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Choi SY, Ji H, Park J, Choe JK. Iodide enhances degradation of histidine sidechain and imidazoles and forms new iodinated aromatic disinfection byproducts during chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134748. [PMID: 38815391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-bound histidines and imidazoles are important constituents of dissolved organic matter in water, and understanding the formation of halogenated disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation from these compounds during disinfection is important for ensuring a safe drinking water supply. Previous studies suggested that histidine has low reactivity with chlorine only; this study indicates that iodide substantially enhances histidine reactivity with the disinfectant at a time scale from days to hours. Mono- and di-iodinated histidines were identified as dominant transformation products with cumulative molar yields of 3.3 % at 6 h and they were stable in water over 7 days. These products were formed via electrophilic substitution of iodine to imidazole ring when hypoiodous acid reacted with histidine sidechain. Bromide minimally influenced the formation yields of these iodinated products, and higher pH increased yields up to 12 % for pH in the range 5-9. The cumulative concentration of low-molecular-weight DBPs, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, was less than 0.3 % under the same conditions. Similar iodinated imidazole analogs were also identified from other imidazoles (i.e., imidazole-carboxylic and phenyl-imidazole-carboxylic acids). This study demonstrated that peptide-bound histidine and imidazoles can serve as important precursors to iodinated aromatic DBPs, facilitating the identification of less-known iodinated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Ji
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
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2
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O’Reilly RJ, Karton A. The influence of substituents in governing the strength of the P-X bonds of substituted halophosphines R 1R 2P-X (X = F and Cl). Front Chem 2023; 11:1283418. [PMID: 37854977 PMCID: PMC10579588 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1283418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the gas-phase homolytic P-F and P-Cl bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of a set of thirty fluorophosphine (R1R2P-F) and thirty chlorophosphine-type (R1R2P-Cl) molecules have been obtained using the high-level W2 thermochemical protocol. For the R1R2P-F species, the P-F BDEs (at 298 K) differ by up to 117.0 kJ mol-1, with (H3Si)2P-F having the lowest BDE (439.5 kJ mol-1) and F2P-F having the largest BDE (556.5 kJ mol-1). In the case of the chlorophosphine-type molecules, the difference in BDEs is considerably smaller (i.e., 72.6 kJ mol-1), with (NC)2P-Cl having the lowest P-Cl BDE (299.8 kJ mol-1) and (HO)2P-Cl having the largest (372.4 kJ mol-1). We have further analyzed the effect of substituents in governing the P-F and P-Cl BDEs by considering the effect of substituents in the parent halogenated precursors (using molecule stabilization enthalpies) and the effect of substituents in the product radicals (using radical stabilization enthalpies). Finally, we have also assessed the performance of a wide range of DFT methods for their ability to compute the gas-phase P-F and P-Cl BDEs contained in this dataset. We find that, overall, the double hybrid functional DSD-PBEB95 offers the best performance for both bond types, with mean absolute deviations of just 2.1 (P-F BDEs) and 2.2 (P-Cl BDEs) kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. O’Reilly
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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3
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Planarization of negatively curved [7] circulene on a graphene monolayer. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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4
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Han Y, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Reaction Mechanisms of Histidine and Carnosine with Hypochlorous Acid Along with Chlorination Reactivity of N-Chlorinated Intermediates: A Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:750-759. [PMID: 35436107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) released from activated leukocytes not only plays a significant role in the human immune system but is also implicated in numerous diseases including atherosclerosis and some cancers due to its inappropriate production. Histidine (His) and carnosine (Car), as a respective mediator and protective agent of HOCl damage, have attracted considerable attention; however, their detailed reaction mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, using a His residue with two peptide bond groups (HisRes) as a model, the reaction mechanisms of HisRes and Car including NεH and NδH tautomers with HOCl along with the chlorination reactivity of N-chlorinated intermediates were investigated by quantum chemical methods. The obtained results indicate that in the imidazole side chain, the pyridine-like N is the most reactive site rather than the pyrrole-like N, and the kinetic order of all of the possible reaction sites in HisRes follows pyridine-like N > imidazole Cδ ≫ imidazole Cε > pyrrole-like N, while that in Car is pyridine-like N ≫ imidazole Cδ ≫ amide N. As for N-chlorinated intermediates at imidazole, although the unprotonated form has a low chlorination reactivity as expected, it can still chlorinate tyrosine. Especially, the protonated form exhibits similar ability to HOCl, causing secondary damage in vivo. N-Chlorinated Car features higher internal chlorine migration ability than its intermolecular transchlorination, preventing further HOCl-induced damage. Additionally, a generally overlooked nucleophilic Cl- shift is also found in N-chlorinated Car/HisRes, indicating that nucleophilic sites in biomolecules also need to be considered. The outcomes of this study are expected to expand our understanding of secondary damage and protective mechanisms involved in HOCl in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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5
