1
|
Varagnolo S, Hatton RA. Condensation Coefficient Modulation: An Unconventional Approach to the Fabrication of Transparent and Patterned Silver Electrodes for Photovoltaics and Beyond. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:7140-7151. [PMID: 39301422 PMCID: PMC11412282 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Silver is the metal of choice for the fabrication of highly transparent grid electrodes for photovoltaics because it has the highest electrical conductivity among metals together with high stability toward oxidation in air. Conventional methods for fabricating silver grid electrodes involve printing the metal grid from costly colloidal solutions of nanoparticles, selective removal of metal by etching using harmful chemicals, or electrochemical deposition of the silver, an inherently chemical intensive and slow process. This Spotlight highlights an emerging approach to the fabrication of transparent and patterned silver electrodes that can be applied to glass and flexible plastic substrates or directly on top of a device, based on spatial modulation of silver vapor condensation. This counterintuitive approach has been possible since the discovery in 2019 that thin films of perfluorinated organic compounds are highly resistant to the condensation of silver vapor, so silver condenses only where the perfluorinated layer is not. The beauty of this approach lies in its simplicity and versatility because vacuum evaporation is a well-established and widely available deposition method for silver and the shape and dimensions of metallized regions depend only on the method used to pattern the perfluorinated layer. The aim of this Spotlight is to describe this approach and summarize its electronic applications to date with particular emphasis on organic photovoltaics, a rapidly emerging class of thin-film photovoltaics that requires a flexible alternative to the conventional conducting oxide electrodes currently used to allow light into the device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Varagnolo
- School of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, U.K
| | - Ross A Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsujioka T, Yamabayashi K, Kotani K. Surface Glass Transition Temperature Region of Diarylethene Films Determined by Nano-Marangoni Effect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306145. [PMID: 37847904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, research has addressed whether the glass transition temperature and the molecular motions on the surface of organic films are significantly different from those inside the bulk glasses. It is reported that the surface of the photochromic diarylethene film prepared by vacuum deposition has fluidity and the vacuum deposition of small amount of rubrene molecules induces surface tension fluctuations, generating dents due to the Marangoni flow in nanoscale. The depth of the dents increases in proportion to these radii for the colorless diarylethene film with a bulk glass transition temperature (Tg) close to room temperature. On the other hand, in the colored diarylethene obtained by UV irradiation to the colorless film, the depth becomes constant at a certain level. The Tg distribution in the depth direction is clarified based on an analysis of the dent depth. By approximating the obtained Tg depth distribution with an exponential function, the outermost surface Tg is about 100 K lower than the bulk Tg in the case of photoisomerized diarylethene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamabayashi
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kotani
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bellchambers P, Henderson C, Abrahamczyk S, Choi S, Lee JK, Hatton RA. High Performance Transparent Silver Grid Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated by Selective Metal Condensation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300166. [PMID: 36912419 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silver grid electrodes on glass and flexible plastic substrates with performance that exceeds that of commercial indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass are reported and show their suitability as a drop-in replacement for ITO glass in solution-processed organic photovoltaics (OPVs). When supported on flexible plastic substrates these electrodes are stable toward repeated bending through a small radius of curvature over tens of thousands of cycles. The grid electrodes are fabricated by the unconventional approach of condensation coefficient modulation using a perfluorinated polymer shown to be far superior to the other compounds used for this purpose to date. The very narrow line width and small grid pitch that can be achieved also open the door to the possibility of using grid electrodes in OPVs without a conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) layer to span the gaps between grid lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlie Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Seungsoo Choi
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Ross A Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sasaki T, Ito Y, Sasai T, Irie S. Glass transition of a polystyrene surface as detected via two-dimensional diffusion of Au atoms during physical vapor deposition. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Seki T. A Wide Array of Photoinduced Motions in Molecular and Macromolecular Assemblies at Interfaces. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uchida K, Nishimura R, Hatano E, Mayama H, Yokojima S. Photochromic Crystalline Systems Mimicking Bio-Functions. Chemistry 2018; 24:8491-8506. [PMID: 29385287 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive crystalline systems mimicking bio-functions are prepared using photochromic diarylethenes. Upon UV irradiation of the diarylethene crystal, the photogenerated closed-ring isomers self-aggregate to form needle-shaped crystals on the surface. The rough surface shows the superhydrophobic lotus effect. In addition, the rose-petal effects of wetting, the anti-reflective moth-eye effect, and a double-roughness structure mimicking the surface of a lotus leaf are observed by controlling the heating procedures, UV irradiation processes, and molecular structural modification. By changing the molecular structure, a superhydrophilic surface mimicking a snail shell can be generated. We also find the crystal of a diarylethene derivative that shows a photosalient effect. The effect is observed partly due to the hollow structure of the crystal. It is demonstrated that a photo-response similar to the response of impatiens plant to stimulation is observed by packing small beads in the hollow. These photoresponsive functions are unique, and they demonstrate a macroscopic response by means of microscopic molecular movement induced by light. In the future, such a molecular assembly system will be a promising candidate for fabricating photoresponsive architectures and soft robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Eri Hatano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mayama
