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Lee CK, Gangadharappa C, Fahrenbach AC, Kim DJ. Harnessing Radicals: Advances in Self-Assembly and Molecular Machinery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408271. [PMID: 39177115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Radicals, with their unpaired electrons, exhibit unique chemical and physical properties that have long intrigued chemists. Despite early skepticism about their stability, the discovery of persistent radicals has opened new possibilities for molecular interactions. This review examines the mechanisms and applications of radically driven self-assembly, focusing on key motifs such as naphthalene diimides, tetrathiafulvalenes, and viologens, which serve as models for radical assembly. The potential of radical interactions in the development of artificial molecular machines (AMMs) are also discussed. These AMMs, powered by radical-radical interactions, represent significant advancements in non-equilibrium chemistry, mimicking the functionalities of biological systems. From molecular switches to ratchets and pumps, the versatility and unique properties of radically powered AMMs are highlighted. Additionally, the applications of radical assembly in materials science are explored, particularly in creating smart materials with redox-responsive properties. The review concludes by comparing AMMs to biological molecular machines, offering insights into future directions. This overview underscores the impact of radical chemistry on molecular assembly and its promising applications in both synthetic and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert C Fahrenbach
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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2
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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Sangchai T, Al Shehimy S, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Artificial Molecular Ratchets: Tools Enabling Endergonic Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309501. [PMID: 37545196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest, including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, and energy transduction. Experimental chemists are now pioneering the realization of artificial systems that can harvest energy away from equilibrium. In this tutorial Review, we provide an overview of artificial molecular ratchets: the chemical mechanisms enabling energy absorption from the environment. By focusing on the mechanism type-rather than the application domain or energy source-we offer a unifying picture of seemingly disparate phenomena, which we hope will foster progress in this fascinating domain of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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5
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Kristensen R, Neumann MS, Andersen SS, Stein PC, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Quantifying the barrier for the movement of cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene) over the dication of monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2233-2248. [PMID: 35107116 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bistable [2]pseudorotaxane 1⊂CBPQT·4PF6 and a bistable [2]rotaxane 2·4PF6 have been synthesised to measure the height of an electrostatic barrier produced by double molecular oxidation (0 to +2). Both systems have monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) and oxyphenylene (OP) as stations for cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+). They have a large stopper at one end while the second stopper in 24+ is composed of a thioethyl (SEt) group and a thiodiethyleneglycol (TDEG) substituent, whereas in 1⊂CBPQT4+, the SEt group has been replaced with a less bulky thiomethyl (SMe) group. This seemingly small difference in the substituents on the MPTTF unit leads to profound changes when comparing the physical properties of the two systems allowing for the first measurement of the deslipping of the CBPQT4+ ring over an MPTTF2+ unit in the [2]pseudorotaxane. Cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the switching mechanism for 1⊂CBPQT·MPTTF4+ and 2·MPTTF4+, and it was found that CBPQT4+ moves first to the OP station producing 1⊂CBPQT·OP6+ and 2·OP6+, respectively, upon oxidation of the MPTTF unit. The kinetics of the complexation/decomplexation process occurring in 1⊂CBPQT·MPTTF4+ and in 1⊂CBPQT·OP6+ were studied, allowing the free energy of the transition state when CBPQT4+ moves across a neutral MPTTF unit (17.0 kcal mol-1) or a di-oxidised MPTTF2+ unit (24.0 kcal mol-1) to be determined. These results demonstrate that oxidation of the MPTTF unit to MPTTF2+ increases the energy barrier that the CBPQT4+ ring must overcome for decomplexation to occur by 7.0 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Mathias S Neumann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Paul C Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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6
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David AHG, García–Cerezo P, Campaña AG, Santoyo–González F, Blanco V. Vinyl sulfonyl chemistry-driven unidirectional transport of a macrocycle through a [2]rotaxane. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pH- and chemically-driven unidirectional transport of a macrocycle through a [2]rotaxane based on the vinyl sulfonyl groups is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo García–Cerezo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo–González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
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7
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Seco A, Yu S, Tron A, McClenaghan ND, Pina F, Jorge Parola A, Basílio N. Light- and pH-regulated Water-soluble Pseudorotaxanes Comprising a Cucurbit[7]uril and a Flavylium-based Axle. Chemistry 2021; 27:16512-16522. [PMID: 34632666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A linear double pyridinium-terminated thread comprising a central chalcone moiety is shown to provide two independent binding sites with similar affinity for cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) macrocycles in water as judged from NMR, UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. Association results in [2] and [3]pseudorotaxanes, which are both pH and photosensitive. Switching from the neutral chalcone to the cationic flavylium form upon irradiation at 365 nm under acidic conditions provided an enhanced CB7 association (K1:1 increases from 1.2×105 M-1 to 1.5×108 M-1 ), limiting spontaneous on-thread cucurbituril shuttling. This co-conformational change in the [2]pseudorotaxane is reversible in the dark with kobs =4.1×10-4 s-1 . Threading the flavylium moiety into CB7 leads to a dramatic increase in the fluorescence quantum yield, from 0.29 in the free axle to 0.97 in the [2]pseudorotaxane and 1.0 in the [3]pseudorotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Seco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Shilin Yu
