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Szych LS, Denker L, Feld J, Goicoechea JM. Trapping an Elusive Phosphanyl-Phosphaalumene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401326. [PMID: 38607965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We describe our efforts to access a compound with an Al=P double bond by reaction of Al(Nacnac) towards [H2CN(Dipp)]2P(PCO) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a transient phosphanyl-phosphaalumene at low temperatures (-70 °C), however this species was found to readily undergo intramolecular C-H activation of the β-diketiminato ligand upon warming to room temperature. The reactivity of the transient complex toward small molecules including dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphaketenes, amines and silanes could be explored at low temperatures, showcasing that the target compound can react as both a frustrated Lewis pair (via the pendant phosphanyl moiety) or in hydroelementation reactions of the Al=P bond. The elusive target molecule could be trapped by addition of a Lewis base (tetrahydrofuran) affording an isolable molecular species that reacts in an analogous fashion to the base-free compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian S Szych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lars Denker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, 47405-7102, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
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2
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Guo L, Zhang J, Cui C. Synthesis and Reactivity of Aluminum Disilacyclopropenes. Cyclic AlSi 2 Delocalized 2π Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27911-27915. [PMID: 38096128 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, structures, and reactivity of the first unsaturated AlSi2 three-membered ring systems were described. Reactions of dilithiodisilene [(NHB)LiSi═SiLi(NHB)] (1, NHB = diazaborolyl) with aluminum halides AlCl3, Ar(SiMe3)NAlCl2 (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), Cp*AlBr2 (Cp* = C5Me5), and TipAlBr2·Et2O (Tip = 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2) led to the formation of AlSi2 three-membered ring species, solvated (NHBSi)2AlCl(OEt2) (2) and solvent-free (NHBSi)2AlN(SiMe3) Ar (3), (NHBSi)2AlCp* (4), and (NHBSi)2AlTip (5), in good yields. X-ray diffraction studies and DFT calculations disclosed delocalized AlSi2 2π electron systems. Methanolysis of 4a resulted in cleavage of the Al-Si σ and Si-Si π bonds, giving trihydrodisilane (NHB)H(MeO)SiSiH2 (NHB) (6). Reaction of 4b with 4 equiv of N2O and H2C═CH2 resulted in the insertion of four oxygen atoms and four H2C═CH2 π bonds into all of the Al-Si and Si-Si bonds, yielding the O- and CH2CH2-bridged polycyclic species 7 and 8, demonstrating the synergistic reactivity of the Al-Si and Si-Si bonds in the AlSi2 ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
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3
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Puthiyaveetil SS, Kassymbek A, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. 1,3-C-H bond activation on a transient gallium(I)/isocyanate adduct. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17493-17498. [PMID: 37955582 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of NacNacGa with phenylisocyante generates a transient species amenable to unusual 1,3-C-H bond addition of unactivated sp3 C-H and sp2 C-H bonds of substrates featuring a hard donor atom. This reaction proceeds for pyridine oxide, dimethylsulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide, but not for pyridine, cyclohexanone, and ethyl acetate. C-H activation was also not observed for reactions with triethylphosphine oxide but, interestingly, in the presence of this compound isocyanate undergoes self-coupling on Ga(I) with a regioselectivity that is different when carried out in the absence of Et3PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi S Puthiyaveetil
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Aishabibi Kassymbek
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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4
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Ward RJ, Rungthanaphatsophon P, Huang P, Kelley SP, Walensky JR. Cooperative dihydrogen activation with unsupported uranium-metal bonds and characterization of a terminal U(iv) hydride. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12255-12263. [PMID: 37969582 PMCID: PMC10631237 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperative chemistry between two or more metal centres can show enhanced reactivity compared to the monometallic fragments. Given the paucity of actinide-metal bonds, especially those with group 13, we targeted uranium(iii)-aluminum(i) and -gallium(i) complexes as we envisioned the low-valent oxidation state of both metals would lead to novel, cooperative reactivity. Herein, we report the molecular structure of [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U-E(C5Me5)], E = Al, Ga, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, and their reactivity with dihydrogen. The reaction of H2 with the U(iii)-Al(i) complex affords a trihydroaluminate complex, [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U(μ2-(H)3)-Al(C5Me5)] through a formal three-electron metal-based reduction, with concomitant formation of a terminal U(iv) hydride, [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U(H)]. Noteworthy is that neither U(iii) complexes nor [(C5Me5)Al]4 are capable of reducing dihydrogen on their own. To make the terminal hydride in higher yields, the reaction of [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U(THF)] with half an equivalent of diethylzinc generates [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U(CH2CH3)] or treatment of [(C5Me5)2U(i)(Me)] with KOMes forms [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U(CH3)], which followed by hydrogenation with either complex cleanly affords [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U(H)]. All complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic and structural methods and are rare examples of cooperative chemistry in f element chemistry, dihydrogen activation, and stable, terminal ethyl and hydride compounds with an f element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | | | - Patrick Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University East Bay Hayward CA 94542 USA
| | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Justin R Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
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5
