1
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Zhang SM, Paulin CB, Shu H, Yagüe-Capilla M, Michel M, Marttila P, Ortis F, Bwanika HC, Dirks C, Venkatram RP, Wiita E, Jemth AS, Almlöf I, Loseva O, Hormann FM, Koolmeister T, Linde E, Lee S, Llona-Minguez S, Haraldsson M, Axelsson H, Strömberg K, Homan EJ, Scobie M, Lundbäck T, Helleday T, Rudd SG. Identification and evaluation of small-molecule inhibitors against the dNTPase SAMHD1 via a comprehensive screening funnel. iScience 2024; 27:108907. [PMID: 38318365 PMCID: PMC10839966 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a dNTP triphosphohydrolase governing nucleotide pool homeostasis and can detoxify chemotherapy metabolites controlling their clinical responses. To understand SAMHD1 biology and investigate the potential of targeting SAMHD1 as neoadjuvant to current chemotherapies, we set out to discover selective small-molecule inhibitors. Here, we report a discovery pipeline encompassing a biochemical screening campaign and a set of complementary biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based readouts for rigorous characterization of the screen output. The identified small molecules, TH6342 and analogs, accompanied by inactive control TH7126, demonstrated specific, low μM potency against both physiological and oncology-drug-derived substrates. By coupling kinetic studies with thermal shift assays, we reveal the inhibitory mechanism of TH6342 and analogs, which engage pre-tetrameric SAMHD1 and deter oligomerization and allosteric activation without occupying nucleotide-binding pockets. Altogether, our study diversifies inhibitory modes against SAMHD1, and the discovery pipeline reported herein represents a thorough framework for future SAMHD1 inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Min Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia B.J. Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huazhang Shu
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Yagüe-Capilla
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maurice Michel
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Marttila
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian Ortis
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henri Colyn Bwanika
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Dirks
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajagopal Papagudi Venkatram
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisée Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Almlöf
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Loseva
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Femke M. Hormann
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Linde
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sun Lee
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabin Llona-Minguez
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kia Strömberg
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evert J. Homan
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Scobie
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Sean G. Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Egleston M, Dong L, Howlader AH, Bhat S, Orris B, Bianchet MA, Greenberg MM, Stivers JT. Deoxyguanosine-Linked Bifunctional Inhibitor of SAMHD1 dNTPase Activity and Nucleic Acid Binding. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2200-2210. [PMID: 37233733 PMCID: PMC10596003 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif histidine-aspartate domain protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that exists in monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric forms. It is activated by GTP binding to an A1 allosteric site on each monomer subunit, which induces dimerization, a prerequisite for dNTP-induced tetramerization. SAMHD1 is a validated drug target stemming from its inactivation of many anticancer nucleoside drugs leading to drug resistance. The enzyme also possesses a single-strand nucleic acid binding function that promotes RNA and DNA homeostasis by several mechanisms. To discover small molecule inhibitors of SAMHD1, we screened a custom ∼69 000-compound library for dNTPase inhibitors. Surprisingly, this effort yielded no viable hits and indicated that exceptional barriers for discovery of small molecule inhibitors existed. We then took a rational fragment-based inhibitor design approach using a deoxyguanosine (dG) A1 site targeting fragment. A targeted chemical library was synthesized by coupling a 5'-phosphoryl propylamine dG fragment (dGpC3NH2) to 376 carboxylic acids (RCOOH). Direct screening of the products (dGpC3NHCO-R) yielded nine initial hits, one of which (R = 3-(3'-bromo-[1,1'-biphenyl]), 5a) was investigated extensively. Amide 5a is a competitive inhibitor against GTP binding to the A1 site and induces inactive dimers that are deficient in tetramerization. Surprisingly, 5a also prevented ssDNA and ssRNA binding, demonstrating that the dNTPase and nucleic acid binding functions of SAMHD1 can be disrupted by a single small molecule. A structure of the SAMHD1-5a complex indicates that the biphenyl fragment impedes a conformational change in the C-terminal lobe that is required for tetramerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Egleston
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Linghao Dong
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - A. Hasan Howlader
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shridhar Bhat
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Benjamin Orris
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Mario A. Bianchet
- Department
of Neurology and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Marc M. Greenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - James T. Stivers
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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3
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Mustafa D, Overhulse JM, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Microwave-Accelerated McKenna Synthesis of Phosphonic Acids: An Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083497. [PMID: 37110732 PMCID: PMC10144917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphonic acids represent one of the most important categories of organophosphorus compounds, with myriad examples found in chemical biology, medicine, materials, and other domains. Phosphonic acids are rapidly and conveniently prepared from their simple dialkyl esters by silyldealkylation with bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS), followed by desilylation upon contact with water or methanol. Introduced originally by McKenna, the BTMS route to phosphonic acids has long been a favored method due to its convenience, high yields, very mild conditions, and chemoselectivity. We systematically investigated microwave irradiation as a means to accelerate the BTMS silyldealkylations (MW-BTMS) of a series of dialkyl methylphosphonates with respect to solvent polarity (ACN, dioxane, neat BTMS, DMF, and sulfolane), alkyl group (Me, Et, and iPr), electron-withdrawing P-substitution, and phosphonate-carboxylate triester chemoselectivity. Control reactions were performed using conventional heating. We also applied MW-BTMS to the preparation of three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, an important class of antiviral and anticancer drugs), which were reported to undergo partial nucleoside degradation under MW hydrolysis with HCl at 130-140 °C (MW-HCl, a proposed alternative to BTMS). In all cases, MW-BTMS dramatically accelerated quantitative silyldealkylation compared to BTMS with conventional heating and was highly chemoselective, confirming it to be an important enhancement of the conventional BTMS method with significant advantages over the MW-HCl method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Justin M Overhulse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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4