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Nathan D McClenaghan
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - A Jorge Parola
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Basílio
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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8
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Shi Q, Wang X, Liu B, Qiao P, Li J, Wang L. Macrocyclic host molecules with aromatic building blocks: the state of the art and progress. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12379-12405. [PMID: 34726202 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic host molecules play the central role in host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. The highly structural symmetry of macrocyclic host molecules can meet people's pursuit of aesthetics in molecular design, and generally means a balance of design, synthesis, properties and applications. For macrocyclic host molecules with highly symmetrical structures, building blocks, which could be described as repeat units as well, are the most fundamental elements for molecular design. The structural features and recognition ability of macrocyclic host molecules are determined by the building blocks and their connection patterns. Using different building blocks, different macrocyclic host molecules could be designed and synthesized. With decades of developments of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry, diverse macrocyclic host molecules with different building blocks have been designed and synthesized. Aromatic building blocks are a big family among the various building blocks used in constructing macrocyclic host molecules. In this feature article, the recent developments of macrocyclic host molecules with aromatic building blocks were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xuping Wang
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Panyu Qiao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jing Li
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Strength Lightweight Metallic Materials, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Leyong Wang
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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9
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Chen X, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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10
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Chen XY, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25454-25462. [PMID: 34342116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complexation between a viologen radical cation (V.+ ) and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) diradical dication (CBPQT2(.+) ) has been investigated and utilized extensively in the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and artificial molecular machines (AMMs). The selective recognition of a pair of V.+ using radical-pairing interactions, however, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the efficient encapsulation of two methyl viologen radical cations (MV.+ ) in a size-matched bisradical dicationic host - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-2,6-naphthalene)2(.+) , i.e., CBPQN2(.+) . Central to this dual recognition process was the choice of 2,6-bismethylenenaphthalene linkers for incorporation into the bisradical dicationic host. They provide the space between the two bipyridinium radical cations in CBPQN2(.+) suitable for binding two MV.+ with relatively short (3.05-3.25 Å) radical-pairing distances. The size-matched bisradical dicationic host was found to exhibit highly selective and cooperative association with the two MV.+ in MeCN at room temperature. The formation of the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex - namely, [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) - in MeCN was confirmed by VT 1 H NMR, as well as by EPR spectroscopy. The solid-state superstructure of [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) reveals an uneven distribution of the binding distances (3.05, 3.24, 3.05 Å) between the three different V.+ , suggesting that localization of the radical-pairing interactions has a strong influence on the packing of the two MV.+ inside the bisradical dicationic host. Our findings constitute a rare example of binding two radical guests with high affinity and cooperativity using host-guest radical-pairing interactions. Moreover, they open up possibilities of harnessing the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex as a new, orthogonal and redox-switchable recognition motif for the construction of MIMs and AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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11
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Canton M, Groppi J, Casimiro L, Corra S, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Credi A. Second-Generation Light-Fueled Supramolecular Pump. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10890-10894. [PMID: 34282901 PMCID: PMC8323096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the modular design of a pseudorotaxane-based supramolecular pump and its photochemically driven autonomous nonequilibrium operation in a dissipative regime. These properties derive from careful engineering of the energy maxima and minima along the threading coordinate and their light-triggered modulation. Unlike its precursor, this second-generation system is amenable to functionalization for integration into more complex devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Canton
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Cai K, Zhang L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Radical-pairing-induced molecular assembly and motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:447-465. [PMID: 37118435 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radical-pairing interactions between conjugated organic π-radicals are relative newcomers to the inventory of molecular recognition motifs explored in supramolecular chemistry. The unique electronic, magnetic, optical and redox-responsive properties of the conjugated π-radicals render molecules designed with radical-pairing interactions useful for applications in various areas of chemistry and materials science. In particular, the ability to control formation of radical cationic or anionic species, by redox stimulation, provides a flexible trigger for directed assembly and controlled molecular motions, as well as a convenient means of inputting energy to fuel non-equilibrium processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of different examples of radical-pairing-based recognition processes and of their emerging use in (1) supramolecular assembly, (2) templation of mechanically interlocked molecules, (3) stimuli-controlled molecular switches and, by incorporation of kinetic asymmetry in the design, (4) the creation of unidirectional molecular transporters based on pumping cassettes powered by fuelled switching of radical-pairing interactions. We conclude the discussion with an outlook on future directions for the field.