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Tong WY, Su X, Sun P, Xu S, Qu S, Wang X. Understanding the Reaction Mechanism of Ni-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroalkylation of Enamines: Chemoselectivity of (Bi-oxazoline)NiH. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15404-15413. [PMID: 37853516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This density functional theory study explores the detailed mechanism of nickel-catalyzed hydroalkylation of the C═C bond of N-Cbz-protected enamines (Cbz = benzyloxycarbonyl) with alkyl iodides to give chiral α-alkyl amines. The active catalyst (biOx)NiH, a chiral bioxazoline (biOx)-chelated Ni(I) hydride, exhibits chemoselectivity that favors single electron transfer to the alkyl iodide over C═C hydrometalation with the enamine. This generates an alkyl radical and a Ni(II) intermediate, which takes up the enamine substrate CbzNHCH═CH2CH3 via a regio- and enantioselective C═C insertion into the NiII-H bond. The resulting Ni(II) alkyl complex combines with the alkyl radical, forming a Ni(III) intermediate, from which the alkyl-alkyl reductive elimination delivers the chiral amine product. The regioselectivity arises from a combination of orbital and noncovalent interactions, both of which are induced by the Cbz group. Thus, Cbz plays an additional role in controlling regioselectivity. The enantioselectivity stems from the differing distortion energies of CbzNHCH═CH2CH3. The reductive elimination is the rate-determining step (ΔG⧧ = 18.7 kcal/mol). In addition, the calculations show a noninnocent behavior of the biOx ligand induced by the insertion of CbzNHCH═CH2CH3 into the Ni-H bond of (biOx)NiH. These computationally gained insights can have implications for developing new Ni(I)-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxi Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Pengrui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shaojie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
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6
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R Judge N, Logallo A, Hevia E. Main group metal-mediated strategies for C-H and C-F bond activation and functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11617-11628. [PMID: 37920337 PMCID: PMC10619642 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With fluoroaromatic compounds increasingly employed as scaffolds in agrochemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients, the development of methods which facilitate regioselective functionalisation of their C-H and C-F bonds is a frontier of modern synthesis. Along with classical lithiation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution protocols, the vast majority of research efforts have focused on transition metal-mediated transformations enabled by the redox versatilities of these systems. Breaking new ground in this area, recent advances in main group metal chemistry have delineated unique ways in which s-block, Al, Ga and Zn metal complexes can activate this important type of fluorinated molecule. Underpinned by chemical cooperativity, these advances include either the use of heterobimetallic complexes where the combined effect of two metals within a single ligand set enables regioselective low polarity C-H metalation; or the use of novel low valent main group metal complexes supported by special stabilising ligands to induce C-F bond activations. Merging these two different approaches, this Perspective provides an overview of the emerging concept of main-group metal mediated C-H/C-F functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Showcasing the untapped potential that these systems can offer in these processes; focus is placed on how special chemical cooperation is established and how the trapping of key reaction intermediates can inform mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Judge
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
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7
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Kalkuhl TL, Qin L, Zhao L, Frenking G, Hadlington TJ. On the σ-complex character of bis(gallyl)/digallane transition metal species. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11088-11095. [PMID: 37860650 PMCID: PMC10583741 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
σ-complexes of homoatomic E-E bonds are key intermediates in catalytically relevant oxidative addition reactions, but are as yet unknown for the group 13 elements. Here, stable species best described as σ-complexes of a 1,2-dichlorodigallane derivative with Ni and Pd are reported. They are readily accessed through the combination of a 1,2-dichlorodigallane derivative, which features chelating phosphine functionalities, with Ni0 and Pd0 synthons. In-depth computational analyses of these complexes importantly reveal considerable Ga-Ga bonding interactions in both Ni and Pd complexes, despite the expected elongation of the Ga-Ga bond upon complexation, suggestive of σ-complex character as opposed to more commonly described bis(gallyl) character. Finally, the well-defined disproportion of the Ni complex is described, leading to a unique GaI-nickel complex, with concomitant expulsion of uncomplexed GaIII species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till L Kalkuhl
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Qin
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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8
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Liu HY, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Schwamm RJ. Seven-Membered Cyclic Diamidoalumanyls of Heavier Alkali Metals: Structures and C-H Activation of Arenes. Organometallics 2023; 42:2881-2892. [PMID: 37829511 PMCID: PMC10565898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Like the previously reported potassium-based system, rubidium and cesium reduction of [{SiNDipp}AlI] ({SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2) with the heavier alkali metals [M = Rb and Cs] provides dimeric group 1 alumanyl derivatives, [{SiNDipp}AlM]2. In contrast, similar treatment with sodium results in over-reduction and incorporation of a formal equivalent of [{SiNDipp}Na2] into the resultant sodium alumanyl species. The dimeric K, Rb, and Cs compounds display a variable efficacy toward the C-H oxidative addition of arene C-H bonds at elevated temperatures (Cs > Rb > K, 110 °C) to yield (hydrido)(organo)aluminate species. Consistent with the synthetic experimental observations, computational (DFT) assessment of the benzene C-H activation indicates that rate-determining attack of the Al(I) nucleophile within the dimeric species is facilitated by π-engagement of the arene with the electrophilic M+ cation, which becomes increasingly favorable as group 1 is descended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Claire L. McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ryan J. Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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9
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Videa H, Martínez-Martínez AJ. Revealing unbound β-diketiminate anions: structural dynamics from caesium complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13058-13062. [PMID: 37335258 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01592k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first structural elucidation of β-diketiminate anions (BDI-), known for strong coordination, in their unbound form within caesium complexes. β-Diketiminate caesium salts (BDICs) were synthesised, and upon the addition of Lewis donor ligands, free BDI- anions and donor-solvated Cs+ cations were observed. Notably, the liberated BDI- anions exhibited an unprecedented dynamic cisoid-transoid exchange in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Videa
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, Huelva ES-21007, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Martínez
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, Huelva ES-21007, Spain.