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Li NS, Piccirilli JA, Greene GL. Demethylation of dimethyl phosphonate esters with sodium ethanethiolate: Improved synthesis of 5'-methylene substituted 2',5'-deoxyribonucleotides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 42:538-546. [PMID: 36629008 PMCID: PMC10213112 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2166064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new demethylation method for dimethyl phosphonate esters using sodium ethanethiolate. The new procedure allows demethylation of nucleoside dimethyl phosphonate esters without 1'-α-anomerization, providing an improved synthesis of 5'-methylene substituted 2',5'-deoxynucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Sheng Li
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph A Piccirilli
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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5
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Helleday T, Rudd SG. Targeting the DNA damage response and repair in cancer through nucleotide metabolism. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3792-3810. [PMID: 35583750 PMCID: PMC9627788 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of the DNA damage response and DNA repair proficiency of cancer cells is an important anticancer strategy. The replication and repair of DNA are dependent upon the supply of deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) building blocks, which are produced and maintained by nucleotide metabolic pathways. Enzymes within these pathways can be promising targets to selectively induce toxic DNA lesions in cancer cells. These same pathways also activate antimetabolites, an important group of chemotherapies that disrupt both nucleotide and DNA metabolism to induce DNA damage in cancer cells. Thus, dNTP metabolic enzymes can also be targeted to refine the use of these chemotherapeutics, many of which remain standard of care in common cancers. In this review article, we will discuss both these approaches exemplified by the enzymes MTH1, MTHFD2 and SAMHD1. © 2022 The Authors. Molecular Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Weston Park Cancer CentreUniversity of SheffieldUK
| | - Sean G. Rudd
- Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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6
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Orris B, Huynh KW, Ammirati M, Han S, Bolaños B, Carmody J, Petroski MD, Bosbach B, Shields DJ, Stivers JT. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation and ssDNA binding kinetics. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7545-7559. [PMID: 35801923 PMCID: PMC9303311 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) is driven into its activated tetramer form by binding of GTP activator and dNTP activators/substrates. In addition, the inactive monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme bind to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. During DNA replication SAMHD1 can be phosphorylated by CDK1 and CDK2 at its C-terminal threonine 592 (pSAMHD1), localizing the enzyme to stalled replication forks (RFs) to promote their restart. Although phosphorylation has only a small effect on the dNTPase activity and ssDNA binding affinity of SAMHD1, perturbation of the native T592 by phosphorylation decreased the thermal stability of tetrameric SAMHD1 and accelerated tetramer dissociation in the absence and presence of ssDNA (∼15-fold). In addition, we found that ssDNA binds competitively with GTP to the A1 site. A full-length SAMHD1 cryo-EM structure revealed substantial dynamics in the C-terminal domain (which contains T592), which could be modulated by phosphorylation. We propose that T592 phosphorylation increases tetramer dynamics and allows invasion of ssDNA into the A1 site and the previously characterized DNA binding surface at the dimer-dimer interface. These features are consistent with rapid and regiospecific inactivation of pSAMHD1 dNTPase at RFs or other sites of free ssDNA in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Orris
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Seungil Han
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ben Bolaños
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jason Carmody
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Benedikt Bosbach
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, NY, NY 10016, USA
| | - David J Shields
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, NY, NY 10016, USA
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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7
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Walter M, Herr P. Re-Discovery of Pyrimidine Salvage as Target in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040739. [PMID: 35203388 PMCID: PMC8870348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are synthesized through two distinct pathways: de novo synthesis and nucleoside salvage. Whereas the de novo pathway synthesizes nucleotides from amino acids and glucose, the salvage pathway recovers nucleosides or bases formed during DNA or RNA degradation. In contrast to high proliferating non-malignant cells, which are highly dependent on the de novo synthesis, cancer cells can switch to the nucleoside salvage pathways to maintain efficient DNA replication. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis remains the target of interest in cancer therapy and several inhibitors showed promising results in cancer cells and in vivo models. In the 1980s and 1990s, poor responses were however observed in clinical trials with several of the currently existing pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors. To overcome the observed limitations in clinical trials, targeting pyrimidine salvage alone or in combination with pyrimidine de novo inhibitors was suggested. Even though this approach showed initially promising results, it received fresh attention only recently. Here we discuss the re-discovery of targeting pyrimidine salvage pathways for DNA replication alone or in combination with inhibitors of pyrimidine de novo synthesis to overcome limitations of commonly used antimetabolites in various preclinical cancer models and clinical trials. We also highlight newly emerged targets in pyrimidine synthesis as well as pyrimidine salvage as a promising target in immunotherapy.
