1
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Sui X, Wang C, Gutekunst WR. Sequestration of Ruthenium Residues via Efficient Fluorous-enyne Termination. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3160-3165. [PMID: 38269330 PMCID: PMC10805442 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The creation of polymers without metal contamination remains a significant challenge for metathesis-based polymerization techniques and has complicated applications in biomedical and electronic applications. This communication reports a new approach for the removal of ruthenium byproducts through the design of an enyne terminator for metathesis polymerization that contains a fluorous tag. Upon reaction of a living polymer chain with the enyne, the ruthenium center is captured as a stable sulfur-chelated complex that can be efficiently removed after a single filtration through a fluorous cartridge. Levels of ruthenium residues as determined by ICP-MS were found to depend on the monomer structure, eluting solvent, and the degree of polymerization targeted. Ruthenium residues were minimized to low ppm levels (4-75 ppm) for most samples examined and also led to the improved thermal stability of the final materials. This represents the most efficient single method for removal of ruthenium residues from metathesis polymerization products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Sui X, Gutekunst WR. Cascade Alternating Metathesis Cyclopolymerization of Diynes and Dihydrofuran. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:630-635. [PMID: 35570817 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkoxymethylidene complexes have recently come into view as competent species for metathesis copolymerization reactions when coupled with appropriate comonomer targets. Here, we explore the ability of Fischer-type carbenes to participate in cascade alternating metathesis cyclopolymerization (CAMC) through facile terminal alkyne addition. The combination of diyne monomers and an equal feed ratio of low-strain dihydrofuran leads to a controlled chain-growth copolymerization with high degrees of alternation (>97% alternating diads) and produces degradable polymer materials with low dispersities and targetable molecular weights. When combined with enyne monomers, this method is amenable to the synthesis of alternating diblock copolymers that can be fully degraded to short oligomer fragments under aqueous acidic conditions. This work furthers the potential for the generation of functional metathesis materials via Fischer-type ruthenium alkylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Müllner M. Molecular polymer bottlebrushes in nanomedicine: therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5683-5716. [PMID: 35445672 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular polymer bottlebrushes are densely grafted, individual macromolecules with nanoscale proportions. The last decade has seen an increased focus on this material class, especially in nanomedicine and for biomedical applications. This Feature Article provides an overview of major developments in this area to highlight the many opportunities that these polymer architectures bring to nano-bio research. The article covers aspects of bottlebrush synthesis and summarises their use in drug and gene delivery, imaging, as theranostics and as prototype materials to correlate nanoparticle structure and composition to biological function and behaviour. Areas for future research in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Lu H, Cai J, Fang Y, Ren M, Tan X, Jia F, Wang D, Zhang K. Exploring the Structural Diversity of DNA Bottlebrush Polymers Using an Oligonucleotide Macromonomer Approach. Macromolecules 2022; 55:2235-2242. [PMID: 36187461 PMCID: PMC9521811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that macromonomers consisting of organics-soluble, chemically protected oligonucleotides (protDNA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains can be converted into bottlebrush polymers of distinct architectures via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Using a custom norbornene-containing phosphoramidite, two types of macromonomers were obtained: a linear norbornene-protDNA-PEG structure and a Y-shaped structure where the polymerizable norbornene group is situated at the junction where protDNA and PEG meet. With this strategy, the PEG chains can be placed either near the backbone of the bottlebrush or on its periphery, and in principle anywhere between these two extremes by adjusting the norbornene location, which makes this strategy attractive for constructing architecturally sophisticated oligonucleotide-containing copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jiansong Cai
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yang Fang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mengqi Ren
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xuyu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fei Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dali Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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5
