1
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Yuan Y, Han Y, Zhang ZK, Sun S, Wu K, Yang J, Zhang J. Enantioselective Arylation of Sulfenamides to Access Sulfilimines Enabled by Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409541. [PMID: 38935325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing functional groups have garnered considerable attention due to their common occurrence in ligands, pharmaceuticals, and insecticides. Nevertheless, enantioselective synthesis of sulfilimines, particularly diaryl sulfilimines remains a challenging and persistent goal. Herein we report a highly enantio- and chemoselective cross-coupling of sulfenamides with aryl diazonium salt to construct diverse S(IV) stereocenters by Pd catalysis. Bisphosphine ligands bearing sulfinamide groups play a crucial role in achieving high reactivity and selectivity. This approach provides a general, modular and divergent framework for quickly synthesizing chiral sulfilimines and sulfoximines that are otherwise challenging to access. In addition, the origins of the high chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity were extensively investigated using density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yidan Han
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shijin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
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2
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Shi Y, Yuan Y, Li J, Yang J, Zhang J. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Sulfinamides via Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Aryl Boroxines to Sulfinylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17580-17586. [PMID: 38900598 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The application of sulfinamides has been witnessed in medicinal and agrochemistry with employment in asymmetric transformations. However, methods for their asymmetric catalytic synthesis have rarely been explored. Herein, the catalytic enantioselective addition of aryl boroxines to sulfinylamines via Cu catalyst and the newly developed Xuphos ligand were reported. A series of chiral aryl sulfinamides can be readily accessed in one step. This protocol enables the stereospecific transformation of sulfinamides to sulfonimidoyl fluorides, sulfonimidamides, and sulfonimidate esters. DFT calculations have revealed the reaction pathway, and the migratory insertion is the enantio-determining step. The noncovalent interaction between the oxygen atom of sulfinylamines and the C-H bonds in the ligand is crucial for enantioselectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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3
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Adhikari K, Vanermen M, Da Silva G, Van den Wyngaert T, Augustyns K, Elvas F. Trans-cyclooctene-a Swiss army knife for bioorthogonal chemistry: exploring the synthesis, reactivity, and applications in biomedical breakthroughs. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 38844698 PMCID: PMC11156836 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs) are highly strained alkenes with remarkable reactivity towards tetrazines (Tzs) in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions. Since their discovery as bioorthogonal reaction partners, novel TCO derivatives have been developed to improve their reactivity, stability, and hydrophilicity, thus expanding their utility in diverse applications. MAIN BODY TCOs have garnered significant interest for their applications in biomedical settings. In chemical biology, TCOs serve as tools for bioconjugation, enabling the precise labeling and manipulation of biomolecules. Moreover, their role in nuclear medicine is substantial, with TCOs employed in the radiolabeling of peptides and other biomolecules. This has led to their utilization in pretargeted nuclear imaging and therapy, where they function as both bioorthogonal tags and radiotracers, facilitating targeted disease diagnosis and treatment. Beyond these applications, TCOs have been used in targeted cancer therapy through a "click-to-release" approach, in which they act as key components to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. However, the search for a suitable TCO scaffold with an appropriate balance between stability and reactivity remains a challenge. CONCLUSIONS This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the synthesis of TCOs, and its challenges, and their development throughout the years. We describe their wide ranging applications as radiolabeled prosthetic groups for radiolabeling, as bioorthogonal tags for pretargeted imaging and therapy, and targeted drug delivery, with the aim of showcasing the versatility and potential of TCOs as valuable tools in advancing biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Adhikari
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vanermen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gustavo Da Silva
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
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4
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Wakefield H, Melvin SJ, Jiang J, Kevlishvili I, Siegler MA, Craig SL, Kulik HJ, Klausen RS. Angle-strained sila-cycloalkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4842-4845. [PMID: 38619444 PMCID: PMC11102589 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Second row elements in small- and medium-rings modulate strain. Herein we report the synthesis of two novel oligosilyl-containing cycloalkynes that exhibit angle-strain, as observed by X-ray crystallography. However, the angle-strained sila-cyclooctynes are sluggish participants in cycloadditions with benzyl azide. A distortion-interaction model analysis based on density functional theory calculations was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Wakefield
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Sophia J Melvin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Jennifer Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Box 90354, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 18-393, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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5
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Gregor C, Grimm F, Rehman J, Wurm CA, Egner A. Click Chemistry with Cell-Permeable Fluorophores Expands the Choice of Bioorthogonal Markers for Two-Color Live-Cell STED Nanoscopy. Cells 2024; 13:683. [PMID: 38667298 PMCID: PMC11049381 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
STED nanoscopy allows for the direct observation of dynamic processes in living cells and tissues with diffraction-unlimited resolution. Although fluorescent proteins can be used for STED imaging, these labels are often outperformed in photostability by organic fluorescent dyes. This feature is especially crucial for time-lapse imaging. Unlike fluorescent proteins, organic fluorophores cannot be genetically fused to a target protein but require different labeling strategies. To achieve simultaneous imaging of more than one protein in the interior of the cell with organic fluorophores, bioorthogonal labeling techniques and cell-permeable dyes are needed. In addition, the fluorophores should preferentially emit in the red spectral range to reduce the potential phototoxic effects that can be induced by the STED light, which further restricts the choice of suitable markers. In this work, we selected five different cell-permeable organic dyes that fulfill all of the above requirements and applied them for SPIEDAC click labeling inside living cells. By combining click-chemistry-based protein labeling with other orthogonal and highly specific labeling methods, we demonstrate two-color STED imaging of different target structures in living specimens using different dye pairs. The excellent photostability of the dyes enables STED imaging for up to 60 frames, allowing the observation of dynamic processes in living cells over extended time periods at super-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Gregor
