: PMC6524668 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid, Y-shaped imidazole compounds containing the bis(thienyl)ethene moiety were designed and synthesized. The 4,5-bis(benzothienyl)-2-phenylimidazolium cations were then used as axles for [2]pseudorotaxane formation with 24-membered crown ether wheels. It was demonstrated using 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopies that this host-guest interaction results in significant changes in the photochromic properties of the imidazolium axles. This is a rare example of gated photochromism, which exploits the recognition event of an interpenetrated molecular system to tune the photochromic properties in one of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada .
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" , Università di Bologna , 40126 Bologna , Italy .
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Università di Bologna , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , 40127 Bologna , Italy
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Università di Bologna , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" , Università di Bologna , 40126 Bologna , Italy .
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Università di Bologna , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , 40127 Bologna , Italy
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Università di Bologna , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada .
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46
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Zhang C, Zhang G, Luo S, Wang C, Li H. Base-catalyzed selective esterification of alcohols with unactivated esters. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:8467-8471. [PMID: 30371718 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A practical and efficient base-catalyzed esterification has been developed for the facile synthesis of a broad range of esters from simple alcohols with unactivated tert-butyl esters. This protocol could be conducted at mild conditions, providing esters in high to excellent yields with good functional tolerance. Mechanistic studies provided evidence of an exchange of the tert-butyl alkoxide metal with the alcohol, producing a new alkoxide to participate in the transesterification reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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47
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Remote coordination approach for electronic tuning of a rhodium(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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48
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Bhattacharyya S, Chowdhury A, Saha R, Mukherjee PS. Multifunctional Self-Assembled Macrocycles with Enhanced Emission and Reversible Photochromic Behavior. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3968-3981. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rupak Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Joo W, Bielawski CW. Design, synthesis and study of a photochromic α,ω-diene: toward new classes of photoswitchable polymers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2486-2491. [PMID: 30756107 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A 4,5-dithienylimidazolium salt outfitted with pendant styrenyl groups was synthesized and studied. The salt was found to undergo reversible electrocyclization upon UV irradiation; subsequent exposure to visible light reversed the reaction. Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of the salt afforded a novel fluorescent polyelectrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wontae Joo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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50
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Shitaya S, Nomura K, Inagaki A. Light-driven catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide at low-pressure by a trinuclear iridium polyhydride complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5087-5090. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00916g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Under irradiation conditions, low-pressure and room-temperature hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been achieved using a trinuclear iridium hexahydride complex 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Shitaya
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji city
- Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji city
- Japan
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji city
- Japan
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