1
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Hoffmann KM, Hernandez JD, Goncuian EG, March NL. ITC-based kinetics assay for NIS synthetases. Methods Enzymol 2024; 702:75-87. [PMID: 39155121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
NIS Synthetases are a widely distributed, novel superfamily of enzymes critical to stealth siderophore production-small molecules increasingly associated with virulence. Study of these enzymes for inhibition or utilization in biosynthesis of new antibiotics has been hindered by multiple kinetics assays utilizing different limiting reporters or relying on product dissociation as a precursor to signal. We present a label free, continuous readout assay optimized for NIS Synthetase systems utilizing an isothermal titration calorimetry instrument. This assay has been tested in an iterative system comparing multiple turnovers on a single substrate to a single bond formation event and is able to delineate these complex kinetics well. The ITC-based kinetic assay is the first label-free assay for the NIS field, which may allow for more detailed kinetic comparisons in the future, and may also have broader use for iterative enzymes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States.
| | - Jocelin D Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Eliana G Goncuian
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Nathan L March
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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2
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Wacker JN, Woods JJ, Rupert PB, Peterson A, Allaire M, Lukens WW, Gaiser AN, Minasian SG, Strong RK, Abergel RJ. Actinium chelation and crystallization in a macromolecular scaffold. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5741. [PMID: 39009580 PMCID: PMC11251196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) pairs the specificity of antigen targeting with the lethality of alpha particles to eradicate cancerous cells. Actinium-225 [225Ac; t1/2 = 9.920(3) days] is an alpha-emitting radioisotope driving the next generation of TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Despite promising clinical results, a fundamental understanding of Ac coordination chemistry lags behind the rest of the Periodic Table due to its limited availability, lack of stable isotopes, and inadequate systems poised to probe the chemical behavior of this radionuclide. In this work, we demonstrate a platform that combines an 8-coordinate synthetic ligand and a mammalian protein to characterize the solution and solid-state behavior of the longest-lived Ac isotope, 227Ac [t1/2 = 21.772(3) years]. We expect these results to direct renewed efforts for 225Ac-TAT development, aid in understanding Ac coordination behavior relative to other +3 lanthanides and actinides, and more broadly inform this element's position on the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Wacker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marc Allaire
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alyssa N Gaiser
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roland K Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Inomata T, Endo S, Ido H, Miyamoto M, Ichikawa H, Sugita R, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Detection of Microorganisms Using Artificial Siderophore-Fe III Complex-Modified Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2632-2645. [PMID: 38252152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Four FeIII complexes of typical artificial siderophore ligands containing catecholate and/or hydroxamate groups of tricatecholate, biscatecholate-monohydroxamate, monocatecholate-bishydroxamate, and trihydroxamate type artificial siderophores (K3[FeIIILC3], K2[FeIIILC2H1], K[FeIIILC1H2], and [FeIIILH3]) were modified on Au substrate surfaces. Their abilities to adsorb microorganisms were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, and AC impedance methods. The artificial siderophore-iron complexes modified on Au substrates (FeLC3/Au, FeLC2H1/Au, FeLC1H2/Au, and FeLH3/Au) showed the selective immobilization behavior for various microorganisms, depending on the structural features of the artificial siderophores (the number of catecholate and hydroxamate arms). Their specificities corresponded well with the structural characteristics of natural siderophores released by microorganisms and used for FeIII ion uptake. These findings suggest that they were generated via specific interactions between the artificial siderophore-FeIII complexes and the receptors on microorganism surfaces. Our observations revealed that the FeL/Au systems may be potentially used as effective microbe-capturing probes that can enable rapid and simple detection and identification of various microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Suguru Endo
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ido
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masakazu Miyamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ichikawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Ririka Sugita
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
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4
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Chai Z, Wang D. Recognition of Actinides by Siderocalin. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:923-927. [PMID: 38156893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Plain simulations and enhanced sampling unveil a novel siderocalin (Scn) recognition mode for An-Ent (where An = actinides and Ent = enterobactin) complexes and identify a "seesaw" relationship between actinide affinity to Ent and Scn recognition to an An-Ent complex. Electrostatic interactions predominantly govern competitive binding in both processes. Additionally, hydrolysis-induced negative charge, water expulsion-driven entropy, and Ent's conformational adaptability collectively enhance high-affinity recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health & Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health & Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School of Radiation Medicine and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health & Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Inomata T, Endo S, Ido H, Mori R, Iwai Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Iron(III) Complexes with Hybrid-Type Artificial Siderophores Containing Catecholate and Hydroxamate Sites. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16362-16377. [PMID: 37738382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Two hybrid-type artificial siderophore ligands containing both catecholate and hydroxamate groups as iron-capturing sites, bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzamidepropyl)mono[2-propyl]aminomethane (H5LC2H1) and mono(2,3-dihydroxybenzamide-propyl)bis[2-propyl]aminomethane (H4LC1H2), were designed and synthesized. Iron(III) complexes, K2[FeIIILC2H1] and K[FeIIILC1H2], were prepared and characterized spectroscopically, potentiometrically, and electrochemically. The results were compared with those previously reported for iron complexes with non-hybridized siderophores containing either catecholate or hydroxamate groups, K3[FeIIILC3] and [FeIIILH3]. Both K2[FeIIILC2H1] and K[FeIIILC1H2] formed six-coordinate octahedral iron(III) complexes. Evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of the complexes in an aqueous solution indicated high log β values of 37.3 and 32.3 for K2[FeIIILC2H1] and K[FeIIILC1H2], respectively, which were intermediate between those of K3[FeIIILC3] (44.2) and [FeIIILH3] (31). Evaluation of the ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the two hybrid siderophore-iron complexes under different pH or pD (potential of dueterium) conditions showed that the protonation of K2[FeIIILC2H1] and K[FeIIILC1H2] generated the corresponding protonated species, [FeIIIHnLC2H1](2-n)- and [FeIIIHnLC1H2](1-n)-, accompanied by a significant change in the coordination mode. The protonated hybrid-type siderophore-iron complexes showed high reduction potentials, which were well within the range of those of biological reductants. The results suggest that the hybrid-type siderophore easily releases an iron(III) ion at low pH. The biological activity of the four artificial siderophore-iron complexes against Microbacterium flavescens and Escherichia coli clearly depends on the structural differences between the complexes. This finding demonstrates that the changes in the coordination sites of the siderophores enable close control of the interactions between the siderophores and receptors in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Suguru Endo