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13
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Feng Y, Ovalle M, Seale JSW, Lee CK, Kim DJ, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Molecular Pumps and Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5569-5591. [PMID: 33830744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pumps and motors are essential components of the world as we know it. From the complex proteins that sustain our cells, to the mechanical marvels that power industries, much we take for granted is only possible because of pumps and motors. Although molecular pumps and motors have supported life for eons, it is only recently that chemists have made progress toward designing and building artificial forms of the microscopic machinery present in nature. The advent of artificial molecular machines has granted scientists an unprecedented level of control over the relative motion of components of molecules through the development of kinetically controlled, away-from-thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry. We outline the history of pumps and motors, focusing specifically on the innovations that enable the design and synthesis of the artificial molecular machines central to this Perspective. A key insight connecting biomolecular and artificial molecular machines is that the physical motions by which these machines carry out their function are unambiguously in mechanical equilibrium at every instant. The operation of molecular motors and pumps can be described by trajectory thermodynamics, a theory based on the work of Onsager, which is grounded on the firm foundation of the principle of microscopic reversibility. Free energy derived from thermodynamically non-equilibrium reactions kinetically favors some reaction pathways over others. By designing molecules with kinetic asymmetry, one can engineer potential landscapes to harness external energy to drive the formation and maintenance of geometries of component parts of molecules away-from-equilibrium, that would be impossible to achieve by standard synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher K Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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14
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Yang X, Cheng Q, Monnier V, Charles L, Karoui H, Ouari O, Gigmes D, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Guest Exchange by a Partial Energy Ratchet in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS ICR Marseille France
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
| | - Valerie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, FSCM Spectropole Marseille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
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15
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Yang X, Cheng Q, Monnier V, Charles L, Karoui H, Ouari O, Gigmes D, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Guest Exchange by a Partial Energy Ratchet in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6617-6623. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS ICR Marseille France
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
| | - Valerie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, FSCM Spectropole Marseille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
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16
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Groppi J, Casimiro L, Canton M, Corra S, Jafari‐Nasab M, Tabacchi G, Cavallo L, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Fois E, Credi A. Precision Molecular Threading/Dethreading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Martina Canton
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari Università di Bologna viale Fanin 44 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Mina Jafari‐Nasab
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Gloria Tabacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia and INSTM Università dell'Insubria via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari Università di Bologna viale Fanin 44 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Ettore Fois
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia and INSTM Università dell'Insubria via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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17
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Groppi J, Casimiro L, Canton M, Corra S, Jafari‐Nasab M, Tabacchi G, Cavallo L, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Fois E, Credi A. Precision Molecular Threading/Dethreading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14825-14834. [PMID: 32396687 PMCID: PMC7496742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The general principles guiding the design of molecular machines based on interlocked structures are well known. Nonetheless, the identification of suitable molecular components for a precise tuning of the energetic parameters that determine the mechanical link is still challenging. Indeed, what are the reasons of the "all-or-nothing" effect, which turns a molecular "speed-bump" into a stopper in pseudorotaxane-based architectures? Here we investigate the threading and dethreading processes for a representative class of molecular components, based on symmetric dibenzylammonium axles and dibenzo[24]crown-8 ether, with a joint experimental-computational strategy. From the analysis of quantitative data and an atomistic insight, we derive simple rules correlating the kinetic behaviour with the substitution pattern, and provide rational guidelines for the design of modules to be integrated in molecular switches and motors with sophisticated dynamic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Martina Canton
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di Bolognaviale Fanin 4440127BolognaItaly
| | - Mina Jafari‐Nasab
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Gloria Tabacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia and INSTMUniversità dell'Insubriavia Valleggio 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di Bolognaviale Fanin 4440127BolognaItaly
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Ettore Fois
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia and INSTMUniversità dell'Insubriavia Valleggio 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresIstituto ISOF-CNRvia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
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18
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Cai K, Shi Y, Zhuang GW, Zhang L, Qiu Y, Shen D, Chen H, Jiao Y, Wu H, Cheng C, Stoddart JF. Molecular-Pump-Enabled Synthesis of a Daisy Chain Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10308-10313. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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19
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Wang L, Muslim A, Lan H, Mamat M. The Morphological and Capacitance Characteristics of A Novel Brush‐like Polymer Containing Polyaniline Segment. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
- Electrochemical Engineering CenterXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Arzugul Muslim
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
- Electrochemical Engineering CenterXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Haidie Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
- Electrochemical Engineering CenterXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Milangul Mamat
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
- Electrochemical Engineering CenterXinjiang Normal University Urumqi 830054 China
