1
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Meng LQ, Wang JS, You XX, Zhong RL, Gao FW, Su ZM. The Difference in Ir-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H Bond Activation Assisted by a Directing Group: Cyclometalation via Cis- or Trans-Chelation? Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39233663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons assisted by a directing group was theoretically investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed both Ir-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H borylations via an IrIII/IrV catalytic cycle, where the tetra-coordinated (C, N)IrIII(Bpin)2 complex with two vacant sites is an active species. Dramatically, the orientation of cyclometalation for C(sp2)-H bond activation assisted by a directing group is different from the C(sp3)-H one. The activation energy (ΔG°‡ = 28.5 kcal mol-1) of the C(sp2)-H bond via trans-chelation to form cyclometalation is lower than that (41.4 kcal mol-1) via cis-chelation. In contrast, the ΔG°‡ (26.6 kcal mol-1) of the C(sp3)-H bond via cis-chelation to form cyclometalation is lower than that (34.3 kcal mol-1) via trans-chelation. In addition, the rate-determining step of Ir-catalyzed C(sp2)-H borylation is oxidative addition of the C(sp2)-H bond, while that of C(sp3)-H analogues is hydride migration. Such differences arise from not only the differences in the steric hindrance of the C(sp2) and secondary C(sp3) atoms but also the differences in the trans effect and steric effect of the two vacant sites of active species. These findings were expected to facilitate further studies on the design and synthesis of innovative ligands for Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qi Meng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jian-Sen Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiao-Xia You
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rong-Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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2
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Peruzzi C, Miller SL, Dannatt JE, Ghaffari B, Maleczka RE, Smith MR. A Hydrazone Ligand for Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylation: Enhanced Reactivity and Selectivity for Fluorinated Arenes. Organometallics 2024; 43:1208-1212. [PMID: 38873573 PMCID: PMC11167643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Ir-catalyzed C-H borylations of fluorinated and cyanated arenes with high meta-to-F/CN are described. Use of a dipyridyl hydrazone framework as the ancillary ligand and pinacolborane (HBpin) as the functionalizing reagent generates catalysts that are significantly more active and selective than 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dtbpy) for both electron-deficient and electron-rich substrates. Investigation of the ligand framework resulted in the observation of formal N-borylation of the hydrazone by HBpin, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Subsequent stoichiometric reactions of this adduct with an iridium precatalyst revealed the formation of an unusual IrI hydrazido. Isolation and use of this hydrazido reproduce the selectivity of in situ generated catalysts, suggesting that it leads to formation of the active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
D. Peruzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Susanne L. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Dannatt
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Dallas, 1845 East Northgate Drive, Irving, Texas 75062, United States
| | - Behnaz Ghaffari
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Robert E. Maleczka
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Milton R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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3
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Jin Y, Ramadoss B, Asako S, Ilies L. Noncovalent interaction with a spirobipyridine ligand enables efficient iridium-catalyzed C-H activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2886. [PMID: 38632241 PMCID: PMC11024094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of noncovalent interactions for recognition of an organic substrate has received much attention for the design of metal catalysts in organic synthesis. The CH-π interaction is especially of interest for molecular recognition because both the C-H bonds and the π electrons are fundamental properties of organic molecules. However, because of their weak nature, these interactions have been less utilized for the control of organic reactions. We show here that the CH-π interaction can be used to kinetically accelerate catalytic C-H activation of arenes by directly recognizing the π-electrons of the arene substrates with a spirobipyridine ligand. Computation and a ligand kinetic isotope effect study provide evidence for the CH-π interaction between the ligand backbone and the arene substrate. The rational exploitation of weak noncovalent interactions between the ligand and the substrate will open new avenues for ligand design in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Jin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Sobi Asako
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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4
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Fabri B, Funaioli T, Frédéric L, Elsner C, Bordignon E, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Pescitelli G, Lacour J. Triple para-Functionalized Cations and Neutral Radicals of Enantiopure Diaza[4]helicenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8308-8319. [PMID: 38483324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Modulation of absorbance and emission is key for the design of chiral chromophores. Accessing a series of compounds absorbing and emitting (circularly polarized) light over a wide spectral window and often toward near-infrared is of practical value in (chir)optical applications. Herein, by late-stage functionalization on derivatives bridging triaryl methyl and helicene domains, we have achieved the regioselective triple introduction of para electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents. Extended tuning of electronic (e.g., E1/2red -1.50 V → -0.68 V) and optical (e.g., emission covering from 550 to 850 nm) properties is achieved for the cations and neutral radicals; the latter compounds being easily prepared by mono electron reductions under electrochemical or chemical conditions. While luminescence quantum yields can be increased up to 70% in the cationic series, strong Cotton effects are obtained for certain radicals at low energies (λabs ∼ 700-900 nm) with gabs values above 10-3. The open-shell electronic nature of the radicals was further characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance revealing an important spin density delocalization that contributes to their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Fabri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lucas Frédéric
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Christina Elsner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
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5
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Wang J, Mccreanney A, Taylor-Young A, Fenton HAM, Miah R, Johnson RA, Clarke J, Hopkins A, Jones R, Waddington W, Fussell SJ, Badland M, Pibworth B, Walton R. Development of a selective and scalable N1-indazole alkylation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6367-6373. [PMID: 38380233 PMCID: PMC10877319 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00598h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
