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Thaisaeng W, Thamnarak W, Ruchirawat S, Chainok K, Thasana N. Two new serratene triterpenes from club moss cultivars. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2553-2561. [PMID: 36908111 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2188587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Two new serratene triterpenes, 14α,21β-dihydroxyserrat-3β-yl acetate and 3α,21β-dihydroxyserrat-14-en-23-oic acid, together with eight known compounds were isolated from two club moss cultivars, Phlegmariurus carinatus (Desv.) Ching and Phlegmariurus nummulariifolius (Blume) Ching. 14α,21β-Ddihydroxyserrat-3β-yl acetate (1) was isolated from P. carinatus, and 3α,21β-dihydroxyserrat-14-en-23-oic acid (2), an undescribed carboxylic group at C-23 position of the serratene triterpenoids, was isolated from P. nummulariifolius. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by using HR-ESIMS, UV, IR, 1D (1H and 13C NMR spectra), 2D NMR spectra, experimental ECD spectrometry and the single-crystal X-ray analysis. Biological evaluation of 14α,21β-dihydroxyserrat-3β-yl acetate (1) and lycoclavanol (8) revealed moderate cytotoxic activity on three tumor cell lines (HepG2, A549 and HuCCA-1) whereas 3α,21β-dihydroxyserrat-14-en-23-oic acid (2) showed strong inhibitory effect on HuCCA-1 cells with the IC50 of 4.72 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachirasak Thaisaeng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanlaya Thamnarak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Program of Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Chainok
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Multifunctional Crystalline Materials and Applications (TU-MCMA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Thasana
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Program of Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Tang J, Matsuda Y. Discovery of fungal onoceroid triterpenoids through domainless enzyme-targeted global genome mining. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4312. [PMID: 38773118 PMCID: PMC11109268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomics-guided methodologies have revolutionized the discovery of natural products. However, a major challenge in the field of genome mining is determining how to selectively extract biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for untapped natural products from numerous available genome sequences. In this study, we developed a fungal genome mining tool that extracts BGCs encoding enzymes that lack a detectable protein domain (i.e., domainless enzymes) and are not recognized as biosynthetic proteins by existing bioinformatic tools. We searched for BGCs encoding a homologue of Pyr4-family terpene cyclases, which are representative examples of apparently domainless enzymes, in approximately 2000 fungal genomes and discovered several BGCs with unique features. The subsequent characterization of selected BGCs led to the discovery of fungal onoceroid triterpenoids and unprecedented onoceroid synthases. Furthermore, in addition to the onoceroids, a previously unreported sesquiterpene hydroquinone, of which the biosynthesis involves a Pyr4-family terpene cyclase, was obtained. Our genome mining tool has broad applicability in fungal genome mining and can serve as a beneficial platform for accessing diverse, unexploited natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Abstract
Covering: up to July 2023Terpene cyclases (TCs) catalyze some of the most complicated reactions in nature and are responsible for creating the skeletons of more than 95 000 terpenoid natural products. The canonical TCs are divided into two classes according to their structures, functions, and mechanisms. The class II TCs mediate acid-base-initiated cyclization reactions of isoprenoid diphosphates, terpenes without diphosphates (e.g., squalene or oxidosqualene), and prenyl moieties on meroterpenes. The past twenty years witnessed the emergence of many class II TCs, their reactions and their roles in biosynthesis. Class II TCs often act as one of the first steps in the biosynthesis of biologically active natural products including the gibberellin family of phytohormones and fungal meroterpenoids. Due to their mechanisms and biocatalytic potential, TCs elicit fervent attention in the biosynthetic and organic communities and provide great enthusiasm for enzyme engineering to construct novel and bioactive molecules. To engineer and expand the structural diversities of terpenoids, it is imperative to fully understand how these enzymes generate, precisely control, and quench the reactive carbocation intermediates. In this review, we summarize class II TCs from nature, including sesquiterpene, diterpene, triterpene, and meroterpenoid cyclases as well as noncanonical class II TCs and inspect their sequences, structures, mechanisms, and structure-guided engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, USA.