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20
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Blanco-Gómez A, Cortón P, Barravecchia L, Neira I, Pazos E, Peinador C, García MD. Controlled binding of organic guests by stimuli-responsive macrocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3834-3862. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic supramolecular chemistry pursues not only the construction of new matter, but also control over its inherently dynamic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Blanco-Gómez
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Pablo Cortón
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Liliana Barravecchia
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Iago Neira
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Elena Pazos
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Carlos Peinador
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Marcos D. García
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
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21
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Qiu Y, Zhang L, Pezzato C, Feng Y, Li W, Nguyen MT, Cheng C, Shen D, Guo QH, Shi Y, Cai K, Alsubaie FM, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. A Molecular Dual Pump. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17472-17476. [PMID: 31622089 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Artificial molecular machines (AMMs) built from mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) can use energy ratchets to control the unidirectional motion of their component parts. These energy ratchets are operated by the alteration of kinetic barriers and thermodynamic wells, which are, in turn, determined by the switching on and off of noncovalent interactions. Previously, we have developed artificial molecular pumps (AMPs) capable of pumping rings consecutively onto a collecting chain as part of a molecular dumbbell, leading to the formation of rotaxanes. Here, we report a molecular dual pump (MDP) consisting of two individual AMPs linked in a head-to-tail fashion, wherein a single ring is pumped, in a linear manner, on and off a dumbbell involving a [2]rotaxane intermediate by exploiting the redox properties of the two pumps. This MDP, defined by the finely tuned noncovalent interactions and fueled by either chemicals or electricity, utilizes an energy ratchet mechanism to capture a ring and subsequently release it back into solution. The unidirectional motion and the resulting controlled capture and release of the ring were followed by 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy and supported by control experiments. This molecular dual pump may be considered to be a forerunner of AMMs that are capable of pumping rings across a membrane in a way similar to how bacteriorhodopsin transports protons from one side of a membrane to the other under the influence of light. Such extensive multicomponent AMMs can lead potentially to molecular transporting platforms with positional and directional control of cargo uptake and release when, and only when, instructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Weixingyue Li
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Minh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Fehaid M Alsubaie
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nanosystems , King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology , Riyadh 11442 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics , University of Maine , 5709 Bennet Hall , Orono , Maine 04469 , United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China.,School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
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22
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Abstract
Directed motion at the nanoscale is a central attribute of life, and chemically driven motor proteins are nature's choice to accomplish it. Motivated and inspired by such bionanodevices, in the past few decades chemists have developed artificial prototypes of molecular motors, namely, multicomponent synthetic species that exhibit directionally controlled, stimuli-induced movements of their parts. In this context, photonic and redox stimuli represent highly appealing modes of activation, particularly from a technological viewpoint. Here we describe the evolution of the field of photo- and redox-driven artificial molecular motors, and we provide a comprehensive review of the work published in the past 5 years. After an analysis of the general principles that govern controlled and directed movement at the molecular scale, we describe the fundamental photochemical and redox processes that can enable its realization. The main classes of light- and redox-driven molecular motors are illustrated, with a particular focus on recent designs, and a thorough description of the functions performed by these kinds of devices according to literature reports is presented. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of the field are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" , Università di Bologna , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
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23
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Aeschi Y, Jucker L, Häussinger D, Mayor M. Slow Formation of Pseudorotaxanes in Water. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Aeschi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Laurent Jucker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU); 510275 Guangzhou China
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24
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Andersen SS, Saad AW, Kristensen R, Pedersen TS, O'Driscoll LJ, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Salts accelerate the switching kinetics of a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) [2]rotaxane. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2432-2441. [PMID: 30742174 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00085b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which the macrocyclic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring of a bistable [2]rotaxane moves from a tetrathiafulvalene station to an oxyphenylene station upon oxidation of the tetrathiafulvalene station is found to be increased in the presence of added salts. Compared to the salt-free case, 0.1 M solutions of a series of tetraalkylammonium hexafluorophosphate salts (R4N·PF6, R = H, Me, Et or n-Bu) and of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (n-Bu4N·ClO4) all afford an increased switching rate, which is largest in the case of n-Bu4N·ClO4 with smaller anions. Variation in the size of the ammonium cation has no significant effect. These results indicate that the addition of excess ions can be used as an accelerator to speed up shuttling processes in rotaxanes and catenanes based on the mobile cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring, and that the choice of anion offers a convenient means of controlling the extent of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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25