N1-Alkyl indazoles are a ubiquitous and privileged motif within medicinal chemistry, yet methods to selectively furnish N1-alkyl indazoles with simple alkyl side chains remain sparse. Herein, negative data from high-throughput experimentation (HTE) enabled a confident pivot of resource from continued optimisation to the development of an alternative reaction. This workflow culminated in a methodology for the synthesis of N1-alkyl indazoles. The procedure is highly selective for N1-alkylation, practical, and broad in scope, with no N2-alkyl products detected at completion. Mechanistic understandings were consistent with attributing the high selectivity to thermodynamic control. Additional data-driven process development led to this reaction being safely demonstrated on a 100 g scale, with potential for further scale up. This study highlights pragmatic principles followed to develop a necessitated methodology, suitable for large scale manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Wang
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | | | | | | | - Rayyan Miah
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | | | - James Clarke
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | - Adam Hopkins
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | - Ricky Jones
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | | | | | - Matthew Badland
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | | | - Robert Walton
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ UK
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6
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Morales M, Preshlock S, Sharninghausen LS, Wright JS, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Tandem Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylation/Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Aromatic C-H Bonds with [ 18F]TBAF. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:45-53. [PMID: 38006490 PMCID: PMC10867631 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H functionalization of (hetero)aromatic C-H bonds with iridium-catalyzed borylation followed by copper-mediated radiofluorination of the in situ generated organoboronates affords fluorine-18 labeled aromatics in high radiochemical conversions and meta-selectivities. This protocol describes the benchtop reaction assembly of the C-H borylation and radiofluorination steps, which can be utilized for the fluorine-18 labeling of densely functionalized bioactive scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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O'Connell AC, Mansour PA, Maleczka RE, Smith MR. Regiochemical Switching in Ir-Catalyzed C-H Borylation by Altering Ligand Loadings of N,B-Type Diboron Species. Org Lett 2023; 25:8057-8061. [PMID: 37939287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional reaction conditions in Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation consist of a 2:1 ligand to Ir metal ratio, affording C(sp2)-H borylation at the least sterically hindered position. We found that lowering the ligand to metal ratio of a N,B-type diboron (BB) preligand in respect to the IrI precatalyst to 0.5:1 affords the chelate controlled ortho product. Switching from steric-directed to chelate-directed products is shown for various substituted arenes and (hetero)arenes containing Lewis-basic functionalities. This work offers the first example of obtaining complementary regioisomers as the major product by altering the ligand loading in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C O'Connell
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing 48824-1322, Michigan United States
| | - Pauline A Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing 48824-1322, Michigan United States
| | - Robert E Maleczka
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing 48824-1322, Michigan United States
| | - Milton R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing 48824-1322, Michigan United States
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8
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Yu IF, Wilson JW, Hartwig JF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Silylation and Borylation of C-H Bonds for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11619-11663. [PMID: 37751601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules containing functional groups has been one of the holy grails of catalysis. One synthetically important approach to the diverse functionalization of C-H bonds is the catalytic silylation or borylation of C-H bonds, which enables a broad array of downstream transformations to afford diverse structures. Advances in both undirected and directed methods for the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have led to their rapid adoption in early-, mid-, and late-stage of the synthesis of complex molecules. In this Review, we review the application of the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds to the synthesis of bioactive molecules, organic materials, and ligands. Overall, we aim to provide a picture of the state of art of the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds as applied to the synthesis and modification of diverse architectures that will spur further application and development of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Huang KH, Morato NM, Feng Y, Cooks RG. High-Throughput Diversification of Complex Bioactive Molecules by Accelerated Synthesis in Microdroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300956. [PMID: 36941213 PMCID: PMC10182919 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage diversification of drug molecules is an important strategy in drug discovery that can be facilitated by reaction screening using high-throughput experimentation. Here we present a rapid method for functionalizing bioactive molecules based on accelerated reactions in microdroplets. Reaction mixtures are nebulized at throughputs better than 1 reaction/second and the accelerated reactions occurring in the microdroplets are followed by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). Because the accelerated reactions occur on the millisecond timescale, they allow an overall screening throughput of 1 Hz working at the low nanogram scale. Using this approach, an opioid agonist (PZM21) and an antagonist (naloxone) were diversified using three reactions important in medicinal chemistry: sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click reactions, imine formation reactions, and ene-type click reactions. Some 269 functionalized analogs of naloxone and PZM21 were generated and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) after screening over 500 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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10
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Ruck RT, Strotman NA, Krska SW. The Catalysis Laboratory at Merck: 20 Years of Catalyzing Innovation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
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11
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Segawa Y, Nagase M, Saito Y, Kato K, Itami K. C-H Borylation of Arenes: Steric-controlled <i>Para</i>-selectivity and Application to Molecular Nanocarbons. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mai Nagase
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI
| | - Yutaro Saito
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University
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12
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Haldar C, Bisht R, Chaturvedi J, Guria S, Hassan MMM, Ram B, Chattopadhyay B. Ligand- and Substrate-Controlled para C–H Borylation of Anilines at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2022; 24:8147-8152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chabush Haldar
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ranjana Bisht
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagriti Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Guria
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bali Ram
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Li X, Wiensch E, Oppenheimer J. Development of an Efficient Process to Prepare Methyl 4,5,6-Trichloropicolinate Using Highly Selective C–H Borylation/Chlorodeborylation Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Li
- Process Sciences & Technology, Small Molecule Discovery & Development, Corteva AgriScience, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Eric Wiensch