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen e.V., 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Grimm
- Abberior GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (F.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Jasmin Rehman
- Abberior GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (F.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Christian A. Wurm
- Abberior GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (F.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Alexander Egner
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen e.V., 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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6
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López-Mendoza P, Porras-Santos LF, Pérez-Bautista JA, Quintero L, Bautista-Nava J, León-Rayo DF, Cordero-Vargas A, Sartillo-Piscil F. En Route to Furan-Fused Naphthopyrones: Formal Synthesis of the (+)-Lasionectrin and Its C12-Epimer. J Org Chem 2023; 88:17409-17419. [PMID: 38049195 PMCID: PMC10729057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast presence of the furan-fused naphthopyrone (FFN) skeleton in many bioactive natural products, such as lasionectrin, at present, a general approach to FFNs has not been developed yet. For that reason, a simple and straightforward synthetic approach consisting of a sequential procedure of a Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3-dimethoxy-benzocyclobutenol I and furan-fused-α,β-unsaturated-δ-lactones II (via an ο-quinodimethane intermediate III) followed by an oxidative aromatization of the corresponding Diels-Alder adduct IV is reported. Subsequently, the formal synthesis of the (+)-lasionectrin and its C12-epimer was achieved, the latter in only six steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro López-Mendoza
- Centro
de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
(BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - Luis F. Porras-Santos
- Centro
de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
(BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - José Alvano Pérez-Bautista
- Centro
de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
(BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - Leticia Quintero
- Centro
de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
(BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - Jocelyn Bautista-Nava
- Centro
de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
(BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - David F. León-Rayo
- Instituto
de Química, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, México
| | - Alejandro Cordero-Vargas
- Instituto
de Química, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, México
| | - Fernando Sartillo-Piscil
- Centro
de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
(BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, México
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7
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Yang JS, Lu K, Li CX, Zhao ZH, Zhang FM, Zhang XM, Tu YQ. NiH-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroalkylation for the Synthesis of β- or γ-Branched Chiral Aromatic N-Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22122-22134. [PMID: 37749771 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A nickel hydride-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective hydroalkylation reaction was developed to give access to a library of chiral β- or γ-branched aromatic N-heterocycles. This intriguing asymmetric transformation features excellent selectivities, step- and atom-economies, and generating two kinds of chiral products through one synthetic strategy. Furthermore, the possible reaction mechanism was extensively investigated using numerous control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ka Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zu-Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Minhang, China
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8
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Yang D, Zhang S, Zeng G, Chen ZX. Metal-free catalytic hydroboration of imine with pinacolborane using a pincer-type phosphorus compound: mechanistic insight and improvement of the reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37378853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01709e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic study of the catalytic hydroboration of imine using a pincer-type phosphorus compound 1NP was performed through the combination of DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations. The reaction proceeds through a phosphorus-ligand cooperative catalytic cycle, where the phosphorus center and triamide ligand work in a synergistic manner. First, the pinB-H bond activation by 1NP occurs through the cooperative functions of the phosphorus center and the triamide ligand, leading to a phosphorus-hydride intermediate 2NP. This is the rate-determining step, with the Gibbs energy barrier and Gibbs reaction energy of 25.3 and -17.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. Subsequently, the hydroboration of phenylmethanimine takes place through a concerted transition state through the cooperative function of the phosphorus center and the triamide ligand. It leads to the final hydroborated product 4 with the regeneration of 1NP. Our computational results reveal that the experimentally isolated intermediate 3NP is a resting state of the reaction. It is formed through the B-N bond activation of 4 by 1NP, rather than via the insertion of the CN double bond of phenylmethanimine into the P-H bond of 2NP. However, this side reaction can be suppressed by utilizing a planar phosphorus compound AcrDipp-1NP as the catalyst, which features steric-demanding substituents on the chelated N atom of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuoqi Zhang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guixiang Zeng
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Xu Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Wang JW, Li Z, Liu D, Zhang JY, Lu X, Fu Y. Nickel-Catalyzed Remote Asymmetric Hydroalkylation of Alkenyl Ethers to Access Ethers of Chiral Dialkyl Carbinols. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10411-10421. [PMID: 37127544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Site- and enantio-selective alkyl-alkyl bond formation is privileged in the retrosynthetic analysis due to the universality of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in organic molecules. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed remote asymmetric hydroalkylation of alkenyl ethers via synchronous implementation of alkene isomerization and enantioselective C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation. Regression analysis of catalyst structure-activity relationships accelerates the rational ligand modification through modular regulation. This reaction has several advantages for synthesizing chiral dialkyl carbinols and their ether derivatives, including the broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, excellent regioselectivity (>20:1 regioisomeric ratio), and high enantioselectivity (up to 95% enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wang Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Deguang Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Yang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
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10
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Jaleel H, Mansha A, Usman M, Shah Y, Asim S, Yusaf A, Rehman U. DFT analysis on the reaction mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction between 2,4-hexane-1-ol and maleic anhydride. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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11