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Malik S, Kumar V, Liu CH, Shih KC, Krueger S, Nieh MP, Bahal R. Head on Comparison of Self- and Nano-assemblies of Gamma Peptide Nucleic Acid Amphiphiles. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2109552. [PMID: 35210986 PMCID: PMC8863176 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are nucleic acid analogs with superior hybridization properties and enzymatic stability than deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In addition to gene targeting applications, PNAs have garnered significant attention as bio-polymer due to the Watson-Crick -based molecular recognition and flexibility of synthesis. Here, we engineered PNA amphiphiles using chemically modified gamma PNA (8 mer in length) containing hydrophilic diethylene glycol units at the gamma position and covalently conjugated lauric acid (C12) as a hydrophobic moiety. Gamma PNA (γPNA) amphiphiles self-assemble into spherical vesicles. Further, we formulate nano-assemblies using the amphiphilic γPNA as a polymer via ethanol injection-based protocols. We perform comprehensive head-on comparison of the physicochemical and cellular uptake properties of PNA derived self- and nano-assemblies. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis reveal ellipsoidal morphology of γPNA nano-assemblies that results in superior cellular delivery compate to the spherical self-assembly. Next, we compare the functional activities of γPNA self-and nano-assemblies in lymphoma cells via multiple endpoints, including gene expression, cell viability, and apoptosis-based assays. Overall, we establish that γPNA amphiphile is a functionally active bio-polymer to formulate nano-assemblies for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Kuo-Chih Shih
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Susan Krueger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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6
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Blum AP, Yin J, Lin HH, Oliver BA, Kammeyer JK, Thompson MP, Gilson MK, Gianneschi NC. Stimuli Induced Uptake of Protein-Like Peptide Brush Polymers. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103438. [PMID: 34811828 PMCID: PMC8861929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we presented a strategy for packaging peptides as side-chains in high-density brush polymers. For this globular protein-like polymer (PLP) formulation, therapeutic peptides were shown to resist proteolytic degradation, enter cells efficiently and maintain biological function. In this paper, we establish the role charge plays in dictating the cellular uptake of these peptide formulations, finding that peptides with a net positive charge will enter cells when polymerized, while those formed from anionic or neutral peptides remain outside of cells. Given these findings, we explored whether cellular uptake could be selectively induced by a stimulus. In our design, a cationic peptide is appended to a sequence of charge-neutralizing anionic amino acids through stimuli-responsive cleavable linkers. As a proof-of-concept study, we tested this strategy with two different classes of stimuli, exogenous UV light and an enzyme (a matrix metalloproteinase) associated with the inflammatory response. The key finding is that these materials enter cells only when acted upon by the stimulus. This approach makes it possible to achieve delivery of the polymers, therapeutic peptides or an appended cargo into cells in response to an appropriate stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Blum
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA, 92093, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, NY 13323, Clinton, United States
| | - Jian Yin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA, 92093, La Jolla, United States
| | - Helen H Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, NY 13323, Clinton, United States
| | - Blayne A Oliver
- Department of Chemistry, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, NY 13323, Clinton, United States
| | - Jacquelin K Kammeyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA, 92093, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matthew P Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 633 Clark St., IL, 60208, Evanston, United States
| | - Michael K Gilson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA, 92093, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 633 Clark St., IL, 60208, Evanston, United States
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7
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Whitfield C, Zhang M, Winterwerber P, Wu Y, Ng DYW, Weil T. Functional DNA-Polymer Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11030-11084. [PMID: 33739829 PMCID: PMC8461608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has seen large developments over the last 30 years through the combination of solid phase synthesis and the discovery of DNA nanostructures. Solid phase synthesis has facilitated the availability of short DNA sequences and the expansion of the DNA toolbox to increase the chemical functionalities afforded on DNA, which in turn enabled the conception and synthesis of sophisticated and complex 2D and 3D nanostructures. In parallel, polymer science has developed several polymerization approaches to build di- and triblock copolymers bearing hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic properties. By bringing together these two emerging technologies, complementary properties of both materials have been explored; for example, the synthesis of amphiphilic DNA-polymer conjugates has enabled the production of several nanostructures, such as spherical and rod-like micelles. Through both the DNA and polymer parts, stimuli-responsiveness can be instilled. Nanostructures have consequently been developed with responsive structural changes to physical properties, such as pH and temperature, as well as short DNA through competitive complementary binding. These responsive changes have enabled the application of DNA-polymer conjugates in biomedical applications including drug delivery. This review discusses the progress of DNA-polymer conjugates, exploring the synthetic routes and state-of-the-art applications afforded through the combination of nucleic acids and synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette