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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4
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Ueda D, Matsuda N, Takaba Y, Hirai N, Inoue M, Kameya T, Abe T, Tagaya N, Isogai Y, Kakihara Y, Bartels F, Christmann M, Shinada T, Yasuda K, Sato T. Analysis of vitamin D receptor binding affinities of enzymatically synthesized triterpenes including ambrein and unnatural onoceroids. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1419. [PMID: 38228813 PMCID: PMC10792010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Onoceroids are a rare family of triterpenes. One representative onoceroid is ambrein, which is the main component of ambergris used as a traditional medicine. We have previously identified the onoceroid synthase, BmeTC, in Bacillus megaterium and succeeded in creating ambrein synthase by introducing mutations into BmeTC. Owing to the structural similarity of ambrein to vitamin D, a molecule with diverse biological activities, we hypothesized that some of the activities of ambergris may be induced by the binding of ambrein to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We demonstrated the VDR binding ability of ambrein. By comparing the structure-activity relationships of triterpenes with both the VDR affinity and osteoclastic differentiation-promoting activity, we observed that the activity of ambrein was not induced via the VDR. Therefore, some of the activities of ambergris, but not all, can be attributed to its VDR interaction. Additionally, six unnatural onoceroids were synthesized using the BmeTC reactions, and these compounds exhibited higher VDR affinity than that of ambrein. Enzymatic syntheses of onoceroid libraries will be valuable in creating a variety of bioactive compounds beyond ambergris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Natsu Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuka Takaba
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nami Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mao Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taichi Kameya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tohru Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nao Tagaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Isogai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kakihara
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Florian Bartels
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Unversität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Unversität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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5
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Eichhorn E, Schroeder F. From Ambergris to (-)-Ambrox: Chemistry Meets Biocatalysis for Sustainable (-)-Ambrox Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5042-5052. [PMID: 36961824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Ambrox, the most prominent olfactive component of ambergris is one of the most widely used biodegradable fragrance ingredients. Traditionally it is produced from the diterpene sclareol, modified and cyclized into (-)-ambrox by classical chemistry steps. The availability of the new feedstock (E)-β-farnesene produced by fermentation opened new pathways to (E,E)-homofarnesol as a precursor to (-)-ambrox. Combining chemical transformation of (E)-β-farnesene to (E,E)-homofarnesol and its enzymatic cyclization at the industrial scale to (-)-ambrox with an engineered squalene hopene cyclase illustrates the potential of biotechnology for a more sustainable process, thus meeting the increasing consumers' demand for sustainably produced high quality perfumery and consumer goods. This review traces back to the origin of ambergris and the search for the source of its mysterious odor, leading to the discovery of (-)-ambrox as its main olfactive principle. It discusses the plethora of ways explored for its synthesis from diverse starting materials and presents the development of a process with significantly improved carbon efficiency for the industrial production of (-)-ambrox as 100% renewable Ambrofix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eichhorn
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, CH-8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Fridtjof Schroeder
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, CH-8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
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6
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Koengeter T, Qin C, Mai BK, Liu Q, Mu Y, Liu P, Hoveyda AH. Catalytic Cross-Metathesis Reactions That Afford E- and Z-Trisubstituted Alkenyl Bromides: Scope, Applications, and Mechanistic Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3774-3785. [PMID: 36724200 PMCID: PMC10075319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stereochemically defined trisubstituted alkenes with a bromide and a methyl group at a terminus can be readily and stereoretentively derivatized through catalytic cross-coupling, affording unsaturated fragments found in many bioactive natural products. A direct method for generating such entities would be by stereocontrolled catalytic cross-metathesis (CM). Such methods are scarce however. Here, we present a stereoretentive strategy for CM between tri-, Z- or E-di, or monosubstituted olefins and Z- or E-2-bromo-2-butene, affording an assortment of E- or Z-trisubstituted alkenyl bromides. The majority of the transformations were catalyzed by two Mo monoaryloxide pyrrolide (MAP) complexes, one purchasable and the other accessible by well-established protocols. Substrates, such as feedstock trisubstituted olefins, can be purchased; the alkenyl bromide reagents are commercially available or can be prepared in two steps in a multigram scale. The catalytic process can be used to generate products that contain polar moieties, such as an amine or an alcohol, or sterically hindered alkenes that are α- or β-branched. The utility of the approach is highlighted by a brief and stereocontrolled synthesis of an unsaturated fragment of phomactin A and a concise total synthesis of ambrein. An unexpected outcome of these investigations was the discovery of a new role for the presence of a small-molecule alkene in an olefin metathesis reaction. DFT studies indicate that this additive swiftly reacts with a short-lived Mo alkylidene and probably helps circumvent the formation of catalytically inactive square pyramidal metallacyclobutanes, enhancing the efficiency of a transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Koengeter