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ido
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Reon Mori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
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6
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Kumar A, Yang T, Chakravorty S, Majumdar A, Nairn BL, Six DA, Marcondes Dos Santos N, Price SL, Lawrenz MB, Actis LA, Marques M, Russo TA, Newton SM, Klebba PE. Fluorescent sensors of siderophores produced by bacterial pathogens. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101651. [PMID: 35101443 PMCID: PMC8921320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron-chelating molecules that solubilize Fe3+ for microbial utilization and facilitate colonization or infection of eukaryotes by liberating host iron for bacterial uptake. By fluorescently labeling membrane receptors and binding proteins, we created 20 sensors that detect, discriminate, and quantify apo- and ferric siderophores. The sensor proteins originated from TonB-dependent ligand-gated porins (LGPs) of Escherichia coli (Fiu, FepA, Cir, FhuA, IutA, BtuB), Klebsiella pneumoniae (IroN, FepA, FyuA), Acinetobacter baumannii (PiuA, FepA, PirA, BauA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FepA, FpvA), and Caulobacter crescentus (HutA) from a periplasmic E. coli binding protein (FepB) and from a human serum binding protein (siderocalin). They detected ferric catecholates (enterobactin, degraded enterobactin, glucosylated enterobactin, dihydroxybenzoate, dihydroxybenzoyl serine, cefidericol, MB-1), ferric hydroxamates (ferrichromes, aerobactin), mixed iron complexes (yersiniabactin, acinetobactin, pyoverdine), and porphyrins (hemin, vitamin B12). The sensors defined the specificities and corresponding affinities of the LGPs and binding proteins and monitored ferric siderophore and porphyrin transport by microbial pathogens. We also quantified, for the first time, broad recognition of diverse ferric complexes by some LGPs, as well as monospecificity for a single metal chelate by others. In addition to their primary ferric siderophore ligands, most LGPs bound the corresponding aposiderophore with ∼100-fold lower affinity. These sensors provide insights into ferric siderophore biosynthesis and uptake pathways in free-living, commensal, and pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Taihao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Somnath Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA; Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Aritri Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - David A Six
- Department of Biology, Venatorx Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naara Marcondes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Luis A Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Marilis Marques
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas A Russo
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Salete M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Phillip E Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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7
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Klahn P, Zscherp R, Jimidar CC. Advances in the Synthesis of Enterobactin, Artificial Analogues, and Enterobactin-Derived Antimicrobial Drug Conjugates and Imaging Tools for Infection Diagnosis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1783-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIron is an essential growth factor for bacteria, but although highly abundant in nature, its bioavailability during infection in the human host or the environment is limited. Therefore, bacteria produce and secrete siderophores to ensure their supply of iron. The triscatecholate siderophore enterobactin and its glycosylated derivatives, the salmochelins, play a crucial role for iron acquisition in several bacteria. As these compounds can serve as carrier molecules for the design of antimicrobial siderophore drug conjugates as well as siderophore-derived tool compounds for the detection of infections with bacteria, their synthesis and the design of artificial analogues is of interest. In this review, we give an overview on the synthesis of enterobactin, biomimetic as well as totally artificial analogues, and related drug-conjugates covering up to 12/2021.1 Introduction2 Antibiotic Crisis and Sideromycins as Natural Templates for New Antimicrobial Drugs3 Biosynthesis of Enterobactin, Salmochelins, and Microcins4 Total Synthesis of Enterobactin and Salmochelins5 Chemoenzymatic Semi-synthesis of Salmochelins and Microcin E492m Derivatives6 Synthesis of Biomimetic Enterobactin Derivatives with Natural Tris-lactone Backbone7 Synthesis of Artificial Enterobactin Derivatives without Tris-lactone Backbone8 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg
| | - Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
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8
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Al Shaer DM, Albericio F, Torre BG. Synthesis of New Peptide‐Based Ligands with 1,2‐HOPO Pendant Chelators and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Their Iron(III) Complexes**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danah M. Al Shaer
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4041 South Africa
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) 08034 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4041 South Africa
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9
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Hoffmann KM, Goncuian ES, Karimi KL, Amendola CR, Mojab Y, Wood KM, Prussia GA, Nix J, Yamamoto M, Lathan K, Orion IW. Cofactor Complexes of DesD, a Model Enzyme in the Virulence-related NIS Synthetase Family. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3427-3437. [PMID: 32885650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The understudied nonribosomal-peptide-synthetase-independent siderophore (NIS) synthetase family has been increasingly associated with virulence in bacterial species due to its key role in the synthesis of hydroxamate and carboxylate "stealth" siderophores. We have identified a model family member, DesD, from Streptomyces coelicolor, to structurally characterize using a combination of a wild-type and a Arg306Gln variant in apo, cofactor product AMP-bound, and cofactor reactant ATP-bound complexes. The kinetics in the family has been limited by solubility and reporter assays, so we have developed a label-free kinetics assay utilizing a single-injection isothermal-titration-calorimetry-based method. We report second-order rate constants that are 50 times higher than the previous estimations for DesD. Our Arg306Gln DesD variant was also tested under identical buffer and substrate conditions, and its undetectable activity was confirmed. These are the first reported structures for DesD, and they describe the critical cofactor coordination. This is also the first label-free assay to unambiguously determine the kinetics for an NIS synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road #3700, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States
| | - Eliana S Goncuian
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road #3700, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States
| | - Kimya L Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road #3700, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States
| | - Caroline R Amendola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, Washington 99258, United States
| | - Yasi Mojab
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road #3700, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States
| | - Kaitlin M Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, Washington 99258, United States
| | - Gregory A Prussia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, Washington 99258, United States
| | - Jay Nix
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Margaret Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, Washington 99258, United States
| | - Kiera Lathan
- Department of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road #3700, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States
| | - Iris W Orion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, Washington 99258, United States
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10