J. Whitfield
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meizhou Zhang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pia Winterwerber
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Lu H, Cai J, Zhang K. Synthetic Approaches for Copolymers Containing Nucleic Acids and Analogues: Challenges and Opportunities. Polym Chem 2021; 12:2193-2204. [PMID: 34394751 PMCID: PMC8356553 DOI: 10.1039/d0py01707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A deep integration of nucleic acids with other classes of materials have become the basis of many useful technologies. Among these biohybrids, nucleic acid-containing copolymers has seen rapid development in both chemistry and application. This review focuses on the various synthetic approaches to access nucleic acid-polymer biohybrids spanning post-polymerization conjugation, nucleic acids in polymerization, solid-phase synthesis, and nucleoside/nucleobase-functionalized polymers. We highlight the challenges associated with working with nucleic acids with each approach and the ingenuity of the solutions, with the hope of lowering the entry barrier and inpsiring further investigations in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jiansong Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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9
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Abstract
The preparation and applications of DNA containing polymers are comprehensively reviewed, and they are in the form of DNA−polymer covalent conjugators, supramolecular assemblies and hydrogels for advanced materials with promising features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Min
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Biyi Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Afang Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
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10
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Choi W, Sun H, Battistella C, Berger O, Vratsanos MA, Wang MM, Gianneschi NC. Biomolecular Densely Grafted Brush Polymers: Oligonucleotides, Oligosaccharides and Oligopeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19762-19772. [PMID: 32436259 PMCID: PMC11042487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this Minireview, we describe synthetic polymers densely functionalized with sequence-defined biomolecular sidechains. We focus on synthetic brush polymers of oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides, and oligopeptides, prepared via graft-through polymerization from biomolecule functionalized monomers. The resulting structures are brush polymers wherein a biomolecular graft is positioned at each monomer backbone unit. We describe key synthetic milestones, identify synthetic opportunities, and highlight recent advances in the field, including biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmin Choi
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Hao Sun
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Claudia Battistella
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Or Berger
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Maria A. Vratsanos
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Max M. Wang
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
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11
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Choi W, Sun H, Battistella C, Berger O, Vratsanos MA, Wang MM, Gianneschi NC. Biomolecular Densely Grafted Brush Polymers: Oligonucleotides, Oligosaccharides and Oligopeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonmin Choi
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Claudia Battistella
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Or Berger
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Maria A. Vratsanos
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Max M. Wang
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department Department of Chemistry Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querrey Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Lurie Cancer Center Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
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12
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Self-assembled nanostructures from amphiphilic block copolymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Sui X, Zhang T, Pabarue AB, Fu L, Gutekunst WR. Alternating Cascade Metathesis Polymerization of Enynes and Cyclic Enol Ethers with Active Ruthenium Fischer Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12942-12947. [PMID: 32662989 PMCID: PMC7466819 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkoxymethylidene complexes have rarely been demonstrated as active species in metathesis reactions and are frequently regarded as inert. Herein, we highlight the ability of these Fischer-type carbenes to participate in cascade alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization through their efficient alkyne addition reactions. When enyne monomers are combined with low-strain cyclic vinyl ethers, a controlled chain-growth copolymerization occurs that exhibits high degrees of alternation (>90% alternating diads) and produces degradable poly(vinyl ether) materials with low dispersities and targetable molecular weights. This new method is amenable to the synthesis of alternating diblock polymers that can be degraded to small-molecule fragments under aqueous acidic conditions. This work furthers the potential of Fischer-type ruthenium alkylidenes in polymerization strategies and presents new avenues for the generation of functional metathesis materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alec B Pabarue
