1
|
Detinis Zur T, Deek J, Ebenstein Y. Single-molecule approaches for DNA damage detection and repair: A focus on Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD). DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 129:103533. [PMID: 37467630 PMCID: PMC10496029 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is continually exposed to various stressors, which can result in DNA damage, mutations, and diseases. Among the different types of DNA damage, single-strand lesions are commonly induced by external stressors and metabolic processes. Accurate detection and quantification of DNA damage are crucial for understanding repair mechanisms, assessing environmental impacts, and evaluating response to therapy. However, traditional techniques have limitations in sensitivity and the ability to detect multiple types of damage. In recent years, single-molecule fluorescence approaches have emerged as powerful tools for precisely localizing and quantifying DNA damage. Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD) is a single-molecule technique that employs specific repair enzymes to excise damaged bases and incorporates fluorescently labeled nucleotides to visualize the damage. This technique provides valuable insights into repair efficiency and sequence-specific damage. In this review, we discuss the principles and applications of RADD assays, highlighting their potential for enhancing our understanding of DNA damage and repair processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Detinis Zur
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jasline Deek
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krieger KL, Mann EK, Lee KJ, Bolterstein E, Jebakumar D, Ittmann MM, Dal Zotto VL, Shaban M, Sreekumar A, Gassman NR. Spatial mapping of the DNA adducts in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 128:103529. [PMID: 37390674 PMCID: PMC10330576 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA adducts and strand breaks are induced by various exogenous and endogenous agents. Accumulation of DNA damage is implicated in many disease processes, including cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration. The continuous acquisition of DNA damage from exogenous and endogenous stressors coupled with defects in DNA repair pathways contribute to the accumulation of DNA damage within the genome and genomic instability. While mutational burden offers some insight into the level of DNA damage a cell may have experienced and subsequently repaired, it does not quantify DNA adducts and strand breaks. Mutational burden also infers the identity of the DNA damage. With advances in DNA adduct detection and quantification methods, there is an opportunity to identify DNA adducts driving mutagenesis and correlate with a known exposome. However, most DNA adduct detection methods require isolation or separation of the DNA and its adducts from the context of the nuclei. Mass spectrometry, comet assays, and other techniques precisely quantify lesion types but lose the nuclear context and even tissue context of the DNA damage. The growth in spatial analysis technologies offers a novel opportunity to leverage DNA damage detection with nuclear and tissue context. However, we lack a wealth of techniques capable of detecting DNA damage in situ. Here, we review the limited existing in situ DNA damage detection methods and examine their potential to offer spatial analysis of DNA adducts in tumors or other tissues. We also offer a perspective on the need for spatial analysis of DNA damage in situ and highlight Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD) as an in situ DNA adduct technique with the potential to integrate with spatial analysis and the challenges to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko L Krieger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Translational Metabolism and Health Disparities (C-TMH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elise K Mann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Kevin J Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Elyse Bolterstein
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA
| | - Deborah Jebakumar
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Tissue Acquisition & Pathology Shared Resource, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Valeria L Dal Zotto
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Translational Metabolism and Health Disparities (C-TMH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li CC, Liu WX, Jiang S, Liu M, Luo X, Zhang CY. Construction of Bioluminescent Sensors for Label-Free, Template-Free, Separation-Free, and Sequence-Independent Detection of both Clustered and Isolated Damage in Genomic DNA. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14716-14724. [PMID: 36223141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage induced by endogenous/exogenous factors may cause various diseases, and the genomic DNA damage has become an important biomarker for clinical diagnosis and risk assessment, but it remains a great challenge to accurately quantify both clustered and isolated damage because of their random locations, large diversity, and low abundance. Herein, we demonstrate the development of bioluminescent sensors for label-free, template-free, separation-free, and sequence-independent detection of both clustered and isolated damage in genomic DNA based on the base-excision repair (BER) pathway and terminal transferase (TdT)-initiated template-free isothermal cyclic amplification. The damaged bases are cleaved by DNA glycosylase to generate a new 3'-OH terminus, and subsequently, TdT catalyzes the repeated incorporation of dTTPs into the 3'-OH terminus to produce poly-T structures which can hybridize with the signal probe to form a poly-T sequence/signal probe duplex. Under the lambda exonuclease hydrolysis, a large number of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecules are produced to generate a high bioluminescence signal through the cyclic interconversion of AMP-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-AMP in the presence of luciferin and firefly luciferase. Moreover, the introduction of APE1-induced cyclic cleavage signal amplification can greatly improve the detection sensitivity. The proposed strategy can detect both clustered and isolated damage in genomic DNA with extremely high sensitivity and excellent specificity, and it can even distinguish 0.001% DNA damage in the mixture. Importantly, it can detect the cellular DNA damage with a detection limit of 0.011 ng and further extend to measure various DNA damage with the integration of appropriate DNA repair enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wan-Xin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Zichuan Experimental Middle School, Zibo 255100, China
| | - Su Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gabrieli T, Michaeli Y, Avraham S, Torchinsky D, Margalit S, Schütz L, Juhasz M, Coruh C, Arbib N, Zhou ZS, Law JA, Weinhold E, Ebenstein Y. Chemoenzymatic labeling of DNA methylation patterns for single-molecule epigenetic mapping. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e92. [PMID: 35657088 PMCID: PMC9458417 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, specifically, methylation of cytosine (C) nucleotides at the 5-carbon position (5-mC), is the most studied and significant epigenetic modification. Here we developed a chemoenzymatic procedure to fluorescently label non-methylated cytosines in CpG context, allowing epigenetic profiling of single DNA molecules spanning hundreds of thousands of base pairs. We used a CpG methyltransferase with a synthetic S-adenosyl-l-methionine cofactor analog to transfer an azide to cytosines instead of the natural methyl group. A fluorophore was then clicked onto the DNA, reporting on the amount and position of non-methylated CpGs. We found that labeling efficiency was increased up to 2-fold by the addition of a nucleosidase, presumably by degrading the inactive by-product of the cofactor after labeling, preventing its inhibitory effect. We used the method to determine the decline in global DNA methylation in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient and then performed whole-genome methylation mapping of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our genome maps show high concordance with published bisulfite sequencing methylation maps. Although mapping resolution is limited by optical detection to 500–1000 bp, the labeled DNA molecules produced by this approach are hundreds of thousands of base pairs long, allowing access to long repetitive and structurally variable genomic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tslil Gabrieli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Michaeli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Avraham
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dmitry Torchinsky
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sapir Margalit
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leonie Schütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Matyas Juhasz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Ceyda Coruh
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nissim Arbib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, USA
| | - Julie A Law
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elmar Weinhold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh V, Johansson P, Ekedahl E, Lin YL, Hammarsten O, Westerlund F. Quantification of single-strand DNA lesions caused by the topoisomerase II poison etoposide using single DNA molecule imaging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 594:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
6
|