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Zhang Y, Sen S, Giedroc DP. Iron Acquisition by Bacterial Pathogens: Beyond Tris-Catecholate Complexes. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1955-1967. [PMID: 32180318 PMCID: PMC7367709 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sequestration of the essential nutrient iron from bacterial invaders that colonize the vertebrate host is a central feature of nutritional immunity and the "fight over transition metals" at the host-pathogen interface. The iron quota for many bacterial pathogens is large, as iron enzymes often make up a significant share of the metalloproteome. Iron enzymes play critical roles in respiration, energy metabolism, and other cellular processes by catalyzing a wide range of oxidation-reduction, electron transfer, and oxygen activation reactions. In this Concept article, we discuss recent insights into the diverse ways that bacterial pathogens acquire this essential nutrient, beyond the well-characterized tris-catecholate FeIII complexes, in competition and cooperation with significant host efforts to cripple these processes. We also discuss pathogen strategies to adapt their metabolism to less-than-optimal iron concentrations, and briefly speculate on what might be an integrated adaptive response to the concurrent limitation of both iron and zinc in the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Sambuddha Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
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11
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Fu M, Su H, Su Z, Yin Z, Jin J, Wang L, Zhang Q, Xu X. Transcriptome analysis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-infected spleen of dairy goats. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104370. [PMID: 32653437 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic disease of goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C.pseudotuberculosis) which causes great harm to the dairy goats industry. In order to obtain detailed information about the pathogenesis and host immune response in C.pseudotuberculosis-infected goats, in this study, the gene expression difference of spleen tissue after infection with C.pseudotuberculosis was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Transcripts obtained over 412 700 462 clean reads after reassembly were 21 343 genes detected, of which 14 720 were known genes and 7623 new genes were predicted. There were 448 up-regulated and 519 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that all of the DEGs were annotated into biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Most of these unigenes are annotated in cellular processes, the cell and binding. KEGG analysis of the DEGs showed that a total of 8733 DEGs unigenes were annotated into 459 pathways classified into 6 main categories. Most of these annotated unigenes were related to immune system response to the infectious diseases pathways. In addition, 14 DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. As the first, in vivo, RNAseq analysis of dairy goats and C.pseudotuberculosis infection, this study provides knowledge about the transcriptomics of spleen in C.pseudotuberculosis-infected goats, from which a complex molecular pathways and immune response mechanism are involved in C.pseudotuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Zhanqiang Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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12
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Workman DG, Hunter M, Wang S, Brandel J, Hubscher V, Dover LG, Tétard D. The influence of linkages between 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone coordinating groups and a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core in a novel series of synthetic hexadentate iron(III) chelators on antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103465. [PMID: 31855824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of pathogens to antimicrobials is a major current healthcare concern. In a series of linked studies, we have investigated synthetic iron chelators based on hydroxy-pyridinone ligands as novel bacteriostatic agents. Herein we describe our synthesis of several useful building blocks based on the 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone moiety, including a novel formyl derivative, which were combined with a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core to obtain a series of new high-affinity hexadentate Fe(III) chelators. The design principle examined by this series is the size and flexibility of the linker between the core and the metal ligands. Measurement of the pKa and stability constants (Fe3+ and Cu2+) of representative coordinating groups was performed to help rationalise the biological activity of the chelators. The novel chelators were tested on a panel of representative microorganisms with some effectively inhibiting microbial growth. We demonstrate that the nature and position of the linker between the hydroxypyridinone and the tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core has considerable impact upon microbial growth inhibition and that both amide or amine linkages can give efficacious chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Workman
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hunter
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Shuning Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérémy Brandel
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Hubscher
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lynn G Dover
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - David Tétard
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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13
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Rehwald C, Schnetz M, Urbschat A, Mertens C, Meier JK, Bauer R, Baer P, Winslow S, Roos FC, Zwicker K, Huard A, Weigert A, Brüne B, Jung M. The iron load of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) defines its pro-tumour function in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2019; 122:421-433. [PMID: 31772326 PMCID: PMC7000824 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed at clarifying the role of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Since LCN-2 was recently identified as a novel iron transporter, we explored its iron load as a decisive factor in conferring its biological function. METHODS LCN-2 expression was analysed at the mRNA and protein level by using immunohistochemistry, RNAscope® and qRT-PCR in patients diagnosed with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma compared with adjacent healthy tissue. We measured LCN-2-bound iron by atomic absorption spectrometry from patient-derived samples and applied functional assays by using ccRCC cell lines, primary cells, and 3D tumour spheroids to verify the role of the LCN-2 iron load in tumour progression. RESULTS LCN-2 was associated with poor patient survival and LCN-2 mRNA clustered in high- and low-expressing ccRCC patients. LCN-2 protein was found overexpressed in tumour compared with adjacent healthy tissue, whereby LCN-2 was iron loaded. In vitro, the iron load determines the biological function of LCN-2. Iron-loaded LCN-2 showed pro-tumour functions, whereas iron-free LCN-2 produced adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS We provide new insights into the pro-tumour function of LCN-2. LCN-2 donates iron to cells to promote migration and matrix adhesion. Since the iron load of LCN-2 determines its pro-tumour characteristics, targeting either its iron load or its receptor interaction might represent new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rehwald
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Schnetz
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Urbschat
- Institute for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia K Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bauer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia Winslow
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederik C Roos
- Clinic of Urology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Zwicker
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany.,Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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14
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Parsing the functional specificity of Siderocalin/Lipocalin 2/NGAL for siderophores and related small-molecule ligands. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2019; 2:100008. [PMID: 32647813 PMCID: PMC7337064 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2019.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ligand recognition by antibacterial Siderocalin controls the competition for iron during infection. We determined nine crystal structures of Siderocalin mutants with ligands. We determined three candidate ligands did not bind. We determined the crystal structure of SBP YfiY. Multiplexed specificity of Siderocalin was determined.