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Can Qin
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Qinghe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Yucheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Amir H. Hoveyda
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Zhou C, Peng K, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zheng X, Yue B, Du C, Wu Y. Comparative Analyses Reveal the Genetic Mechanism of Ambergris Production in the Sperm Whale Based on the Chromosome-Level Genome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030361. [PMID: 36766250 PMCID: PMC9913093 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm whales are a marine mammal famous for the aromatic substance, the ambergris, produced from its colon. Little is known about the biological processes of ambergris production, and this study aims to investigate the genetic mechanism of ambergris production in the sperm whale based on its chromosome-level genome. Comparative genomics analyses found 1207 expanded gene families and 321 positive selected genes (PSGs) in the sperm whale, and functional enrichment analyses suggested revelatory pathways and terms related to the metabolism of steroids, terpenoids, and aldosterone, as well as microbiota interaction and immune network in the intestine. Furthermore, two sperm-whale-specific missense mutations (Tyr393His and Leu567Val) were detected in the PSG LIPE, which has been reported to play vital roles in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In total, 46 CYP genes and 22 HSD genes were annotated, and then mapped to sperm whale chromosomes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of CYP genes in six mammals found that CYP2E1, CYP51A and CYP8 subfamilies exhibited relative expansion in the sperm whale. Our results could help understand the genetic mechanism of ambergris production, and further reveal the convergent evolution pattern among animals that produce similar odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kexin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Rusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chao Du
- Baotou Teachers College, Baotou 014060, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.W.)
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8
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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9
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Construction of an artificial system for ambrein biosynthesis and investigation of some biological activities of ambrein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19643. [PMID: 33184314 PMCID: PMC7661701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambergris, a sperm whale metabolite, has long been used as a fragrance and traditional medication, but it is now rarely available. The odor components of ambergris result from the photooxidative degradation of the major component, ambrein. The pharmacological activities of ambergris have also been attributed to ambrein. However, efficient production of ambrein and odor compounds has not been achieved. Here, we constructed a system for the synthesis of ambrein and odor components. First, we created a new triterpene synthase, “ambrein synthase,” for mass production of ambrein by redesigning a bacterial enzyme. The ambrein yields were approximately 20 times greater than those reported previously. Next, an efficient photooxidative conversion system from ambrein to a range of volatiles of ambergris was established. The yield of volatiles was 8–15%. Finally, two biological activities, promotion of osteoclast differentiation and prevention of amyloid β-induced apoptosis, were discovered using the synthesized ambrein.
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10
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Zetzsche LE, Narayan ARH. Broadening the scope of biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:334-346. [PMID: 34430708 PMCID: PMC8382263 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impeccable control over chemo-, site-, and stereoselectivity possible in enzymatic reactions has led to a surge in the development of new biocatalytic methods. Despite carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds providing the central framework for organic molecules, development of biocatalytic methods for their formation has been largely confined to the use of a select few lyases over the last several decades, limiting the types of C-C bond-forming transformations possible through biocatalytic methods. This Review provides an update on the suite of enzymes available for highly selective biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Examples will be discussed in reference to the (1) native activity of enzymes, (2) alteration of activity through protein or substrate engineering for broader applicability, and (3) utility of the biocatalyst for abiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Rowland SJ, Sutton PA, von der Lühe B, Volkman JK, Vane CH, Ingram SN, Dunn C, Claridge D. Ambrein: a minor, but common constituent of mammalian faeces? Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4843-4848. [PMID: 32178531 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1731746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For nearly 200 years, the only natural source of the alcohol ambrein has been coproliths produced in about 1% of sperm whales and in related jetsam. However, the finding of ambrein in adipocere/faeces of human corpses, led us to hypothesise that ambrein might occur in the faeces of other mammals. Herein, we used a recently developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, with suitable derivatisation of the hindered hydroxy group of ambrein, to screen a number of extracts of mammalian faeces. Minor proportions of ambrein were detected in digested human sewage sludge and in the dung of elephant, domestic cattle, giraffe and buffalo. Whether ambrein formation in the terrestrial species is associated with coprolith formation, is unknown, but solid deposits known as enteroliths and fecaliths occur in humans and some domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Rowland
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Barbara von der Lühe
- Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John K Volkman
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christopher H Vane
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon N Ingram
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Charlotte Dunn
- Department of Biology, Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organization, Marsh Harbour, Abaco, Bahamas
| | - Diane Claridge
- Department of Biology, Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organization, Marsh Harbour, Abaco, Bahamas
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12
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Abstract
Jetsam ambergris, found on beaches worldwide, has always been assumed to originate as a natural product of sperm whales (Physeteroidea). However, only indirect evidence has ever been produced for this, such as the presence of whale prey remains in ambergris. Here, we extracted and analysed DNA sequences from jetsam ambergris from beaches in New Zealand and Sri Lanka, and sequences from ambergris of a sperm whale beached in The Netherlands. The lipid-rich composition of ambergris facilitated high preservation-quality of endogenous DNA, upon which we performed shotgun Illumina sequencing. Alignment of mitochondrial and nuclear genome sequences with open-access reference data for multiple whale species confirms that all three jetsam samples derived originally from sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Shotgun sequencing here also provides implications for metagenomic insights into ambergris-preserved DNA. These results demonstrate significant implications for elucidating the origins of jetsam ambergris as a prized natural product, and also for the understanding of sperm whale metabolism and diet, and the ecological mechanisms underlying these coproliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruairidh Macleod
- Section for EvoGenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 København K, Denmark.,Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 8PH, UK
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- Section for EvoGenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 København K, Denmark.,Molecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Section for EvoGenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 København K, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Collins
- Section for EvoGenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 København K, Denmark.,McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, West Tower, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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13
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von der Lühe B, Mayes RW, Thiel V, Dawson LA, Graw M, Rowland SJ, Fiedler S. First evidence of terrestrial ambrein formation in human adipocere. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18370. [PMID: 31797886 PMCID: PMC6892809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the only known occurrence of ambrein, an important perfumery organic molecule, is in coproliths found in about one in a hundred sperm whales. Jetsam ambergris coproliths from the whale are also found occasionally on beaches worldwide. Here we report on the surprising occurrence of ambrein in human adipocere. Adipocere is a waxy substance formed post-mortem during incomplete anaerobic decomposition of soft tissues. Adipocere samples obtained from grave exhumations were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition to the typical fatty acids of adipocere, lesser amounts of ambrein were identified in the samples, in abundances similar to those of the major accompanying faecal steroids. The distribution of these compounds suggests that ambrein was produced post-mortem during the microbial decomposition of faecal residues and tissues. It is assumed that the adipocere matrix of saturated fatty acidsaided the preservation of ambrein over extended periods of time, because adipocere is stable against degradation. The association of ambrein formation in ageing faecal material, under moist, oxygen-depleted conditions, now requires more attention in studies of other mammalian and geological samples. Indeed, ambrein and its transformation products may be useful novel chemical indicators of aged faecal matter and decomposed bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara von der Lühe
- Institute of Geography, University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55099, Mainz, Germany. .,Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Robert W Mayes
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Volker Thiel
- Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lorna A Dawson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Munich, Nußbaumstraße 26, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PLA 8 AA, UK
| | - Sabine Fiedler