Gilat N, Fridman D, Sharim H, Margalit S, Gassman NR, Michaeli Y, Ebenstein Y. From single-molecule to genome-wide mapping of DNA lesions: repair-assisted damage detection sequencing. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2021; 1:None. [PMID: 34939047 PMCID: PMC8651515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Han Y, Zou X, Xu Q, Ma F, Zhang CY. Construction of a damage site-specific fluorescent biosensor for single-molecule detection of DNA damage. Talanta 2021; 235:122809. [PMID: 34517666 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) represents the most common DNA damage type, and it has been regarded as the oxidative stress biomarker, but the reported 8-oxoguanine assays are limited by poor specificity and low sensitivity. Herein, we demonstrate the construction of damage site-specific fluorescent biosensor for 8-oxoG assay by integrating single-molecule detection with hyperbranched signal amplification. In this assay, the 8-oxoG damages in DNA can generate free 3' OH with the assistance of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and polynucleotide kinase (PNK), which subsequently triggers the incorporation of abundant Cy5-labeled dUTPs via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT)-mediated site-specific hyperbranched nucleic acid amplification. After digestion of amplification products with nuclease treatment, abundant mononucleotide Cy5-dUTPs are produced, which will be easily monitored via single-molecule imaging and detection. The introduction of hyperbranched nucleic acid amplification and single-molecule detection can greatly improve the sensitivity to achieve a detection limit of 7.62 × 10-18 M. This biosensor is highly specific with the capability of discriminating 0.001% 8-oxoG target from the DNA mixture. Moreover, it can be applied for quantitative detection of 8-oxoG damage in genomic DNAs with a detection limit of 0.0017 ng, and even accurately quantifies the absolute number (7025 - 8506) of 8-oxoG damage base in single HeLa cell treated with 150 μM H2O2. Importantly, this biosensor can measure the 8-oxoG damage level in different cancer cell lines, facilitating the oxidative damage-associated biomedical researches and clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yun Han
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoran Zou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qinfeng Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McStay N, Slator C, Singh V, Gibney A, Westerlund F, Kellett A. Click and Cut: a click chemistry approach to developing oxidative DNA damaging agents. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10289-10308. [PMID: 34570227 PMCID: PMC8501983 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallodrugs provide important first-line treatment against various forms of human cancer. To overcome chemotherapeutic resistance and widen treatment possibilities, new agents with improved or alternative modes of action are highly sought after. Here, we present a click chemistry strategy for developing DNA damaging metallodrugs. The approach involves the development of a series of polyamine ligands where three primary, secondary or tertiary alkyne-amines were selected and 'clicked' using the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to a 1,3,5-azide mesitylene core to produce a family of compounds we call the 'Tri-Click' (TC) series. From the isolated library, one dominant ligand (TC1) emerged as a high-affinity copper(II) binding agent with potent DNA recognition and damaging properties. Using a range of in vitro biophysical and molecular techniques-including free radical scavengers, spin trapping antioxidants and base excision repair (BER) enzymes-the oxidative DNA damaging mechanism of copper-bound TC1 was elucidated. This activity was then compared to intracellular results obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to Cu(II)-TC1 where use of BER enzymes and fluorescently modified dNTPs enabled the characterisation and quantification of genomic DNA lesions produced by the complex. The approach can serve as a new avenue for the design of DNA damaging agents with unique activity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha McStay
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Creina Slator
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alex Gibney
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh V, Johansson P, Lin YL, Hammarsten O, Westerlund F. Shining light on single-strand lesions caused by the chemotherapy drug bleomycin. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103153. [PMID: 34119948 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the DNA damage induced by chemotherapy in patient cells may aid in personalization of the dose used. However, assays to evaluate individual patient response to chemotherapy are not available today. Here, we present an assay that quantifies single-stranded lesions caused by the chemotherapeutic drug Bleomycin (BLM) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy individuals. We use base excision repair (BER) enzymes to process the DNA damage induced by BLM and then extend the processed sites with fluorescent nucleotides using a DNA polymerase. The fluorescent patches are quantified on single DNA molecules using fluorescence microscopy. Using the assay, we observe a significant variation in the in vitro induced BLM damage and its repair for different individuals. Treatment of the cells with the BER inhibitor CRT0044876 leads to a lower level of repair of BLM-induced damage, indicating the ability of the assay to detect a compromised DNA repair in patients. Overall, the data suggest that our assay could be used to sensitively detect the variation in BLM-induced DNA damage and repair in patients and can potentially be able to aid in personalizing patient doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Singh
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Pegah Johansson
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yii-Lih Lin
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Hammarsten
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei Y, Huang Q, Tian X, Zhang M, He J, Chen X, Chen C, Deng Z, Li Z, Chen S, Wang L. Single-molecule optical mapping of the distribution of DNA phosphorothioate epigenetics. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3672-3680. [PMID: 33764453 PMCID: PMC8053081 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modifications, with the nonbridging phosphate oxygen replaced by sulfur, governed by DndABCDE or SspABCD, are widely distributed in prokaryotes and have a highly unusual feature of occupying only a small portion of available consensus sequences in a genome. Despite the presence of plentiful non-PT-protected consensuses, DNA PT modification is still employed as a recognition tag by the restriction cognate, for example, DndFGH or SspE, to discriminate and destroy PT-lacking foreign DNA. This raises a fundamental question about how PT modifications are distributed along DNA molecules to keep the restriction components in check. Here, we present two single-molecule strategies that take advantage of the nucleophilicity of PT in combination with fluorescent markers for optical mapping of both single- and double-stranded PT modifications across individual DNA molecules. Surprisingly, PT profiles vary markedly from molecule to molecule, with different PT locations and spacing distances between PT pairs, even in the presence of DndFGH or SspE. The results revealed unprecedented PT modification features previously obscured by ensemble averaging, providing novel insights into the riddles regarding unusual target selection by PT modification and restriction components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Division of Wound Repair, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xihao Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mingmin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Junkai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Division of Wound Repair, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Division of Wound Repair, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mann EK, Lee KJ, Chen D, da Silva LM, Dal Zotto VL, Scalici J, Gassman NR. Associations between DNA Damage and PD-L1 Expression in Ovarian Cancer, a Potential Biomarker for Clinical Response. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050385. [PMID: 33946684 PMCID: PMC8146974 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary This work establishes that ovarian tumors contain persistent oxidative DNA damage levels that can be measured using Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD). The persistent DNA damage correlates with increased protein expression of PD-L1, establishing a link between genomic instability and PD-L1 expression across ovarian tumors. DNA damage may be a potential biomarker for immunotherapy. Abstract Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are currently under investigation as a potential treatment option for ovarian cancer. Although this therapy has shown promise, its efficacy is highly variable among patients. Evidence suggests that genomic instability influences the expression of PD-L1, but little is known about this relationship in ovarian cancer. To examine the relationship between PD-L1 expression and genomic instability, we measured DNA damage using Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD). We then correlated the presence of persistent DNA damage in the ovarian tumor with protein expression of PD-L1 using immunohistochemistry. Ovarian tumors showed a high prevalence of oxidative DNA damage. As the level of oxidative DNA damage increased, we saw a significant correlation with PD-L1 expression. The highest correlation between DNA damage and PD-L1 expression was observed for mucinous ovarian tumors (r = 0.82), but a strong correlation was also observed for high grade serous and endometrioid tumors (r = 0.67 and 0.69, respectively). These findings link genomic instability to PD-L1 protein expression in ovarian cancer and suggest that persistent DNA damage can be used as a potential biomarker for patient selection for immunotherapy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise K. Mann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (E.K.M.); (K.J.L.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (L.M.d.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Kevin J. Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (E.K.M.); (K.J.L.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (L.M.d.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Luciana Madeira da Silva
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (L.M.d.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Valeria L. Dal Zotto
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA;
| | - Jennifer Scalici