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Fehr JM, Myrthil N, Garrison AL, Price TW, Lopez SA, Jasti R. Experimental and theoretical elucidation of SPAAC kinetics for strained alkyne-containing cycloparaphenylenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2839-2848. [PMID: 36937573 PMCID: PMC10016359 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06816h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning strained alkyne reactivity via organic synthesis has evolved into a burgeoning field of study largely focused on cyclooctyne, wherein physical organic chemistry helps guide rational molecular design to produce molecules with intriguing properties. Concurrent research in the field of carbon nanomaterials has produced new types of strained alkyne macrocycles, such as cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes, that possess uniquely curved aromatic π systems but hover on the edge of stability. In 2018, we introduced a strained alkyne scaffold that marries the synthetic accessibility and stability of cyclooctyne with the curved π system of carbon nanomaterials. These molecules are strained alkyne-containing cycloparaphenylenes (or [n+1]CPPs), which have been shown to possess size-dependent reactivity as well as the classic characteristics of the unfunctionalized parent CPP, such as a tunable HOMO-LUMO gap and bright fluorescence for large sizes. Herein, we elaborate further on this scaffold, introducing two modifications to the original design and fully characterizing the kinetics of the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) for each [n+1]CPP with a model azide. Additionally, we explain how electronic (the incorporation of fluorine atoms) and strain (a meta linkage which heightens local strain at the alkyne) modulations affect SPAAC reactivity via the distortion-interaction computational model. Altogether, these results indicate that through a modular synthesis and rational chemical design, we have developed a new family of tunable and inherently fluorescent strained alkyne carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Nathalie Myrthil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Anna L Garrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
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12
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Li CL, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Duan ZC, Yu ZX. Strain-Release-Controlled [4 + 2 + 1] Reaction of Cyclopropyl-Capped Diene-ynes/Diene-enes and Carbon Monoxide Catalyzed by Rhodium. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5496-5505. [PMID: 36812021 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Achieving transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of diene-ynes/diene-enes and carbon monoxide (CO) to deliver [4 + 2 + 1] cycloadducts, rather than the kinetically favored [2 + 2 + 1] products, is challenging. Here, we report that this can be solved by adding a cyclopropyl (CP) cap to the diene moiety of the original substrates. The resulting CP-capped diene-ynes/diene-enes can react with CO under Rh catalysis to give [4 + 2 + 1] cycloadducts exclusively without forming [2 + 2 + 1] products. This reaction has a broad scope and can be used to synthesize useful 5/7 bicycles with a CP moiety. Of the same importance, the CP moiety in the [4 + 2 + 1] cycloadducts can act as an intermediate group for further transformations so that other challenging bicyclic 5/7 and tricyclic 5/7/5, 5/7/6, and 5/7/7 skeletons, some of which are widely found in natural products, can be accessed. The mechanism of this [4 + 2 + 1] reaction has been investigated by quantum chemical calculations, and the role of the CP group in avoiding the possible side [2 + 2 + 1] reaction has been identified, showing that the [4 + 2 + 1] is controlled by releasing the ring strain in the methylenecyclopropyl (MCP) group (about 7 kcal/mol) in the CP-capped dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Long Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhao-Chen Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Yamamoto Y, Shizume Y, Tazawa S, Yasui T. Oxidopyridinium Cycloadditions Revisited: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study on the Reactivity of 1-(2-Pyrimidyl)-3-oxidopyridinium Betaine. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36802575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of N-substituents on their reactivity and selectivity of oxidopyridinium betaines, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations of model cycloadditions with N-methylmaleimide and acenaphthylene. The theoretically expected results were compared with the experimental results. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 1-(2-pyrimidyl)-3-oxidopyridinium can be used for (5 + 2) cycloadditions with various electron-deficient alkenes, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, acenaphthylene, and styrene. In addition, a DFT analysis of the cycloaddition of 1-(2-pyrimidyl)-3-oxidopyridinium with 6,6-dimethylpentafulvene suggested the possibility of pathway bifurcations involving a (5 + 4)/(5 + 6) ambimodal transition state, although only (5 + 6) cycloadducts were experimentally observed. A related (5 + 4) cycloaddition was observed in the reaction of 1-(2-pyrimidyl)-3-oxidopyridinium with 2,3-dimethylbut-1,3-diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yudai Shizume
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Syunji Tazawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Alegre‐Requena JV, Sowndarya S. V. S, Pérez‐Soto R, Alturaifi TM, Paton RS. AQME: Automated quantum mechanical environments for researchers and educators. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre‐Requena
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | | | - Raúl Pérez‐Soto
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Turki M. Alturaifi
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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15
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Wong WHM, Guo X, Chan HT, Yang T, Lin Z. Understanding the Organometallic Step: SO 2 Insertion into Bi(III)-C(Ph) Bond. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201218. [PMID: 36639231 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavier main-group element-catalyzed reactions provide an increasingly attractive tool to perform transformations mimicking the behaviors of transition metal catalysts. Recently, Magre and Cornella reported a Bi-catalyzed synthesis of aryl sulfonyl fluorides, which involves a fundamental organometallic step of SO2 insertion into the Bi-Ph bond. Our theoretical studies reveal that i) the ability of hypervalent coordination of the Bi(III) center allows facile coordination sphere expansion for the SO2 coordination via one oxygen atom; and ii) the high polarity of the Bi-Ph bond makes the Ph migration from the Bi(III) center feasible. These features enable the heavier main group element to resemble the transition metal having flexibility for ligand association and dissociation. Furthermore, iii) the available π electron pair of the migrating Ph group stabilizes the SO2 insertion transition state by maintaining interaction with the Bi(III) center during migration. The insight helps us better understand the heavier main-group catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Hei Marco Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xueying Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hok Tsun Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tilong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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16
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Markham TE, Duggan PJ, Johnston MR. Investigating the Diels-Alder reactivity of the natural pyrethrins. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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17
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Utilization of sym-tetrazines as guanidine delivery cycloaddition reagents. An experimental and computational study. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Labadie N, Pellegrinet SC. Diels–Alder Reactivity of Allenylboronic Acid Pinacol Ester and Related Dienophiles: Mechanistic Studies and Distortion/Interaction-Activation Strain Model Analysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16776-16784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Silvina C. Pellegrinet