- Institute of Geography, University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Moser S, Leitner E, Plocek TJ, Vanhessche K, Pichler H. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of (+)-ambrein. Yeast 2019; 37:163-172. [PMID: 31606910 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid (+)-ambrein is the major component of ambergris, a coprolite of the sperm whale that can only be rarely found on shores. Upon oxidative degradation of (+)-ambrein, several fragrance molecules are formed, amongst them (-)-ambrox, one of the highest valued compounds in the perfume industry. In order to generate a Saccharomyces cerevisiae whole-cell biocatalyst for the production of (+)-ambrein, intracellular supply of the squalene was enhanced by overexpression of two central enzymes in the mevalonate and sterol biosynthesis pathway, namely the N-terminally truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (tHMG) and the squalene synthase (ERG9). In addition, another key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis, squalene epoxidase (ERG1) was inhibited by an experimentally defined amount of the inhibitor terbinafine in order to reduce flux of squalene towards ergosterol biosynthesis while retaining sufficient activity to maintain cell viability and growth. Heterologous expression of a promiscuous variant of Bacillus megaterium tetraprenyl-β-curcumene cyclase (BmeTC-D373C), which has been shown to be able to catalyse the conversion of squalene to 3-deoxyachillol and then further to (+)-ambrein resulted in production of these triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae for the first time. Triterpenoid yields are comparable with the best microbial production chassis described in literature so far, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Consequently, we discuss similarities and differences of these two yeast species when applied for whole-cell (+)-ambrein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- NAWI Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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15
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Rowland SJ, Sutton PA, Wolff GA. Biosynthesis of ambrein in ambergris: evidence from isotopic data and identification of possible intermediates. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1235-1241. [PMID: 31359775 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1644630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ambrein is found in ambergris, a coprolith occurring in the rectum of the sperm whale. In vitro, ambrein is produced by enzymatic cyclisation of squalene, via a monocyclic intermediate. However, little is known of the in vivo process. In order to find evidence for the reaction in vivo, a comparison was made of the δ13C relative isotopic ratios of ambrein in ambergris with those of co-occurring sterols. A statistically significant difference was noted. This suggests that ambrein originates via a different biosynthetic mechanism from that of the sterols. Examination of the minor constituents of a hydrogenolysed extract of ambergris revealed compounds with a bicyclic polypodane nucleus, rather than those with monocyclic structures. It is hypothesised that in vivo biosynthesis of ambrein proceeds, at least in some cases, via bacterial production of bicyclic polypodenols. The latter are known products of non-concerted squalene (or squalene oxide) cyclisations in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Rowland
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - George A Wolff
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven John Rowland
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Paul Andrew Sutton
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Timothy D. J. Knowles
- Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (BRAMS), Schools of Chemistry and Arts, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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17
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Moser S, Strohmeier GA, Leitner E, Plocek TJ, Vanhessche K, Pichler H. Whole-cell (+)-ambrein production in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Metab Eng Commun 2018; 7:e00077. [PMID: 30197866 PMCID: PMC6127371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2018.e00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid (+)-ambrein is a natural precursor for (-)-ambrox, which constitutes one of the most sought-after fragrances and fixatives for the perfume industry. (+)-Ambrein is a major component of ambergris, an intestinal excretion of sperm whales that is found only serendipitously. Thus, the demand for (-)-ambrox is currently mainly met by chemical synthesis. A recent study described for the first time the applicability of an enzyme cascade consisting of two terpene cyclases, namely squalene-hopene cyclase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (AaSHC D377C) and tetraprenyl-β-curcumene cyclase from Bacillus megaterium (BmeTC) for in vitro (+)-ambrein production starting from squalene. Yeasts, such as Pichia pastoris, are natural producers of squalene and have already been shown in the past to be excellent hosts for the biosynthesis of hydrophobic compounds such as terpenoids. By targeting a central enzyme in the sterol biosynthesis pathway, squalene epoxidase Erg1, intracellular squalene levels in P. pastoris could be strongly enhanced. Heterologous expression of AaSHC D377C and BmeTC and, particularly, development of suitable methods to analyze all products of the engineered strain provided conclusive evidence of whole-cell (+)-ambrein production. Engineering of BmeTC led to a remarkable one-enzyme system that was by far superior to the cascade, thereby increasing (+)-ambrein levels approximately 7-fold in shake flask cultivation. Finally, upscaling to 5 L bioreactor yielded more than 100 mg L-1 of (+)-ambrein, demonstrating that metabolically engineered yeast P. pastoris represents a valuable, whole-cell system for high-level production of (+)-ambrein.