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Kroeger AA, Karton A. Graphene-induced planarization of cyclooctatetraene derivatives. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:96-105. [PMID: 34677827 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stable equilibrium compounds containing a planar antiaromatic cyclooctatetraene (COT) ring are promising candidates for organic electronic devices such as organic semiconductor transistors. The planarization of COT by incorporation into rigid planar π-systems, as well as by oxidation or reduction has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, we explore an alternative approach of planarizing COT derivatives by adsorption onto graphene. We show that strong π-π stacking interactions between graphene and COT derivatives induce a planar structure with an antiaromatic central COT ring. In addition to being reversible, this strategy provides a novel approach for planarizing COT without the need for incorporation into a rigid structure, atomic substitution, oxidation, or reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja A Kroeger
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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6
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The radical scavenging activity of monosubstituted iminostilbenes: Theoretical insights. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Tam NM, Hieu LT, Thong NM, Hoa NT, Hoang LP, Nam PC, Quang DT, Mechler A, Vo QV. Mechanistic and kinetic studies of the radical scavenging activity of natural abietanes: A theoretical insight. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Masuoka N, Lei C, Li H, Hisatsune T. Influence of Imidazole-Dipeptides on Cognitive Status and Preservation in Elders: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020397. [PMID: 33513893 PMCID: PMC7912684 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the number of patients with dementia is becoming a growing problem, while Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a primary neurodegenerative disorder, accounts for more than 70% of all dementia cases. Research on the prevention or reduction of AD occurrence through food ingredients has been widely conducted. In particular, histidine-containing dipeptides, also known as imidazole dipeptides derived from meat, have received much attention. Imidazole dipeptides are abundant in meats such as poultry, fish, and pork. As evidenced by data from recent human intervention trials conducted worldwide, daily supplementation of carnosine and anserine, which are both imidazole dipeptides, can improve memory loss in the elderly and reduce the risk of developing AD. This article also summarizes the latest researches on the biochemical properties of imidazole dipeptides and their effects on animal models associated with age-related cognitive decline. In this review, we focus on the results of human intervention studies using supplements of poultry-derived imidazole dipeptides, including anserine and carnosine, affecting the preservation of cognitive function in the elderly, and discuss how imidazole dipeptides act in the brain to prevent age-related cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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9
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Masuoka N, Lei C, Li H, Inamura N, Shiotani S, Yanai N, Sato K, Sakurai K, Hisatsune T. Anserine, HClO-scavenger, protected against cognitive decline in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1729-1741. [PMID: 33472172 PMCID: PMC7880346 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a promising target when considering strategies for treating AD. In particular, it has been shown that neutrophils and MPO-mediated neuroinflammatory responses with the production of HClO play a role in the progression of AD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of anserine, a scavenger of HClO, on the protection of cognitive declines in persons with MCI. Fifty-eight elderly volunteers were screened, and 36 MCI individuals were assigned either to an active arm, who received 500 mg anserine per day, or a placebo arm, for 12-weeks. To assess cognitive function, we performed MMSE at baseline and after the ingestion. The data of the MMSE for 30 subjects who completed the follow-up tests were analyzed. A significant difference was detected in the change score of MMSE between the active arm (1.9 ± 2.0; n = 15) and the placebo arm (0 ± 2.8; n = 15) (p = 0.036). After the correction with the daily intake of anserine, the significance was elevated (p = 0.0176). Our results suggest that anserine protects elderly persons with MCI from cognitive declines by suppressing MPO-mediated neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Masuoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Chenxu Lei
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Haowei Li
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Noriko Inamura
- Community Hearth Promotion Laboratory, Mitsui Fudosan, Co., Ltd., Kashiwa, Japan.,Urban Design Center Kashiwanoha (UDCK), Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Nobuya Yanai
- Research Division, Tokai Bussan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Sakurai
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Hisatsune