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (L.M.d.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (E.K.M.); (K.J.L.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (L.M.d.S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeffet J, Margalit S, Michaeli Y, Ebenstein Y. Single-molecule optical genome mapping in nanochannels: multidisciplinarity at the nanoscale. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:51-66. [PMID: 33739394 PMCID: PMC8056043 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human genome contains multiple layers of information that extend beyond the genetic sequence. In fact, identical genetics do not necessarily yield identical phenotypes as evident for the case of two different cell types in the human body. The great variation in structure and function displayed by cells with identical genetic background is attributed to additional genomic information content. This includes large-scale genetic aberrations, as well as diverse epigenetic patterns that are crucial for regulating specific cell functions. These genetic and epigenetic patterns operate in concert in order to maintain specific cellular functions in health and disease. Single-molecule optical genome mapping is a high-throughput genome analysis method that is based on imaging long chromosomal fragments stretched in nanochannel arrays. The access to long DNA molecules coupled with fluorescent tagging of various genomic information presents a unique opportunity to study genetic and epigenetic patterns in the genome at a single-molecule level over large genomic distances. Optical mapping entwines synergistically chemical, physical, and computational advancements, to uncover invaluable biological insights, inaccessible by sequencing technologies. Here we describe the method's basic principles of operation, and review the various available mechanisms to fluorescently tag genomic information. We present some of the recent biological and clinical impact enabled by optical mapping and present recent approaches for increasing the method's resolution and accuracy. Finally, we discuss how multiple layers of genomic information may be mapped simultaneously on the same DNA molecule, thus paving the way for characterizing multiple genomic observables on individual DNA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jeffet
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sapir Margalit
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yael Michaeli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Obi I, Rentoft M, Singh V, Jamroskovic J, Chand K, Chorell E, Westerlund F, Sabouri N. Stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA structures in Schizosaccharomyces pombe causes single-strand DNA lesions and impedes DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10998-11015. [PMID: 33045725 PMCID: PMC7641769 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) structures are stable non-canonical DNA structures that are implicated in the regulation of many cellular pathways. We show here that the G4-stabilizing compound PhenDC3 causes growth defects in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, especially during S-phase in synchronized cultures. By visualizing individual DNA molecules, we observed shorter DNA fragments of newly replicated DNA in the PhenDC3-treated cells, suggesting that PhenDC3 impedes replication fork progression. Furthermore, a novel single DNA molecule damage assay revealed increased single-strand DNA lesions in the PhenDC3-treated cells. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed enrichment of the leading-strand DNA polymerase at sites of predicted G4 structures, suggesting that these structures impede DNA replication. We tested a subset of these sites and showed that they form G4 structures, that they stall DNA synthesis in vitro and that they can be resolved by the breast cancer-associated Pif1 family helicases. Our results thus suggest that G4 structures occur in S. pombe and that stabilized/unresolved G4 structures are obstacles for the replication machinery. The increased levels of DNA damage might further highlight the association of the human Pif1 helicase with familial breast cancer and the onset of other human diseases connected to unresolved G4 structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna Obi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matilda Rentoft
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Jamroskovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karam Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Chorell
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nasim Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li W, Sancar A. Methodologies for detecting environmentally induced DNA damage and repair. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:664-679. [PMID: 32083352 PMCID: PMC7442611 DOI: 10.1002/em.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental DNA damaging agents continuously challenge the integrity of the genome by introducing a variety of DNA lesions. The DNA damage caused by environmental factors will lead to mutagenesis and subsequent carcinogenesis if they are not removed efficiently by repair pathways. Methods for detection of DNA damage and repair can be applied to identify, visualize, and quantify the DNA damage formation and repair events, and they enable us to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage formation, DNA repair pathways, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Ever since the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, a great number of methods have been developed to detect various types of DNA damage and repair. Rapid advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the emergence of a variety of novel methods for detecting environmentally induced DNA damage and repair at the genome-wide scale during the last decade. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the development of various damage detection methods. We also highlight the current methodologies to detect DNA damage and repair, especially some next generation sequencing-based methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- Correspondence to: Wentao Li and Aziz Sancar, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. and
| | - Aziz Sancar
- Correspondence to: Wentao Li and Aziz Sancar, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gilat N, Torchinsky D, Margalit S, Michaeli Y, Avraham S, Sharim H, Elkoshi N, Levy C, Zirkin S, Ebenstein Y. Rapid Quantification of Oxidation and UV Induced DNA Damage by Repair Assisted Damage Detection-(Rapid RADD). Anal Chem 2020; 92:9887-9894. [PMID: 32578422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the amount and type of DNA damage is of great significance for a broad range of clinical and research applications. However, existing methods are either lacking in their ability to distinguish between types of DNA damage or limited in their sensitivity and reproducibility. The method described herein enables rapid and robust quantification of type-specific single-strand DNA damage. The method is based on repair-assisted damage detection (RADD) by which fluorescent nucleotides are incorporated into DNA damage sites using type-specific repair enzymes. Up to 90 DNA samples are then deposited on a multiwell glass slide, and analyzed by a conventional slide scanner for quantification of DNA damage levels. Accurate and sensitive measurements of oxidative or UV-induced DNA damage levels and repair kinetics are presented for both in vitro and in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Gilat
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dmitry Torchinsky
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sapir Margalit
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Michaeli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Avraham
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Sharim
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadav Elkoshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Zirkin
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh V, Johansson P, Torchinsky D, Lin YL, Öz R, Ebenstein Y, Hammarsten O, Westerlund F. Quantifying DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and hyperthermia using single DNA molecule imaging. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100822. [PMID: 32652469 PMCID: PMC7350159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a common mode of cancer therapy, where DNA damage is the major reason of cell death. Here, we use an assay based on fluorescence imaging of single damaged DNA molecules isolated from radiated lymphocytes, to quantify IR induced DNA damage. The assay uses a cocktail of DNA-repair enzymes that recognizes and excises DNA lesions and then a polymerase and a ligase incorporate fluorescent nucleotides at the damage sites, resulting in a fluorescent “spot” at each site. The individual fluorescent spots can then be counted along single stretched DNA molecules and the global level of DNA damage can be quantified. Our results demonstrate that inclusion of the human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in the enzyme cocktail increases the sensitivity of the assay for detection of IR induced damage significantly. This optimized assay also allowed detection of a cooperative increase in DNA damage when IR was combined with mild hyperthermia, which is sometimes used as an adjuvant in IR therapy. Finally, we discuss how the method may be used to identify patients that are sensitive to IR and other types of DNA damaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Singh
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pegah Johansson
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Torchinsky
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yii-Lih Lin
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robin Öz
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ola Hammarsten