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Key Words
- (+)-ambrein
- AOX1, alcohol oxidase
- AaSHC, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius squalene-hopene cyclase
- BSM, basal salt medium
- BmeTC, Bacillus megaterium terpene cyclase
- CDW, cell dry weight
- FLD1, formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1
- HRP, horse radish peroxidase
- Metabolic engineering
- PTM1, Pichia trace metals
- Pichia pastoris
- Squalene
- Terpene cyclase
- Triterpenoid
- YNB, yeast nitrogen base
- YPD, yeast extract peptone dextrose medium
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot A Strohmeier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas J Plocek
- ACS International S.A., 184 Route de St-Julien, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Koenraad Vanhessche
- ACS International S.A., 184 Route de St-Julien, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Ueda D, Matsugane S, Okamoto W, Hashimoto M, Sato T. A Non-Enzymatic Pathway with Superoxide in Intracellular Terpenoid Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Saori Matsugane
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signal Transduction; College of Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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19
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Ideno N, Umeyama S, Watanabe T, Nakajima M, Sato T, Hoshino T. Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
Squalene‐Hopene Cyclase: The Critical Role of Steric Bulk at Ala306 and the First Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxydammarane from 2,3‐Oxidosqualene. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1873-1886. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ideno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology andDepartment of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureNiigata University Ikarashi 2–8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950–2181 Japan
| | - Shikou Umeyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology andDepartment of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureNiigata University Ikarashi 2–8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950–2181 Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology andDepartment of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureNiigata University Ikarashi 2–8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950–2181 Japan
| | - Mami Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology andDepartment of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureNiigata University Ikarashi 2–8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950–2181 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology andDepartment of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureNiigata University Ikarashi 2–8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950–2181 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science and Technology andDepartment of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureNiigata University Ikarashi 2–8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950–2181 Japan
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20
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Ueda D, Matsugane S, Okamoto W, Hashimoto M, Sato T. A Non-Enzymatic Pathway with Superoxide in Intracellular Terpenoid Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10347-10351. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Saori Matsugane
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signal Transduction; College of Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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21
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Rowland SJ, Sutton PA, Belt ST, Fitzsimmons-Thoss V, Scarlett AG. Further spectral and chromatographic studies of ambergris. Nat Prod Res 2018; 32:2603-2609. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1428599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Rowland
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul A. Sutton
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Simon T. Belt
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Alan G. Scarlett
- The Institute for Geoscience Research, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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22
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Heterologous biosynthesis of triterpenoid ambrein in engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:399-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Bartels F, Hong YJ, Ueda D, Weber M, Sato T, Tantillo DJ, Christmann M. Bioinspired synthesis of pentacyclic onocerane triterpenoids. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8285-8290. [PMID: 29619174 PMCID: PMC5858022 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The first chemical synthesis of pentacyclic onocerane triterpenoids (+)-cupacinoxepin and (+)-onoceranoxide is described.
The first chemical synthesis of pentacyclic onocerane triterpenoids has been achieved. A putative biomimetic tricyclization cascade is employed to forge a fused decalin-/oxepane ring system. The synthetic route proceeds to (+)-cupacinoxepin in seven steps and to (+)-onoceranoxide in eight steps in the longest linear sequence, when starting from geranyl chloride and (+)-sclareolide. The bioinspired epoxypolyene cyclization is supported by computational and enzymatic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bartels
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata University , Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan .
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata University , Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan .
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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24
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Tenkovskaia L, Murakami M, Okuno K, Ueda D, Sato T. Analysis of the Catalytic Mechanism of Bifunctional Triterpene/Sesquarterpene Cyclase: Tyr167 Functions To Terminate Cyclization of Squalene at the Bicyclic Step. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1910-1913. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Tenkovskaia
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, and; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Mizuki Murakami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, and; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kotone Okuno
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, and; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, and; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, and; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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25
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Schrittwieser JH, Velikogne S, Hall M, Kroutil W. Artificial Biocatalytic Linear Cascades for Preparation of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 118:270-348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Velikogne
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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26
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Rowland SJ, Sutton PA. Chromatographic and spectral studies of jetsam and archived ambergris. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1752-1757. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1290618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Rowland
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul A. Sutton
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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27
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28
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Hoshino T. β-Amyrin biosynthesis: catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2869-2891. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past five years, there have been remarkable advances in the study of β-amyrin synthase. This review outlines the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition in β-amyrin biosynthesis, which have been attained by the site-directed mutagenesis and substrate analog experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Niigata University