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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Karimi M, Crossett B, Cordwell SJ, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Characterization of disulfide (cystine) oxidation by HOCl in a model peptide: Evidence for oxygen addition, disulfide bond cleavage and adduct formation with thiols. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:62-74. [PMID: 32370994 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a key role in stabilizing proteins by cross-linking secondary structures. Whilst many disulfides are effectively unreactive, it is increasingly clear that some disulfides are redox active, participate in enzymatic reactions and/or regulate protein function by allosteric mechanisms. Previously (Karimi et al., Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38752) we have shown that some disulfides react rapidly with biological oxidants due to favourable interactions with available lone-pairs of electrons. Here we present data from kinetic, mechanistic and product studies for HOCl-mediated oxidation of a protected nine-amino acid model peptide containing a N- to C-terminal disulfide bond. This peptide reacts with HOCl with k2 1.8 × 106 M-1 s-1, similar to other highly-reactive disulfide-containing compounds. With low oxidant excesses, oxidation yields multiple oxidation products from the disulfide, with reaction predominating at the N-terminal Cys to give sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acids, and disulfide bond cleavage. Limited oxidation occurs, with higher oxidant excesses, at Trp and His residues to give mono- and di- (for Trp) oxygenated products. Site-specific backbone cleavage also occurs between Arg and Trp, probably via initial side-chain modification. Treatment of the previously-oxidised peptide with thiols (GSH, N-Ac-Cys), results in adduction of the thiol to the oxidised peptide, with this occurring at the original disulfide bond. This gives an open-chain peptide, and a new mixed disulfide containing GSH or N-Ac-Cys as determined by mass spectrometry. Disulfide bond oxidation may therefore markedly alter the structure, activity and function of disulfide-containing proteins, and provides a potential mechanism for protein glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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11
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Wang Y, An P, Li S, Zhou L. The oxidation mechanism and kinetics of 2′-deoxyguanosine by carbonate radical anion. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Carroll L, Karton A, Radom L, Davies MJ, Pattison DI. Carnosine and Carcinine Derivatives Rapidly React with Hypochlorous Acid to Form Chloramines and Dichloramines. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:513-525. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J. Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - David I. Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Wang Y, Hong F, Li D, Qi J, Liu X. A novel strategy for evaluation of natural products acting on the myeloperoxidase/hypochlorous acid system by combining high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-chemiluminescence and ultrafiltration-mass spectrometry techniques. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4222-4232. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Jiangsu key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Fang Hong
- Jiangsu key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Jiangsu key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xuming Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Ghajar A, Khoaie-Ardakani MR, Shahmoradi Z, Alavi AR, Afarideh M, Shalbafan MR, Ghazizadeh-Hashemi M, Akhondzadeh S. L-carnosine as an add-on to risperidone for treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:94-101. [PMID: 29427913 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since l-carnosine has shown effectiveness in improvement of cognition in patients with schizophrenia, this 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted. Sixty-three patients with chronic schizophrenia, who were clinically stable on a stable dose of risperidone, entered the study. The patients were randomly assigned to l-carnosine (2 gr/day in two divided doses) or placebo for eight weeks. The patients were assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), extrapyramidal symptom rating scale (ESRS), and Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) during the study course. Sixty patients completed the trial. L-carnosine resulted in greater improvement of negative scores as well as total PANSS scores but not positive subscale scores compared to placebo. HDRS scores and its changes did not differ between the two groups. Both groups demonstrated a constant ESRS score during the trial course. Frequency of other side effects was not significantly different between the two groups. In a multiple regression analysis model (controlled for positive, general psychopathology, depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms, as well as other variables), the treatment group significantly predicted changes in primary negative symptoms. In conclusion, l-carnosine add-on therapy can safely and effectively reduce the primary negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghajar
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahara Shahmoradi
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Reza Alavi
- Razi Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Afarideh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghazizadeh-Hashemi
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Computational design of bio-inspired carnosine-based HOBr antioxidants. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017; 31:905-913. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Sun C, Wu Q, Zhang X, He Q, Zhao H. Mechanistic Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Carnosine on Acute Lung Injury in Sepsis Rats. Pharmacology 2017; 100:292-300. [PMID: 28848223 DOI: 10.1159/000479879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine against experimentally sepsis-induced male albino rats. Carnosine in 2 different doses, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, were administered for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, lipid peroxidation, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activities were measured. Lungs weight and total protein content were determined in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF). Cytokines such as macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined in the BALF. In addition, the histopathological analysis was also carried out to understand the effect of carnosine in the cellular architecture. Carnosine treatment significantly renormalized the lipid peroxidation and other antioxidant enzymes. IL-β, TNF-α, and MIF were found to be reduced after carnosine treatment. After carnosine treatment, the intensity of sepsis was significantly reduced evidenced by histopathological analysis. In western blot analysis, carnosine treatment causes the upregulation of IκBα together with the downregulation of the expressions of p65 and p-IKKα/β (Ser 180/Ser 181).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, PR China