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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14
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Kumar S, Pearse A, Liu Y, Taylor RE. Modular self-assembly of gamma-modified peptide nucleic acids in organic solvent mixtures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2960. [PMID: 32528008 PMCID: PMC7289805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based materials enable sub-nanometer precision in self-assembly for fields including biophysics, diagnostics, therapeutics, photonics, and nanofabrication. However, structural DNA nanotechnology has been limited to substantially hydrated media. Transfer to organic solvents commonly used in polymer and peptide synthesis results in the alteration of DNA helical structure or reduced thermal stabilities. Here we demonstrate that gamma-modified peptide nucleic acids (γPNA) can be used to enable formation of complex, self-assembling nanostructures in select polar aprotic organic solvent mixtures. However, unlike the diameter-monodisperse populations of nanofibers formed using analogous DNA approaches, γPNA structures appear to form bundles of nanofibers. A tight distribution of the nanofiber diameters could, however, be achieved in the presence of the surfactant SDS during self-assembly. We further demonstrate nanostructure morphology can be tuned by means of solvent solution and by strand substitution with DNA and unmodified PNA. This work thereby introduces a science of γPNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Pearse
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca E Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Callmann CE, Thompson MP, Gianneschi NC. Poly(peptide): Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Peptide-Polymer Amphiphiles and Protein-like Polymers. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:400-413. [PMID: 31967781 PMCID: PMC11042489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Account, we describe the organization of functional peptides as densely arrayed side chains on polymer scaffolds which we introduce as a new class of material called poly(peptide). We describe two general classes of poly(peptide): (1) Peptide-Polymer Amphiphiles (PPAs), which consist of block copolymers with a dense grouping of peptides arrayed as the side chains of the hydrophilic block and connected to a hydrophobic block that drives micelle assembly, and (2) Protein-like Polymers (PLPs), wherein peptide-brush polymers are composed from monomers, each containing a peptide side chain. Peptides organized in this manner imbue polymers or polymeric nanoparticles with a range of functional qualities inherent to their specific sequence. Therefore, polymers or nanoparticles otherwise lacking bioactivity or responsiveness to stimuli, once linked to a peptide of choice, can now bind proteins, enter cells and tissues, have controlled and switchable biodistribution patterns, and be enzyme substrates (e.g., for kinases, phosphatases, proteases). Indeed, where peptide substrates are incorporated, kinetically or thermodynamically driven morphological transitions can be enzymatically induced in the polymeric material. Synergistically, the polymer enforces changes in peptide activity and function by virtue of packing and constraining the peptide. The scaffold can protect peptides from proteolysis, change the pharmacokinetic profile of an intravenously injected peptide, increase the cellular uptake of an otherwise cell impermeable therapeutic peptide, or change peptide substrate activity entirely. Moreover, in addition to the sequence-controlled peptides (generated by solid phase synthesis), the polymer can carry its own sequence-dependent information, especially through living polymerization strategies allowing well-defined blocks and terminal labels (e.g., dyes, contrast agents, charged moieties). Hence, the two elements, peptide and polymer, cooperate to yield materials with unique function and properties quite apart from each alone. Herein, we describe the development of synthetic strategies for accessing these classes of biomolecule polymer conjugates. We discuss the utility of poly(peptide)-based materials in a range of biomedical applications, including imaging of diseased tissues (myocardial infarction and cancer), delivering small molecule drugs to tumors with high specificity, imparting cell permeability to otherwise impermeable peptides, protecting bioactive peptides from proteolysis in harsh conditions (e.g., stomach acid and whole blood), and transporting proteins into traditionally difficult-to-transfect cell types, including stem cells. Poly(peptide) materials offer new properties to both the constituent peptides and to the polymers, which can be tuned by the design of the oligopeptide sequence, degree of polymerization, peptide arrangement on the polymer backbone, and polymer backbone chemistry. These properties establish this approach as valuable for the development of peptides as medicines and materials in a range of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E. Callmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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16