- Process Sciences & Technology, Small Molecule Discovery & Development, Corteva AgriScience, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Jossian Oppenheimer
- Process Sciences & Technology, Small Molecule Discovery & Development, Corteva AgriScience, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
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14
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Frédéric L, Fabri B, Guénée L, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Lacour J. Triple Regioselective Functionalization of Cationic [4]Helicenes via Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation and Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201853. [PMID: 35796630 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In essentially one-pot, using Ir- and Pd-catalysis, tris(arene)-functionalized cationic [4]helicenes are synthesized with full regioselectivity and enantiospecificity starting from a trivial precursor (17 examples). This poly-addition of aryl groups improves key optical properties, that is, fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. Electronic circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence signatures are observed up to the far-red domain, in particular with additional arenes prone to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Frédéric
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bibiana Fabri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Laure Guénée
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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15
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Hoque ME, Bisht R, Unnikrishnan A, Dey S, Mahamudul Hassan MM, Guria S, Rai RN, Sunoj RB, Chattopadhyay B. Iridium‐Catalyzed Ligand‐Controlled Remote
para
‐Selective C−H Activation and Borylation of Twisted Aromatic Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203539. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Emdadul Hoque
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Ranjana Bisht
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Anju Unnikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sayan Dey
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Saikat Guria
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Rama Nand Rai
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
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16
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Mondal P, Pal R, Pal AK, Das S, Misra A, Datta A. Understanding the Regioselectivity of Ion-Pair-Assisted Meta-Selective C(sp 2)-H Activation in Conformationally Flexible Arylammonium Salts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9222-9231. [PMID: 35771188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lack of directionality and the long-range nature of Coulomb interactions have been a bottleneck to achieve chemically precise C-H activation using ion-pairs. Recent report by Phipps and co-workers of the ion-pair-directed regioselective Iridium-catalyzed borylation opens a new direction toward harnessing noncovalent interactions for C-H activation. In this article, the mechanism and specific role of ion-pairing are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Computational studies reveal that meta C-H activation is kinetically more favorable than the para analogue due to stronger electrostatic interactions between the ion-pairs in closer proximity [d(NMe3+···SO3-)TSP1m = 3.93 Å versus d(NMe3+···SO3-)TSP1p = 4.30 Å]. The electrostatic interactions overwhelm the Pauli repulsion and distortion interactions incurred in bringing the oppositely charged ions in close contact for the rate-limiting meta transition state (TSP1m). Multiple linear regression shows that the free energies of activation correlate well with descriptors like the charge densities on the meta carbon and Ir atom along with that on the cation and anion with R2 = 0.74. Tuned range-separated DFT calculations demonstrate accurately the localization of charge separation in the reactant complex and transition state for the meta selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rapti Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Dist-Darjeeling 734013, India
| | - Anirban Misra
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Dist-Darjeeling 734013, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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17
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Komuro T, Mochizuki D, Hashimoto H, Tobita H. Iridium and rhodium complexes bearing a silyl-bipyridine pincer ligand: synthesis, structures and catalytic activity for C-H borylation of arenes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9983-9987. [PMID: 35735002 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated 16-electron iridium and rhodium complexes bearing a silyl-bipyridine-based SiNN-pincer ligand (BpySiNN) were synthesised and characterised by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The iridium-BpySiNN complex facilitated the catalytic C(sp2)-H borylation of arenes to give arylboronate esters in high yields (≥93%) under mild conditions (∼40 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komuro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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18
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Hoque ME, Bisht R, Unnikrishnan A, Dey S, Mahamudul Hassan MM, Guria S, Rai RN, Sunoj RB, Chattopadhyay B. Iridium‐Catalyzed Ligand‐Controlled Remote
para
‐Selective C−H Activation and Borylation of Twisted Aromatic Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Emdadul Hoque
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Ranjana Bisht
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Anju Unnikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sayan Dey
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Saikat Guria
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
| | - Rama Nand Rai
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014, U.P. India
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19
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Zhong RL, Suzuki K, Yamashita M, Sakaki S. Theoretical Insight into Catalysis of the Aluminabenzene–Iridium Complex for C(sp 3)–H Borylation of NEt 3: How to Control α- and β-Regioselectivities? ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Katsunori Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Daigakudori 1-1-1, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Goryo-Ohara 1-30,
Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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20
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Lyons AJ, Clarke A, Fisk H, Jackson B, Moore PR, Oke S, Ronson TO, Meadows RE. Scaling up a C–H Borylation: Addressing the Safety Concerns of an Iridium-Catalyzed Process for Multikilo Scale Manufacture. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jane Lyons
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adam Clarke
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Heidi Fisk
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Bethany Jackson
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Peter R. Moore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Samantha Oke
- Process Safety Group, Drug Substance Manufacture, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Thomas O. Ronson
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rebecca E. Meadows
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
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21