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Lipke MC, Wu Y, Roy I, Wang Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Shuttling Rates, Electronic States, and Hysteresis in a Ring-in-Ring Rotaxane. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:362-371. [PMID: 29632882 PMCID: PMC5879476 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The trisradical recognition motif between a 4,4'-bipyridinium radical cation and a cyclo-bis-4,4'-bipyridinium diradical dication has been employed previously in rotaxanes to control their nanomechanical and electronic properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a redox-active ring-in-ring [2]rotaxane BBR·8PF6 that employs a tetraradical variant of this recognition motif. A square-shaped bis-4,4'-bipyridinium cyclophane is mechanically interlocked around the dumbbell component of this rotaxane, and the dumbbell itself incorporates a smaller bis-4,4'-bipyridinium cyclophane into its covalently bonded structure. This small cyclophane serves as a significant impediment to the shuttling of the larger ring across the dumbbell component of BBR8+ , whereas reduction to the tetraradical tetracationic state BBR4(+•) results in strong association of the two cyclophanes driven by two radical-pairing interactions. In these respects, BBR·8PF6 exhibits qualitatively similar behavior to its predecessors that interconvert between hexacationic and trisradical tricationic states. The rigid preorganization of two bipyridinium groups within the dumbbell of BBR·8PF6 confers, however, two distinct properties upon this rotaxane: (1) the rate of shuttling is reduced significantly relative to those of its predecessors, resulting in marked electrochemical hysteresis observed by cyclic voltammetry for switching between the BBR8+/BBR4(+•) states, and (2) the formally tetraradical form of the rotaxane, BBR4(+•) , exhibits a diamagnetic ground state, which, as a result of the slow shuttling motions within BBR4(+•) , has a long enough lifetime to be characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Lipke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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26
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Abstract
Recent developments in synthetic molecular motors and pumps have sprung from a remarkable confluence of experiment and theory. Synthetic accomplishments have facilitated the ability to design and create molecules, many of them featuring mechanically bonded components, to carry out specific functions in their environment-walking along a polymeric track, unidirectional circling of one ring about another, synthesizing stereoisomers according to an external protocol, or pumping rings onto a long rod-like molecule to form and maintain high-energy, complex, nonequilibrium structures from simpler antecedents. Progress in the theory of nanoscale stochastic thermodynamics, specifically the generalization and extension of the principle of microscopic reversibility to the single-molecule regime, has enhanced the understanding of the design requirements for achieving strong unidirectional motion and high efficiency of these synthetic molecular machines for harnessing energy from external fluctuations to carry out mechanical and/or chemical functions in their environment. A key insight is that the interaction between the fluctuations and the transition state energies plays a central role in determining the steady-state concentrations. Kinetic asymmetry, a requirement for stochastic adaptation, occurs when there is an imbalance in the effect of the fluctuations on the forward and reverse rate constants. Because of strong viscosity, the motions of the machine can be viewed as mechanical equilibrium processes where mechanical resonances are simply impossible but where the probability distributions for the state occupancies and trajectories are very different from those that would be expected at thermodynamic equilibrium.
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27
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Pezzato C, Cheng C, Stoddart JF, Astumian RD. Mastering the non-equilibrium assembly and operation of molecular machines. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5491-5507. [PMID: 28338143 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mechanically interlocked compounds, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, the molecules are held together by mechanical rather than chemical bonds. These compounds can be engineered to have several well-defined mechanical states by incorporating recognition sites between the different components. The rates of the transitions between the recognition sites can be controlled by introducing steric "speed bumps" or electrostatically switchable gates. A mechanism for the absorption of energy can also be included by adding photoactive, catalytically active, or redox-active recognition sites, or even charges and dipoles. At equilibrium, these Mechanically Interlocked Molecules (MIMs) undergo thermally activated transitions continuously between their different mechanical states where every transition is as likely as its microscopic reverse. External energy, for example, light, external modulation of the chemical and/or physical environment or catalysis of an exergonic reaction, drives the system away from equilibrium. The absorption of energy from these processes can be used to favour some, and suppress other, transitions so that completion of a mechanical cycle in a direction in which work is done on the environment - the requisite of a molecular machine - is more likely than completion in a direction in which work is absorbed from the environment. In this Tutorial Review, we discuss the different design principles by which molecular machines can be engineered to use different sources of energy to carry out self-organization and the performance of work in their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Pezzato
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
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28
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Astumian RD. Stochastic pumping of non-equilibrium steady-states: how molecules adapt to a fluctuating environment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:427-444. [PMID: 29242862 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06683j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of input energy, a chemical reaction in a closed system ineluctably relaxes toward an equilibrium state governed by a Boltzmann distribution. The addition of a catalyst to the system provides a way for more rapid equilibration toward this distribution, but the catalyst can never, in and of itself, drive the system away from equilibrium. In the presence of external fluctuations, however, a macromolecular catalyst (e.g., an enzyme) can absorb energy and drive the formation of a steady state between reactant and product that is not determined solely by their relative energies. Due to the ubiquity of non-equilibrium steady states in living systems, the development of a theory for the effects of external fluctuations on chemical systems has been a longstanding focus of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The theory of stochastic pumping has provided insight into how a non-equilibrium steady-state can be formed and maintained in the presence of dissipation and kinetic asymmetry. This effort has been greatly enhanced by a confluence of experimental and theoretical work on synthetic molecular machines designed explicitly to harness external energy to drive non-equilibrium transport and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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29
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Shi Q, Meng Z, Xiang JF, Chen CF. Efficient control of movement in non-photoresponsive molecular machines by a photo-induced proton-transfer strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3536-3539. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01570h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first successful application of a PIPT strategy executed by the photoacid 1-MEH in controlling the switch of MIM systems has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Zheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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30