Siderocalin/Lipocalin 2/Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin/24p3 is an innate immune system protein with bacteriostatic activity, acting by tightly binding and sequestering diverse catecholate and mixed-type ferric siderophores from enteric bacteria and mycobacteria. Bacterial virulence achieved through siderophore modifications, or utilization of alternate siderophores, can be explained by evasion of Siderocalin binding. Siderocalin has also been implicated in a wide variety of disease processes, though often in seemingly contradictory ways, and has been proposed to bind to a broader array of ligands beyond siderophores. Using structural, directed mutational, and binding studies, we have sought to rigorously test, and fully elucidate, the Siderocalin recognition mechanism. Several proposed ligands fail to meet rigorous binding criteria, including the bacterial siderophore pyochelin, the iron-chelating catecholamine hormone norepinephrine, and the bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate. While possessing a remarkably rigid structure, in principle simplifying analyses of ligand recognition, understanding Scn recognition is complicated by the observed conformational and stoichiometric plasticity, and instability, of its bona fide siderophore ligands. Since the role of Siderocalin at the early host/pathogen interface is to compete for bacterial ferric siderophores, we also analyzed how bacterial siderophore binding proteins and enzymes alternately recognize siderophores that efficiently bind to, or evade, Siderocalin sequestration – including determining the crystal structure of Bacillus cereus YfiY bound to schizokinen. These studies combine to refine the potential physiological functions of Siderocalin by defining its multiplexed recognition mechanism.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP‐binding cassette
- AEB, aerobactin
- AU, crystallographic asymmetric unit
- Antimicrobial responses
- BOCT, brain-type organic cation receptor
- Bacterial substrate binding proteins
- CAM, catechol
- CMB, carboxymycobactin
- DHBA, dihydroxybenzoic acid
- ENT, enterobactin or enterochelin
- FQ, fluorescence quenching
- Ferric enterobactin/enterochelin
- HOPO, hydroxypyridinone
- NE, norepinephrine
- NGAL, Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin
- PBP, bacterial periplasmic binding protein
- PCH, pyochelin
- PDB, Research Collaboratory for Structural Biology Protein Databank
- PVD, pyoverdine
- SBP, bacterial membrane-associated, substrate-binding protein
- SCH, schizokinen
- Scn, Siderocalin
- X-ray crystallography
- c-di-GMP, cyclic diguanylate monophosphate
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15
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Wilde EJ, Blagova EV, Sanderson TJ, Raines DJ, Thomas RP, Routledge A, Duhme-Klair AK, Wilson KS. Mimicking salmochelin S1 and the interactions of its Fe(III) complex with periplasmic iron siderophore binding proteins CeuE and VctP. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 190:75-84. [PMID: 30384009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A mimic of the tetradentate stealth siderophore salmochelin S1, was synthesised, characterised and shown to form Fe(III) complexes with ligand-to-metal ratios of 1:1 and 3:2. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed that the periplasmic binding proteins CeuE and VctP of Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio cholerae, respectively, bind the Fe(III) complex of the salmochelin mimic by preferentially selecting Λ-configured Fe(III) complexes. Intrinsic fluorescence quenching studies revealed that VctP binds Fe(III) complexes of the mimic and structurally-related catecholate ligands, such as enterobactin, bis(2, 3-dihydroxybenzoyl-l-serine) and bis(2, 3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1, 5-pentanediamine with higher affinity than does CeuE. Both CeuE and VctP display a clear preference for the tetradentate bis(catecholates) over the tris(catecholate) siderophore enterobactin. These findings are consistent with reports that V. cholerae and C. jejuni utilise the enterobactin hydrolysis product bis(2, 3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-O-seryl serine for the acquisition of Fe(III) and suggest that the role of salmochelin S1 in the iron uptake of enteric pathogens merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis J Wilde
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Elena V Blagova
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Thomas J Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel J Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ross P Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne Routledge
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Keith S Wilson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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16
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Moreno M, Zacarias A, Velasquez L, Gonzalez G, Alegría-Arcos M, Gonzalez-Nilo F, Gross E. Experimental and theoretical structural/spectroscopical correlation of enterobactin and catecholamide. Data Brief 2018; 20:2054-2064. [PMID: 30310830 PMCID: PMC6178210 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the IR spectra of FeEnterobactin in catecholate conformations ([CatFeEB]3-) obtained by DFT calculations using PBE/QZVP and their correlation it with its experimental counterpart [SalH3FeEB]0. Fragments of FeEnterobactin and Enterobactin (H6EB) are elucidated from their MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and the dependence of the frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) with the catecholamide dihedral angles of H6EB is reported. The frequency distribution of catecholamide dihedral angle of H6EB was carried-out using molecular dynamics (MD). The data presented enriches the understanding of [CatFeEB]3 - and H6EB frequency distribution and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moreno
- University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - A. Zacarias
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D06120 Halle, Germany and ETSF
| | - L. Velasquez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Medicina, Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Echaurren 183, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK, Chile, Fernando Manterola 0789, Providencia, Santiago
| | - G. Gonzalez
- Center for Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio de Sintesis Inorganica y electroquímica, Las Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Alegría-Arcos
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Center for Bioinformatic and Integrative Biology, Av Republica 239, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - F. Gonzalez-Nilo
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Center for Bioinformatic and Integrative Biology, Av Republica 239, Santiago, Chile
| | - E.K.U. Gross
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D06120 Halle, Germany and ETSF
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17
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Reitz ZL, Sandy M, Butler A. Biosynthetic considerations of triscatechol siderophores framed on serine and threonine macrolactone scaffolds. Metallomics 2018; 9:824-839. [PMID: 28594012 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00111h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria often produce siderophores to facilitate iron uptake. One of the most studied siderophores is enterobactin, the macrolactone trimer of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-l-serine, produced by E. coli and many other enteric bacteria. Other siderophores are variants of enterobactin, with structural modifications including expansion of the tri-serine core to a tetra-serine macrolactone, substitution of l-serine with l-threonine, insertion of amino acids (i.e., Gly, l-Ala, d-Lys, d- and l-Arg, l-Orn), catechol glucosylation, and linearization of the tri-serine macrolactone core. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the biosyntheses of these enterobactin variants, placing them in contrast with the well-established biosynthesis of enterobactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Reitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA.