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17
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Neuroprotective effect of carnosine against salsolinol-induced Parkinson's disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:664-670. [PMID: 28672983 PMCID: PMC5488497 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide of β-alanine and histidine amino acids. It is widely present in muscle and brain tissues. Carnosine has been demonstrated to be an antioxidant agent that is beneficial in animals. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aldehydes are are generated from membrane fatty acid oxidation. The antioxidant potential and toxicity of salsolinol had been extensively studied in vivo and in vitro. The present study analyzed the protective effect of carnosine against Parkinson's disease in the salsolinol-induced rat brain and rat brain endothelial cells. Antioxidant and biochemical markers were determined in vitro and in vivo. Histopathological examination was completed in order to evaluate the protective effect of carnosine on the cellular architecture of salsolinol-induced brain tissue. In order to confirm the protective effect of carnosine further, it was also investigated at an in vitro level using rat brain endothelial cells. Fluorescence and confocal studies indicated reduced apoptosis in the endothelial cells of the rat brain tissue. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels were renormalized following treatment with carnosine. In addition, carnosine treatment reduced mitochondria-derived ROS in the rat brain endothelial cells. These findings suggest that carnosine may be a therapeutic agent against salsolinol-induced Parkinson's.
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Šakić D, Šonjić P, Tandarić T, Vrček V. Chlorination of N-methylacetamide and amide-containing pharmaceuticals. Quantum-chemical study of the reaction mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2367-76. [PMID: 24601593 DOI: 10.1021/jp5012846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of amides is of utmost importance in biochemistry and environmental chemistry. Despite the huge body of data, the mechanism of reaction between amides and hypochlorous acid in aqueous environment remains unclear. In this work, the three different reaction pathways for chlorination of N-methylacetamide by HOCl have been considered: the one-step N-chlorination of the amide, the chlorination via O-chlorinated intermediate, and the N-chlorination of the iminol intermediate. The high-level quantum chemical G3B3 composite procedure, double-hybrid B2-PLYPD, B2K-PLYP methods, and global hybrid M06-2X and BMK methods have been employed. The calculated energy barriers have been compared to the experimental value of ΔG(#)298 ≈ 87 kJ/mol, which corresponds to reaction rate constant k(r) ≈ 0.0036 M(-1) s(-1). Only the mechanism in which the iminol form of N-methylacetamide reacts with HOCl is consistent (ΔG(#)298 = 87.3 kJ/mol at G3B3 level) with experimental results. The analogous reaction mechanism has been calculated as the most favorable pathway in the chlorination of small-sized amides and amide-containing pharmaceuticals: carbamazepine, acetaminophen, and phenytoin. We conclude that the formation of the iminol intermediate followed by its reaction with HOCl is the general mechanism of N-chlorination for a vast array of amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Šakić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb , A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) was discovered in 1900 as an abundant non-protein nitrogen-containing compound of meat. The dipeptide is not only found in skeletal muscle, but also in other excitable tissues. Most animals, except humans, also possess a methylated variant of carnosine, either anserine or ophidine/balenine, collectively called the histidine-containing dipeptides. This review aims to decipher the physiological roles of carnosine, based on its biochemical properties. The latter include pH-buffering, metal-ion chelation, and antioxidant capacity as well as the capacity to protect against formation of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products. For these reasons, the therapeutic potential of carnosine supplementation has been tested in numerous diseases in which ischemic or oxidative stress are involved. For several pathologies, such as diabetes and its complications, ocular disease, aging, and neurological disorders, promising preclinical and clinical results have been obtained. Also the pathophysiological relevance of serum carnosinase, the enzyme actively degrading carnosine into l-histidine and β-alanine, is discussed. The carnosine system has evolved as a pluripotent solution to a number of homeostatic challenges. l-Histidine, and more specifically its imidazole moiety, appears to be the prime bioactive component, whereas β-alanine is mainly regulating the synthesis of the dipeptide. This paper summarizes a century of scientific exploration on the (patho)physiological role of carnosine and related compounds. However, far more experiments in the fields of physiology and related disciplines (biology, pharmacology, genetics, molecular biology, etc.) are required to gain a full understanding of the function and applications of this intriguing molecule.
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Armstrong G. Working shifts. Nat Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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