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10
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Liu HY, Mahon MF, Hill MS. Aluminum-Boron Bond Formation by Boron Ester Oxidative Addition at an Alumanyl Anion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15310-15319. [PMID: 37672789 PMCID: PMC10521018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The potassium diamidoalumanyl, [K{Al(SiNDipp)}]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2), reacts with the terminal B-O bonds of pinacolato boron esters, ROBpin (R = Me, i-Pr), and B(OMe)3 to provide potsassium (alkoxy)borylaluminate derivatives, [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OR)(Bpin)}]n (R = Me, n = 2; R = i-Pr, n = ∞) and [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(B(OMe)2)}]∞, comprising Al-B σ bonds. An initial assay of the reactivity of these species with the heteroallene molecules, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide and CO2, highlights the kinetic inaccessibility of their Al-B bonds; only decomposition at high temperature is observed with the carbodiimide, whereas CO2 preferentially inserts into the Al-O bond of [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(Bpin)}]2 to provide a dimeric methyl carbonate species. Treatment of the acyclic dimethoxyboryl species, however, successfully liberates a terminal alumaboronic ester featuring trigonal N2Al-BO2 coordination environments at both boron and aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
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11
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Li B, Weinert HM, Wölper C, Schulz S. Reactions of Zinc Hydride with Silylenes: From Oxidative Addition to Ligand Exchange Reactions. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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12
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Abstract
The chemistry of low valent p-block metal complexes continues to elicit interest in the research community, demonstrating reactivity that replicates and in some cases exceeds that of their more widely studied d-block metal counterparts. The introduction of the first aluminyl anion, a complex containing a formally anionic Al(I) centre charge balanced by an alkali metal (AM) cation, has established a platform for a new area of chemical research. The chemistry displayed by aluminyl compounds is expanding rapidly, with examples of reactivity towards a diverse range of small molecules and functional groups now reported in the literature. Herein we present an account of the structure and reactivity of the growing family of aluminyl compounds. In this context we examine the structural relationships between the aluminyl anion and the AM cations, which now include examples of AM = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. We report on the ability of these compounds to engage in bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions, which is leading towards their application as useful reagents in chemical synthesis. Furthermore we discuss the chemistry of bimetallic complexes containing direct Al-M bonds (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn) and compounds with Al-E multiple bonds (E = NR, CR2, O, S, Se, Te), where both classes of compound are derived directly from aluminyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical of Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Dabringhaus P, Zedlitz S, Krossing I. Cationic dialanes with fluxional π-bridged cyclopentadienyl ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:187-190. [PMID: 36484783 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05786g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unique π-cyclopentadienyl bridged dialanes are synthesized as complex salts with aluminate anions by comproportionation of aluminocenium cations [AlIII(Cp)(Cp*)]+/[AlIIICp2]+ with [(AlICp*)4]. Very short Al-Al bond lengths occur in positively charged Al24+ fragments. Intriguingly, the prepared asymmetric dialane shows a unique fluxional coordination of the cyclopentadienyl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silja Zedlitz
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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14
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Helling C, Farmer JC, Wölper C, Kretschmer R, Schulz S. Bond Activation by a Bimetallic Ga I Complex: Avenue to Intermetallic Compounds. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - James C. Farmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09112 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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15
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Ballmann GM, Evans MJ, Gentner TX, Kennedy AR, Fulton JR, Coles MP, Mulvey RE. Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Analysis of AM[Al(NON Dipp)(H)(SiH 2Ph)] ( AM = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) Compounds, Made Via Oxidative Addition of Phenylsilane to Alkali Metal Aluminyls. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19838-19846. [PMID: 36503245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the oxidative addition of phenylsilane to the complete series of alkali metal (AM) aluminyls [AM{Al(NONDipp)}]2 (AM = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs). Crystalline products (1-AM) have been isolated as ether or THF adducts, [AM(L)n][Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)] (AM = Li, Na, K, Rb, L = Et2O, n = 1; AM = Cs, L = THF, n = 2). Further to this series, the novel rubidium rubidiate, [{Rb(THF)4}2(Rb{Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)}2)]+ [Rb{Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)}2]-, was isolated during an attempted recrystallization of Rb[Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)] from a hexane/THF mixture. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations of the series 1-AM confirm the presence of μ-hydrides that bridge the aluminum and alkali metals (AM), with multiple stabilizing AM···π(arene) interactions to either the Dipp- or Ph-substituents. These products form a complete series of soluble, alkali metal (hydrido) aluminates that present a platform for further reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd M Ballmann
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Thomas X Gentner
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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16
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Morris LJ, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Okuda J. Reversible Oxidative Addition of Zinc Hydride at a Gallium(I)-Centre: Labile Mono- and Bis(hydridogallyl)zinc Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201480. [PMID: 35819049 PMCID: PMC9804236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), partially deaggregated zinc dihydride as hydrocarbon suspensions react with the gallium(I) compound [(BDI)Ga] (I, BDI={HC(C(CH3 )N(2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ))2 }- ) by formal oxidative addition of a Zn-H bond to the gallium(I) centre. Dissociation of the labile TMEDA ligand in the resulting complex [(BDI)Ga(H)-(H)Zn(tmeda)] (1) facilitates insertion of a second equiv. of I into the remaining Zn-H to form a thermally sensitive trinuclear species [{(BDI)Ga(H)}2 Zn] (2). Compound 1 exchanges with polymeric zinc dideuteride [ZnD2 ]n in the presence of TMEDA, and with compounds I and 2 via sequential and reversible ligand dissociation and gallium(I) insertion. Spectroscopic and computational studies demonstrate the reversibility of oxidative addition of each Zn-H bond to the gallium(I) centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany,Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent Maron
- CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
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17
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Güven Z, Denker L, Wullschläger D, Pablo Martínez J, Trzaskowski B, Frank R. Reductive Al-B σ-Bond Formation in Alumaboranes: Facile Scission of Polar Multiple Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209502. [PMID: 35947518 PMCID: PMC9826004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We present facile access to an alumaborane species with electron precise Al-B σ-bond. The reductive rearrangement of 1-(AlI2 ), 8-(BMes2 ) naphthalene (Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ) affords the alumaborane species cyclo-(1,8-C10 H6 )-[1-Al(Mes)(OEt2 )-8-B(Mes)] with a covalent Al-B σ-bond. The Al-B σ-bond performs the reductive scission of multiple bonds: S=C(NiPrCMe)2 affords the naphthalene bridged motif B-S-Al(NHC), NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene, while O=CPh2 is deoxygenated to afford an B-O-Al bridged species with incorporation of the remaining ≡CPh2 fragment into the naphthalene scaffold. The reaction with isonitrile Xyl-N≡C (Xyl=2,6-Me2 C6 H4 ) proceeds via a proposed (amino boryl) carbene species; which adds a second equivalent of isonitrile to ultimately form the Al-N-B bridged species cyclo-(1,8-C10 H6 )-[1-Al(Mes)-N(Xyl)-8-B{C(Mes)=C-N-Xyl}] with complete scission of the C≡N triple bond. The latter reaction is supported with isolated intermediates and by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Güven
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Lars Denker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Daniela Wullschläger
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | | | | | - René Frank
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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18
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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Krossing I. Direct Comparison of Subvalent, Polycationic Group 13 Cluster Compounds: Lessons learned on Isoelectronic DMPE Substituted Gallium and Indium Tetracation Salts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201369. [PMID: 35695015 PMCID: PMC9796046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The tetracationic, univalent cluster compounds [{M(dmpe)}4 ]4+ (M=Ga, In; dmpe=bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) were synthesized as their pf salts ([pf]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ). The four-membered ring in [{M(dmpe)}4 ]4+ is slightly puckered for M=Ga and almost square planar for M=In. Yet, although structurally similar, only the gallium cluster is prevalent in solution, while the indium cluster forms temperature dependent equilibria that include even the monomeric cation [In(dmpe)]+ . This system is the first report of one and the same ligand inducing formation of isoelectronic and isostructural gallium/indium cluster cations. The system allows to study systematically analogies and differences with thermodynamic considerations and bonding analyses, but also to outline perspectives for bond activation using cationic, subvalent group 13 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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19
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Ghosh B, Phukan AK. Unravelling the Potential of Ylides in Stabilizing Low-Valent Group 13 Compounds: Theoretical Predictions of Stable, Five-Membered Group 13 (Aluminum and Gallium) Carbenoids Capable of Small-Molecule Activation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14606-14615. [PMID: 36059112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational investigations provide evidence toward the remarkable ability of strongly electron-donating ylidic functionalities in stabilizing singlet group 13 carbenoids with promising ligand properties. All of the proposed carbenoids are found to be considerably nucleophilic and possess significant singlet-triplet energy separation values. The calculated activation barriers and reaction free energies obtained for the cleavage of different enthalpically strong bonds by these carbenoids are found to be either comparable to or lower than those of the experimentally evaluated aluminum and gallium carbenoids, thereby indicating their potential in small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
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20
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Dodonov VA, Sokolov VG, Baranov EV, Skatova AA, Xu W, Zhao Y, Yang XJ, Fedushkin IL. Reactivity of Transition Metal Gallylene Complexes Toward Substrates with Multiple Carbon–Element Bonds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14962-14972. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Dodonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G. Sokolov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V. Baranov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A. Skatova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Wenhua Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Igor L. Fedushkin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
- Kozma Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University, Ulyanova 1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russian Federation
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21
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Vasko P, Lau CW. Oxidative addition or Werner coordination complex? Reactivity of β-diketiminate supported main group and first-row transition metal complexes towards ammonia. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13444-13450. [PMID: 35993809 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02427f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral LM (L = [HC{(H3C)C(Dipp)N}2], Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, M = group 13: B-In, TM: Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) and L'M (L' = [HC{(CCH2)(CCH3)(DippN)2}], M = group 14: C-Pb) compounds including a main group 13/14 and first-row transition metal complexes were studied computationally by density functional theory (DFT). The optimised complexes were assessed in terms of structural parameters and electronic structures to find trends and characteristics that could be used to predict their reactivity towards ammonia. In addition, the differences in oxidative addition and Werner coordination complex formation depending on the identity of the central element were investigated and the Werner complexes were evaluated by QTAIM and EDA-NOCV approaches. The computational results complement the earlier experimental studies and shed light on the feasibility of isolating novel main group Werner complexes or transition metal oxidative addition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Cheuk W Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Güven Z, Denker L, Wullschläger D, Martínez JP, Trzaskowski B, Frank R. Reductive Al−B σ‐Bond Formation in Alumaboranes: Facile Scission of Polar Multiple Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Güven
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Lars Denker
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Daniela Wullschläger
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Juan Pablo Martínez
- University of Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski Center of New Technologies POLAND
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- University of Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski Center of New Technologies POLAND
| | - René Frank
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig GERMANY
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23