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8
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Morris ER, Kunzelmann S, Caswell SJ, Purkiss AG, Kelly G, Taylor IA. Probing the Catalytic Mechanism and Inhibition of SAMHD1 Using the Differential Properties of R p- and S p-dNTPαS Diastereomers. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1682-1698. [PMID: 33988981 PMCID: PMC8173608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a fundamental regulator of cellular dNTPs that catalyzes their hydrolysis into 2'-deoxynucleoside and triphosphate, restricting the replication of viruses, including HIV-1, in CD4+ myeloid lineage and resting T-cells. SAMHD1 mutations are associated with the autoimmune disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and certain cancers. More recently, SAMHD1 has been linked to anticancer drug resistance and the suppression of the interferon response to cytosolic nucleic acids after DNA damage. Here, we probe dNTP hydrolysis and inhibition of SAMHD1 using the Rp and Sp diastereomers of dNTPαS nucleotides. Our biochemical and enzymological data show that the α-phosphorothioate substitution in Sp-dNTPαS but not Rp-dNTPαS diastereomers prevents Mg2+ ion coordination at both the allosteric and catalytic sites, rendering SAMHD1 unable to form stable, catalytically active homotetramers or hydrolyze substrate dNTPs at the catalytic site. Furthermore, we find that Sp-dNTPαS diastereomers competitively inhibit dNTP hydrolysis, while Rp-dNTPαS nucleotides stabilize tetramerization and are hydrolyzed with similar kinetic parameters to cognate dNTPs. For the first time, we present a cocrystal structure of SAMHD1 with a substrate, Rp-dGTPαS, in which an Fe-Mg-bridging water species is poised for nucleophilic attack on the Pα. We conclude that it is the incompatibility of Mg2+, a hard Lewis acid, and the α-phosphorothioate thiol, a soft Lewis base, that prevents the Sp-dNTPαS nucleotides coordinating in a catalytically productive conformation. On the basis of these data, we present a model for SAMHD1 stereospecific hydrolysis of Rp-dNTPαS nucleotides and for a mode of competitive inhibition by Sp-dNTPαS nucleotides that competes with formation of the enzyme-substrate complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Morris
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Simone Kunzelmann
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Sarah J Caswell
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Andrew G Purkiss
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Geoff Kelly
- The Medical Research Council Biomedical NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
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9
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Justyna K, Małolepsza J, Kusy D, Maniukiewicz W, Błażewska KM. The McKenna reaction - avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1436-1446. [PMID: 32647545 PMCID: PMC7323628 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The McKenna reaction is a well-known and popular method for the efficient and mild synthesis of organophosphorus acids. Bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) is the main reagent in this reaction, which transforms dialkyl phosphonate esters into bis(trimethylsilyl)esters, which are then easily converted into the target acids. However, the versatile character of the McKenna reaction is not always used to its full extent, due to formation of side products. Herein, demonstrated by using model examples we have not only analyzed the typical side processes accompanying the McKenna reaction, but also uncovered new ones. Further, we discovered that some commonly recommended precautions did not always circumvent the side reactions. The proposed results and recommendations may facilitate the synthesis of phosphonic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Justyna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Małolepsza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Maniukiewicz