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Wang Y, Frasconi M, Stoddart JF. Introducing Stable Radicals into Molecular Machines. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:927-935. [PMID: 28979933 PMCID: PMC5620985 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ever since their discovery, stable organic radicals have received considerable attention from chemists because of their unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. Currently, one of the most appealing challenges for the chemical community is to develop sophisticated artificial molecular machines that can do work by consuming external energy, after the manner of motor proteins. In this context, radical-pairing interactions are important in addressing the challenge: they not only provide supramolecular assistance in the synthesis of molecular machines but also open the door to developing multifunctional systems relying on the various properties of the radical species. In this Outlook, by taking the radical cationic state of 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium (BIPY•+) as an example, we highlight our research on the art and science of introducing radical-pairing interactions into functional systems, from prototypical molecular switches to complex molecular machines, followed by a discussion of the (i) limitations of the current systems and (ii) future research directions for designing BIPY•+-based molecular machines with useful functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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31
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Sun J, Liu Z, Liu WG, Wu Y, Wang Y, Barnes JC, Hermann KR, Goddard WA, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Mechanical-Bond-Protected, Air-Stable Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12704-12709. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | | | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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32
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Stoddart JF. Mechanisch verzahnte Moleküle (MIMs) - molekulare Shuttle, Schalter und Maschinen (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
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33
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Stoddart JF. Mechanically Interlocked Molecules (MIMs)-Molecular Shuttles, Switches, and Machines (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11094-11125. [PMID: 28815900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry welcomes a new bond: The mechanical bond has endowed molecules with component parts whose movements can be controlled and monitored. In his Nobel Lecture, J. F. Stoddart describes how being able to template the formation of mechanically interlocked molecules has led to the design and synthesis of shuttles, switches, and machines at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
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34
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Pezzato C, Nguyen MT, Cheng C, Kim DJ, Otley MT, Stoddart JF. An efficient artificial molecular pump. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Chen JLY, Maiti S, Fortunati I, Ferrante C, Prins LJ. Temporal Control over Transient Chemical Systems using Structurally Diverse Chemical Fuels. Chemistry 2017; 23:11549-11559. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack L.-Y. Chen
- School of Science; Auckland University of Technology; 34 St Paul St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Ilaria Fortunati
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Camilla Ferrante
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Leonard J. Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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36
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Della Sala F, Neri S, Maiti S, Chen JLY, Prins LJ. Transient self-assembly of molecular nanostructures driven by chemical fuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 46:27-33. [PMID: 28119203 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, chemists have mastered the art of assembling small molecules into complex nanostructures using non-covalent interactions. The driving force for self-assembly is thermodynamics: the self-assembled structure is more stable than the separate components. However, biological self-assembly processes are often energetically uphill and require the consumption of chemical energy. This allows nature to control the activation and duration of chemical functions associated with the assembled state. Synthetic chemical systems that operate in the same way are essential for creating the next generation of intelligent, adaptive materials, nanomachines and delivery systems. This review focuses on synthetic molecular nanostructures which self-assemble under dissipative conditions. The chemical function associated with the transient assemblies is operational as long as chemical fuel is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Della Sala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Neri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jack L-Y Chen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonard J Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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37
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Kassem S, van Leeuwen T, Lubbe AS, Wilson MR, Feringa BL, Leigh DA. Artificial molecular motors. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2592-2621. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors take inspiration from motor proteins, nature's solution for achieving directional molecular level motion. An overview is given of the principal designs of artificial molecular motors and their modes of operation. We identify some key challenges remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Kassem
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S. Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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38
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Burke MJ, Nichol GS, Lusby PJ. Orthogonal Selection and Fixing of Coordination Self-Assembly Pathways for Robust Metallo-organic Ensemble Construction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9308-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Burke
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K
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39
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Cheng C, Cheng T, Xiao H, Krzyaniak MD, Wang Y, McGonigal PR, Frasconi M, Barnes JC, Fahrenbach AC, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Influence of Constitution and Charge on Radical Pairing Interactions in Tris-radical Tricationic Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8288-300. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tao Cheng
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hai Xiao
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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40
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Sevick EM, Williams DRM. A Two-Stroke, Two-Cylinder Piston Rotaxane Motor. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1927-33. [PMID: 26945475 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a model for a rotaxane motor. This uses two major themes of rotaxane physics, that is, the ability to change the potential of different regions of the axle (switching) and the entropy associated with free rings. The motor is based on free rings being trapped and released by potential stripes or stations. We calculate the power produced by such a motor, which is in the femtoWatt range. The power is proportional to the square of the number of rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Sevick