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guardamagna I, Bassi E, Savio M, Perucca P, Cazzalini O, Prosperi E, Stivala LA. A functional in vitro cell-free system for studying DNA repair in isolated nuclei. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240010. [PMID: 32376788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of DNA repair is an important endpoint measurement when studying the biochemical mechanisms of the DNA damage response and when investigating the efficacy of chemotherapy, which often uses DNA-damaging compounds. Numerous in vitro methods to biochemically characterize DNA repair mechanisms have been developed so far. However, such methods have some limitations, which are mainly due to the lack of chromatin organization in the DNA templates used. Here we describe a functional cell-free system to study DNA repair synthesis in vitro, using G1-phase nuclei isolated from human cells treated with different genotoxic agents. Upon incubation in the corresponding damage-activated cytosolic extracts, containing biotinylated dUTP, nuclei were able to initiate DNA repair synthesis. The use of specific DNA synthesis inhibitors markedly decreased biotinylated dUTP incorporation, indicating the specificity of the repair response. Exogenously added human recombinant PCNA protein, but not the sensors of UV-DNA damage DDB2 and DDB1, stimulated UVC-induced dUTP incorporation. In contrast, a DDB2PCNA- mutant protein, unable to associate with PCNA, interfered with DNA repair synthesis. Given its responsiveness to different types of DNA lesions, this system offers an additional tool to study DNA repair mechanisms.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Guardamagna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Savio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Perucca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', CNR, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia A Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Single-molecule analysis of nucleic acid biomarkers - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1115:61-85. [PMID: 32370870 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are important biomarkers for disease detection, monitoring, and treatment. Advances in technologies for nucleic acid analysis have enabled discovery and clinical implementation of nucleic acid biomarkers. However, challenges remain with technologies for nucleic acid analysis, thereby limiting the use of nucleic acid biomarkers in certain contexts. Here, we review single-molecule technologies for nucleic acid analysis that can be used to overcome these challenges. We first discuss the various types of nucleic acid biomarkers important for clinical applications and conventional technologies for nucleic acid analysis. We then discuss technologies for single-molecule in vitro and in situ analysis of nucleic acid biomarkers. Finally, we discuss other ultra-sensitive techniques for nucleic acid biomarker detection.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wand NO, Smith DA, Wilkinson AA, Rushton AE, Busby SJW, Styles IB, Neely RK. DNA barcodes for rapid, whole genome, single-molecule analyses. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:e68. [PMID: 30918971 PMCID: PMC6614835 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an approach for visualizing DNA sequence and using these ‘DNA barcodes’ to search complex mixtures of genomic material for DNA molecules of interest. We demonstrate three applications of this methodology; identifying specific molecules of interest from a dataset containing gigabasepairs of genome; identification of a bacterium from such a dataset and, finally, by locating infecting virus molecules in a background of human genomic material. As a result of the dense fluorescent labelling of the DNA, individual barcodes of the order 40 kb pairs in length can be reliably identified. This means DNA can be prepared for imaging using standard handling and purification techniques. The recorded dataset provides stable physical and electronic records of the total genomic content of a sample that can be readily searched for a molecule or region of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel O Wand
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Darren A Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew A Wilkinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ashleigh E Rushton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stephen J W Busby
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iain B Styles
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert K Neely
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jin X, Hapsari ND, Lee S, Jo K. DNA binding fluorescent proteins as single-molecule probes. Analyst 2020; 145:4079-4095. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding fluorescent proteins are useful probes for a broad range of biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Natalia Diyah Hapsari
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
- Chemistry Education Program
| | - Seonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Müller V, Dvirnas A, Andersson J, Singh V, Kk S, Johansson P, Ebenstein Y, Ambjörnsson T, Westerlund F. Enzyme-free optical DNA mapping of the human genome using competitive binding. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e89. [PMID: 31165870 PMCID: PMC6735870 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical DNA mapping (ODM) allows visualization of long-range sequence information along single DNA molecules. The data can for example be used for detecting long range structural variations, for aiding DNA sequence assembly of complex genomes and for mapping epigenetic marks and DNA damage across the genome. ODM traditionally utilizes sequence specific marks based on nicking enzymes, combined with a DNA stain, YOYO-1, for detection of the DNA contour. Here we use a competitive binding approach, based on YOYO-1 and netropsin, which highlights the contour of the DNA molecules, while simultaneously creating a continuous sequence specific pattern, based on the AT/GC variation along the detected molecule. We demonstrate and validate competitive-binding-based ODM using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) derived from the human genome and then turn to DNA extracted from white blood cells. We generalize our findings with in-silico simulations that show that we can map a vast majority of the human genome. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of combining competitive binding with enzymatic labeling by mapping DNA damage sites induced by the cytotoxic drug etoposide to the human genome. Overall, we demonstrate that competitive-binding-based ODM has the potential to be used both as a standalone assay for studies of the human genome, as well as in combination with enzymatic approaches, some of which are already commercialized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilhelm Müller
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertas Dvirnas
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Andersson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sriram Kk
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pegah Johansson
- Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Ambjörnsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shin E, Kim W, Lee S, Bae J, Kim S, Ko W, Seo HS, Lim S, Lee HS, Jo K. Truncated TALE-FP as DNA Staining Dye in a High-salt Buffer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17197. [PMID: 31748571 PMCID: PMC6868158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Large DNA molecules are a promising platform for in vitro single-molecule biochemical analysis to investigate DNA-protein interactions by fluorescence microscopy. For many studies, intercalating fluorescent dyes have been primary DNA staining reagents, but they often cause photo-induced DNA breakage as well as structural deformation. As a solution, we previously developed several fluorescent-protein DNA-binding peptides or proteins (FP-DBP) for reversibly staining DNA molecules without structural deformation or photo-induced damage. However, they cannot stain DNA in a condition similar to a physiological salt concentration that most biochemical reactions require. Given these concerns, here we developed a salt-tolerant FP-DBP: truncated transcription activator-like effector (tTALE-FP), which can stain DNA up to 100 mM NaCl. Moreover, we found an interesting phenomenon that the tTALE-FP stained DNA evenly in 1 × TE buffer but showed AT-rich specific patterns from 40 mM to 100 mM NaCl. Using an assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we demonstrated that this binding pattern is caused by a higher DNA binding affinity of tTALE-FP for AT-rich compared to GC-rich regions. Finally, we used tTALE-FP in a single molecule fluorescence assay to monitor real-time restriction enzyme digestion of single DNA molecules. Altogether, our results demonstrate that this protein can provide a useful alternative as a DNA stain over intercalators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Woojung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Seonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Sanggil Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Wooseok Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 580-185, Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 580-185, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea.
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotech, Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong, Mapogu, Seoul, 04107, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
DNA damage measurements within tissue samples with Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD). CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 1:78-86. [PMID: 33997769 DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to genotoxic carcinogens and reactive species result in strand breaks and a spectrum of covalent modifications to DNA that can induce mutations and contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. Measurements of DNA damage within tissue or tumor samples can serve as a biomarker for exposures or assess changes in DNA repair capacity relevant in cancer development and treatment. Numerous methods to characterize DNA damage exist. However, these methods are primarily applicable to isolated DNA or cultured cells, often require a substantial amount of material, and may be limited to the detection and quantification of only a handful of DNA adducts. Here, we used the Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD) assay to detect and excise DNA adducts using a cocktail of DNA repair enzymes, then the damage site within the genome are tagged for detection using a modified nucleotide. We previously demonstrated the RADD assay can detect lesions within isolated DNA and fixed cells, and now RADD can be used to detect DNA adducts and DNA strand breaks in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. We verified the ability of the RADD assay to detect DNA damage in tissue by exogenously inducing DNA damage with X-rays and restriction enzymes. We also showed that RADD can be multiplexed with antibodies to detect cell cycle markers or other proteins of interest. Finally, we showed that RADD can detect DNA damage within clinically relevant ovarian tumor samples. RADD is a flexible and easy-to-use assay that allows relative damage levels to be determined within FFPE samples and allows the heterogeneity of DNA adducts and strand breaks within clinically relevant samples to be measured.