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Bakewell C, Hobson K, Carmalt CJ. Exploring Equilibria between Aluminium(I) and Aluminium(III): The Formation of Dihydroalanes, Masked Dialumenes and Aluminium(I) Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205901. [PMID: 35474268 PMCID: PMC9401008 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design of new reductive routes to low oxidation state aluminium (Al) compounds offers the opportunity to better understand redox processes at the metal centre and develop reactivity accordingly. Here, a monomeric AlI compound acts as a stoichiometric reducing agent towards a series of AlIII dihydrides, leading to the formation of new low oxidation state species including symmetric and asymmetric dihydrodialanes, and a masked dialumene. These compounds are formed by a series of equilibrium processes involving AlI, AlII and AlIII species and product formation can be manipulated by fine‐tuning the reaction conditions. The transient formation of monomeric AlI compounds is proposed: this is shown to be energetically viable by computational (DFT) investigations and reactivity studies show support for the formation of AlI species. Importantly, despite the potential for the equilibrium mixtures to lead to ill‐defined reactivity, controlled reactivity of these low oxidation state species is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bakewell
- Department of Chemistry King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Katie Hobson
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Claire J. Carmalt
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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24
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Kassymbek A, Spasyuk D, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. Facile C-H bond activation on a transient gallium imide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6946-6949. [PMID: 35640262 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of NacNacGa with azide N3SiMe3 results in the generation of a transient imide NacNacGa(NSiMe3) that can cleave unactivated sp3 C-H and sp2 C-H bonds of different substrates, affording gallium amides. Pyridine, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, DMSO, and triethylphosphine oxide were activated in this process producing corresponding gallium amides. All new compounds were characterised by multinuclear NMR and X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishabibi Kassymbek
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Denis Spasyuk
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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25
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Bakewell C, Hobson K, Carmalt CJ. Exploring Equilibria between Aluminium(I) and Aluminium(III): The Formation of Dihydroalanes, Masked Dialumenes and Aluminium(I) Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bakewell
- Department of Chemistry King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Katie Hobson
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Claire J. Carmalt
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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26
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Kurumada S, Yamashita M. A Tetraorganyl-Alumaborane with An Al-B σ-Bond and Two Adjacent Lewis-Acidic Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4327-4332. [PMID: 35245043 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A tetraorganyl-alumaborane (3) that contains an Al-B bond and twisted Al and B planes was synthesized and structurally characterized. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical measurement, and DFT calculations were employed to reveal the electronic properties of 3. The reactivity of 3 toward DMSO and CO was studied to demonstrate its deoxygenating abilities. On the basis of the results of the DFT calculations, a detailed reaction mechanism was developed, which highlighted the important role of the distinct Lewis acidity of the group-13 elements Al and B in 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kurumada
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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27
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Paularokiadoss F, Christopher Jeyakumar T, Thomas R, Sekar A, Bhakiaraj D. Group 13 monohalides [AX (A = B, Al, Ga and In; X = Halogens)] as alternative ligands for carbonyl in organometallics: Electronic structure and bonding analysis. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Helling C, Ganesamoorthy C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Geminal C-Cl and Si-Cl bond activation of chloromethanes and chlorosilanes by gallanediyl LGa. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2050-2058. [PMID: 35040458 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of relatively inert E-X σ-bonds by low-valent main group metal complexes is receiving increasing interest. We here confirm the promising potential of gallanediyl LGa (L = HC[C(Me)N(Dip)]2, Dip = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) to activate E-Cl (E = C, Si) σ-bonds of group 14 element compounds. Equimolar reactions of LGa with chloromethanes and chlorosilanes EHxCl4-x (E = C, x = 0-2; E = Si, x = 0, 1) occurred with E-Cl bond insertion and formation of gallylmethanes and -silanes L(Cl)GaEHxCl3-x (E = C, x = 2 (1), 1 (2), 0 (3); E = Si, x = 1 (4)). In contrast, consecutive insertion into a geminal E-Cl bond was observed with two equivalents of LGa, yielding digallyl complexes [L(Cl)Ga]2EHxCl2-x (E = C, x = 2 (5); E = Si, x = 1 (6), 0 (7)). Compounds 1-7 were characterized by heteronuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 29Si (4, 6)), IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and their solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Chelladurai Ganesamoorthy
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany. .,Center for NanoIntegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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29
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Caise A, Crumpton AE, Vasko P, Hicks J, McManus C, Rees NH, Aldridge S. Controlling Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at Tin(I) via Hemi‐Lability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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30
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Moon HW, Cornella J. Bismuth Redox Catalysis: An Emerging Main-Group Platform for Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1382-1393. [PMID: 35096470 PMCID: PMC8787757 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bismuth has recently
been shown to be able to maneuver between
different oxidation states, enabling access to unique redox cycles
that can be harnessed in the context of organic synthesis. Indeed,
various catalytic Bi redox platforms have been discovered and revealed
emerging opportunities in the field of main group redox catalysis.
The goal of this perspective is to provide an overview of the synthetic
methodologies that have been developed to date, which capitalize on
the Bi redox cycling. Recent catalytic methods via low-valent Bi(II)/Bi(III),
Bi(I)/Bi(III), and high-valent Bi(III)/Bi(V) redox couples are covered
as well as their underlying mechanisms and key intermediates. In addition,
we illustrate different design strategies stabilizing low-valent and
high-valent bismuth species, and highlight the characteristic reactivity
of bismuth complexes, compared to the lighter p-block
and d-block elements. Although it is not redox catalysis
in nature, we also discuss a recent example of non-Lewis acid, redox-neutral
Bi(III) catalysis proceeding through catalytic organometallic steps.