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
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19
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. Acyclic and Heterocyclic Azadiene Diels-Alder Reactions Promoted by Perfluoroalcohol Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Comprehensive Examination of Scope. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14657-14672. [PMID: 36239452 PMCID: PMC9637783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the first use of perfluoroalcohol H-bonding in accelerating acyclic azadiene inverse electron demand cycloaddition reactions is described, and its use in the promotion of heterocyclic azadiene cycloaddition reactions is generalized through examination of a complete range of azadienes. The scope of dienophiles was comprehensively explored; relative reactivity trends and solvent compatibilities were established with respect to the dienophile as well as azadiene; H-bonding solvent effects that lead to rate enhancements, yield improvements, and their impact on regioselectivity and mode of cycloaddition are defined; new viable diene/dienophile reaction partners in the cycloaddition reactions are disclosed; and key comparison rate constants are reported. The perfluoroalcohol effectiveness at accelerating an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition is directly correlated with its H-bond potential (pKa). Not only are the reactions of electron-rich dienophiles accelerated but those of strained and even unactivated alkenes and alkynes are improved, including representative bioorthogonal click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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García-Aznar P, Escorihuela J. Computational insights into the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of norbornenes with 1,2,4,5-tetrazines: norbornene substituents' effects on the reaction rate. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6400-6412. [PMID: 35876298 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of the reaction rates and mechanism of click chemistry reactions still remains an interesting challenge in organic chemistry. In this regard, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction represents a promising metal-free alternative with enhanced reaction rates compared to other reactions of the click chemistry toolbox. Among the different types of dienophiles used in the IEDDA reactions, norbornenes have been widely used given their high stability and fast reaction rates. The inverse electron-demand Diels Alder reaction of 3,6-dipyridin-2-yl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine with a series of norbornene derivatives was studied with quantum mechanical calculations at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The theoretical predictions were confirmed with the experimental data and analyzed with the use of the distortion/interaction model. The obtained results will help in obtaining a better understanding of the factors that affect the relative cycloaddition rates of norbornenes with tetrazines, which are crucial for selectively tuning their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Aznar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain.
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain.
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21
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Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with strained and electron-rich alkynes. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Heterocyclic rings are the fundamental building blocks of biological systems and have wide applications in synthetic chemistry and medicinal science. The development of novel synthetic methodology for heterocyclic skeletons from a variety of starting materials has made great progress in the past decades. Meanwhile, highly strained cyclopropenes as reactive reagents in organic transformations have drawn much attention from chemists. The rich chemical reactivity and reaction routes have been well investigated, and some review articles related to the reactivity of cyclopropenes and the construction of carbocycles and acyclic compounds have appeared in these years. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the progress in the construction of heterocyclic rings starting from various cyclopropenes including the reactions of commonly available stable cyclopropenes, in situ generated reactive cyclopropenes and cyclopropene precursors during this decade. Firstly, the transformations of common cyclopropenes into donor-type vinyl metal carbenes via transition metal induced ring opening, direct metalation of the CC bond of metal complexes, and cycloaddition reactions with 1,3-dipoles are described. Next, the annulation reactions of reactive cyclopropenes generated in situ with donor-acceptor reagents, intramolecular nucleophilic addition, and the cycloaddition reactions with 1,3-dipoles are introduced. Then, the transformation of cyclopropene precursors such as alkyl 1-chloro- or 1-alkoxy-2-aroylcyclopropanecarboxylates into five-membered heteroaromatic compounds is also mentioned. In addition, a brief outlook of the opportunity and challenges in the field of bio-orthogonal reactions related to cyclopropenes is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China. .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Handan University, 530 North College Road, Handan 056005, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
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23
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Photoaffinity labeling and bioorthogonal ligation: Two critical tools for designing "Fish Hooks" to scout for target proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 62:116721. [PMID: 35358862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules remain an important category of therapeutic agents. Their binding to different proteins can lead to both desired and undesired biological effects. Identification of the proteins that a drug binds to has become an important step in drug development because it can lead to safer and more effective drugs. Parent bioactive molecules can be converted to appropriate probes that allow for visualization and identification of their target proteins. Typically, these probes are designed and synthesized utilizing some or all of five major tools; a photoactivatable group, a reporter tag, a linker, an affinity tag, and a bioorthogonal handle. This review covers two of the most challenging tools, photoactivation and bioorthogonal ligation. We provide a historical and theoretical background along with synthetic routes to prepare them. In addition, the review provides comparative analyses of the available tools that can assist decision making when designing such probes. A survey of most recent literature reports is included as well to identify recent trends in the field.
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24
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Rey Planells A, Espinosa Ferao A. Accurate Ring Strain Energies of Unsaturated Three-Membered Heterocycles with One Group 13-16 Element. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6459-6468. [PMID: 35442022 PMCID: PMC9066411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High-quality ring
strain energy (RSE) data for 1H-unsaturated (CH)2X parent rings, where X is a group 13–16
element, are reported in addition to the 2H-isomers
of the pnictogenirene rings. RSE data are obtained from appropriate
homosdesmotic reactions and calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP//B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP(ecp)
level. 1H-Tallirene and 1H-plumbirene
have unique donor–acceptor structures between an acetylene
π(CC) orbital and an empty p orbital of a metallylene subunit
(a Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson description) and therefore
cannot be described as proper rings but as pseudocyclic structures.
Also, 1H-indirene and 1H-oxirene
lack ring critical points and constitute borderline cases of pseudorings.