- Niigata 950-2181
- Japan
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29
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Hammer SC, Syrén PO, Hauer B. Substrate Pre-Folding and Water Molecule Organization Matters for Terpene Cyclase Catalyzed Conversion of Unnatural Substrates. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C. Hammer
- Division of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Per-Olof Syrén
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Division of Applied Physical Chemistry; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universitaet Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
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30
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Schmidt NG, Eger E, Kroutil W. Building Bridges: Biocatalytic C-C-Bond Formation toward Multifunctional Products. ACS Catal 2016; 6:4286-4311. [PMID: 27398261 PMCID: PMC4936090 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond formation is the key reaction for organic synthesis to construct the carbon framework of organic molecules. The review gives a selection of biocatalytic C-C-bond-forming reactions which have been investigated during the last 5 years and which have already been proven to be applicable for organic synthesis. In most cases, the reactions lead to products functionalized at the site of C-C-bond formation (e.g., α-hydroxy ketones, aminoalcohols, diols, 1,4-diketones, etc.) or allow to decorate aromatic and heteroaromatic molecules. Furthermore, examples for cyclization of (non)natural precursors leading to saturated carbocycles are given as well as the stereoselective cyclopropanation of olefins affording cyclopropanes. Although many tools are already available, recent research also makes it clear that nature provides an even broader set of enzymes to perform specific C-C coupling reactions. The possibilities are without limit; however, a big library of variants for different types of reactions is required to have the specific enzyme for a desired specific (stereoselective) reaction at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB
GmbH c/o, Department of Chemistry, University
of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB
GmbH c/o, Department of Chemistry, University
of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Squalene-hopene cyclases-evolution, dynamics and catalytic scope. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:73-82. [PMID: 27336183 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein we highlight recent mechanistic findings on the impact of solvent dynamics on catalysis displayed by squalene-hopene cyclases (SHCs). These fascinating biocatalysts that appeared early during the evolution of terpene biosynthetic machineries exploit a catalytic aspartic acid donating the anti-oriented proton to the terminal CC double bond of pre-folded isoprenoid substrates. We review how the unusual strength of this Brønsted acid can be used to harness a plethora of non-natural protonation-driven reactions in a plastic enzyme fold. Moreover, recent results underline how the reaction termination by deprotonation or water addition is governed by the spatial location of water in the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids located in the hydrophobic binding pocket allows for the generation of novel catalytic function by active site reshaping with relatively small enzyme libraries. A deepened understanding of triterpene cyclase dynamics in concert with chemical expertise thus have a great potential to allow for the biocatalytic manufacturing of tailored building bricks that would expand the chemical repertoire currently found in nature.
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32
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Araki T, Saga Y, Marugami M, Otaka J, Araya H, Saito K, Yamazaki M, Suzuki H, Kushiro T. Onocerin Biosynthesis Requires Two Highly Dedicated Triterpene Cyclases in a FernLycopodium clavatum. Chembiochem 2016; 17:288-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Araki
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Meiji University; 1-1-1 Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Yusuke Saga
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Meiji University; 1-1-1 Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Momo Marugami
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Meiji University; 1-1-1 Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Junnosuke Otaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Meiji University; 1-1-1 Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Araya
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Meiji University; 1-1-1 Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1, Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba-shi Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1, Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba-shi Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute; 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari Kisarazu Chiba 292-0818 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kushiro
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Meiji University; 1-1-1 Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
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Shinozaki J, Hiruta M, Okada T, Masuda K. Migrated Hopene Synthases fromColysis pothifoliaand Identification of a Migration Switch Controlling the Number of 1,2-Hydride and Methyl Shifts. Chembiochem 2015; 17:65-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Shinozaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Higashi-Tamagawagakuen Machida City Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hiruta
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Higashi-Tamagawagakuen Machida City Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Takayuki Okada
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Higashi-Tamagawagakuen Machida City Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Kazuo Masuda
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Higashi-Tamagawagakuen Machida City Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
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Ueda D, Yamaga H, Murakami M, Totsuka Y, Shinada T, Sato T. Biosynthesis of Sesterterpenes, Head-to-Tail Triterpenes, and Sesquarterpenes inBacillus clausii: Identification of Multifunctional Enzymes and Analysis of Isoprenoid Metabolites. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1371-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Castillo A, Silva L, Briones D, Quílez del Moral JF, Barrero AF. Collective Synthesis of Natural Products Sharing the Dihydro-γ-Ionone Core. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baunach M, Franke J, Hertweck C. Terpenoid-Biosynthese abseits bekannter Wege: unkonventionelle Cyclasen und ihre Bedeutung für die biomimetische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Baunach M, Franke J, Hertweck C. Terpenoid biosynthesis off the beaten track: unconventional cyclases and their impact on biomimetic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2604-26. [PMID: 25488271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Terpene and terpenoid cyclizations are counted among the most complex chemical reactions occurring in nature and contribute crucially to the tremendous structural diversity of this largest family of natural products. Many studies were conducted at the chemical, genetic, and biochemical levels to gain mechanistic insights into these intriguing reactions that are catalyzed by terpene and terpenoid cyclases. A myriad of these enzymes have been characterized. Classical textbook knowledge divides terpene/terpenoid cyclases into two major classes according to their structure and reaction mechanism. However, recent discoveries of novel types of terpenoid cyclases illustrate that nature's enzymatic repertoire is far more diverse than initially thought. This Review outlines novel terpenoid cyclases that are out of the ordinary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Baunach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena (Germany)
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