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18
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Sonnenschein EC, Stierhof M, Goralczyk S, Vabre FM, Pellissier L, Hanssen KØ, de la Cruz M, Díaz C, de Witte P, Copmans D, Andersen JH, Hansen E, Kristoffersen V, Tormo JR, Ebel R, Milne BF, Deng H, Gram L, Jaspars M, Tabudravu JN. Pseudochelin A, a siderophore of Pseudoalteromonas piscicida S2040. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Wilde EJ, Hughes A, Blagova EV, Moroz OV, Thomas RP, Turkenburg JP, Raines DJ, Duhme-Klair AK, Wilson KS. Interactions of the periplasmic binding protein CeuE with Fe(III) n-LICAM 4- siderophore analogues of varied linker length. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45941. [PMID: 28383577 PMCID: PMC5382913 DOI: 10.1038/srep45941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use siderophores to mediate the transport of essential Fe(III) into the cell. In Campylobacter jejuni the periplasmic binding protein CeuE, an integral part of the Fe(III) transport system, has adapted to bind tetradentate siderophores using a His and a Tyr side chain to complete the Fe(III) coordination. A series of tetradentate siderophore mimics was synthesized in which the length of the linker between the two iron-binding catecholamide units was increased from four carbon atoms (4-LICAM4−) to five, six and eight (5-, 6-, 8-LICAM4−, respectively). Co-crystal structures with CeuE showed that the inter-planar angles between the iron-binding catecholamide units in the 5-, 6- and 8-LICAM4− structures are very similar (111°, 110° and 110°) and allow for an optimum fit into the binding pocket of CeuE, the inter-planar angle in the structure of 4-LICAM4− is significantly smaller (97°) due to restrictions imposed by the shorter linker. Accordingly, the protein-binding affinity was found to be slightly higher for 5- compared to 4-LICAM4− but decreases for 6- and 8-LICAM4−. The optimum linker length of five matches that present in natural siderophores such as enterobactin and azotochelin. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the relative importance of the Fe(III)-coordinating residues H227 and Y288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis J Wilde
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Hughes
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Elena V Blagova
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Olga V Moroz
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ross P Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Johan P Turkenburg
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel J Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Keith S Wilson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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20
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Lipocalin-2 and iron trafficking in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:146-156. [PMID: 28342790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. It facilitates cell proliferation and growth but also contributes to major hallmarks of cancer such as tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Often, iron handling of tumor cells is disturbed, with altered iron acquisition, efflux, and storage. Targeting perturbed iron metabolic pathways might open opportunities towards novel approaches in cancer treatment. It is becoming clear that cells of the tumor microenvironment such as macrophages contribute to tumor progression. Since macrophages evolved a multitude of mechanisms to sequester, transport, store, and release iron it can be speculated that tumor cells educate them to supply iron to support tumor growth. Recent evidence supports the existence of transferrin-independent iron transport mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment, which points to local iron transport proteins such as lipocalin-2 and/or low molecular weight iron-trafficking substances such as siderophores. We hypothesize that tumor cells educate immune cells, i.e. macrophages in their neighborhood to make them delivering iron for the benefit of cancer progression. In particular, we pay attention to recent developments, pointing to lipocalin-2 and siderophores as alternative iron transport molecules in the tumor microenvironment.