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Rudd SG, Tsesmetzis N, Sanjiv K, Paulin CBJ, Sandhow L, Kutzner J, Hed Myrberg I, Bunten SS, Axelsson H, Zhang SM, Rasti A, Mäkelä P, Coggins SA, Tao S, Suman S, Branca RM, Mermelekas G, Wiita E, Lee S, Walfridsson J, Schinazi RF, Kim B, Lehtiö J, Rassidakis GZ, Pokrovskaja Tamm K, Warpman‐Berglund U, Heyman M, Grandér D, Lehmann S, Lundbäck T, Qian H, Henter J, Schaller T, Helleday T, Herold N. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors suppress SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity enhancing cytarabine efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10419. [PMID: 31950591 PMCID: PMC7059017 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deoxycytidine analogue cytarabine (ara-C) remains the backbone treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) as well as other haematological and lymphoid malignancies, but must be combined with other chemotherapeutics to achieve cure. Yet, the underlying mechanism dictating synergistic efficacy of combination chemotherapy remains largely unknown. The dNTPase SAMHD1, which regulates dNTP homoeostasis antagonistically to ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), limits ara-C efficacy by hydrolysing the active triphosphate metabolite ara-CTP. Here, we report that clinically used inhibitors of RNR, such as gemcitabine and hydroxyurea, overcome the SAMHD1-mediated barrier to ara-C efficacy in primary blasts and mouse models of AML, displaying SAMHD1-dependent synergy with ara-C. We present evidence that this is mediated by dNTP pool imbalances leading to allosteric reduction of SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity. Thus, SAMHD1 constitutes a novel biomarker for combination therapies of ara-C and RNR inhibitors with immediate consequences for clinical practice to improve treatment of AML.
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11
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The missing link: allostery and catalysis in the anti-viral protein SAMHD1. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1013-1027. [PMID: 31296733 PMCID: PMC7045340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate protein SAMHD1 (sterile-α-motif and HD domain containing protein 1) regulates the cellular dNTP (2′-deoxynucleoside-5′-triphosphate) pool by catalysing the hydrolysis of dNTP into 2′-deoxynucleoside and triphosphate products. As an important regulator of cell proliferation and a key player in dNTP homeostasis, mutations to SAMHD1 are implicated in hypermutated cancers, and germline mutations are associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and the inflammatory disorder Aicardi–Goutières Syndrome. By limiting the supply of dNTPs for viral DNA synthesis, SAMHD1 also restricts the replication of several retroviruses, such as HIV-1, and some DNA viruses in dendritic and myeloid lineage cells and resting T-cells. SAMHD1 activity is regulated throughout the cell cycle, both at the level of protein expression and post-translationally, through phosphorylation. In addition, allosteric regulation further fine-tunes the catalytic activity of SAMHD1, with a nucleotide-activated homotetramer as the catalytically active form of the protein. In cells, GTP and dATP are the likely physiological activators of two adjacent allosteric sites, AL1 (GTP) and AL2 (dATP), that bridge monomer–monomer interfaces to stabilise the protein homotetramer. This review summarises the extensive X-ray crystallographic, biophysical and molecular dynamics experiments that have elucidated important features of allosteric regulation in SAMHD1. We present a comprehensive mechanism detailing the structural and protein dynamics components of the allosteric coupling between nucleotide-induced tetramerization and the catalysis of dNTP hydrolysis by SAMHD1.