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Messina MS, Messina KMM, Bhattacharya A, Montgomery HR, Maynard HD. Preparation of Biomolecule-Polymer Conjugates by Grafting-From Using ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP. Prog Polym Sci 2020; 100:101186. [PMID: 32863465 PMCID: PMC7453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-polymer conjugates are constructs that take advantage of the functional or otherwise beneficial traits inherent to biomolecules and combine them with synthetic polymers possessing specially tailored properties. The rapid development of novel biomolecule-polymer conjugates based on proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids has ushered in a variety of unique materials, which exhibit functional attributes including thermo-responsiveness, exceptional stability, and specialized specificity. Key to the synthesis of new biomolecule-polymer hybrids is the use of controlled polymerization techniques coupled with either grafting-from, grafting-to, or grafting-through methodology, each of which exhibit distinct advantages and/or disadvantages. In this review, we present recent progress in the development of biomolecule-polymer conjugates with a focus on works that have detailed the use of grafting-from methods employing ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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17
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Shieh P, Nguyen HVT, Johnson JA. Tailored silyl ether monomers enable backbone-degradable polynorbornene-based linear, bottlebrush and star copolymers through ROMP. Nat Chem 2019; 11:1124-1132. [PMID: 31659310 PMCID: PMC6874888 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene-based (macro)monomers is a powerful approach for the synthesis of macromolecules with diverse compositions and complex architectures. Nevertheless, a fundamental limitation of polymers prepared by this strategy is their lack of facile degradability, limiting their utility in a range of applications. Here we describe a class of readily available bifunctional silyl ether-based cyclic olefins that copolymerize efficiently with norbornene-based (macro)monomers to provide copolymers with backbone degradability under mildly acidic aqueous conditions and degradation rates that can be tuned over several orders of magnitude, depending on the silyl ether substituents. These monomers can be used to manipulate the in vivo biodistribution and clearance rate of polyethylene glycol-based bottlebrush polymers, as well as to synthesize linear, bottlebrush and brush-arm star copolymers with degradable segments. We expect that this work will enable preparation of degradable polymers by ROMP for biomedical applications, responsive self-assembly and improved sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hung V-T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Baker SL, Kaupbayeva B, Lathwal S, Das SR, Russell AJ, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Biorelated Hybrid Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4272-4298. [PMID: 31738532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipid vesicles, and carbohydrates are the major classes of biomacromolecules that function to sustain life. Biology also uses post-translation modification to increase the diversity and functionality of these materials, which has inspired attaching various other types of polymers to biomacromolecules. These polymers can be naturally (carbohydrates and biomimetic polymers) or synthetically derived and have unique properties with tunable architectures. Polymers are either grafted-to or grown-from the biomacromolecule's surface, and characteristics including polymer molar mass, grafting density, and degree of branching can be controlled by changing reaction stoichiometries. The resultant conjugated products display a chimerism of properties such as polymer-induced enhancement in stability with maintained bioactivity, and while polymers are most often conjugated to proteins, they are starting to be attached to nucleic acids and lipid membranes (cells) as well. The fundamental studies with protein-polymer conjugates have improved our synthetic approaches, characterization techniques, and understanding of structure-function relationships that will lay the groundwork for creating new conjugated biomacromolecular products which could lead to breakthroughs in genetic and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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19
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Fu L, Sui X, Crolais AE, Gutekunst WR. Modular Approach to Degradable Acetal Polymers Using Cascade Enyne Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15726-15730. [PMID: 31487416 PMCID: PMC7265103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthetic approach to degradable metathesis polymers is presented using acetal-containing enyne monomers. The monomers are prepared in a short and divergent synthetic sequence that features two points of modification to tune polymerization behavior and introduce molecular cargo. Steric and stereochemical elements are critical in the monomer design in order to provide rapid and living polymerizations capable of generating block polymers. The developed polyacetal materials readily undergo pH-dependent degradation in aqueous mixtures, and the rate of hydrolysis can be tuned through post-polymerization modification with triazolinedione click chemistry. This presents a new scaffold for responsive metathesis polymers that may find use in applications that requires controllable breakdown and release of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Alex E. Crolais
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
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20
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Fu L, Sui X, Crolais AE, Gutekunst WR. Modular Approach to Degradable Acetal Polymers Using Cascade Enyne Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Alex E. Crolais
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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21