- Department of Chemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A new multi-addressable molecular switch based on a photochromic diarylethene with a thieno-imidazole unit. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Tsujioka T. Selective Metal-vapor Deposition on Organic Surfaces. CHEM REC 2015; 16:231-48. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Department of Arts and Sciences; Osaka Kyoiku University; Asahigaoka 4-698-2 Kashiwara Osaka 582-8582 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng HB, Huang YD, Zhao L, Li X, Wu HC. A prominent bathochromic shift effect of indole-containing diarylethene derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3470-5. [PMID: 25666227 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential implication of photochromic materials with absorption and reactivity in the near-infrared region is far-reaching. In this work, three novel bisindole-containing diarylethene derivatives 1o–3o have been successfully synthesized and their photochromic behaviour exhibits a strong bathochromic shift effect compared with bisbenzothiophene diarylethene 4o. These new bisindole-diarylethene compounds 1o–3o are highly sensitive to photo-stimuli both in solution and in poly(methyl methacrylate) films. Besides, 1o–3o exhibit an excellent reversible fluorescence switching behavior modulated by optical stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Irie M, Fukaminato T, Matsuda K, Kobatake S. Photochromism of Diarylethene Molecules and Crystals: Memories, Switches, and Actuators. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12174-277. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500249p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1755] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Irie
- Research
Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tuyoshi Fukaminato
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku,
Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fujinaga N, Nishikawa N, Sakiyama S, Yamazoe S, Kojima Y, Tsujioka T, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Temperature dependence of the photoinduced micro-crystalline surface topography of a diarylethene. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Hatakeyama M, Yokojima S, Shinoda K, Koike T, Akita M, Nakamura S. Theoretical Study on the Photocyclization Mechanism of Diarylethenes with Transition-Metal Substituents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hatakeyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
- Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation
| | - Keiko Shinoda
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takashi Koike
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsujioka T, Matsui N. Photoreprogrammable dual-function grating based on photochromism and selective metal deposition. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:70-72. [PMID: 22212794 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We introduce photoreprogrammable dual-function gratings, which show different diffraction in transmission and reflection. Parallel metal lines on the photochromic diarylethene (DAE) surface were prepared by selective metal deposition, enabling one-dimensional diffraction in transmission and reflection. Then, another isomerization pattern was programmed on the DAE layer by light irradiation. This grating generated unique diffraction: one-dimensional diffraction in the reflection but two-dimensional diffraction in the transmission, and a dual-function grating was achieved. This programmed state on the DAE layer could be erased by UV irradiation and could be reprogrammed to generate different diffraction by visible laser scanning. This result shows the great potential of the photoreprogrammable dual-function grating as a key element in various future optical devices and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-1, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8582, Japan. ‐kyoiku.ac.jp
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsujioka T, Matsui N. Dual-functional diffraction grating based on selective metal deposition of photochromic diarylethene. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:3648-3650. [PMID: 21931420 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.003648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dual-functional diffraction gratings, which show different diffractions in transmission and reflection, are proposed as an essential optical element. We utilize a flattening effect of photochromic diarylethene (DAE) in the low glass transition temperature state and selective metal deposition to prepare the gratings. The uncolored lines of the colored DAE layer on a grating substrate with grooves were formed by red-laser scanning, and Mg evaporation onto the substrate without a shadow mask enabled Mg-line formation at right angles to the grooves. After being stored at 27 °C for 500 min, the sample showed two-dimensional diffraction in reflection but one-dimensional diffraction in transmission, meaning that a dual-functional grating was achieved. This result shows great potential as a key element for various future optical devices and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Osaka, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Photochromism of diarylethene: Effect of polymer environment and effects on surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Tsujioka T. Selective metal deposition on photosensitive organic crystal surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
17
|
Sesumi Y, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K, Tsujioka T. Light-Controlled Selective Metal Deposition on a Photochromic Diarylethene Film—Toward New Applications in Electronics and Photonics—. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
18
|
Tsujioka T, Irie M. Electrical functions of photochromic molecules. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Tsujioka T, Takagi R, Shiozawa T. Light-controlled metal deposition on photochromic polymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Tsujioka T, Yamamoto M, Shoji K, Tani K. Efficient carrier separation from a photochromic diarylethene layer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:157-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00083f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Schaarschmidt A, Farah AA, Aby A, Helmy AS. Influence of Nonadiabatic Annealing on the Morphology and Molecular Structure of PEDOT−PSS Films. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:9352-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904147v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Schaarschmidt
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 Kings College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G4
| | - Abdiaziz A. Farah
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 Kings College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G4
| | - Arun Aby
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 Kings College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G4
| | - Amr S. Helmy
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 Kings College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G4
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsujioka T, Sesumi Y, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Metal atom behavior on photochromic diarylethene surfaces—deposition rate dependence of selective Mg deposition. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b823040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Liu HH, Chen Y. Construction and properties of multi-addressable switching system based on a photochromic diarylethene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b812843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Izumi N, Nishikawa N, Yokojima S, Kojima Y, Nakamura S, Kobatake S, Irie M, Uchida K. Photo-induced reversible topographical changes of photochromic dithienylethene microcrystalline surfaces. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b821329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|