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Chattopadhyay B, Hoque ME, Hassan MMM, Haldar C, Dey S, Guria S, Chaturvedi J. Catalyst Engineering through Heterobidentate (N–X-Type) Ligand Design for Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1816-3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIridium-catalyzed C–H activation and borylation reactions operate under mild conditions that enable easy and atom-economical installation of the versatile boronate ester group in (het)arenes and alkanes. The standard catalytic system for iridium-catalyzed borylation uses [Ir(cod)(OMe)]2 as a precatalyst, a bipyridine type ligand, and B2pin2 or HBpin as the borylating agent. Initially, a bipyridine-ligated trisboryl–iridium complex is generated that enables the borylation reaction and the regioselectivity is mainly governed by the sterics of substituents present on the ring. As a result, monosubstituted and 1,2-disubstituted arenes give mixtures of isomers. Significant efforts by several research groups have overcome the selectivity issue for directed proximal C–H borylation by introducing a directing group and newly developed ligands. This short review aims to summarize recent elegant discoveries in directed C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H borylation by using heterobidentate ligand (P/N–Si, N–B, and N–C) coordinated iridium catalysts.1 Introduction2 Iridium-Catalyzed Directed C–H Borylation of C(sp2)–H Bonds3 Iridium-Catalyzed Directed C–H Borylation of C(sp3)–H Bonds4 Conclusions
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22
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Marciniec B, Pietraszuk C, Pawluć P, Maciejewski H. Inorganometallics (Transition Metal-Metalloid Complexes) and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3996-4090. [PMID: 34967210 PMCID: PMC8832401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While the formation and breaking of transition metal (TM)-carbon bonds plays a pivotal role in the catalysis of organic compounds, the reactivity of inorganometallic species, that is, those involving the transition metal (TM)-metalloid (E) bond, is of key importance in most conversions of metalloid derivatives catalyzed by TM complexes. This Review presents the background of inorganometallic catalysis and its development over the last 15 years. The results of mechanistic studies presented in the Review are related to the occurrence of TM-E and TM-H compounds as reactive intermediates in the catalytic transformations of selected metalloids (E = B, Si, Ge, Sn, As, Sb, or Te). The Review illustrates the significance of inorganometallics in catalysis of the following processes: addition of metalloid-hydrogen and metalloid-metalloid bonds to unsaturated compounds; activation and functionalization of C-H bonds and C-X bonds with hydrometalloids and bismetalloids; activation and functionalization of C-H bonds with vinylmetalloids, metalloid halides, and sulfonates; and dehydrocoupling of hydrometalloids. This first Review on inorganometallic catalysis sums up the developments in the catalytic methods for the synthesis of organometalloid compounds and their applications in advanced organic synthesis as a part of tandem reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Marciniec
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center
for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Poznań,
Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Cezary Pietraszuk
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawluć
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center
for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Poznań,
Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Maciejewski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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23
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Huang KH, Ghosh J, Xu S, Cooks RG. Late-Stage Functionalization and Characterization of Drugs by High-Throughput Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100449. [PMID: 34985208 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) of drug molecules is an approach to generate modified molecules that retain functional groups present in the active drugs. Here, we report a study that seeks to characterize the potential value of high-throughput desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HT DESI-MS) for small-scale rapid LSF. In conventional route screening, HT-based DESI-MS provides contactless, rapid analysis, reliable and reproducible data, minimal sample requirement, and exceptional tolerance to high salt concentrations. Ezetimibe (E), an established hypertension drug, is targeted for modification by LSF. C-H alkenylation and azo-click reactions are utilized to explore this approach to synthesis and analytical characterization. The effect of choice of reactant, stoichiometry, catalyst, and solvent are studied for both reactions using high throughput DESI-MS experiments. Optimum conditions for the formation of LSF products are established with identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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24
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Jayasundara CRK, Gil-Negrete JM, Montero Bastidas JR, Chhabra A, Martínez MM, Pérez Sestelo J, Smith MR, Maleczka RE. Merging Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylations with Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Using Triorganoindium Reagents. J Org Chem 2021; 87:751-759. [PMID: 34889604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and efficient method to prepare borylated arenes furnished with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl functional groups is developed by merging Ir-catalyzed C-H borylations (CHB) with a chemoselective palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of triorganoindium reagents (Sarandeses-Sestelo coupling) with aryl halides bearing a boronic ester substituent. Using triorganoindium cross-coupling reactions to introduce unsaturated moieties enables the synthesis of borylated arenes that would be difficult to access through the direct application of the CHB methodology. The sequential double catalyzed procedure can be also performed in one vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M Gil-Negrete
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jose R Montero Bastidas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Arzoo Chhabra
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - M Montserrat Martínez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Milton R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Robert E Maleczka
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
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25
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Abstract
We report the first total synthesis of (-)-kopsifoline A and (+)-kopsifoline E. Our synthetic strategy features a biogenetically inspired regioselective C17-functionalization of a versatile intermediate containing the pentacyclic core of aspidosperma alkaloids. The vinylogous urethane substructure of this intermediate affords (-)-kopsifoline D via C3-C21 bond formation under the Mitsunobu reaction conditions, while it enables selective C17-functionalization en route to (-)-kopsifoline A and (+)-kopsifoline E.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soo Myeong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nadide Hazal Avci
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Lee B, Pabst TP, Chirik PJ. Effect of Pincer Methylation on the Selectivity and Activity in (PNP)Cobalt-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-H Borylation. Organometallics 2021; 40:3766-3774. [PMID: 34898806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt complexes supported by a tetramethylated PNP pincer ligand (Me4 iPrPNP = 2,6-(iPr2PCMe2)2(C5H3N)) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Examples include cobalt(I)-choride, -methyl, -aryl and -benzofuranyl derivatives. The performance of these compounds was evaluated in the catalytic borylation of fluorinated arenes using B2Pin2 as the boron source. While P-C bond cleavage, a known deactivation pathway in [(PNP)Co]-catalyzed borylation was suppressed, the overall activity and selectivity of the borylation of fluoroarenes was reduced as compared to the previously reported [(PNP)Co] catalyst lacking isopropylene spacers. Stoichiometric reactions support an increased barrier for oxidative addition to cobalt(I), a result of the increased steric profile and decreased conformational flexibility of the pincer resulting from methylation distal to the active site. With a more activated substrate such as benzofuran, catalytic borylation with cobalt(I) precatalysts and HBPin was observed. Monitoring the progress of the reaction by NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of cobalt(III) intermediates during the course of the borylation, supporting a cobalt(I)-(III) redox cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Tyler P Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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27