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Bartold K, Pietrzyk-Le A, D'Souza F, Kutner W. Oligonucleotide Analogs and Mimics for Sensing Macromolecular Biocompounds. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1051-1062. [PMID: 31109738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms create life-sustaining macromolecular biocompounds including biopolymers. Artificial polymers can selectively recognize biocompounds and are more resistant to harsh physical, chemical, and physiological conditions than biopolymers are. Due to recognition at a molecular level, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) provide powerful tools to correlate structure with biological functionality and are often used to build next-generation chemosensors. We envision an increasing emergence of nucleic acid analogs (NAAs) or biorelevant monomers built into nature-mimicking polymers. For example, if nucleobases bearing monomers arranged by a complementary template are polymerized to form NAAs, the resulting MIPs will open up novel perspectives for synthesizing NAAs. Despite their usefulness, it is still challenging to use MIPs to devise adaptive biomaterials and to implement them in point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bartold
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pietrzyk-Le
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, 1155, Union, Circle, #305070, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Tan X, Lu H, Sun Y, Chen X, Wang D, Jia F, Zhang K. Expanding the materials space of DNA via organic-phase ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Chem 2019; 5:1584-1596. [PMID: 31903440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we develop a facile route to bring DNA to the organic phase, which greatly expands the types of structures accessible using DNA macromonomers. Phosphotriester- and exocyclic amine-protected DNA was synthesized and further modified with a norbornene moiety, which enables homopolymerization via ring-opening metathesis to produce brush-type DNA graft polymers in high yields. Subsequent deprotection cleanly reveals the natural phosphodiester DNA. The method not only achieves high molecular weight DNA graft polymers but when carried out at low monomer:catalyst ratios, yields oligomers that can be further fractionated to molecularly pure, monodisperse entities with one through ten DNA strands per molecule. In addition, we demonstrate substantial simplification in the preparation of traditionally difficult DNA-containing structures, such as DNA/poly(ethylene glycol) diblock graft copolymers and DNA amphiphiles. We envision that the marriage of oligonucleotides with the vast range of organic-phase polymerizations will result in many new classes of materials with yet unknown properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yehui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dali Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Fei Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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23
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Sun H, Yang L, Thompson MP, Schara S, Cao W, Choi W, Hu Z, Zang N, Tan W, Gianneschi NC. Recent Advances in Amphiphilic Polymer-Oligonucleotide Nanomaterials via Living/Controlled Polymerization Technologies. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1889-1904. [PMID: 30969752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the field of polymer-oligonucleotide nanomaterials has flourished because of the development of synthetic techniques, particularly living polymerization technologies, which provide access to polymers with well-defined architectures, precise molecular weights, and terminal or side-chain functionalities. Various "living" polymerization methods have empowered chemists with the ability to prepare functional polymer-oligonucleotide conjugates yielding a library of architectures, including linear diblock, comb, star, hyperbranched star, and gel morphologies. Since oligonucleotides are hydrophilic and synthetic polymers can be tailored with hydrophobicity, these amphiphilic polymer-oligonucleotide conjugates are capable of self-assembling into nanostructures with different shapes, leading to many high-value-added biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, gene regulation, and 3D-bioprinting. This review aims to highlight the main living polymerization approaches to polymer-oligonucleotide conjugates, including ring-opening metathesis polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization (RAFT), and ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and N-carboxyanhydride. The self-assembly properties and resulting applications of polymer-DNA hybrid materials are highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
| | - Matthew P Thompson
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Steve Schara
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Wei Cao
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Wonmin Choi
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Ziying Hu
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Nanzhi Zang
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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24
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Fu L, Zhang T, Fu G, Gutekunst WR. Relay Conjugation of Living Metathesis Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12181-12188. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Guanyao Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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25
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Abstract