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21
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Workman DG, Hunter M, Dover LG, Tétard D. Synthesis of novel Iron(III) chelators based on triaza macrocycle backbone and 1-hydroxy-2(H)-pyridin-2-one coordinating groups and their evaluation as antimicrobial agents. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Xiao X, Yeoh BS, Saha P, Olvera RA, Singh V, Vijay-Kumar M. Lipocalin 2 alleviates iron toxicity by facilitating hypoferremia of inflammation and limiting catalytic iron generation. Biometals 2016; 29:451-65. [PMID: 27007712 PMCID: PMC4880510 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential transition metal ion for virtually all aerobic organisms, yet its dysregulation (iron overload or anemia) is a harbinger of many pathologic conditions. Hence, iron homeostasis is tightly regulated to prevent the generation of catalytic iron (CI) which can damage cellular biomolecules. In this study, we investigated the role of iron-binding/trafficking innate immune protein, lipocalin 2 (Lcn2, aka siderocalin) on iron and CI homeostasis using Lcn2 knockout (KO) mice and their WT littermates. Administration of iron either systemically or via dietary intake strikingly upregulated Lcn2 in the serum, urine, feces, and liver of WT mice. However, similarly-treated Lcn2KO mice displayed elevated CI, augmented lipid peroxidation and other indices of organ damage markers, implicating that Lcn2 responses may be protective against iron-induced toxicity. Herein, we also show a negative association between serum Lcn2 and CI in the murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. The inability of DSS-treated Lcn2KO mice to elicit hypoferremic response to acute colitis, implicates the involvement of Lcn2 in iron homeostasis during inflammation. Using bone marrow chimeras, we further show that Lcn2 derived from both immune and non-immune cells participates in CI regulation. Remarkably, exogenous rec-Lcn2 supplementation suppressed CI levels in Lcn2KO serum and urine. Collectively, our results suggest that Lcn2 may facilitate hypoferremia, suppress CI generation and prevent iron-mediated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rodrigo Aguilera Olvera
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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23
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Bao GH, Ho CT, Barasch J. The Ligands of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin. RSC Adv 2015; 5:104363-104374. [PMID: 27617081 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), was originally identified in neutrophil granules as a heterodimer complex with gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP9), but more recently has been found to be secreted by damaged epithelial cells. Ngal is a member of the lipocalin family and subsequently named as lipocalin 2 on the basis of structural similarity with other members of the lipocalin family and its potential association with hydrophobic retinol and cholesterol oleate more strongly than their hydrophilic counterparts. In 2002, a landmark paper suggested that Ngal is a bacteriostatic agent which blocks iron acquisition by interacting with a number of bacterial siderophores, especially enterobactin. Since then, more siderophore-carrying functions have been reported than the possibility of hydrophobic ligand transport. In this setting, Ngal was renamed Siderocalin. Functions of siderocalin include not only bacteriostatic activity but potentially as a mediator of cell growth and differentiation; some of these functions appear to be referable to the holo siderocalin:siderophore:iron complex and recent work suggests that metabolic products may act as mammalian siderophores bound by Ngal. While still speculative, it may be that the mammalian siderophores can establish the missing link between Ngal and a number of its functions in vivo. This review provides an overview of the discoveries of the different ligands of Ngal and consequently related functions. Hydrophobic ligands, bacterial siderophores as well as their modified structures (synthetic siderophores), and mammalian siderophores are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Biotechnology Building 214, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Biotechnology Building 214, Anhui Agricultural University, China; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, USA
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24
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Abstract
This Account focuses on the coordination chemistry of the microbial iron chelators called siderophores. The initial research (early 1970s) focused on simple analogs of siderophores, which included hydroxamate, catecholate, or hydroxycarboxylate ligands. The subsequent work increasingly focused on the transport of siderophores and their microbial iron transport. Since these are pseudo-octahedral complexes often composed of bidentate ligands, there is chirality at the metal center that in principle is independent of the ligand chirality. It has been shown in many cases that chiral recognition of the complex occurs. Many techniques have been used to elucidate the iron uptake processes in both Gram-positive (single membrane) and Gram-negative (double membrane) bacteria. These have included the use of radioactive labels (of ligand, metal, or both), kinetically inert metal complexes, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In general, siderophore recognition and transport involves receptors that recognize the metal chelate portion of the iron-siderophore complex. A second, to date less commonly found, mechanism called the siderophore shuttle involves the receptor binding an apo-siderophore. Since one of the primary ways that microbes compete with each other for iron stores is the strength of their competing siderophore complexes, it became important early on to characterize the solution thermodynamics of these species. Since the acidity of siderophores varies significantly, just the stability constant does not give a direct measure of the relative competitive strength of binding. For this reason, the pM value is compared. The pM, like pH, is a measure of the negative log of the free metal ion concentration, typically calculated at pH 7.4, and standard total concentrations of metal and ligand. The characterization of the electronic structure of ferric siderophores has done much to help explain the high stability of these complexes. A new chapter in siderophore science has emerged with the characterization of what are now called siderocalins. Initially found as a protein of the human innate immune system, these proteins bind both ferric and apo-siderophores to inactivate the siderophore transport system and hence deny iron to an invading pathogenic microbe. Siderocalins also can play a role in iron transport of the host, particularly in the early stages of fetal development. Finally, it is speculated that the molecular targets of siderocalins in different species differ based on the siderophore structures of the most important bacterial pathogens of those species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Allred
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Allyson K. Sia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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Sheldon JR, Heinrichs DE. Recent developments in understanding the iron acquisition strategies of gram positive pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:592-630. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Bao GH, Barasch J, Xu J, Wang W, Hu FL, Deng SX. Purification and Structural Characterization of "Simple Catechol", the NGAL-Siderocalin Siderophore in Human Urine. RSC Adv 2015; 5:28527-28535. [PMID: 26257890 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of ligands that bind the protein Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL, Siderocalin, Lipocalin-2) have helped to elucidate its function. NGAL-Siderocalin binds and sequesters the iron loaded bacterial siderophore enterochelin (Ent), defining the protein as an innate immune effector. Simple metabolic catechols can also form tight complexes with NGAL-Siderocalin and ferric iron, suggesting that the protein may act as an iron scavenger even in the absence of Ent. While different catechols have been detected in human urine, they have not been directly purified from a biofluid and demonstrated to ligate iron with NGAL-Siderocalin. This paper describes a "natural products" approach to identify small molecules that mediate iron binding to NGAL-Siderocalin. A 10K filtrate of human urine was subjected to multiple steps of column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC, guided by NGAL-Siderocalin-iron binding assays and LC-MS detection. The co-factor forming a ternary structure with iron and NGAL-Siderocalin was identified as authentic simple catechol (dihydroxybenze) by ESI-HR-Mass, UV, and NMR spectrometric analysis. Comparison of the binding strengths of different catechols demonstrated that the vicinal-dihydroxyl groups were the key functional groups and that steric compatibilities of the catechol ring have the strongest effect on binding. Although catechol was a known NGAL-Siderocalin co-factor, our purification directly confirmed its presence in urine as well as its capacity to serve as an iron trap with NGAL-Siderocalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hu Bao
- Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168 St, New York, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
| | - Feng-Lin Hu
- Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
| | - Shi-Xian Deng
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168 St, New York, USA
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EGCG inhibit chemical reactivity of iron through forming an Ngal-EGCG-iron complex. Biometals 2013; 26:1041-50. [PMID: 24158698 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that the interconversion of iron between ferric (Fe(3+)) and ferrous (Fe(2+)) can be realized through interaction with reactive oxygen species in the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions and thereby physiologically effects redox cycling. The imbalance of iron and ROS may eventually cause tissue damage such as renal proximal tubule injury and necrosis. Many approaches were exploited to ameliorate the oxidative stress caused by the imbalance. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the most active and most abundant catechin in tea, was found to be involved in the protection of a spectrum of renal injuries caused by oxidative stress. Most of studies suggested that EGCG works as an antioxidant. In this paper, Multivariate analysis of the LC-MS data of tea extracts and binding assays showed that the tea polyphenol EGCG can form stable complex with iron through the protein Ngal, a biomarker of acute kidney injury. UV-Vis and Luminescence spectrum methods showed that Ngal can inhibit the chemical reactivity of iron and EGCG through forming an Ngal-EGCG-iron complex. In thinking of the interaction of iron and ROS, we proposed that EGCG may work as both antioxidant and Ngal binding siderphore in protection of kidney from injuries.