1H-Unsaturated rings exhibit enhanced RSE compared
to their saturated homologues. The mechanism of ring strain relaxation
by increasing the s character in the lone pair (LP) of group 15–16
elements is remarkable and increases on descending the groups. Furthermore,
RSE is affected by the aromatic character of group 13 rings and certain
aromatic or antiaromatic character in group 14 or 15–16 rings,
respectively, which tend to vanish on descending the group as shown
by NICS(1) values. 2H-Unsaturated rings were found
only for group 15 elements (although only 2H-azirine
shows a proper cyclic structure) and displayed lower RSE (higher stability)
than the corresponding 1H-isomers. Accurate ring strain energies (RSE) are
calculated for three-membered
1H-unsaturated rings containing a 13−16 group
element and group 15 2H-isomers. The presence or
absence of lone pairs at the heteroatom and the existence of intrinsic
or residual (anti)aromaticity were shown to affect the RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rey Planells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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25
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Xu LP, Zhuang Z, Qian S, Yu JQ, Musaev DG. Roles of Ligand and Oxidant in Pd(II)-Catalyzed and Ligand-Enabled C(sp 3)–H Lactonization in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid: Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shaoqun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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26
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Liu D, Xu Z, Liu M, Fu Y. Mechanistic insights into the rhodium-catalyzed aryl C–H carboxylation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01560e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted an in-depth theoretical exploration of the details for direct C–H bond activation and lactonization of 2-arylphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeGuang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - ZheYuan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - MingQiang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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27
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Wang YN, Wang X, Li SJ, Lan Y. Carbene-enabled ether activation through the formation of oxonium: a theoretical view. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a theoretical investigation of the reactivity and chemoselectivity of carbene-enabled ether activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
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28
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Vargas S, Hennefarth MR, Liu Z, Alexandrova AN. Machine Learning to Predict Diels-Alder Reaction Barriers from the Reactant State Electron Density. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6203-6213. [PMID: 34478623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction barriers are key to our understanding of chemical reactivity and catalysis. Certain reactions are so seminal in chemistry that countless variants, with or without catalysts, have been studied, and their barriers have been computed or measured experimentally. This wealth of data represents a perfect opportunity to leverage machine learning models, which could quickly predict barriers without explicit calculations or measurement. Here, we show that the topological descriptors of the quantum mechanical charge density in the reactant state constitute a set that is both rigorous and continuous and can be used effectively for the prediction of reaction barrier energies to a high degree of accuracy. We demonstrate this on the Diels-Alder reaction, highly important in biology and medicinal chemistry, and as such, studied extensively. This reaction exhibits a range of barriers as large as 270 kJ/mol. While we trained our single-objective supervised (labeled) regression algorithms on simpler Diels-Alder reactions in solution, they predict reaction barriers also in significantly more complicated contexts, such a Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by an artificial enzyme and its evolved variants, in agreement with experimental changes in kcat. We expect this tool to apply broadly to a variety of reactions in solution or in the presence of a catalyst, for screening and circumventing heavily involved computations or experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Matthew R Hennefarth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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29
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Schnell SD, González JA, Sklyaruk J, Linden A, Gademann K. Boron Trifluoride-Mediated Cycloaddition of 3-Bromotetrazine and Silyl Enol Ethers: Synthesis of 3-Bromo-pyridazines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12008-12023. [PMID: 34342995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazines are important scaffolds for medicinal chemistry or crop protection agents, yet the selective preparation of 3-bromo-pyridazines with high regiocontrol remains difficult. We achieved the Lewis acid-mediated inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-monosubstituted s-tetrazine and silyl enol ethers and obtained functionalized pyridazines. In the case of 1-monosubstituted silyl enol ethers, exclusive regioselectivity was observed. Downstream functionalization of the resulting 3-bromo-pyridazines was demonstrated utilizing several cross-coupling protocols to synthesize 3,4-disubstituted pyridazines with excellent control over the substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Sklyaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Hui E, Sumey JL, Caliari SR. Click-functionalized hydrogel design for mechanobiology investigations. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2021; 6:670-707. [PMID: 36338897 PMCID: PMC9631920 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of click-functionalized hydrogels in recent years has coincided with rapid growth in the fields of mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Click chemistries represent a group of reactions that possess high reactivity and specificity, are cytocompatible, and generally proceed under physiologic conditions. Most notably, the high level of tunability afforded by these reactions enables the design of user-controlled and tissue-mimicking hydrogels in which the influence of important physical and biochemical cues on normal and aberrant cellular behaviors can be independently assessed. Several critical tissue properties, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, and biomolecule presentation, are known to regulate cell mechanobiology in the context of development, wound repair, and disease. However, many questions still remain about how the individual and combined effects of these instructive properties regulate the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, we discuss several click chemistries that have been adopted to design dynamic and instructive hydrogels for mechanobiology investigations. We also chart a path forward for how click hydrogels can help reveal important insights about complex tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jenna L Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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31