The conjugation of biomolecules can impart materials with the bioactivity necessary to modulate specific cell behaviors. While the biological roles of particular polypeptide, oligonucleotide, and glycan structures have been extensively reviewed, along with the influence of attachment on material structure and function, the key role played by the conjugation strategy in determining activity is often overlooked. In this review, we focus on the chemistry of biomolecule conjugation and provide a comprehensive overview of the key strategies for achieving controlled biomaterial functionalization. No universal method exists to provide optimal attachment, and here we will discuss both the relative advantages and disadvantages of each technique. In doing so, we highlight the importance of carefully considering the impact and suitability of a particular technique during biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Spicer
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Thomas Pashuck
- NJ
Centre for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey United States
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Zhang T, Fu L, Gutekunst WR. Practical Synthesis of Functional Metathesis Initiators Using Enynes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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27
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Yang H, Xi W. Nucleobase-Containing Polymers: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E666. [PMID: 30965964 PMCID: PMC6418729 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleobase interactions play a fundamental role in biological functions, including transcription and translation. Natural nucleic acids like DNA are also widely implemented in material realm such as DNA guided self-assembly of nanomaterials. Inspired by that, polymer chemists have contributed phenomenal endeavors to mimic both the structures and functions of natural nucleic acids in synthetic polymers. Similar sequence-dependent responses were observed and employed in the self-assembly of these nucleobase-containing polymers. Here, the structures, synthetic approaches, and applications of nucleobase-containing polymers are highlighted and a brief look is taken at the future development of these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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28
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Berger O, Gazit E. Molecular self-assembly using peptide nucleic acids. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [PMID: 27486924 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are extensively studied for the control of genetic expression since their design in the 1990s. However, the application of PNAs in nanotechnology is much more recent. PNAs share the specific base-pair recognition characteristic of DNA together with material-like properties of polyamides, both proteins and synthetic polymers, such as Kevlar and Nylon. The first application of PNA was in the form of PNA-amphiphiles, resulting in the formation of either lipid integrated structures, hydrogels or fibrillary assemblies. Heteroduplex DNA-PNA assemblies allow the formation of hybrid structures with higher stability as compared with pure DNA. A systematic screen for minimal PNA building blocks resulted in the identification of guanine-containing di-PNA assemblies and protected guanine-PNA monomer spheres showing unique optical properties. Finally, the co-assembly of PNA with thymine-like three-faced cyanuric acid allowed the assembly of poly-adenine PNA into fibers. In summary, we believe that PNAs represent a new and important family of building blocks which converges the advantages of both DNA- and peptide-nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Berger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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29
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Carlini A, Adamiak L, Gianneschi NC. Biosynthetic Polymers as Functional Materials. Macromolecules 2016; 49:4379-4394. [PMID: 27375299 PMCID: PMC4928144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of functional polymers encoded with biomolecules has been an extensive area of research for decades. As such, a diverse toolbox of polymerization techniques and bioconjugation methods has been developed. The greatest impact of this work has been in biomedicine and biotechnology, where fully synthetic and naturally derived biomolecules are used cooperatively. Despite significant improvements in biocompatible and functionally diverse polymers, our success in the field is constrained by recognized limitations in polymer architecture control, structural dynamics, and biostabilization. This Perspective discusses the current status of functional biosynthetic polymers and highlights innovative strategies reported within the past five years that have made great strides in overcoming the aforementioned barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea
S. Carlini
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lisa Adamiak
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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30
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Randolph LM, LeGuyader CLM, Hahn ME, Andolina CM, Patterson JP, Mattrey RF, Millstone JE, Botta M, Scadeng M, Gianneschi NC. Polymeric Gd-DOTA amphiphiles form spherical and fibril-shaped nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4230-4236. [PMID: 30155069 PMCID: PMC6013922 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gd3+-coordinated polymerizable analogue of the MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA was used to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, with hydrophilic blocks composed entirely of the polymerized contrast agent.