We close by discussing opportunities and future directions in this
emerging field of catalysis. We hope that this Perspective will provide
synthetic chemists with guiding principles for the future development
of catalytic transformations employing bismuth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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31
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Ghosh B, Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Fernández I, Phukan AK. Stable N-heterocyclic borylenes with promising ligand properties: a contribution from theory. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01511k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations reveal the power of ylides in stabilizing neutral singlet cyclic borylenes that are found to be capable of activating a variety of small molecules having enthalpically strong bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ashwini K. Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
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32
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Hoobler PR, Villegas-Escobar N, Turney JM, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Substituent Effects on Aluminyl Anions and Derived Systems: A High-Level Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10379-10391. [PMID: 34812036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminyl anions are low-valent aluminum species bearing a lone pair of electrons and a negative charge. These systems have drawn recent synthetic interest for their nucleophilic nature, allowing for the activation of σ-bonds, and have been proposed as a pathway to hydrogen energy storage. In this research, we provide high-level ab initio geometries and energies for both the simplest aluminyl anion (AlH2-) and several substituted derivatives. Geometries are reported using the gold-standard CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory. Energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit through the focal point approach, utilizing coupled-cluster methods through perturbative quadruples and basis sets up to five-ζ quality. Geometries were rationalized using electrostatic, steric, and orbital donation effects. The donation from substituents to Al is accompanied by back-donation effects, a property traditionally thought of in transition-metal systems. Stereoelectronic effects through the secondary orbital interaction play a fundamental role in stabilizing these low-valent aluminum compounds and would likely also affect the feasibility of their use within several industrial applications. The energetic analysis of the formation of each substituted anion is rationalized as the result of three energetic schemes. The effectiveness of these schemes for determining the relative formation energies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston R Hoobler
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain, Georgia 30750, United States
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago 4860, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Caise A, Crumpton AE, Vasko P, Hicks J, McManus C, Rees NH, Aldridge S. Controlling Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at Tin(I) via Hemi-Lability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114926. [PMID: 34811868 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of a distannyne supported by a pincer ligand bearing pendant amine donors that is capable of reversibly activating E-H bonds at one or both of the tin centres through dissociation of the hemi-labile N-Sn donor/acceptor interactions. This chemistry can be exploited to sequentially (and reversibly) assemble mixed-valence chains of tin atoms of the type ArSn{Sn(Ar)H}n SnAr (n=1, 2). The experimentally observed (decreasing) propensity towards chain growth with increasing chain length can be rationalized both thermodynamically and kinetically by the electron- withdrawing properties of the -Sn(Ar)H- backbone units generated via oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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34
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Koshino K, Kinjo R. A Highly Strained Al-Al σ-Bond in Dianionic Aluminum Analog of Oxirane for Molecule Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18172-18180. [PMID: 34697939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since aluminum is the most electropositive element among the p-block elements, the construction of molecules bearing a dianionic Al-Al σ-bond is inherently highly challenging. Herein, we report the first synthesis of a dianionic dialane(6) 2 based on the Al2O three-membered ring scaffold, namely, an aluminum analog of oxirane. The structure of 2 has been unambiguously ascertained by spectroscopic analysis as well as X-ray crystallography, and computational studies revealed that 2 bears a highly strained Al-Al σ-bond. 2 readily reacts with the unsaturated substrates such as isocyanide, ethylene, and ketone, concomitant with the cleavage of the Al-Al σ-bond under mild conditions, leading to the four- and five-membered heterocycles 3-5. Furthermore, the reaction of 2 with two molecules of benzonitrile (PhCN) furnishes a seven-membered heterocycle 6, resulting from the C-C coupling reaction of PhCN. We further delineate that 2 selectively activates an arene ring C-C bond of biphenylene, rendering a di-Al-substituted benzo[8]annulene derivative 7. Preliminary computational studies propose that the stepwise reaction mechanism involves the Al-Al σ-bond cleavage, dearomative Al-C bond formation, subsequent sigmatropic [1,3]shifts, and a pericyclic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Koshino
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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35
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Schwamm RJ, Hill MS, Liu HY, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Rajabi NA. Seven-Membered Cyclic Potassium Diamidoalumanyls. Chemistry 2021; 27:14971-14980. [PMID: 34403562 PMCID: PMC8596455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The seven-membered cyclic potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNMes }AlK]2 [{SiNMes }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Mes)}2 ; Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ], which adopts a dimeric structure supported by flanking K-aryl interactions, has been isolated either by direct reduction of the iodide precursor, [{SiNMes }AlI], or in a stepwise manner via the intermediate dialumane, [{SiNMes }Al]2 . Although the intermediate dialumane has not been observed by reduction of a Dipp-substituted analogue (Dipp=2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 ), partial oxidation of the potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , where {SiNDipp }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Dipp)}2 , provided the extremely encumbered dialumane [{SiNDipp }Al]2 . [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 reacts with toluene by reductive activation of a methyl C(sp3 )-H bond to provide the benzyl hydridoaluminate, [{SiNDipp }AlH(CH2 Ph)]K, and as a nucleophile with BPh3 and RN=C=NR (R=i-Pr, Cy) to yield the respective Al-B- and Al-C-bonded potassium aluminaborate and alumina-amidinate products. The dimeric structure of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 can be disrupted by partial or complete sequestration of potassium. Equimolar reactions with 18-crown-6 result in the corresponding monomeric potassium alumanyl, [{SiNDipp }Al-K(18-cr-6)], which provides a rare example of a direct Al-K contact. In contrast, complete encapsulation of the potassium cation of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , either by an excess of 18-cr-6 or 2,2,2-cryptand, allows the respective isolation of bright orange charge-separated species comprising the 'free' [{SiNDipp }Al]- alumanyl anion. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on this moiety indicate HOMO-LUMO energy gaps in the of order 200-250 kJ mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Villegas-Escobar N, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Contrasting the Mechanism of H 2 Activation by Monomeric and Potassium-Stabilized Dimeric Al I Complexes: Do Potassium Atoms Exert any Cooperative Effect? Chemistry 2021; 27:17369-17378. [PMID: 34613646 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aluminyl anions are low-valent, anionic, and carbenoid aluminum species commonly found stabilized with potassium cations from the reaction of Al-halogen precursors and alkali compounds. These systems are very reactive toward the activation of σ-bonds and in reactions with electrophiles. Various research groups have detected that the potassium atoms play a stabilization role via electrostatic and cation ⋯ π interactions with nearby (aromatic)-carbocyclic rings from both the ligand and from the reaction with unsaturated substrates. Since stabilizing K⋯H bonds are witnessed in the activation of this class of molecules, we aim to unveil the role of these metals in the activation of the smaller and less polarizable H2 molecule, together with a comprehensive characterization of the reaction mechanism. In this work, the activation of H2 utilizing a NON-xanthene-Al dimer, [K{Al(NON)}]2 (D) and monomeric, [Al(NON)]- (M) complexes are studied using density functional theory and high-level coupled-cluster theory to reveal the potential role of K+ atoms during the activation of this gas. Furthermore, we aim to reveal whether D is more reactive than M (or vice versa), or if complicity between the two monomer units exits within the D complex toward the activation of H2 . The results suggest that activation energies using the dimeric and monomeric complexes were found to be very close (around 33 kcal mol-1 ). However, a partition of activation energies unveiled that the nature of the energy barriers for the monomeric and dimeric complexes are inherently different. The former is dominated by a more substantial distortion of the reactants (and increased interaction energies between them). Interestingly, during the oxidative addition, the distortion of the Al complex is minimal, while H2 distorts the most, usually over 0.77 Δ E d i s t ≠ . Overall, it is found here that electrostatic and induction energies between the complexes and H2 are the main stabilizing components up to the respective transition states. The results suggest that the K+ atoms act as stabilizers of the dimeric structure, and their cooperative role on the reaction mechanism may be negligible, acting as mere spectators in the activation of H2 . Cooperation between the two monomers in D is lacking, and therefore the subsequent activation of H2 is wholly disengaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago, 8370854, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Morris LJ, Carpentier A, Maron L, Okuda J. Reductive elimination of [AlH 2] + from a cationic Ga-Al dihydride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9454-9457. [PMID: 34528962 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of TMEDA-supported [AlH2]+ to [{BDI}Ga] (BDI = {HC(C(CH3)N(2,6-iPr2-C6H3))2}) provides [{BDI}Ga(H)-Al(H)(tmeda)][B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4] (TMEDA = N,N,N'N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) with a covalent metal-metal bond. The reaction is readily reversed by substituting TMEDA for an N-heterocyclic carbene or dissolving in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Morris
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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39
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Cabrera‐Trujillo JJ, Fernández I. Factors Controlling the Aluminum(I)-meta-Selective C-H Activation in Arenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:12422-12429. [PMID: 34184800 PMCID: PMC8457071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The so far poorly understood factors controlling the complete meta-selectivity observed in the C-H activation reactions of alkylarenes promoted by aluminyl anions have been explored in detail by means of Density Functional Theory calculations. To this end, a combination of state-of-the-art computational methods, namely the activation strain model of reactivity and energy decomposition analysis, has been applied to quantitatively unveil the origin of the selectivity of the transformation as well as the influence of the associated potassium cation. It is found that the selectivity takes place during the initial nucleophilic addition step where the key LP(Al)→π*(C=C) molecular orbital interaction is more stabilizing for the meta-pathway, which results in a stronger interaction between the reactants along the entire transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Juan Cabrera‐Trujillo
- Departmento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación enQuímica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departmento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación enQuímica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040MadridSpain
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40
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Sekar A, Paularokiadoss F, Immanuel S, Christopher Jeyakumar T. Chemistry of group-10 metals monohaloalumylene complexes [TM(CO)3AlX]: a DFT study. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Dehmel M, Köhler A, Görls H, Kretschmer R. Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of group 13 hydride complexes based on amido-amine ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8434-8445. [PMID: 34037004 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01454d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of group 13 hydride complexes supported by N,N',N'-substituted 1,2-ethanediamines is reported. Dihydridoalanes LAlH2, for which the aggregation behaviour in solution and in the solid state is modulated by the steric bulk of the aryl substituent, readily react with elemental sulphur affording dinuclear aluminium sulphide complexes. Chloridohydrido trielanes LEHCl (E = B, Al, Ga) have been synthesized as well starting from the hydrochloride salts of the protio-ligands and the chlorido substituent within LAlHCl is readily replaced using Li[N(SiMe3)2]. Depending on the steric bulk of the ligand, the chloridohydrido gallane gives rise to a dinuclear gallium(ii) complex upon heating. All twelve complexes reported in here have been fully characterized and the solid-state structure of eleven complexes has been examined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Dehmel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Angelina Köhler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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42
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Kretsch J, Kreyenschmidt A, Schillmöller T, Sindlinger C, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Group 13 Heavier Carbene Analogues Stabilized by the Bulky Bis(4-benzhydryl-benzoxazol-2-yl)methanide Ligand. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7389-7398. [PMID: 33900067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the bulky bis(4-benzhydryl-benzoxazyl-2-yl)methane ligand (4-BzhH2Box2CH2), neutral monovalent group 13 complexes [M13(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] [M13 = Tl (1), In (2), or Ga (3)] have been synthesized by salt metathesis reaction of the corresponding potassium or sodium precursor and TlOTf, InOTf, or "GaI". The diiodido gallium species [GaI2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (3a) was realized as a byproduct once the synthesis of 3 was carried out at higher temperatures. The synthesis of [AlI2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (6) as a potential precursor for an aluminum(I) congener was accomplished by two alternative synthetic routes. During one of those procedures, [AlMe2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (4) was synthesized in good yields by deprotonation with an AlMe3 solution (method A). Subsequently, 4 was converted to the monoiodinated species [AlMeI(4-BzhH2Box2CH2)] (5) using 1 equiv of I2 or to 6 by iodination with 2 equiv of I2 at 70 °C for 4 days. As an alternative, complex 6 could be prepared by iodination of 1 equiv of I2 and [AlH2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (7), which was previously obtained by facile reaction of 4-BzhH2Box2CH2 and AlH3NMe2Et. All main products 1-7 were completely characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. Alane 7 was additionally analyzed by solid-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations on [M13(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] [M13 = Tl (1), In (2), Ga (3), or Al] revealed that the complexes consist of monovalent group 13 cations coordinated by an anionic (4-BzhH2Box2CH) ligand similar to metallacycles incorporating a NacNac ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kretsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Kreyenschmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Schillmöller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, Coles MP. Oxidative Addition of Hydridic, Protic, and Nonpolar E-H Bonds (E = Si, P, N, or O) to an Aluminyl Anion. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4772-4778. [PMID: 33724013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aluminyl anion K[Al(NONDipp)] {NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3} engages in oxidative additions with the E-H (E = Si, P, N, or O) bonds of phenylsilane (PhSiH3), mesityl phosphane (MesPH2; Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2), 2,6-di-iso-propylaniline (DippNH2), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (ArOH). The resulting (hydrido)aluminate salts are formed regardless of the E-H bond polarity. All of the products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This study highlights the versatility of aluminyl anions to activate hydridic, acidic, and (essentially) nonpolar E-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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44