Collapse
|
24
|
Torchinsky D, Michaeli Y, Gassman NR, Ebenstein Y. Simultaneous detection of multiple DNA damage types by multi-colour fluorescent labelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11414-11417. [PMID: 31482872 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present an assay allowing concurrent detection of oxidative DNA damage and photoproducts. We apply DNA repair enzymes specific for each lesion type to incorporate spectrally distinct fluorescent nucleotides, enabling simultaneous quantification of the lesions on individual DNA molecules. We follow the repair of both damage types in skin cells exposed to artificial sunlight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Torchinsky
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Y, Hua RN, Zhang CY. Analysis of the Isolated and the Clustered DNA Damages by Single-Molecule Counting. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10381-10385. [PMID: 31364352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage seriously threats the genomic stability and is linked to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cell death. DNA damage includes the isolated damage and the clustered damages, but few approaches are available for efficient detection of the clustered damage due to its spatial distribution. Herein, we present a single-molecule counting approach with the capability of detecting both the isolated and the clustered damages in genomic DNAs. We employed the repair enzymes to remove the DNA damage and used the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to incorporate biotinylated nucleotides and fluorescent nucleotides into the damage sites in a template-independent manner. The number of total oxidative damaged bases is quantified to be 7328-7406 in a single HeLa cell treated with 150 μM H2O2. This method in combination with special repair enzymes can detect a variety of DNA damage in different types of cells, holding great potential for early diagnosis of DNA damage-related human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Ruo-Nan Hua
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gabrieli T, Sharim H, Fridman D, Arbib N, Michaeli Y, Ebenstein Y. Selective nanopore sequencing of human BRCA1 by Cas9-assisted targeting of chromosome segments (CATCH). Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:e87. [PMID: 29788371 PMCID: PMC6101500 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is challenged by structural and copy number variations larger than the typical read length of several hundred bases. Third-generation sequencing platforms such as single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and nanopore sequencing provide longer reads and are able to characterize variations that are undetected in NGS data. Nevertheless, these technologies suffer from inherent low throughput which prohibits deep sequencing at reasonable cost without target enrichment. Here, we optimized Cas9-Assisted Targeting of CHromosome segments (CATCH) for nanopore sequencing of the breast cancer gene BRCA1. A 200 kb target containing the 80 kb BRCA1 gene body and its flanking regions was isolated intact from primary human peripheral blood cells, allowing long-range amplification and long-read nanopore sequencing. The target was enriched 237-fold and sequenced at up to 70× coverage on a single flow-cell. Overall performance and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling were directly compared to Illumina sequencing of the same enriched sample, highlighting the benefits of CATCH for targeted sequencing. The CATCH enrichment scheme only requires knowledge of the target flanking sequence for Cas9 cleavage while providing contiguous data across both coding and non-coding sequence and holds promise for characterization of complex disease-related or highly variable genomic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tslil Gabrieli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Sharim
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dena Fridman
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nissim Arbib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Michaeli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nayek U, Unnikrishnan VK, Abdul Salam AA, Vasa P, Chidangil S, Mathur D. Strong Strand Breaks in DNA Induced by Thermal Energy Particles and Their Electrostatic Inhibition by Na + Nanostructures. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3241-3247. [PMID: 30920832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-power laser pulses of 6 ns duration (1064 nm wavelength) have been used to create plasma in an aqueous solution of plasmid DNA (pUC19). Thermal energy electrons and •OH radicals in the plasma induce strand breakages in DNA, including double strand breaks and possible base oxidation/base degradation. The time evolution of these modifications shows that it takes barely 30 s for damage to DNA to occur. Addition of physiologically relevant concentrations of a salt (NaCl) significantly inhibits such damage. We rationalize such inhibition using simple electrostatic considerations. The observation that DNA damage is induced by plasma-induced photolysis of water suggests implications beyond studies of DNA and opens new vistas for using simple nanosecond lasers to probe how ultralow energy radiation may affect living matter under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Parinda Vasa
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400 076 , India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sharim H, Grunwald A, Gabrieli T, Michaeli Y, Margalit S, Torchinsky D, Arielly R, Nifker G, Juhasz M, Gularek F, Almalvez M, Dufault B, Chandra SS, Liu A, Bhattacharya S, Chen YW, Vilain E, Wagner KR, Pevsner J, Reifenberger J, Lam ET, Hastie AR, Cao H, Barseghyan H, Weinhold E, Ebenstein Y. Long-read single-molecule maps of the functional methylome. Genome Res 2019; 29:646-656. [PMID: 30846530 PMCID: PMC6442387 DOI: 10.1101/gr.240739.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a methylation analysis workflow for optical detection of fluorescent methylation profiles along chromosomal DNA molecules. In combination with Bionano Genomics genome mapping technology, these profiles provide a hybrid genetic/epigenetic genome-wide map composed of DNA molecules spanning hundreds of kilobase pairs. The method provides kilobase pair–scale genomic methylation patterns comparable to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) along genes and regulatory elements. These long single-molecule reads allow for methylation variation calling and analysis of large structural aberrations such as pathogenic macrosatellite arrays not accessible to single-cell second-generation sequencing. The method is applied here to study facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), simultaneously recording the haplotype, copy number, and methylation status of the disease-associated, highly repetitive locus on Chromosome 4q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hila Sharim
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Assaf Grunwald
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tslil Gabrieli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yael Michaeli
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sapir Margalit
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dmitry Torchinsky
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Rani Arielly
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gil Nifker
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Matyas Juhasz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gularek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Miguel Almalvez
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Brandon Dufault
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Sreetama Sen Chandra
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Alexander Liu
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Eric Vilain
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kathryn R Wagner
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan Pevsner
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | - Ernest T Lam
- Bionano Genomics, Incorporated, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Alex R Hastie
- Bionano Genomics, Incorporated, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Han Cao
- Bionano Genomics, Incorporated, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Hayk Barseghyan
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Elmar Weinhold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu S, Jeffet J, Grunwald A, Sharim H, Gilat N, Torchinsky D, Zheng Q, Zirkin S, Xu L, Ebenstein Y. Microfluidic DNA combing for parallel single-molecule analysis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:045101. [PMID: 30485249 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaeddc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA combing is a widely used method for stretching and immobilising DNA molecules on a surface. Fluorescent labelling of genomic information enables high-resolution optical analysis of DNA at the single-molecule level. Despite its simplicity, the application of DNA combing in diagnostic workflows is still limited, mainly due to difficulties in analysing multiple small-volume DNA samples in parallel. Here, we report a simple and versatile microfluidic DNA combing technology (μDC), which allows manipulating, stretching and imaging of multiple, microliter scale DNA samples by employing a manifold of parallel microfluidic channels. Using DNA molecules with repetitive units as molecular rulers, we demonstrate that the μDC technology allows uniform stretching of DNA molecules. The stretching ratio remains consistent along individual molecules as well as between different molecules in the various channels, allowing simultaneous quantitative analysis of different samples loaded into parallel channels. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of μDC to characterise UVB-induced DNA damage levels in human embryonic kidney cells and the spatial correlation between DNA damage sites. Our results point out the potential application of μDC for quantitative and comparative single-molecule studies of genomic features. The extremely simple design of μDC makes it suitable for integration into other microfluidic platforms to facilitate high-throughput DNA analysis in biological research and medical point-of-care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Heck C, Michaeli Y, Bald I, Ebenstein Y. Analytical epigenetics: single-molecule optical detection of DNA and histone modifications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 55:151-158. [PMID: 30326408 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of epigenetics describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype, by regulating gene expression without changing the canonical base sequence of DNA. It deals with molecular genomic information that is encoded by a rich repertoire of chemical modifications and molecular interactions. This regulation involves DNA, RNA and proteins that are enzymatically tagged with small molecular groups that alter their physical and chemical properties. It is now clear that epigenetic alterations are involved in development and disease, and thus, are the focus of intensive research. The ability to record epigenetic changes and quantify them in rare medical samples is critical for next generation diagnostics. Optical detection offers the ultimate single-molecule sensitivity and the potential for spectral multiplexing. Here we review recent progress in ultrasensitive optical detection of DNA and histone modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heck
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yael Michaeli
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Summary Irys Extract is a software tool for generating genomic information from data collected by the BioNano Genomics Irys platform. The tool allows the user easy access to the raw data in the form of cropped images and genetically aligned intensity profiles. The latter are also made compatible with the BED format for using with popular genomic browsers such as the UCSC Genome Browser. Availability and implementation Irys Extract has been developed in Matlab R2015a, it was tested to work with IrysView 2.4.0.15879 and AutoDetect 2.1.4.9159, and it currently runs under Microsoft Windows operating systems (7-10). Irys Extract can be downloaded alongside its manual and a demo dataset at http://www.nanobiophotonix.com and https://sites.google.com/site/raniarielly/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Arielly
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gassman NR, Holton NW. Targets for repair: detecting and quantifying DNA damage with fluorescence-based methodologies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 55:30-35. [PMID: 30114673 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Gassman
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL 36607, USA.
| | - Nathaniel W Holton
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL 36607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gabrieli T, Sharim H, Nifker G, Jeffet J, Shahal T, Arielly R, Levi-Sakin M, Hoch L, Arbib N, Michaeli Y, Ebenstein Y. Epigenetic Optical Mapping of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Nanochannel Arrays. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7148-7158. [PMID: 29924591 PMCID: PMC6114841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is a distinct product of active DNA demethylation that is linked to gene regulation, development, and disease. In particular, 5-hmC levels dramatically decline in many cancers, potentially serving as an epigenetic biomarker. The noise associated with next-generation 5-hmC sequencing hinders reliable analysis of low 5-hmC containing tissues such as blood and malignant tumors. Additionally, genome-wide 5-hmC profiles generated by short-read sequencing are limited in providing long-range epigenetic information relevant to highly variable genomic regions, such as the 3.7 Mbp disease-related Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region. We present a long-read, highly sensitive single-molecule mapping technology that generates hybrid genetic/epigenetic profiles of native chromosomal DNA. The genome-wide distribution of 5-hmC in human peripheral blood cells correlates well with 5-hmC DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP) sequencing. However, the long single-molecule read-length of 100 kbp to 1 Mbp produces 5-hmC profiles across variable genomic regions that failed to show up in the sequencing data. In addition, optical 5-hmC mapping shows a strong correlation between the 5-hmC density in gene bodies and the corresponding level of gene expression. The single-molecule concept provides information on the distribution and coexistence of 5-hmC signals at multiple genomic loci on the same genomic DNA molecule, revealing long-range correlations and cell-to-cell epigenetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tslil Gabrieli
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Sharim
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Nifker
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Jeffet
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Shahal
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rani Arielly
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Levi-Sakin
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lily Hoch
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nissim Arbib
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Michaeli
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School
of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for
Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Holton NW, Ebenstein Y, Gassman NR. Broad spectrum detection of DNA damage by Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD). DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 66-67:42-49. [PMID: 29723708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures, reactive by-products of cellular metabolism, and spontaneous deamination events result in a spectrum of DNA adducts that if un-repaired threaten genomic integrity by inducing mutations, increasing instability, and contributing to the initiation and progression of cancer. Assessment of DNA adducts in cells and tissues is critical for genotoxic and carcinogenic evaluation of chemical exposure and may provide insight into the etiology of cancer. Numerous methods to characterize the formation of DNA adducts and their retention for risk assessment have been developed. However, there are still significant drawbacks to the implementation and wide-spread use of these methods, because they often require a substantial amount of biological sample, highly specialized expertise and equipment, and depending on technique, may be limited to the detection and quantification of only a handful of DNA adducts at a time. There is a pressing need for high throughput, easy to implement assays that can assess a broad spectrum of DNA lesions, allowing for faster evaluation of chemical exposures and assessment of the retention of adducts in biological samples. Here, we describe a new methodology, Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD), which utilizes a DNA damage processing repair enzyme cocktail to detect and modify sites of DNA damage for a subsequent gap filling reaction that labels the DNA damage sites. This ability to detect and label a broad spectrum of DNA lesions within cells, offers a novel and easy to use tool for assessing levels of DNA damage in cells that have been exposed to environmental agents or have natural variations in DNA repair capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Holton
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Müller V, Westerlund F. Optical DNA mapping in nanofluidic devices: principles and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:579-590. [PMID: 28098301 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical DNA mapping has over the last decade emerged as a very powerful tool for obtaining long range sequence information from single DNA molecules. In optical DNA mapping, intact large single DNA molecules are labeled, stretched out, and imaged using a fluorescence microscope. This means that sequence information ranging over hundreds of kilobasepairs (kbp) can be obtained in one single image. Nanochannels offer homogeneous and efficient stretching of DNA that is crucial to maximize the information that can be obtained from optical DNA maps. In this review, we highlight progress in the field of optical DNA mapping in nanochannels. We discuss the different protocols for sequence specific labeling and divide them into two main categories, enzymatic labeling and affinity-based labeling. Examples are highlighted where optical DNA mapping is used to gain information on length scales that would be inaccessible with traditional techniques. Enzymatic labeling has been commercialized and is mainly used in human genetics and assembly of complex genomes, while the affinity-based methods have primarily been applied in bacteriology, for example for rapid analysis of plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance. Next, we highlight how the design of nanofluidic channels can been altered in order to obtain the desired information and discuss how recent advances in the field make it possible to retrieve information beyond DNA sequence. In the outlook section, we discuss future directions of optical DNA mapping, such as fully integrated devices and portable microscopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilhelm Müller