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12
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Chen S, Bonifati S, Qin Z, St Gelais C, Wu L. SAMHD1 Suppression of Antiviral Immune Responses. Trends Microbiol 2018; 27:254-267. [PMID: 30336972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a host triphosphohydrolase that degrades intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to a lower level that restricts viral DNA synthesis, and thus prevents replication of diverse viruses in nondividing cells. Recent progress indicates that SAMHD1 negatively regulates antiviral innate immune responses and inflammation through interacting with various key proteins in immune signaling and DNA damage-repair pathways. SAMHD1 can also modulate antibody production in adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize how SAMHD1 regulates antiviral immune responses through distinct mechanisms, and discuss the implications of these new functions of SAMHD1. Furthermore, we propose important new questions and future directions that can advance functional and mechanistic studies of SAMHD1-mediated immune regulation during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Serena Bonifati
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Ito Y, Kimura A, Osawa T, Hari Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Deformylative 1,4-Addition of 2′-Deoxy-5′-O-phthalimidonucleosides for Synthesis of 5′-Carba Analogs of Nucleoside 5′-Phosphates. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10701-10708. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Airi Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Takashi Osawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Mauney CH, Hollis T. SAMHD1: Recurring roles in cell cycle, viral restriction, cancer, and innate immunity. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:96-110. [PMID: 29583030 PMCID: PMC6117824 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1454912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase that plays an important role in the homeostatic balance of cellular dNTPs. Its emerging role as an effector of innate immunity is affirmed by mutations in the SAMHD1 gene that cause the severe autoimmune disease, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) and that are linked to cancer. Additionally, SAMHD1 functions as a restriction factor for retroviruses, such as HIV. Here, we review the current biochemical and biological properties of the enzyme including its structure, activity, and regulation by post-translational modifications in the context of its cellular function. We outline open questions regarding the biology of SAMHD1 whose answers will be important for understanding its function as a regulator of cell cycle progression, genomic integrity, and in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Mauney
- a Department of Biochemistry , Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
| | - Thomas Hollis
- a Department of Biochemistry , Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
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16
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Antonucci JM, St Gelais C, Wu L. The Dynamic Interplay between HIV-1, SAMHD1, and the Innate Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1541. [PMID: 29176984 PMCID: PMC5686096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response constitutes the first cellular line of defense against initial HIV-1 infection. Immune cells sense invading virus and trigger signaling cascades that induce antiviral defenses to control or eliminate infection. Professional antigen-presenting cells located in mucosal tissues, including dendritic cells and macrophages, are critical for recognizing HIV-1 at the site of initial exposure. These cells are less permissive to HIV-1 infection compared to activated CD4+ T-cells, which is mainly due to host restriction factors that serve an immediate role in controlling the establishment or spread of viral infection. However, HIV-1 can exploit innate immune cells and their cellular factors to avoid detection and clearance by the host immune system. Sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is the mammalian deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase responsible for regulating intracellular dNTP pools and restricting the replication of HIV-1 in non-dividing myeloid cells and quiescent CD4+ T-cells. Here, we review and analyze the latest literature on the antiviral function of SAMHD1, including the mechanism of HIV-1 restriction and the ability of SAMHD1 to regulate the innate immune response to viral infection. We also provide an overview of the dynamic interplay between HIV-1, SAMHD1, and the cell-intrinsic antiviral response to elucidate how SAMHD1 modulates HIV-1 infection in non-dividing immune cells. A more complete understanding of SAMHD1’s role in the innate immune response to HIV-1 infection may help develop stratagems to enhance its antiviral effects and to more efficiently block HIV-1 replication and avoid the pathogenic result of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Antonucci
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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17
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Alqudah MA, Yaseen MM. Mechanisms and Factors That Drive Extensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Hypervariability: An Overview. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:708-726. [PMID: 29064351 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive hypervariability of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) populations represents a major barrier against the success of currently available antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, it is still the most important obstacle that faces the development of an effective preventive vaccine against this infectious virus. Indeed, several factors can drive such hypervariability within and between HIV-1 patients. These factors include: first, the very low fidelity nature of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; second, the extremely high HIV-1 replication rate; and third, the high genomic recombination rate that the virus has. All these factors together with the APOBEC3 proteins family and the immune and antiviral drugs pressures drive the extensive hypervariability of HIV-1 populations. Studying these factors and the mechanisms that drive such hypervariability will provide valuable insights that may guide the development of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against HIV-1 infection in the near future. To this end, in this review, we summarized recent advances in this area of HIV-1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ali Alqudah
- 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- 4 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
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18