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Ramadhan MD, Surawatanawong P. Understanding the reactivity of geminal P/B and P/Al frustrated Lewis pairs in CO 2 addition and H 2 activation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11307-11316. [PMID: 34342322 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding CO2 addition and H2 activation by geminal P/Z (Z = B, Al) frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) is crucial for the development of transition metal-free catalysts for hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds and CO2 conversion. The distortion-interaction energy decomposition and natural bond orbital were used to gain insights into the reactivity of CO2 addition and H2 activation. Remarkably, the orbital interactions in the reactions of CO2 and H2 with geminal P/B FLPs are stronger than those in the reactions with more reactive geminal P/Al FLPs, which contain a stronger Lewis acid. The fact that geminal P/B FLPs react with a higher energy barrier than geminal P/Al FLPs is actually due to the unfavorable core repulsion contribution to the interaction energy and the higher distortion energy found for the geminal P/B FLPs. In addition, we revealed that although the interaction energy is higher for H2 activation, the distortion energy is significantly lower for CO2 addition. Thus, geminal P/Z FLPs are more reactive toward CO2 than toward H2. Overall, the reactivity and thermodynamic stability for the reactions of geminal P/Z FLPs with CO2 and H2 are not affected by the type of bridging carbon (sp3-C or sp2-C) but mainly influenced by the substituents on P and Z (B or Al). An insight into the thermodynamic stability of the H2 activation product is gained by quantifying the hydride affinity, the proton affinity, and the stability of the zwitterionic product relative to the prototypical Lewis acid-base pair, PtBu3/B(C6F5)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Dzulfahmi Ramadhan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Oluwasanmi A, Hoskins C. Potential use of the Diels-Alder reaction in biomedical and nanomedicine applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120727. [PMID: 34029667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction and its retro breakdown has garnered increasing research focus due to several of its advantageous properties including, atomic conservation, reversibility, and substituent retention. This is especially true in biomedical application and nanomedicine development which display a preference for rapid, efficient, and clean "click" chemistry reactions allowing for delivery of active ingredients and subsequent release upon temperature elevation. There are multiple variations on the Diels-Alder reaction based around substitution position and materials being coupled which can affect the temperature threshold for and rate of the retro reaction reversal. Hence, the Diels-Alder reaction offers a simple coupling reaction for active ingredients with tailorable release. In this review the incorporation of the Diels-Alder chemistries and linkers within the biomedical and nanomedicine field will be discussed, as well as its use in future potential technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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Yu S, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. How Oriented External Electric Fields Modulate Reactivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:5683-5693. [PMID: 33289179 PMCID: PMC8049047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A judiciously oriented external electric field (OEEF) can catalyze a wide range of reactions and can even induce endo/exo stereoselectivity of cycloaddition reactions. The Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride is studied by using quantitative activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory to pinpoint the origin of these catalytic and stereoselective effects. Our quantitative model reveals that an OEEF along the reaction axis induces an enhanced electrostatic and orbital interaction between the reactants, which in turn lowers the reaction barrier. The stronger electrostatic interaction originates from an increased electron density difference between the reactants at the reactive center, and the enhanced orbital interaction arises from the promoted normal electron demand donor-acceptor interaction driven by the OEEF. An OEEF perpendicular to the plane of the reaction axis solely stabilizes the exo pathway of this reaction, whereas the endo pathway remains unaltered and efficiently steers the endo/exo stereoselectivity. The influence of the OEEF on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is also investigated; unexpectedly, it inhibits the reaction, as the electric field now suppresses the critical inverse electron demand donor-acceptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Deb T, Tu J, Franzini RM. Mechanisms and Substituent Effects of Metal-Free Bioorthogonal Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6850-6914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Titas Deb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Julian Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Raphael M. Franzini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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35
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Nguyen SS, Prescher JA. Developing bioorthogonal probes to span a spectrum of reactivities. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:476-489. [PMID: 34291176 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries enable researchers to interrogate biomolecules in living systems. These reactions are highly selective and biocompatible and can be performed in many complex environments. However, like any organic transformation, there is no perfect bioorthogonal reaction. Choosing the "best fit" for a desired application is critical. Correspondingly, there must be a variety of chemistries-spanning a spectrum of rates and other features-to choose from. Over the past few years, significant strides have been made towards not only expanding the number of bioorthogonal chemistries, but also fine-tuning existing reactions for particular applications. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in bioorthogonal reaction development, focusing on how physical organic chemistry principles have guided probe design. The continued expansion of this toolset will provide more precisely tuned reagents for manipulating bonds in distinct environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Nguyen
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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36
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Zhang C, Jiao H, Jia W. Theoretical predication of Diels-Alder reactions of highly strained dienophiles. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Krell K, Harijan D, Ganz D, Doll L, Wagenknecht HA. Postsynthetic Modifications of DNA and RNA by Means of Copper-Free Cycloadditions as Bioorthogonal Reactions. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:990-1011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Krell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dorothée Ganz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Larissa Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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38
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Feng S, Hao H, Liu P, Buchwald SL. Diastereo- and Enantioselective CuH-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Strained Trisubstituted Alkenes. ACS Catal 2020; 10:282-291. [PMID: 33664986 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amine-substituted cyclobutanes and cyclopropanes are important substructures in biologically active compounds. Moreover, many of the cycloalkane units bear multiple substituents and stereocenters. Therefore, synthetic methods that produce polysubstituted aminocyclobutanes and aminocyclopropanes in a highly diastereo- and enantioselective manner are of importance. Herein, we describe the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of various types of polysubstituted aminocyclobutanes and aminocyclopropanes through CuH-catalyzed hydroamination of 1-substituted cyclobutenes and cyclopropenes. These strained trisubstituted alkenes exhibit much higher reactivity compared to their unstrained analogues in the initial hydrocupration step of the reaction. Moreover, an interesting reversal of regioselectivity was observed in the hydroamination of 1-aryl-substituted cyclobutenes compared to the cyclopropene analogues. The origins of the enhanced reactivity of strained trisubstituted alkenes as well as the differences in the regio- and enantioselectivity between reactions with cyclobutenes and cyclopropenes were investigated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Derricotte WD. Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory Decomposition of the Reaction Force: Insights into Substituent Effects Involved in Hemiacetal Formation Mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7881-7891. [PMID: 31429558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The decomposition of the reaction force based on symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) has been proposed. This approach was used to investigate the substituent effects along the reaction coordinate pathway for the hemiacetal formation mechanism between methanol and substituted aldehydes of the form CX3CHO (X = H, F, Cl, and Br), providing a quantitative evaluation of the reaction-driving and reaction-retarding force components. Our results highlight the importance of more favorable electrostatic and induction effects in the reactions involving halogenated aldehydes that leads to lower activation energy barriers. These substituent effects are further elucidated by applying the functional-group partition of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (F-SAPT). The results show that the reaction is largely driven by favorable direct noncovalent interactions between the CX3 group on the aldehyde and the OH group on methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace D Derricotte