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Allred BE, Correnti C, Clifton MC, Strong RK, Raymond KN. Siderocalin outwits the coordination chemistry of vibriobactin, a siderophore of Vibrio cholerae. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1882-7. [PMID: 23755875 DOI: 10.1021/cb4002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human protein siderocalin (Scn) inhibits bacterial iron acquisition by binding catechol siderophores. Several pathogenic bacteria respond by making stealth siderophores that are not recognized by Scn. Fluvibactin and vibriobactin, respectively of Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio cholerae , include an oxazoline adjacent to a catechol. This chelating unit binds iron either in a catecholate or a phenolate-oxazoline coordination mode. The latter has been suggested to make vibriobactin a stealth siderophore without directly identifying the coordination mode in relation to Scn binding. We use Scn binding assays with the two siderophores and two oxazoline-substituted analogs and the crystal structure of Fe-fluvibactin:Scn to show that the oxazoline does not prevent Scn binding; hence, vibriobactin is not a stealth siderophore. We show that the phenolate-oxazoline coordination mode is present at physiological pH and is not bound by Scn. However, Scn binding shifts the coordination to the catecholate mode and thereby inactivates this siderophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Allred
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
| | - Colin Correnti
- Division
of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
98109, United States
| | - Matthew C. Clifton
- Division
of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
98109, United States
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Division
of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
98109, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
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Gómez-Casado C, Roth-Walter F, Jensen-Jarolim E, Díaz-Perales A, Pacios LF. Modeling iron-catecholates binding to NGAL protein. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 45:111-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sia AK, Allred BE, Raymond KN. Siderocalins: Siderophore binding proteins evolved for primary pathogen host defense. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 17:150-7. [PMID: 23265976 PMCID: PMC3634885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use siderophores to obtain iron from the host in order to survive and grow. The host defends against siderophore-mediated iron acquisition by producing siderocalins. Siderocalins are a siderophore binding subset of the lipocalin family of proteins. The design of the siderophore binding pocket gives siderocalins the ability to bind a wide variety of siderophores and protect the host against several pathogens. Siderocalins have been identified in humans, chickens, and quail, among other animals. The differences in the respective siderocalins suggest that each was developed in response to the most serious pathogens encountered by that animal. Additionally, siderocalins have been observed in many roles unrelated to pathogen defense including differentiation, embryogenesis, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Sia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Mahadevi AS, Sastry GN. Cation-π interaction: its role and relevance in chemistry, biology, and material science. Chem Rev 2012; 113:2100-38. [PMID: 23145968 DOI: 10.1021/cr300222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Subha Mahadevi
- Molecular Modeling Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India
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32
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Correnti C, Richardson V, Sia AK, Bandaranayake AD, Ruiz M, Rahmanto YS, Kovačević Ž, Clifton MC, Holmes MA, Kaiser BK, Barasch J, Raymond KN, Richardson DR, Strong RK. Siderocalin/Lcn2/NGAL/24p3 does not drive apoptosis through gentisic acid mediated iron withdrawal in hematopoietic cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43696. [PMID: 22928018 PMCID: PMC3424236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderocalin (also lipocalin 2, NGAL or 24p3) binds iron as complexes with specific siderophores, which are low molecular weight, ferric ion-specific chelators. In innate immunity, siderocalin slows the growth of infecting bacteria by sequestering bacterial ferric siderophores. Siderocalin also binds simple catechols, which can serve as siderophores in the damaged urinary tract. Siderocalin has also been proposed to alter cellular iron trafficking, for instance, driving apoptosis through iron efflux via BOCT. An endogenous siderophore composed of gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) substituents was proposed to mediate cellular efflux. However, binding studies reported herein contradict the proposal that gentisic acid forms high-affinity ternary complexes with siderocalin and iron, or that gentisic acid can serve as an endogenous siderophore at neutral pH. We also demonstrate that siderocalin does not induce cellular iron efflux or stimulate apoptosis, questioning the role siderocalin plays in modulating iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Correnti
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vera Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allyson K. Sia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ashok D. Bandaranayake
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid, UVa-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yohan Suryo Rahmanto
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Žaklina Kovačević
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Clifton
- Emerald Biostructures, Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases (SSGCID), Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Holmes
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brett K. Kaiser
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (DRR); (RKS)
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DRR); (RKS)
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Correnti C, Strong RK. Mammalian siderophores, siderophore-binding lipocalins, and the labile iron pool. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13524-31. [PMID: 22389496 PMCID: PMC3340207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.311829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use tight-binding, ferric-specific chelators called siderophores to acquire iron from the environment and from the host during infection; animals use proteins such as transferrin and ferritin to transport and store iron. Recently, candidate compounds that could serve endogenously as mammalian siderophore equivalents have been identified and characterized through associations with siderocalin, the only mammalian siderophore-binding protein currently known. Siderocalin, an antibacterial protein, acts by sequestering iron away from infecting bacteria as siderophore complexes. Candidate endogenous siderophores include compounds that only effectively transport iron as ternary complexes with siderocalin, explaining pleiotropic activities in normal cellular processes and specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Correnti