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Masuda R, Kuwano S, Goto K. Late-Stage Functionalization of the Periphery of Oligophenylene Dendrimers with Various Arene Units via Fourfold C-H Borylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14433-14443. [PMID: 34469170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization of the periphery of oligophenylene dendrimers was efficiently achieved via site-selective C-H activation of a preconstructed, readily accessible dendron. By fourfold iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, various arene units were introduced into the end points of the 1,3,5-phenylene-based hydrocarbon dendron. Coupling of the modified dendrons with a core unit, such as 2,6-dibromobenzoic acid derivatives, afforded the periphery-functionalized dendrimers that also have an endohedral functionality at the core position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuwano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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28
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Jana R, Begam HM, Dinda E. The emergence of the C-H functionalization strategy in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10842-10866. [PMID: 34596175 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the market competitiveness and urgent societal need, an optimum speed of drug discovery is an important criterion for successful implementation. Despite the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence and computational and bioanalytical techniques to accelerate drug discovery in big pharma, organic synthesis of privileged scaffolds predicted in silico for in vitro and in vivo studies is still considered as the rate-limiting step. C-H activation is the latest technology added into an organic chemist's toolbox for the rapid construction and late-stage modification of functional molecules to achieve the desired chemical and physical properties. Particularly, elimination of prefunctionalization steps, exceptional functional group tolerance, complexity-to-diversity oriented synthesis, and late-stage functionalization of privileged medicinal scaffolds expand the chemical space. It has immense potential for the rapid synthesis of a library of molecules, structural modification to achieve the required pharmacological properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology (ADMET) and attachment of chemical reporters for proteome profiling, metabolite synthesis, etc. for preclinical studies. Although heterocycle synthesis, late-stage drug modification, 18F labelling, methylation, etc. via C-H functionalization have been reviewed from the synthetic standpoint, a general overview of these protocols from medicinal and drug discovery aspects has not been reviewed. In this feature article, we will discuss the recent trends of C-H activation methodologies such as synthesis of medicinal scaffolds through C-H activation/annulation cascade; C-H arylation for sp2-sp2 and sp2-sp3 cross-coupling; C-H borylation/silylation to introduce a functional linchpin for further manipulation; C-H amination for N-heterocycles and hydrogen bond acceptors; C-H fluorination/fluoroalkylation to tune polarity and lipophilicity; C-H methylation: methyl magic in drug discovery; peptide modification and macrocyclization for therapeutics and biologics; fluorescent labelling and radiolabelling for bioimaging; bioconjugation for chemical biology studies; drug-metabolite synthesis for biodistribution and excretion studies; late-stage diversification of drug-molecules to increase efficacy and safety; cutting-edge DNA encoded library synthesis and improved synthesis of drug molecules via C-H activation in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Hasina Mamataj Begam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Enakshi Dinda
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700107, India
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29
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Yang S, Jiang WT, Xiao B. Tertiary cyclopropyl carbagermatranes: synthesis and cross-coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8143-8146. [PMID: 34318815 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the cyclopropyl quaternary carbon center can afford a series of 1,1-olefin bioisosteres. Here, we report tertiary cyclopropyl carbagermatranes, which can be easily obtained by the zinc-mediated decarboxylation of NHP esters. In addition, they exhibit efficient reactivity in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction and orthogonal reactivity with boron reagents, therefore acting as robust nucleophiles for the synthesis of tertiary cyclopropane and efficient intermediates for the formation of quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
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30
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Rogge T, Kaplaneris N, Chatani N, Kim J, Chang S, Punji B, Schafer LL, Musaev DG, Wencel-Delord J, Roberts CA, Sarpong R, Wilson ZE, Brimble MA, Johansson MJ, Ackermann L. C–H activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Song P, Hu L, Yu T, Jiao J, He Y, Xu L, Li P. Development of a Tunable Chiral Pyridine Ligand Unit for Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed C–H Borylation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Song
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Linlin Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yangqing He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Mahjour B, Shen Y, Cernak T. Ultrahigh-Throughput Experimentation for Information-Rich Chemical Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2337-2346. [PMID: 33891404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of data science is revolutionizing organic chemistry. It is becoming increasingly possible to predict reaction outcomes with accuracy, computationally plan new retrosynthetic routes to complex molecules, and design molecules with sophisticated functions. Critical to these developments has been statistical analysis of reaction data, for instance with machine learning, yet there is very little reaction data available upon which to build models. Reaction data can be mined from the literature, but experimental data tends to be reported in a text format that is difficult for computers to read. Compounding the issue, literature data are heavily biased toward "productive" reactions, and few "negative" reaction data points are reported even though they are critical for training of statistical models. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) has evolved over the past few decades as a tool for experimental reaction development. The beauty of HTE is that reactions are run in a systematic format, so data points are internally consistent, the reaction data are reported whether the desired product is observed or not, and automation may reduce the occurrence of false positive or negative data points. Additionally, experimental workflows for HTE lead to datasets with reaction metadata that are captured in a machine-readable format. We believe that HTE will play an increasingly important role in the data revolution of chemical synthesis. This Account details the miniaturization of synthetic chemistry culminating in ultrahigh-throughput experimentation (ultraHTE), wherein reactions are run in ∼1 μL droplets inside of 1536-well microtiter plates to minimize the use of starting materials while maximizing the output of experimental information. The performance of ultraHTE in 1536-well microtiter plates has led to an explosion of available reaction data, which have been used to identify specific substrate-catalyst pairs for maximal efficiency in novel cross-coupling reactions. The first iteration of ultraHTE focused on the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a high-boiling solvent that is compatible with the plastics most commonly used in consumable well plates, which generated homogeneous reaction mixtures that are perfect for use with nanoliter-dosing liquid handling robotics. In this way, DMSO enabled diverse reagents to be arrayed in ∼1 μL droplets. Reactions were run at room temperature with no agitation and could be scaled up from the ∼0.05 mg reaction scale to the 1 g scale. Engineering enhancements enabled the use of ultraHTE with diverse and semivolatile solvents, photoredox catalysis, heating, and acoustic agitation. A main driver in the development of ultraHTE was the recognition of the opportunity for a direct merger between miniaturized reactions and biochemical assays. Indeed, a strategy was developed to feed ultraHTE reaction mixtures directly to a mass-spectrometry-based affinity selection bioassay. Thus, micrograms of starting materials could be used in the synthesis and direct biochemical testing of drug-like molecules. Reactions were performed at a reactant concentration of ∼0.1 M in an inert atmosphere, enabling even challenging transition-metal-catalyzed reactions to be used. Software to enable the workflow was developed. We recently initiated the mapping of reaction space, dreaming of a future where transformations, reaction conditions, structure, properties and function are studied in a systems chemistry approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Mahjour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuning Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Doherty S, Knight JG, Tran TST, Alharbi HY, Perry DO. The Synthesis of Biarylmonophosphonates via Palladium-Catalyzed Phosphonation, Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylation, Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of diethyl phenylphosphonate results in nonselective mono and bisborylation to afford a near statistical mixture of 3-, 3,5- and 4-boryl substituted aryl phosphonates whereas 3-substituted aryl phosphonates undergo highly regioselective C-H borylation to afford the corresponding meta-phosphonate substituted arylboronic esters as the sole product; the resulting boronic esters were used as nucleophilic reagents in a subsequent palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling to generate a range of biarylmonophosphonates. Gratifyingly, the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling can be conducted without purifying the boronic ester which greatly simplifies the synthetic procedure.
Graphical Abstract
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Zhang M, Wu H, Yang J, Huang G. A Computational Mechanistic Analysis of Iridium-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Borylation Reveals a One-Stone–Two-Birds Strategy to Enhance Catalytic Activity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Hung MU, Press LP, Bhuvanesh N, Ozerov OV. Examination of a Series of Ir and Rh PXL Pincer Complexes as (Pre)catalysts for Aromatic C–H Borylation. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Uei Hung
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Loren P. Press
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Oleg V. Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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36
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Nilova A, Sibbald PA, Valente EJ, González‐Montiel GA, Richardson HC, Brown KS, Cheong PH, Stuart DR. Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrasubstituted Arenes by Vicinal Functionalization of Arynes Derived from Aryl(Mes)iodonium Salts**. Chemistry 2021; 27:7168-7175. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nilova
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Paul A. Sibbald
- Department of Chemistry Stetson University DeLand Florida 32723 USA
| | - Edward J. Valente
- Department of Chemistry University of Portland Portland Oregon 97203 USA
| | | | | | - Kevin S. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | | | - David R. Stuart
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
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Rej S, Chatani N. Transient Imine as a Directing Group for the Metal-Free o-C-H Borylation of Benzaldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2920-2929. [PMID: 33586953 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Organoboron reagents are important synthetic intermediates and have wide applications in synthetic organic chemistry. The selective borylation strategies that are currently in use largely rely on the use of transition-metal catalysts. Hence, identifying much milder conditions for transition-metal-free borylation would be highly desirable. We herein present a unified strategy for the selective C-H borylation of electron-deficient benzaldehyde derivatives using a simple metal-free approach, utilizing an imine transient directing group. The strategy covers a wide spectrum of reactions and (i) even highly sterically hindered C-H bonds can be borylated smoothly, (ii) despite the presence of other potential directing groups, the reaction selectively occurs at the o-C-H bond of the benzaldehyde moiety, and (iii) natural products appended to benzaldehyde derivatives can also give the appropriate borylated products. Moreover, the efficacy of the protocol was confirmed by the fact that the reaction proceeds even in the presence of a series of external impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Rej
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Dalton T, Faber T, Glorius F. C-H Activation: Toward Sustainability and Applications. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:245-261. [PMID: 33655064 PMCID: PMC7908034 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the definition of the "12 Principles of Green Chemistry" more than 20 years ago, chemists have become increasingly mindful of the need to conserve natural resources and protect the environment through the judicious choice of synthetic routes and materials. The direct activation and functionalization of C-H bonds, bypassing intermediate functional group installation is, in abstracto, step and atom economic, but numerous factors still hinder the sustainability of large-scale applications. In this Outlook, we highlight the research areas seeking to overcome the sustainability challenges of C-H activation: the pursuit of abundant metal catalysts, the avoidance of static directing groups, the replacement of metal oxidants, and the introduction of bioderived solvents. We close by examining the progress made in the subfield of aryl C-H borylation from its origins, through highly efficient but precious Ir-based systems, to emerging 3d metal catalysts. The future growth of this field will depend on industrial uptake, and thus we urge researchers to strive toward sustainable C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 4048149 Münster, Germany
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 4048149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 4048149 Münster, Germany