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Herold N, Rudd SG, Sanjiv K, Kutzner J, Bladh J, Paulin CBJ, Helleday T, Henter JI, Schaller T. SAMHD1 protects cancer cells from various nucleoside-based antimetabolites. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1029-1038. [PMID: 28436707 PMCID: PMC5499833 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1314407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that sterile α motif and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a major barrier in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells to the cytotoxicity of cytarabine (ara-C), the most important drug in AML treatment. Ara-C is intracellularly converted by the canonical dNTP synthesis pathway to ara-CTP, which serves as a substrate but not an allosteric activator of SAMHD1. Using an AML mouse model, we show here that wild type but not catalytically inactive SAMHD1 reduces ara-C treatment efficacy in vivo. Expanding the clinically relevant substrates of SAMHD1, we demonstrate that THP-1 CRISPR/Cas9 cells lacking a functional SAMHD1 gene showed increased sensitivity to the antimetabolites nelarabine, fludarabine, decitabine, vidarabine, clofarabine, and trifluridine. Within this Extra View, we discuss and build upon both these and our previously reported findings, and propose SAMHD1 is likely active against a variety of nucleoside analog antimetabolites present in anti-cancer chemotherapies. Thus, SAMHD1 may constitute a promising target to improve a wide range of therapies for both hematological and non-haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Herold
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Theme of Children's and Women's Health , Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sean G Rudd
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Julia Bladh
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Theme of Children's and Women's Health , Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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19
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Hollenbaugh JA, Shelton J, Tao S, Amiralaei S, Liu P, Lu X, Goetze RW, Zhou L, Nettles JH, Schinazi RF, Kim B. Substrates and Inhibitors of SAMHD1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169052. [PMID: 28046007 PMCID: PMC5207538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 hydrolyzes 2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphates (dNTPs) into 2'-deoxynucleosides and inorganic triphosphate products. In this paper, we evaluated the impact of 2' sugar moiety substitution for different nucleotides on being substrates for SAMHD1 and mechanisms of actions for the results. We found that dNTPs ((2'R)-2'-H) are only permissive in the catalytic site of SAMHD1 due to L150 exclusion of (2'R)-2'-F and (2'R)-2'-OH nucleotides. However, arabinose ((2'S)-2'-OH) nucleoside-5'-triphosphates analogs are permissive to bind in the catalytic site and be hydrolyzed by SAMHD1. Moreover, when the (2'S)-2' sugar moiety is increased to a (2'S)-2'-methyl as with the SMDU-TP analog, we detect inhibition of SAMHD1’s dNTPase activity. Our computational modeling suggests that (2'S)-2'-methyl sugar moiety clashing with the Y374 of SAMHD1. We speculate that SMDU-TP mechanism of action requires that the analog first docks in the catalytic pocket of SAMHD1 but prevents the A351-V378 helix conformational change from being completed, which is needed before hydrolysis can occur. Collectively we have identified stereoselective 2' substitutions that reveal nucleotide substrate specificity for SAMHD1, and a novel inhibitory mechanism for the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1. Importantly, our data is beneficial for understanding if FDA-approved antiviral and anticancer nucleosides are hydrolyzed by SAMHD1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Sheida Amiralaei
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Russell W. Goetze
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - James H. Nettles
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Baek Kim
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Seamon KJ, Bumpus NN, Stivers JT. Single-Stranded Nucleic Acids Bind to the Tetramer Interface of SAMHD1 and Prevent Formation of the Catalytic Homotetramer. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6087-6099. [PMID: 27775344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a unique enzyme that plays important roles in nucleic acid metabolism, viral restriction, and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Although much attention has been focused on its dNTP triphosphohydrolase activity in viral restriction and disease, SAMHD1 also binds to single-stranded RNA and DNA. Here we utilize a UV cross-linking method using 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted oligonucleotides coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify the binding site for single-stranded nucleic acids (ssNAs) on SAMHD1. Mapping cross-linked amino acids on the surface of existing crystal structures demonstrated that the ssNA binding site lies largely along the dimer-dimer interface, sterically blocking the formation of the homotetramer required for dNTPase activity. Surprisingly, the disordered C-terminus of SAMHD1 (residues 583-626) was also implicated in ssNA binding. An interaction between this region and ssNA was confirmed in binding studies using the purified SAMHD1 583-626 peptide. Despite a recent report that SAMHD1 possesses polyribonucleotide phosphorylase activity, we did not detect any such activity in the presence of inorganic phosphate, indicating that nucleic acid binding is unrelated to this proposed activity. These data suggest an antagonistic regulatory mechanism in which the mutually exclusive oligomeric state requirements for ssNA binding and dNTP hydrolase activity modulate these two functions of SAMHD1 within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Seamon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 725 North Wolfe Street, WBSB 314, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 725 North Wolfe Street, Biophysics 307, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 725 North Wolfe Street, WBSB 314, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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21