A Gd3+-coordinated polymerizable analogue of the MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA was used to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, with hydrophilic blocks composed entirely of the polymerized contrast agent. The resulting amphiphilic block copolymers assemble into nanoparticles (NPs) of spherical- or fibril-shape, each demonstrating enhanced relaxivity over Gd-DOTA. As an initial examination of their behavior in vivo, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of NPs into live mice was performed, showing long IP residence times, observed by MRI. Extended residence times for particles of well-defined morphology may represent a valuable design paradigm for treatment or diagnosis of peritoneal malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay M Randolph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
| | - Clare L M LeGuyader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
| | - Michael E Hahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ; .,Department of Radiology , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Christopher M Andolina
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 4200 Fifth Ave , Pittsburgh , PA 15260 , USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
| | - Robert F Mattrey
- Department of Radiology , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Jill E Millstone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 4200 Fifth Ave , Pittsburgh , PA 15260 , USA
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Alessandria , Italy
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
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32
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Tang S, Puryear WB, Seifried BM, Dong X, Runstadler JA, Ribbeck K, Olsen BD. Antiviral Agents from Multivalent Presentation of Sialyl Oligosaccharides on Brush Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:413-418. [PMID: 35614714 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired brush polymers containing α-2,6-linked sialic acids at the side chain termini were synthesized by protection-group-free, ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Polymers showed strain-selective antiviral activity through multivalent presentation of the sialosides. The multivalent effect was further controlled by independently varying the degree of polymerization, the number density of sialic acids, and the length of side chains in the brush polymers. Optimizing the three-dimensional sialoside spacing for better binding to hemagglutinin trimers was of critical importance to enhance the multivalent effect and the antiviral activity determined by hemagglutination inhibition assays and in vitro infection assays. By taking advantage of their structural similarities with native mucins, these brush polymers can be used as model systems to dissect the intricate design principles in natural mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy B. Puryear
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian M. Seifried
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xuehui Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biological Engineering, and §Division of Comparative
Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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33
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Isarov SA, Pokorski JK. Protein ROMP: Aqueous Graft-from Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:969-973. [PMID: 35596466 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was carried out from the surface of a protein under aqueous conditions. Grubbs' third generation catalyst was modified with PEGylated pyridyl groups to form a water-soluble species that showed high activity in aqueous buffered solutions at near-neutral pH. The modification of a protein with this catalyst to create a stable macroinitiator for ROMP is described. The protein macroinitiator was then used to polymerize water-soluble norbornenes, resulting in high molecular weight protein/polymer conjugates. Varying polymerization time and monomer concentration demonstrated the kinetics of molecular weight evolution and macroinitiator conversion of graft-from ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Isarov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, and ‡Department of
Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, and ‡Department of
Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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34
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Marciel AB, Mai DJ, Schroeder CM. Template-Directed Synthesis of Structurally Defined Branched Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Marciel
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative
Biology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Danielle J. Mai
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative
Biology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative
Biology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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35
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Blum AP, Kammeyer JK, Yin J, Crystal DT, Rush AM, Gilson MK, Gianneschi NC. Peptides displayed as high density brush polymers resist proteolysis and retain bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15422-37. [PMID: 25314576 PMCID: PMC4227725 DOI: 10.1021/ja5088216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for rendering peptides resistant to proteolysis by formulating them as high-density brush polymers. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by polymerizing well-established cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and showing that the resulting polymers are not only resistant to proteolysis but also maintain their ability to enter cells. The scope of this design concept is explored by studying the proteolytic resistance of brush polymers composed of peptides that are substrates for either thrombin or a metalloprotease. Finally, we demonstrate that the proteolytic susceptibility of peptide brush polymers can be tuned by adjusting the density of the polymer brush and offer in silico models to rationalize this finding. We contend that this strategy offers a plausible method of preparing peptides for in vivo use, where rapid digestion by proteases has traditionally restricted their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Blum
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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36
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Liu K, Zheng L, Liu Q, de Vries JW, Gerasimov JY, Herrmann A. Nucleic acid chemistry in the organic phase: from functionalized oligonucleotides to DNA side chain polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14255-62. [PMID: 25265497 DOI: 10.1021/ja5080486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA-incorporating hydrophobic moieties can be synthesized by either solid-phase or solution-phase coupling. On a solid support the DNA is protected, and hydrophobic units are usually attached employing phosphoramidite chemistry involving a DNA synthesizer. On the other hand, solution coupling in aqueous medium results in low yields due to the solvent incompatibility of DNA and hydrophobic compounds. Hence, the development of a general coupling method for producing amphiphilic DNA conjugates with high yield in solution remains a major challenge. Here, we report an organic-phase coupling strategy for nucleic acid modification and polymerization by introducing a hydrophobic DNA-surfactant complex as a reactive scaffold. A remarkable range of amphiphile-DNA structures (DNA-pyrene, DNA-triphenylphosphine, DNA-hydrocarbon, and DNA block copolymers) and a series of new brush-type DNA side-chain homopolymers with high DNA grafting density are produced efficiently. We believe that this method is an important breakthrough in developing a generalized approach to synthesizing functional DNA molecules for self-assembly and related technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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