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Wright JS, Scott PJH, Steel PG. Iridium-Catalysed C-H Borylation of Heteroarenes: Balancing Steric and Electronic Regiocontrol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2796-2821. [PMID: 32202024 PMCID: PMC7894576 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The iridium-catalysed borylation of aromatic C-H bonds has become the preferred method for the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. The reaction is highly efficient, tolerant of a broad range of substituents and can be applied to both carbocyclic and heterocyclic substrates. The regioselectivity of C-H activation is dominated by steric considerations and there have been considerable efforts to develop more selective processes for less constrained substrates. However, most of these have focused on benzenoid-type substrates and in contrast, heteroarenes remain much desired but more challenging substrates with the position and/or nature of the heteroatom(s) significantly affecting reactivity and regioselectivity. This review will survey the borylation of heteroarenes, focusing on the influence of steric and electronic effects on regiochemical outcome and, by linking to current mechanistic understandings, will provide insights to what is currently possible and where further developments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Wright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DurhamScience Laboratories, South Road DurhamDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DurhamScience Laboratories, South Road DurhamDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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40
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Slack ED, Colacot TJ. Understanding the Activation of Air-Stable Ir(COD)(Phen)Cl Precatalyst for C–H Borylation of Aromatics and Heteroaromatics. Org Lett 2021; 23:1561-1565. [PMID: 33546555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Slack
- Johnson Matthey, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Johnson Matthey, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
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41
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Congrave DG, Drummond BH, Gray V, Bond AD, Rao A, Friend RH, Bronstein H. Suppressing aggregation induced quenching in anthracene based conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an anthracene based conjugated polymer with a solid state PLQY that is effectively unchanged compared to solution measurements, alongside an identical PL 0–0 transition wavelength in solution and thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Gray
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | | | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
- Cavendish Laboratory
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42
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Maeda K, Uemura Y, Chun WJ, Satter SS, Nakajima K, Manaka Y, Motokura K. Controllable Factors of Supported Ir Complex Catalysis for Aromatic C–H Borylation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyogo Maeda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yohei Uemura
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, PSI, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Wang-Jae Chun
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Shazia Sharmin Satter
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakajima
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuichi Manaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0298, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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43
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Liu W, Hong B, Wang J, Lei X. New Strategies in the Efficient Total Syntheses of Polycyclic Natural Products. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2569-2586. [PMID: 33136373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic natural products are an inexhaustible source of medicinal agents, and their complex molecular architecture renders challenging synthetic targets where innovative and effective approaches for their rapid construction are urgently required. The total synthesis of polycyclic natural products has witnessed exponential progression along with the emergence of new synthetic strategies and concepts, such as sequential C-H functionalizations, radical-based transformations, and functional group pairing strategies. Our group exerts continued interest in the construction of bioactive and structurally complex natural products as well as evaluation of the mode of action of these molecules. In this Account, we will showcase how these new synthetic strategies are employed and guide our total synthesis endeavors.During the last two decades, a series of remarkable advances in C-H functionalization have led to the emergence of many new approaches to directly functionalize C-H bonds into useful functional groups. These selective transformations have provided a great opportunity for the step- and atom-economical construction of key fragments in complex molecule synthesis. We recently furnished the total syntheses for polycyclic natural products: incarviatone A, chrysomycin A, polycarcin V, and gilvocarcin V by employing a multiple C-H bond functionalization strategy. The polysubstituted benzene or naphthalene skeleton was constructed through sequential and site-selective C-H functionalizations from readily available simple starting materials, which reduced the number of steps and streamlined synthesis.Recently, we have also completed the total syntheses for a number of skeletally diverse tetracyclic Isodon diterpenoids inspired by their biogenesis and radical-based retrosynthetic disconnections. Radical transformations are strategically and tactically utilized in our syntheses, and radical-based reactions, including organo-SOMO catalysis, Birch reduction, regioselective 1,6-dienyne reductive cyclization, visible-light-mediated Schenck ene reaction, and photoradical-mediated late-stage skeletal rearrangement, play significant roles in our synthetic endeavors. Protecting-group-free and scalable syntheses are also built into our work to achieve the "ideal" synthesis. Furthermore, our synthetic work reveals that late-stage skeletal rearrangement through a photo radical process is possible in a biological setting in complement with nature's carbocation chemistry in complex natural product biosynthesis.Lycopodium alkaloids are a large family of structurally unique polycyclic natural products with impressive biological activities. Owing to their fascinating polycyclic architectures and diverse biological activities, these alkaloids have continued to serve as targets as well as inspirations for the synthetic community for decades. To access these bioactive natural products or natural product-like molecules for biological exploration and drug discovery, we applied a novel functional group pairing strategy to furnish the total syntheses for several Lycopodium alkaloids and obtained numerous skeletally diverse compounds with structural complexity comparable to natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Benke Hong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Wright JS, Scott PJH, Steel PG. Iridium‐katalysierte C‐H‐Borylierung von Heteroarenen: Eine Balance zwischen sterischer and elektronischer Regiokontrolle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Wright
- Department of Chemistry University of Durham Science Laboratories, South Road Durham Durham DH1 3LE Großbritannien
- Department of Radiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of Chemistry University of Durham Science Laboratories, South Road Durham Durham DH1 3LE Großbritannien
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45