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Vielseitiges Gallaphosphen: Von einem Ga‐P‐Ga‐Heteroallylkation über CO
2
‐Speicherung hin zu C(sp
3
)‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
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45
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multi-Talented Gallaphosphene for Ga-P-Ga Heteroallyl Cation Generation, CO 2 Storage, and C(sp 3 )-H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6784-6790. [PMID: 33368922 PMCID: PMC7986129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL (2; L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ), which is synthesized by reaction of LGa(Cl)PCO (1) with LGa, reacts with [Na(OCP)(dioxane)2.5 ] to LGa(OCP)PGaL (3), whereas chloride abstraction with LiBArF 4 yields [LGaPGaL][BArF 4 ] (4; BArF 4 =B(C6 F5 )4 ). 4 represents a heteronuclear analog of the allyl cation according to quantum chemical calculations. Remarkably, 2 reversibly reacts with CO2 to yield L(Cl)Ga-P[μ-C(O)O]2 GaL (5), while reactions with acetophenone and acetone selectively give compounds 6 and 7 by C(sp3 )-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
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46
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Falconer RL, Nichol GS, Smolyar IV, Cockroft SL, Cowley MJ. Reversible Reductive Elimination in Aluminum(II) Dihydrides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2047-2052. [PMID: 33022874 PMCID: PMC7894477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are defining reactions of transition‐metal organometallic chemistry. In main‐group chemistry, oxidative addition is now well‐established but reductive elimination reactions are not yet general in the same way. Herein, we report dihydrodialanes supported by amidophosphine ligands. The ligand serves as a stereochemical reporter for reversible reductive elimination/oxidative addition chemistry involving AlI and AlIII intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn L Falconer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gary S Nichol
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Ivan V Smolyar
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Scott L Cockroft
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Michael J Cowley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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47
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Falconer RL, Nichol GS, Smolyar IV, Cockroft SL, Cowley MJ. Reversible Reductive Elimination in Aluminum(II) Dihydrides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn L. Falconer
- School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Ivan V. Smolyar
- School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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48
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Queen JD, Lehmann A, Fettinger JC, Tuononen HM, Power PP. The Monomeric Alanediyl :AlAriPr8 (AriPr8 = C6H-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Pri3)2-3,5-Pri2): An Organoaluminum(I) Compound with a One-Coordinate Aluminum Atom. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20554-20559. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Queen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Annika Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, California, United States
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49
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Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Arene C-H Activation at Aluminium(I): meta Selectivity Driven by the Electronics of S N Ar Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20376-20380. [PMID: 32722863 PMCID: PMC7693242 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the electron-rich anionic AlI aluminyl compound K2 [(NON)Al]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) towards mono- and disubstituted arenes is reported. C-H activation chemistry with n-butylbenzene gives exclusively the product of activation at the arene meta position. Mechanistically, this transformation proceeds in a single step via a concerted Meisenheimer-type transition state. Selectivity is therefore based on similar electronic factors to classical SN Ar chemistry, which implies the destabilisation of transition states featuring electron-donating groups in either ortho or para positions. In the cases of toluene and the three isomers of xylene, benzylic C-H activation is also possible, with the product(s) formed reflecting the feasibility (or otherwise) of competing arene C-H activation at a site which is neither ortho nor para to a methyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National University, Building 137Sullivan's Creek RoadActonACT2601Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläP. O. Box 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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50
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Kretsch J, Kreyenschmidt A, Schillmöller T, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Mixed Low-Valent Alanes from the Bis(4-methyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)methanide Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13690-13699. [PMID: 32897060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within this work, an aluminum dihydride complex ([(4-MeBox2CH)AlH2]) (1) based on the bis(4-methyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)methanide ligand was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods (NMR, ATR-IR, and fluorescence), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), mass spectrometry (LIFDI), and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reactivity of alane 1 was investigated toward the reducing agents [DippNacNacAlI] and [(MesNacNacMgI)2], which gave the dialane compounds [(4-MeBox2CH)HAlII-AlIIH(DippNacNac)] (2) and [{(4-MeBox2CH)AlIIH}2] (4a), respectively. Furthermore, dialuminoxanes [{(4-MeBox2CH)AlH}2(μ-O)] (4b) and [({(MesNacNac)Mg}2(μ-H)){H3AlII-AlIIH(4-MeBox2CH)}] (4c) were isolated as byproducts, with 4b co-crystallizing with 4a. The hydricity of both hydrides in the mixed-ligated dialane 2 were examined by a reaction with 1 equiv of trityl borate ([Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]), which resulted in [(4-MeBox2CH)HAlII-AlII(DippNacNac)][B(C6F5)4] (3). Due to the formation of 4b, complex 1 was reacted with 0.5 equiv of water, which causes the likely synthesis of insoluble oligomeric alumoxanes. To prevent this reaction and support the formation of well-defined dialumoxanes, 1 was initially converted to [(4-MeBox2CH)(DippO)AlH] (5) by the deprotonation of 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol). This sterically encumbered compound 5 was subsequently reacted with 0.5 equiv of water, which resulted in defined molecules of [{(4-MeBox2CH)(DippO)Al}2(μ-O)] (6). All these compounds exemplify the versatility of the 4-MeBox2CH ligand in low-valent aluminum chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kretsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Kreyenschmidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Schillmöller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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