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David R M Williams
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
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41
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Dissipative self-assembly of vesicular nanoreactors. Nat Chem 2016; 8:725-31. [PMID: 27325101 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dissipative self-assembly is exploited by nature to control important biological functions, such as cell division, motility and signal transduction. The ability to construct synthetic supramolecular assemblies that require the continuous consumption of energy to remain in the functional state is an essential premise for the design of synthetic systems with lifelike properties. Here, we show a new strategy for the dissipative self-assembly of functional supramolecular structures with high structural complexity. It relies on the transient stabilization of vesicles through noncovalent interactions between the surfactants and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which acts as the chemical fuel. It is shown that the lifetime of the vesicles can be regulated by controlling the hydrolysis rate of ATP. The vesicles sustain a chemical reaction but only as long as chemical fuel is present to keep the system in the out-of-equilibrium state. The lifetime of the vesicles determines the amount of reaction product produced by the system.
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42
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Meng Z, Xiang JF, Chen CF. Directional Molecular Transportation Based on a Catalytic Stopper-Leaving Rotaxane System. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5652-8. [PMID: 27078221 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ratchet mechanism has proved to be a key principle in designing molecular motors and machines that exploit random thermal fluctuations for directional motion with energy input. To integrate ratchet mechanism into artificial systems, precise molecular design is a prerequisite to control the pathway of relative motion between their subcomponents, which is still a formidable challenge. Herein, we report a straightforward method to control the transportation barrier of a macrocycle by selectively detaching one of the two stoppers using a novel DBU-catalyzed stopper-leaving reaction in a rotaxane system. The macrocycle was first allowed to thread onto a semidumbbell axle from the open end and subsequently thermodynamically captured into a nonsymmetrical rotaxane. Then, it was driven energetically uphill until it reached a kinetically trapped state by destroying its interaction with ammonium site, and was finally quantitatively released from the other end when the corresponding stopper barrier was removed. Although the directional transportation at the present system was achieved by discrete chemical reactions for the sake of higher transportation efficiency, it represents a new molecular transportation model by the strategy of using stopper-leavable rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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43
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He H, Sevick EM, Williams DRM. Isotropic and nematic liquid crystalline phases of adaptive rotaxanes. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124901. [PMID: 27036473 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the thermodynamics of a solution of rotaxanes which can change their length from a short state of length L to a long state of length qL in response to their surrounding environment. We call these rotaxanes "adaptive." We show that such a system can exhibit both isotropic and nematic liquid crystalline phases. The system shows several interesting kinds of behaviour. First we predict that the fraction of short-length rotaxanes increases linearly with concentration and is a maximum at the critical concentration that marks the isotropic to nematic transition. Second, the critical concentration shows a minimum at a certain value of q. Our model suggests that the effect of adaptive length changes is most dramatic at small q and where the long state is slightly favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Edith M Sevick
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - David R M Williams
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Abstract
The past quarter of a century has witnessed an increasing engagement on the part of physicists and chemists in the design and synthesis of molecular machines de novo. This minireview traces the development of artificial molecular machines from their prototypes in the form of shuttles and switches to their emergence as motors and pumps where supplies of energy in the form of chemical fuel, electrochemical potential and light activation become a minimum requirement for them to function away from equilibrium. The challenge facing this rapidly growing community of scientists and engineers today is one of putting wholly synthetic molecules to work, both individually and as collections. Here, we highlight some of the recent conceptual and practical advances relating to the operation of wholly synthetic rotary and linear motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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45
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Wang Y, Frasconi M, Liu WG, Sun J, Wu Y, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Goddard WA, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Oligorotaxane Radicals under Orders. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:89-98. [PMID: 27163033 PMCID: PMC4827492 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for creating foldameric oligorotaxanes composed of only positively charged components is reported. Threadlike components-namely oligoviologens-in which different numbers of 4,4'-bipyridinium (BIPY(2+)) subunits are linked by p-xylylene bridges, are shown to be capable of being threaded by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) rings following the introduction of radical-pairing interactions under reducing conditions. UV/vis/NIR spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations suggest that the reduced oligopseudorotaxanes fold into highly ordered secondary structures as a result of the formation of BIPY(•+) radical cation pairs. Furthermore, by installing bulky stoppers at each end of the oligopseudorotaxanes by means of Cu-free alkyne-azide cycloadditions, their analogous oligorotaxanes, which retain the same stoichiometries as their progenitors, can be prepared. Solution-state studies of the oligorotaxanes indicate that their mechanically interlocked structures lead to the enforced interactions between the dumbbell and ring components, allowing them to fold (contract) in their reduced states and unfold (expand) in their fully oxidized states as a result of Coulombic repulsions. This electrochemically controlled reversible folding and unfolding process, during which the oligorotaxanes experience length contractions and expansions, is reminiscent of the mechanisms of actuation associated with muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Junling Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, KSA
- University
Research Office, Intel Corporation, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission
College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 United States.