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Karmakar T, Roy S, Balaram H, Balasubramanian S. Structural and dynamical correlations in PfHGXPRT oligomers: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:1590-605. [PMID: 26441001 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1085441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PfHGXPRT is a key enzyme involved in purine nucleotide salvage pathway of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on two types of PfHGXPRT dimers (D1 and D3) and its tetramer in their apo and ligand-bound states. A significant event in the catalytic cycle is the dynamics of a gate that provides access for the ligand molecules to the reaction center. The gate is formed by loops II and IV, the former being the most flexible. Large amplitude conformational changes have been observed in active site loop II. Upon complete occupancy of the active site, loop II gets stabilized due to specific interactions between its residues and the ligand molecules. Remote loop, X, is seen to be less fluxional in the D3 dimer than in D1 which is rationalized as due to the greater number of inter-subunit contacts in the former. The presence of ligand molecules in subunits of the tetramer further reduces the flexibility of loop X epitomizing a communication between this region and the active sites in the tetramer. These observations are in accordance with the outcomes of several experimental investigations. Participation of loop X in the oligomerization process has also been discerned. Between the two types of dimers in solution, D1 tetramerizes readily and thus would not be present as free dimers. We conjecture an equilibrium to exist between D3 and the tetramer in solution; upon binding of the ligand molecules to the D3 dimer, this equilibrium shifts toward the tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Karmakar
- a Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , 560 064 India
| | - Sourav Roy
- b Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , 560 064 India
| | - Hemalatha Balaram
- b Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , 560 064 India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- a Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , 560 064 India
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22
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Kel'in AV, Zlatev I, Harp J, Jayaraman M, Bisbe A, O'Shea J, Taneja N, Manoharan RM, Khan S, Charisse K, Maier MA, Egli M, Rajeev KG, Manoharan M. Structural Basis of Duplex Thermodynamic Stability and Enhanced Nuclease Resistance of 5'-C-Methyl Pyrimidine-Modified Oligonucleotides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2261-79. [PMID: 26940174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although judicious use of chemical modifications has contributed to the success of nucleic acid therapeutics, poor systemic stability remains a major hurdle. The introduction of functional groups around the phosphate backbone can enhance the nuclease resistance of oligonucleotides (ONs). Here, we report the synthesis of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-5'-C-methyl (C5'-Me) substituted nucleosides and their incorporation into ONs. These modifications generally resulted in a decrease in thermal stability of oligonucleotide (ON) duplexes in a manner dependent on the stereoconfiguration at C5' with greater destabilization characteristic of (R)-epimers. Enhanced stability against snake venom phosphodiesterase resulted from modification of the 3'-end of an ON with either (R)- or (S)-C5'-Me nucleotides. The (S)-isomers with different 2'-substituents provided greater resistance against 3'-exonucleases than the corresponding (R)-isomers. Crystal structure analyses of RNA octamers with (R)- or (S)-5'-C-methyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorouridine [(R)- or (S)-C5'-Me-2'-FU, respectively] revealed that the stereochemical orientation of the C5'-Me and the steric effects that emanate from the alkyl substitution are the dominant determinants of thermal stability and are likely molecular origins of resistance against nucleases. X-ray and NMR structural analyses showed that the (S)-C5'-Me epimers are spatially and structurally more similar to their natural 5' nonmethylated counterparts than the corresponding (R)-epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kel'in
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joel Harp
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Muthusamy Jayaraman
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anna Bisbe
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jonathan O'Shea
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nate Taneja
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rajar M Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Saeed Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Klaus Charisse
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin A Maier
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | - Muthiah Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Rampazzo C, Tozzi MG, Dumontet C, Jordheim LP. The druggability of intracellular nucleotide-degrading enzymes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 77:883-93. [PMID: 26614508 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide metabolism is the target of a large number of anticancer drugs including antimetabolites and specific enzyme inhibitors. We review scientific findings that over the last 10-15 years have allowed the identification of several intracellular nucleotide-degrading enzymes as cancer drug targets, and discuss further potential therapeutic applications for Rcl, SAMHD1, MTH1 and cN-II. We believe that enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism represent potent alternatives to conventional cancer chemotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rampazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon 1, 69622, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon 1, 69000, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France. .,Université de Lyon 1, 69622, Lyon, France. .,Université de Lyon 1, 69000, Lyon, France. .,INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France. .,CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France. .,Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France. .,Equipe Anticorps-Anticancer, INSERM U1052 - CNRS UMR 5286, Faculté Rockefeller, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.
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24
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Ballana E, Esté JA. SAMHD1: at the crossroads of cell proliferation, immune responses, and virus restriction. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:680-692. [PMID: 26439297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a triphosphohydrolase enzyme that controls the intracellular level of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and plays a role in innate immune sensing and autoimmune disease. SAMHD1 has also been identified as an intrinsic virus restriction factor, inactivated through degradation by HIV-2 Vpx or through a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 by cyclin-dependent kinases has been strongly associated with inactivation of the virus restriction mechanism, providing an association between virus replication and cell proliferation. Tight regulation of cell proliferation suggests that viruses, particularly HIV-1 replication, latency, and reactivation, may be similarly controlled by multiple checkpoint mechanisms that, in turn, regulate dNTP levels. In this review, we discuss how SAMHD1 is a viral restriction factor, the mechanism associated with viral restriction, the pathway leading to its inactivation in proliferating cells, and how strategies aimed at controlling virus restriction could lead to a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Ballana
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - José A Esté
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain.