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Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Digitising chemical synthesis in automated and robotic flow. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11973-11988. [PMID: 34094419 PMCID: PMC8163218 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemical synthesis is already known to have many attributes that give it superiority over batch processes in several respects. To expand these advantages with those from automation will only drive such enabling technologies further into the faster producing, more efficient 21st century chemical world. In this report we present several examples of algorithmic chemical search, along with flow platforms that link hardware and digital chemical operations on software. This enables organic syntheses to be automatically carried out and optimised with as little human intervention as possible. By applying such enabling technologies to the production of small organic molecules and pharmaceutical compounds in end-to-end multistep processes, a range of reaction types can be accessed and, thus, the flexibility of these single, compact flow designs may be revealed. Automated systems can allow several reactions to take place on the same setup, enabling direct comparison of reactions under different conditions. Moreover, the production of new and known target compounds can be made faster and more efficient, the recipes of which can then be stored as digital files. Some of the automating software has employed machine-powered learning to assist the chemist in developing intelligent algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) driven synthetic route planning. This ultimately produces a continuous flow platform that can design its own viable pathway to a particular molecule and then carry it out on its own, allowing the chemists, at the same time, to apply their expertise to other pressing challenges in their fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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Esteruelas MA, Martínez A, Oliván M, Oñate E. Direct C-H Borylation of Arenes Catalyzed by Saturated Hydride-Boryl-Iridium-POP Complexes: Kinetic Analysis of the Elemental Steps. Chemistry 2020; 26:12632-12644. [PMID: 32428335 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The saturated trihydride IrH3 {κ3 -P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2 )2 ]} (1; xant(PiPr2 )2 =9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)xanthene) activates the B-H bond of two molecules of pinacolborane (HBpin) to give H2 , the hydride-boryl derivatives IrH2 (Bpin){κ3 -P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2 )2 ]} (2) and IrH(Bpin)2 {κ3 -P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2 )2 ]} (3) in a sequential manner. Complex 3 activates a C-H bond of two molecules of benzene to form PhBpin and regenerates 2 and 1, also in a sequential manner. Thus, complexes 1, 2, and 3 define two cycles for the catalytic direct C-H borylation of arenes with HBpin, which have dihydride 2 as a common intermediate. C-H bond activation of the arenes is the rate-determining step of both cycles, as the C-H oxidative addition to 3 is faster than to 2. The results from a kinetic study of the reactions of 1 and 2 with HBpin support a cooperative function of the hydride ligands in the B-H bond activation. The addition of the boron atom of the borane to a hydride facilitates the coordination of the B-H bond through the formation of κ1 - and κ2 -dihydrideborate intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Oliván
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Moore MJ, Qu S, Tan C, Cai Y, Mogi Y, Keith DJ, Boger DL. Next-Generation Total Synthesis of Vancomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16039-16050. [PMID: 32885969 PMCID: PMC7501256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A next-generation total synthesis of vancomycin aglycon is detailed that was achieved in 17 steps (longest linear sequence, LLS) from the constituent amino acid subunits with kinetically controlled diastereoselective introduction of all three elements of atropisomerism. In addition to new syntheses of three of the seven amino acid subunits, highlights of the approach include a ligand-controlled atroposelective one-pot Miyaura borylation-Suzuki coupling sequence for introduction of the AB biaryl axis of chirality (>20:1 dr), an essentially instantaneous and scalable macrolactamization of the AB ring system nearly free of competitive epimerization (>30:1 dr), and two room-temperature atroposelective intramolecular SNAr cyclizations for sequential CD (8:1 dr) and DE ring closures (14:1 dr) that benefit from both preorganization by the preformed AB ring system and subtle substituent effects. Combined with a protecting group free two-step enzymatic glycosylation of vancomycin aglycon, this provides a 19-step total synthesis of vancomycin. The approach paves the way for large-scale synthetic preparation of pocket-modified vancomycin analogues that directly address the underlying mechanism of resistance to vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shiwei Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ceheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuzo Mogi
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - D. Jamin Keith
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Rauch F, Krebs J, Günther J, Friedrich A, Hähnel M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Finze M, Marder TB. Electronically Driven Regioselective Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylation of Donor-π-Acceptor Chromophores Containing Triarylboron Acceptors. Chemistry 2020; 26:10626-10633. [PMID: 32510684 PMCID: PMC7497074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We observed a surprisingly high electronically driven regioselectivity for the iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) systems with diphenylamino (1) or carbazolyl (2) moieties as the donor, bis(2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boryl (B(F Xyl)2 ) as the acceptor, and 1,4-phenylene as the π-bridge. Under our conditions, borylation was observed only at the sterically least encumbered para-positions of the acceptor group. As boronate esters are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis (C-C coupling, functional group transformations) the C-H borylation represents a simple potential method for post-functionalization by which electronic or other properties of D-π-A systems can be fine-tuned for specific applications. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the borylated (1-(Bpin)2 ) and unborylated (1) diphenylamino-substituted D-π-A systems were investigated. Interestingly, the borylated derivative exhibits coordination of THF to the boronate ester moieties, influencing the photophysical properties and exemplifying the non-innocence of boronate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rauch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Johannes Krebs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Julian Günther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Martin Hähnel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute, for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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as-Indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6-ghijklm]terrylene as a near-infrared absorbing C 70-fragment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3873. [PMID: 32747710 PMCID: PMC7400669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon and hydrogen are fundamental components of organic molecules and a fascinating plethora of functions can be generated using these two elements. Yet, realizing attractive electronic structures only by using carbon and hydrogen remains challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis and properties of the C70 fragment as-indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6-ghijklm]terrylene, which exhibits near-infrared (NIR) absorption (up to ca. 1300 nm), even though this molecule consists of only 34 carbon and 14 hydrogen atoms. A remarkably small highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap is confirmed by electrochemical measurement and theoretical calculations. Furthermore, as-indacenoterrylene is stable despite the absence of peripheral substituents, which contrasts with the cases of other NIR-absorbing hydrocarbons such as diradicaloids and antiaromatic molecules. The results of this study thus offer fundamental insights into the design of hydrocarbons with a small band gap.
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50
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Foley BJ, Bhuvanesh N, Zhou J, Ozerov OV. Combined Experimental and Computational Studies of the Mechanism of Dehydrogenative Borylation of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by PNP Complexes of Iridium. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Oleg V. Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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