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Uno K, Sasaki T, Sugimoto N, Ito H, Nishihara T, Hagihara S, Higashiyama T, Sasaki N, Sato Y, Itami K. Key Structural Elements of Unsymmetrical Cyanine Dyes for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Turn-On DNA Probes. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:233-238. [PMID: 27860278 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical cyanine dyes, such as thiazole orange, are useful for the detection of nucleic acids with fluorescence because they dramatically enhance the fluorescence upon binding to nucleic acids. Herein, we synthesized a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes and evaluated their fluorescence properties. A systematic structure-property relationship study has revealed that the dialkylamino group at the 2-position of quinoline in a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes plays a critical role in the fluorescence enhancement. Four newly designed unsymmetrical cyanine dyes showed negligible intrinsic fluorescence in the free state and strong fluorescence upon binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a quantum yield of 0.53 to 0.90, which is 2 to 3 times higher than previous unsymmetrical cyanine dyes. A detailed analysis of the fluorescence lifetime revealed that the dialkylamino group at the 2-position of quinoline suppressed nonradiative decay in favor of increased fluorescence quantum yield. Moreover, these newly developed dyes were able to stain the nucleus specifically in fixed HeLa cells examined by using a confocal laser-scanning microscope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kakishi Uno
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Taeko Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Nagisa Sugimoto
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Taishi Nishihara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Hagihara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Narie Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ai X, Mu J, Xing B. Recent Advances of Light-Mediated Theranostics. Theranostics 2016; 6:2439-2457. [PMID: 27877246 PMCID: PMC5118606 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, precision theranostics have been extensively demanded for the effective treatment of various human diseases. Currently, efficient therapy at the targeted disease areas still remains challenging since most available drug molecules lack of selectivity to the pathological sites. Among different approaches, light-mediated therapeutic strategy has recently emerged as a promising and powerful tool to precisely control the activation of therapeutic reagents and imaging probes in vitro and in vivo, mostly attributed to its unique properties including minimally invasive capability and highly spatiotemporal resolution. Although it has achieved initial success, the conventional strategies for light-mediated theranostics are mostly based on the light with short wavelength (e.g., UV or visible light), which may usually suffer from several undesired drawbacks, such as limited tissue penetration depth, unavoidable light absorption/scattering and potential phototoxicity to healthy tissues, etc. Therefore, a near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated approach on the basis of long-wavelength light (700-1000 nm) irradiation, which displays deep-tissue penetration, minimized photo-damage and low autofluoresence in living systems, has been proposed as an inspiring alternative for precisely phototherapeutic applications in the last decades. Despite numerous NIR light-responsive molecules have been currently proposed for clinical applications, several inherent drawbacks, such as troublesome synthetic procedures, low water solubility and limited accumulation abilities in targeted areas, heavily restrict their applications in deep-tissue therapeutic and imaging studies. Thanks to the amazing properties of several nanomaterials with large extinction coefficient in the NIR region, the construction of NIR light responsive nanoplatforms with multifunctions have become promising approaches for deep-seated diseases diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we summarized various light-triggered theranostic strategies and introduced their great advances in biomedical applications in recent years. Moreover, some other promising light-assisted techniques, such as photoacoustic and Cerenkov radiation, were also systemically discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and future perspectives for light-mediated deep-tissue diagnosis and therapeutics were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhao Ai
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Jing Mu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117602
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gilboa T, Torfstein C, Juhasz M, Grunwald A, Ebenstein Y, Weinhold E, Meller A. Single-Molecule DNA Methylation Quantification Using Electro-optical Sensing in Solid-State Nanopores. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8861-8870. [PMID: 27580095 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of epigenetic markers, including 5-methylcytosine, is crucial due to their role in gene expression regulation and due to the mounting evidence of aberrant DNA methylation patterns in cancer biogenesis. Single-molecule methods to date have primarily been focused on hypermethylation detection; however, many oncogenes are hypomethylated during cancer development, presenting an important unmet biosensing challenge. To this end, we have developed a labeling and single-molecule quantification method for multiple unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs). Our method involves a single-step covalent coupling of DNA with synthetic cofactor analogues using DNA methyltransferases (MTases) followed by molecule-by-molecule electro-optical nanopore detection and quantification with single or multiple colors. This sensing method yields a calibrated scale to directly quantify the number of unmethylated CpGs in the target sequences of each DNA molecule. Importantly, our method can be used to analyze ∼10 kbp long double-stranded DNA while circumventing PCR amplification or bisulfite conversion. Expanding this technique to use two colors, as demonstrated here, would enable sensing of multiple DNA MTases through orthogonal labeling/sensing of unmethylated CpGs (or other epigenetic modifications) associated with specific recognition sites. Our proof-of-principle study may permit sequence-specific, direct targeting of clinically relevant hypomethylated sites in the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gilboa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, 32000 Israel
| | - Chen Torfstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, 32000 Israel
| | - Matyas Juhasz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Assaf Grunwald
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, 6997801 Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, 6997801 Israel
| | - Elmar Weinhold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Amit Meller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, 32000 Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kang Y, Lee J, Kim J, Oh Y, Kim D, Lee J, Lim S, Jo K. Analysis of alcohol-induced DNA damage in Escherichia coli by visualizing single genomic DNA molecules. Analyst 2016; 141:4326-31. [PMID: 27186604 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00616g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of alcohol injures DNA, and such damage is considered to be a primary cause for the development of cancer and many other diseases essentially due to reactive oxygen species generated from alcohol. To sensitively detect alcohol-induced DNA lesions in a biological system, we introduced a novel analytical platform for visualization of single genomic DNA molecules using E. coli. By fluorescently labelling the DNA lesions, our approach demonstrated, with the highest sensitivity, that we could count the number of DNA lesions induced by alcohol metabolism in a single bacterial cell. Moreover, our results showed a linear relationship between ethanol concentration and the number of DNA lesions: 0.88 lesions per 1% ethanol. Using this approach, we quantitatively analysed the DNA damage induced by exposure to alcoholic beverages such as beer (5% ethanol), rice wine (13%), soju (20%), and whisky (40%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang CY. A universal sensing platform based on the repair ligation-mediated light-producing DNA machine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:5652-5. [PMID: 25714986 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The repair ligation-mediated light-producing DNA machine can produce light through transforming the repetitive DNA cleavage/ligation motions into optical energy without the requirement of either external reporting reagents or excitation light, and it can be applied for sensitive and selective detection of DNA, thrombin, adenosine, potassium ions (K(+)) and endonuclease even in human serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Xu
- Single-Molecule Detection and Imaging Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lee S, Wang C, Song J, Kim DG, Oh Y, Ko W, Lee J, Park J, Lee HS, Jo K. Investigation of various fluorescent protein–DNA binding peptides for effectively visualizing large DNA molecules. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08683g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule DNA visualization with fluorescent protein DNA binding peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Junghyun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Do-geun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Yeeun Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Wooseok Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Jinyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Jungyul Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Program of Integrated Biotech