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25
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Seamon KJ, Sun Z, Shlyakhtenko LS, Lyubchenko YL, Stivers JT. SAMHD1 is a single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein with no active site-associated nuclease activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6486-99. [PMID: 26101257 PMCID: PMC4513882 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 restriction factor SAMHD1 is a tetrameric enzyme activated by guanine nucleotides with dNTP triphosphate hydrolase activity (dNTPase). In addition to this established activity, there have been a series of conflicting reports as to whether the enzyme also possesses single-stranded DNA and/or RNA 3′-5′ exonuclease activity. SAMHD1 was purified using three chromatography steps, over which the DNase activity was largely separated from the dNTPase activity, but the RNase activity persisted. Surprisingly, we found that catalytic and nucleotide activator site mutants of SAMHD1 with no dNTPase activity retained the exonuclease activities. Thus, the exonuclease activity cannot be associated with any known dNTP binding site. Monomeric SAMHD1 was found to bind preferentially to single-stranded RNA, while the tetrameric form required for dNTPase action bound weakly. ssRNA binding, but not ssDNA, induces higher-order oligomeric states that are distinct from the tetrameric form that binds dNTPs. We conclude that the trace exonuclease activities detected in SAMHD1 preparations arise from persistent contaminants that co-purify with SAMHD1 and not from the HD active site. An in vivo model is suggested where SAMHD1 alternates between the mutually exclusive functions of ssRNA binding and dNTP hydrolysis depending on dNTP pool levels and the presence of viral ssRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Seamon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Luda S Shlyakhtenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Yuri L Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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26
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Kadina AP, Kashemirov BA, Oertell K, Batra VK, Wilson SH, Goodman MF, McKenna CE. Two Scaffolds from Two Flips: (α,β)/(β,γ) CH2/NH "Met-Im" Analogues of dTTP. Org Lett 2015; 17:2586-9. [PMID: 25970636 PMCID: PMC4672865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel α,β-CH2 and β,γ-NH (1a) or α,β-NH and β,γ-CH2 (1b) "Met-Im" dTTPs were synthesized via monodemethylation of triethyl-dimethyl phosphorimido-bisphosphonate synthons (4a, 4b), formed via a base-induced [1,3]-rearrangement of precursors (3a, 3b) in a reaction with dimethyl or diethyl phosphochloridate. Anomerization during final bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) deprotection after Mitsunobu conjugation with dT was avoided by microwave conditions. 1a was 9-fold more potent in inhibiting DNA polymerase β, attributed to an NH-group interaction with R183 in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia P. Kadina
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Boris A. Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Keriann Oertell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Vinod K. Batra
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Samuel H. Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Myron F. Goodman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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27
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Seamon KJ, Stivers JT. A High-Throughput Enzyme-Coupled Assay for SAMHD1 dNTPase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:801-9. [PMID: 25755265 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115575150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a recently discovered enzyme that plays a central role in nucleotide metabolism and innate immunity. SAMHD1 has deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase activity that depletes the dNTP substrates required for DNA synthesis in cells. The involvement of SAMHD1 in biological processes as varied as viral restriction, endogenous retroelement control, cancer, and modulation of anticancer/antiviral nucleoside drug efficacy makes it a valuable target for the development of small-molecule inhibitors. We report a high-throughput colorimetric assay for SAMHD1 dNTP hydrolase activity that takes advantage of Escherichia coli inorganic pyrophosphatase to convert PPPi to 3 Pi. The assay was validated by screening a library of 2653 clinically used compounds. Fifteen primary hits were obtained (0.57% hit rate); 80% of these were confirmed in a direct secondary assay for dNTP hydrolysis. The zinc salt of the antibiotic cephalosporin C was a potent inhibitor of SAMHD1 with an IC50 of 1.1 ± 0.1 µM, and this inhibition was largely attributable to the presence of zinc. The assay also screened a targeted library of nucleosides and their analogs, revealing that the antiviral drug acycloguanosine (acyclovir) is an inhibitor possessing excellent properties for future fragment-based drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Seamon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Silvin A, Manel N. Innate immune sensing of HIV infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 32:54-60. [PMID: 25617674 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense infections is primordial to preserve organisms. Immune cells express pathogen sensors that induct innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding how HIV-1 infection defeats these responses in most individuals remains an outstanding challenge. Since HIV-1 targets immune cells, innate immune sensors are remarkably positioned at the nexus of viral replication and immunity. Here, we discuss recent studies that have revealed innate sensing mechanisms of HIV-1 infection in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and CD4+ T cells. These studies help understand how HIV-1 avoids antiviral innate immune sensors and how it induces pathogenic processes. Ultimately, this may contribute to therapy and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Silvin
- Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France; INSERM U932, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France; INSERM U932, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
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