- Department of Chemistry , Morehouse College , Atlanta , Georgia 30314 , United States
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40
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Bonding and Diels–Alder reactions of substituted 2-borabicyclo(1.1.0)but-1(3)-enes: a theoretical study. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Li W, Zou J, Zhu S, Mao X, Tian H, Wang X. Fluorodibenzocyclooctynes: A Trackable Click Reagent with Enhanced Reactivity. Chemistry 2019; 25:10328-10332. [PMID: 31243812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal reactions have widespread applications in biological systems, and development of new bioorthogonal reactions has been of great interest over the past two decades. In this work, the design and synthesis of a family of fluorinated dibenzocyclooctynes (FDIBOs) are reported. The electron-deficient nature of fluorine atoms significantly accelerated the reaction of cyclooctynes in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, with either benzyl azide or ethyl diazoacetate, compared to conventional dibenzocyclooctyne (DIBO). In addition, FDIBOs showed unique trackable properties owing to the high NMR sensitivity of the naturally abundant 19 F isotope. Biological molecules, including a monosaccharide, a peptide, and a protein, were tested with FDIBOs, and these reactions could be easily monitored by 19 F NMR spectroscopy to evaluate the progress of the conjugation reactions. In addition, labeling of live cells was also demonstrated with metabolically modified bacteria to expand the possible applications of FDIBOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xianxian Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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42
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Huang X, Tang C, Li J, Chen LC, Zheng J, Zhang P, Le J, Li R, Li X, Liu J, Yang Y, Shi J, Chen Z, Bai M, Zhang HL, Xia H, Cheng J, Tian ZQ, Hong W. Electric field-induced selective catalysis of single-molecule reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3072. [PMID: 31245539 PMCID: PMC6588380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) offer a unique chance to tune catalytic selectivity by orienting the alignment of the electric field along the axis of the activated bond for a specific chemical reaction; however, they remain a key experimental challenge. Here, we experimentally and theoretically investigated the OEEF-induced selective catalysis in a two-step cascade reaction of the Diels-Alder addition followed by an aromatization process. Characterized by the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique in the nanogap and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in bottles, OEEFs are found to selectively catalyze the aromatization reaction by one order of magnitude owing to the alignment of the electric field on the reaction axis. Meanwhile, the Diels-Alder reaction remained unchanged since its reaction axis is orthogonal to the electric fields. This orientation-selective catalytic effect of OEEFs reveals that chemical reactions can be selectively manipulated through the elegant alignment between the electric fields and the reaction axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiabo Le
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mindong Bai
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
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Li X, Duan R, Wang Y, Qu LB, Li Z, Wei D. Insights into N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Oxidative α-C(sp 3)-H Activation of Aliphatic Aldehydes and Cascade [2 + 2] Cycloaddition with Ketimines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6117-6125. [PMID: 31012584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the chemoselectivity of [2 + 2] cyclizations is an important challenge in organic chemistry. Herein, we provided a valuable case for this issue. Density functional theory calculations were performed to systematically study the possible mechanisms and origin of selectivities for the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed oxidative α-C(sp3)-H activation of aliphatic aldehydes and the cascade [2 + 2] cycloaddition with ketimines. The [2 + 2] cycloaddition of azolium enolate intermediates to the C═N bond, rather than the C═O bond of ketimine, is revealed to be determined by chemo- and stereoselectivity. By comparing the energy gap between the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the two reacting parts involved in the [2 + 2] cycloaddition transition states, we propose a new strategy to determine the origin of the reaction chemoselectivity. Moreover, the local nucleophilic index can efficiently predict the active site of ketimines. Further analyses illustrate that NHC can increase the nucleophilicity of aldehydes and the acidity of the α-C(sp3)-H bond, and 3,3',5,5'-tetra- tert-butyl diphenoquinone (DQ) acts as an oxidant and promotes α-C(sp3)-H bond deprotonation. This work is useful not only for understanding the NHC-catalyzed oxidative [2 + 2] annulation but also for developing new applications of the FMO theory in organocatalytic cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Ruihong Duan
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
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Tsuji Y, Kitamura Y, Someya M, Takano T, Yaginuma M, Nakanishi K, Yoshizawa K. Adhesion of Epoxy Resin with Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Graphite. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:4491-4504. [PMID: 31459644 PMCID: PMC6648480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion interaction of epoxy resin with the basal surfaces of h-BN and graphite is investigated with the first-principles density functional theory calculations in conjunction with the dispersion correction. The h-BN/epoxy and graphite/epoxy interfaces play an important role in producing nanocomposite materials with excellent thermal dissipation properties. The epoxy resin structure is simulated by using four kinds of fragmentary models. Their structures are optimized on the h-BN and graphite surfaces after an annealing simulation. The distance between the epoxy fragment and the surface is about 3 Å. At the interface between h-BN and epoxy resin, no H-bonding formation is observed, though one could expect that the active functional groups of epoxy resin, such as hydroxyl (-OH) group, would be involved in a hydrogen-bonding interaction with nitrogen atoms of the h-BN surface. The adhesion energies for the two interfaces are calculated, showing that these two interfaces are characterized by almost the same strength of adhesion interaction. To obtain the adhesion force-separation curve for the two interfaces, the potential energy surface associated with the detachment of the epoxy fragment from the surface is calculated with the help of the nudged elastic band method and then the adhesion force is obtained by using either the Morse-potential approximation or the Hellmann-Feynman force calculation. The results from both methods agree with each other. The maximum adhesion force for the h-BN/epoxy interface is as high as that for the graphite/epoxy interface. To better understand this result, a force-decomposition analysis is carried out, and it has been disclosed that the adhesion forces working at both interfaces mainly come from the dispersion force. The trend of increase in the C 6 parameters used for the dispersion correction for the atoms included in the h-BN or graphite surface is in the order: N < C < B, which reasonably explains why the strengths of the dispersion forces operating at the two interfaces are similar. Also, the electron localization function analysis can explain why the h-BN surface cannot form an H bond with the hydroxyl group in epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kitamura