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee J, Kim Y, Lim S, Jo K. Single-molecule visualization of ROS-induced DNA damage in large DNA molecules. Analyst 2015; 141:847-52. [PMID: 26661446 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01875g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a single molecule visualization approach for the quantitative analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced DNA damage, such as base oxidation and single stranded breaks in large DNA molecules. We utilized the Fenton reaction to generate DNA damage with subsequent enzymatic treatment using a mixture of three types of glycosylases to remove oxidized bases, and then fluorescent labeling on damaged lesions via nick translation. This single molecule analytical platform provided the capability to count one or two damaged sites per λ DNA molecule (48.5 kb), which were reliably dependent on the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion at the micromolar level. More importantly, the labeled damaged sites that were visualized under a microscope provided positional information, which offered the capability of comparing DNA damaged sites with the in silico genomic map to reveal sequence specificity that GTGR is more sensitive to oxidative damage. Consequently, single DNA molecule analysis provides a sensitive analytical platform for ROS-induced DNA damage and suggests an interesting biochemical insight that the genome primarily active during the lysogenic cycle may have less probability for oxidative DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Grunwald A, Dahan M, Giesbertz A, Nilsson A, Nyberg LK, Weinhold E, Ambjörnsson T, Westerlund F, Ebenstein Y. Bacteriophage strain typing by rapid single molecule analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e117. [PMID: 26019180 PMCID: PMC4605287 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid characterization of unknown biological samples is under the focus of many current studies. Here we report a method for screening of biological samples by optical mapping of their DNA. We use a novel, one-step chemo-enzymatic reaction to covalently bind fluorophores to DNA at the four-base recognition sites of a DNA methyltransferase. Due to the diffraction limit of light, the dense distribution of labels results in a continuous fluorescent signal along the DNA. The amplitude modulations (AM) of the fluorescence intensity along the stretched DNA molecules exhibit a unique molecular fingerprint that can be used for identification. We show that this labelling scheme is highly informative, allowing accurate genotyping. We demonstrate the method by labelling the genomes of λ and T7 bacteriophages, resulting in a consistent, unique AM profile for each genome. These profiles are also successfully used for identification of the phages from a background phage library. Our method may provide a facile route for screening and typing of various organisms and has potential applications in metagenomics studies of various ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Grunwald
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Moran Dahan
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Anna Giesbertz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen D-52056 Germany
| | - Adam Nilsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Lena K Nyberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Elmar Weinhold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen D-52056 Germany
| | - Tobias Ambjörnsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Torchinsky D, Ebenstein Y. Sizing femtogram amounts of dsDNA by single-molecule counting. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:e17. [PMID: 26365235 PMCID: PMC4737178 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern molecular-biology applications raise renewed interest in sizing minute-amounts of DNA. In this work we utilize single-molecule imaging with in situ size calibration to accurately analyze the size and mass distribution of DNA samples. We exploit the correlation between DNA length and its fluorescence intensity after staining in order to assess the length of individual DNA fragments by fluorescence microscopy. Synthetic reference DNA standards are added to the investigated sample before staining and serve as internal size calibrators, supporting a robust assay for accurate DNA sizing. Our results demonstrate the ability to reconstruct the exact length distribution in a complex DNA sample by sizing a subset containing only femtogram amounts of DNA, thus, outperforming microfluidic gel electrophoresis which is the currently accepted gold standard. This assay may find useful applications for genetic analysis where the exact size distribution of DNA molecules is critical and the availability of genetic material is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Torchinsky
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nifker G, Levy-Sakin M, Berkov-Zrihen Y, Shahal T, Gabrieli T, Fridman M, Ebenstein Y. One-Pot Chemoenzymatic Cascade for Labeling of the Epigenetic Marker 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1857-1860. [PMID: 26147952 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic DNA modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is important for the regulation of gene expression during development and in tumorigenesis. 5-hmC can be selectively glycosylated by T4 β-glucosyltransferase (β-GT); introduction of an azide on the attached sugar provides a chemical handle for isolation or fluorescent tagging of 5-hmC residues by click chemistry. This approach has not been broadly adopted because of the challenging synthesis and limited commercial availability of the glycosylation substrate, 6-deoxy-6-azido-α-D-glucopyranoside. We report the enzyme-assisted synthesis of this precursor by the uridylyltransferase from Pasteurella multocida (PmGlmU). We were able to directly label 5-hmC in genomic DNA by an enzymatic cascade involving successive action of PmGlmU and β-GT. This is a facile and cost-effective one-pot chemoenzymatic methodology for 5-hmC analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Nifker
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| | - Michal Levy-Sakin
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| | - Yifat Berkov-Zrihen
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| | - Tamar Shahal
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| | - Tslil Gabrieli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| | - Micha Fridman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801 (Israel)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee J, Kim Y, Lee S, Jo K. Visualization of large elongated DNA molecules. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2057-71. [PMID: 25994517 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Long and linear DNA molecules are the mainstream single-molecule analytes for a variety of biochemical analysis within microfluidic devices, including functionalized surfaces and nanostructures. However, for biochemical analysis, large DNA molecules have to be unraveled, elongated, and visualized to obtain biochemical and genomic information. To date, elongated DNA molecules have been exploited in the development of a number of genome analysis systems as well as for the study of polymer physics due to the advantage of direct visualization of single DNA molecule. Moreover, each single DNA molecule provides individual information, which makes it useful for stochastic event analysis. Therefore, numerous studies of enzymatic random motions have been performed on a large elongated DNA molecule. In this review, we introduce mechanisms to elongate DNA molecules using microfluidics and nanostructures in the beginning. Secondly, we discuss how elongated DNA molecules have been utilized to obtain biochemical and genomic information by direct visualization of DNA molecules. Finally, we reviewed the approaches used to study the interaction of proteins and large DNA molecules. Although DNA-protein interactions have been investigated for many decades, it is noticeable that there have been significant achievements for the last five years. Therefore, we focus mainly on recent developments for monitoring enzymatic activity on large elongated DNA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Mapogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Mapogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Mapogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Mapogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Carson S, Wilson J, Aksimentiev A, Wanunu M. Smooth DNA transport through a narrowed pore geometry. Biophys J 2014; 107:2381-93. [PMID: 25418307 PMCID: PMC4241440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-driven transport of double-stranded DNA through nanoscale pores holds much potential for applications in quantitative molecular biology and biotechnology, yet the microscopic details of translocation have proven to be challenging to decipher. Earlier experiments showed strong dependence of transport kinetics on pore size: fast regular transport in large pores (> 5 nm diameter), and slower yet heterogeneous transport time distributions in sub-5 nm pores, which imply a large positional uncertainty of the DNA in the pore as a function of the translocation time. In this work, we show that this anomalous transport is a result of DNA self-interaction, a phenomenon that is strictly pore-diameter dependent. We identify a regime in which DNA transport is regular, producing narrow and well-behaved dwell-time distributions that fit a simple drift-diffusion theory. Furthermore, a systematic study of the dependence of dwell time on DNA length reveals a single power-law scaling of 1.37 in the range of 35-20,000 bp. We highlight the resolution of our nanopore device by discriminating via single pulses 100 and 500 bp fragments in a mixture with >98% accuracy. When coupled to an appropriate sequence labeling method, our observation of smooth DNA translocation can pave the way for high-resolution DNA mapping and sizing applications in genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Carson
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Meni Wanunu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|