Tel: (+1)-847-491-3793. E-mail:
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Ariga K, Li J, Fei J, Ji Q, Hill JP. Nanoarchitectonics for Dynamic Functional Materials from Atomic-/Molecular-Level Manipulation to Macroscopic Action. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1251-86. [PMID: 26436552 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Objects in all dimensions are subject to translational dynamism and dynamic mutual interactions, and the ability to exert control over these events is one of the keys to the synthesis of functional materials. For the development of materials with truly dynamic functionalities, a paradigm shift from "nanotechnology" to "nanoarchitectonics" is proposed, with the aim of design and preparation of functional materials through dynamic harmonization of atomic-/molecular-level manipulation and control, chemical nanofabrication, self-organization, and field-controlled organization. Here, various examples of dynamic functional materials are presented from the atom/molecular-level to macroscopic dimensions. These systems, including atomic switches, molecular machines, molecular shuttles, motional crystals, metal-organic frameworks, layered assemblies, gels, supramolecular assemblies of biomaterials, DNA origami, hollow silica capsules, and mesoporous materials, are described according to their various dynamic functions, which include short-term plasticity, long-term potentiation, molecular manipulation, switchable catalysis, self-healing properties, supramolecular chirality, morphological control, drug storage and release, light-harvesting, mechanochemical transduction, molecular tuning molecular recognition, hand-operated nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qingmin Ji
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
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Sevick EM, Williams DRM. Threading a Ring or Tube onto a Rod: An Entropically Rare Event. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:671-674. [PMID: 26699399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the entropy lost when a circular ring or a circular cylinder or tube is threaded onto a long rod in terms of the geometrical parameters, namely rod length and radius, the threaded ring radius, or the radius and length of a threaded tube. These formulas, constructed from a partition function, allow calculation of the fraction of rings/tubes threaded spontaneously onto rods. In all cases of practical interest, this fraction is very small and can be well represented by simple power laws depending strongly upon the geometrical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Sevick
- Research School of Chemistry and ‡Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - David R M Williams
- Research School of Chemistry and ‡Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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48
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Wood C, Browne C, Wood DM, Nitschke JR. Fuel-Controlled Reassembly of Metal-Organic Architectures. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:504-509. [PMID: 26779566 PMCID: PMC4694623 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many examples exist of biological self-assembled structures that restructure in response to external stimuli, then return to their previous state over a defined time scale, but most synthetic investigations so far have focused on systems that switch between states representing energetic minima upon stimulus application. Here we report an approach in which triphenylphosphine is used as a chemical fuel to maintain CuI-based self-assembled metallosupramolecular architectures for defined periods of time. This method was used to exert control over the threading and dethreading of the ring of a pseudorotaxane's axle, as well as to direct the uptake and release of a guest from a metal-organic host. Management of the amount of fuel and catalyst added allowed for time-dependent regulation of product concentration.
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Gibbs-Hall IC, Vermeulen NA, Dale EJ, Henkelis JJ, Blackburn AK, Barnes JC, Stoddart JF. Catenation through a Combination of Radical Templation and Ring-Closing Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15640-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Gibbs-Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Edward J. Dale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - James J. Henkelis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Anthea K. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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50
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Sun J, Wu Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Cheng C, Hartlieb KJ, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. An Electrochromic Tristable Molecular Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13484-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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