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masao Someya
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takano
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Michio Yaginuma
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakanishi
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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45
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Hamlin TA, Levandowski BJ, Narsaria AK, Houk KN, Bickelhaupt FM. Structural Distortion of Cycloalkynes Influences Cycloaddition Rates both by Strain and Interaction Energies. Chemistry 2019; 25:6342-6348. [PMID: 30779472 PMCID: PMC6519225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The reactivities of 2‐butyne, cycloheptyne, cyclooctyne, and cyclononyne in the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction with methyl azide were evaluated through DFT calculations at the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d)//M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d) level of theory. Computed activation free energies for the cycloadditions of cycloalkynes are 16.5–22.0 kcal mol−1 lower in energy than that of the acyclic 2‐butyne. The strained or predistorted nature of cycloalkynes is often solely used to rationalize this significant rate enhancement. Our distortion/interaction–activation strain analysis has been revealed that the degree of geometrical predistortion of the cycloalkyne ground‐state geometries acts to enhance reactivity compared with that of acyclic alkynes through three distinct mechanisms, not only due to (i) a reduced strain or distortion energy, but also to (ii) a smaller HOMO–LUMO gap, and (iii) an enhanced orbital overlap, which both contribute to more stabilizing orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian J Levandowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ayush K Narsaria
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University of Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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46
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Boydas EB, Tanriver G, D'hooghe M, Ha HJ, Van Speybroeck V, Catak S. Theoretical insight into the regioselective ring-expansions of bicyclic aziridinium ions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:796-806. [PMID: 29323389 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02253k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient bicyclic aziridinium ions are known to undergo ring-expansion reactions, paving the way to functionalized nitrogen-containing heterocycles. In this study, the regioselectivity observed in the ring-expansion reactions of 1-azoniabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes was investigated from a computational viewpoint to study the ring-expansion pathways of two bicyclic systems with different ring sizes. Moreover, several nucleophiles leading to different experimental results were investigated. The effect of solvation was taken into account using both explicit and implicit solvent models. This theoretical rationalization provides valuable insight into the observed regioselectivity and may be used as a predictive tool in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma B Boydas
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemistry, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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47
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Brenna E, Dalla Santa F, Gatti FG, Gatti G, Tessaro D. Exploiting the vicinal disubstituent effect on the diastereoselective synthesis of γ and δ lactones. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:813-821. [PMID: 30478459 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetic acid catalysed lactonization of vicinal disubstituted γ-hydroxyesters was investigated in different solvents. The reaction kinetics, monitored by NMR spectroscopy, showed that: (i) the vic-disubstituent effect is stereoselective since the anti diastereoisomer ring closes substantially more rapidly than the syn isomer ring; (ii) the anti-vic effect is much stronger than the classical Thorpe-Ingold effect (known also as the gem-disubstituent effect), instead the syn diastereoisomers have rate constants comparable to that of the gem-disubstituted ester; (iii) the vic-effect can be enhanced by increasing the steric hindrance of one of the two substituents or carrying out the reaction in non-polar solvents. DFT computations of energy barriers (ΔG‡) were in good agreement with the experimental data. The distortion/interaction-activation strain model together with the Winstein-Holness kinetic scheme gave more insights into the origin of the vic-effect. An application of this effect consists of the diastereomeric resolution of disubstituted γ and δ lactones, among which are the naturally occurring Nicotiana t. lactone, the whisky and cognac oak lactones, and the Aerangis lactone. Both cis and trans diastereoisomers of these lactones were isolated in good yield and with high diastereomeric excess (de >92%). The selectivities of the diastereomeric resolution process, determined by NMR spectroscopy, are reported as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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48
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Diels-Alder reactivities of cycloalkenediones with tetrazine. J Mol Model 2019; 25:33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Huang CJ, Li EY. Molecular design principles towards exo-exclusive Diels–Alder reactions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7246-7250. [PMID: 35519943 PMCID: PMC9061082 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exo selective Diels–Alder reactions, reported as special cases, usually involve catalytic reaction conditions and specific cyclic structural motifs on the diene and/or the dienophile. Here we report a systematic computational investigation on the substituent effect for simple, linear dienes and dienophiles towards exo control in Diels–Alder reactions under thermal conditions. Through detailed characterization of reaction pathways for Diels–Alder cycloadditions between linear dienes and dienophiles with various substituents, we summarize a set of design principles aiming for an optimal and nearly-exclusive exo selectivity. These results shall lead to valuable guidelines and more versatile strategies in organic synthesis that are in accordance with the principles of green chemistry. Exo-exclusive stereoselectivity for simple, terminal-substituted dienes and dienophiles may be achieved under thermal conditions through a delicate control of substituent identities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci-Jhang Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Elise Y. Li
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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50
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Shi Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Lan Y, Yao C, Wei D. Prediction on the origin of chemoselectivity in Lewis base-mediated competition cyclizations between allenoates and chalcones: a computational study. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The HOMOTSs and p-orbital contributions of the center atoms were used to predict the origin of chemoselectivity in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
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