- From the Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Roland K. Strong
- From the Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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Galline Ex-FABP is an antibacterial siderocalin and a lysophosphatidic acid sensor functioning through dual ligand specificities. Structure 2012; 19:1796-806. [PMID: 22153502 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galline Ex-FABP was identified as another candidate antibacterial, catecholate siderophore binding lipocalin (siderocalin) based on structural parallels with the family archetype, mammalian Siderocalin. Binding assays show that Ex-FABP retains iron in a siderophore-dependent manner in both hypertrophic and dedifferentiated chondrocytes, where Ex-FABP expression is induced after treatment with proinflammatory agents, and specifically binds ferric complexes of enterobactin, parabactin, bacillibactin and, unexpectedly, monoglucosylated enterobactin, which does not bind to Siderocalin. Growth arrest assays functionally confirm the bacteriostatic effect of Ex-FABP in vitro under iron-limiting conditions. The 1.8 Å crystal structure of Ex-FABP explains the expanded specificity, but also surprisingly reveals an extended, multi-chambered cavity extending through the protein and encompassing two separate ligand specificities, one for bacterial siderophores (as in Siderocalin) at one end and one specifically binding copurified lysophosphatidic acid, a potent cell signaling molecule, at the other end, suggesting Ex-FABP employs dual functionalities to explain its diverse endogenous activities.
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Chérémond Y, Crochet A, Fromm KM. Synthesis and Characterization of New Pentacoordinate Iron‐Based Aryloxide Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvens Chérémond
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials FriMat, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Fax: +41‐26‐3009738
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials FriMat, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Fax: +41‐26‐3009738
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials FriMat, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Fax: +41‐26‐3009738
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36
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Hoette TM, Clifton MC, Zawadzka AM, Holmes MA, Strong RK, Raymond KN. Immune interference in Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular iron acquisition through siderocalin recognition of carboxymycobactins. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1327-31. [PMID: 21978368 PMCID: PMC3241878 DOI: 10.1021/cb200331g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system antibacterial protein Siderocalin (Scn) binds ferric carboxymycobactin (CMB) and also several catecholate siderophores. Although the recognition of catecholates by Scn has been thoroughly investigated, the binding interactions of Scn with the full spectrum of CMB isoforms have not been studied. Here we show that Scn uses different binding modes for the limited subset of bound CMB isoforms, resulting in a range of binding affinities that are much weaker than other siderophore targets of Scn. Understanding the binding interaction between Scn and CMBs provides clues for the influence of Scn on mycobacterial iron acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha M. Hoette
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Matthew C. Clifton
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Anna M. Zawadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Meg A. Holmes
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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38
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Coudevylle N, Geist L, Hötzinger M, Hartl M, Kontaxis G, Bister K, Konrat R. The v-myc-induced Q83 lipocalin is a siderocalin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41646-52. [PMID: 20826777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderocalins are atypical lipocalins able to capture siderophores with high affinity. They contribute to the innate immune response by interfering with bacterial siderophore-mediated iron uptake but are also involved in numerous physiological processes such as inflammation, iron delivery, tissue differentiation, and cancer progression. The Q83 lipocalin was originally identified based on its overexpression in quail embryo fibroblasts transformed by the v-myc oncogene. We show here that Q83 is a siderocalin, binding the siderophore enterobactin with an affinity and mode of binding nearly identical to that of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), the prototypical siderocalin. This strengthens the role of siderocalins in cancer progression and inflammation. In addition, we also present the solution structure of Q83 in complex with intact enterobactin and a detailed analysis of the Q83 binding mode, including mutagenesis of the critical residues involved in enterobactin binding. These data provide a first insight into the molecular details of siderophore binding and delineate the common molecular properties defining the siderocalin protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Coudevylle
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Iron traffics in circulation bound to a siderocalin (Ngal)-catechol complex. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:602-9. [PMID: 20581821 PMCID: PMC2907470 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipocalins are secreted proteins that bind small organic molecules. Scn-Ngal (also known as neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, siderocalin, lipocalin 2) sequesters bacterial iron chelators, called siderophores, and consequently blocks bacterial growth. However, Scn-Ngal is also prominently expressed in aseptic diseases, implying that it binds additional ligands and serves additional functions. Using chemical screens, crystallography and fluorescence methods, we report that Scn-Ngal binds iron together with a small metabolic product called catechol. The formation of the complex blocked the reactivity of iron and permitted its transport once introduced into circulation in vivo. Scn-Ngal then recycled its iron in endosomes by a pH-sensitive mechanism. As catechols derive from bacterial and mammalian metabolism of dietary compounds, the Scn-Ngal-catechol-Fe(III) complex represents an unforeseen microbial-host interaction, which mimics Scn-Ngal-siderophore interactions but instead traffics iron in aseptic tissues. These results identify an endogenous siderophore, which may link the disparate roles of Scn-Ngal in different diseases.
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Grigg JC, Cooper JD, Cheung J, Heinrichs DE, Murphy MEP. The Staphylococcus aureus siderophore receptor HtsA undergoes localized conformational changes to enclose staphyloferrin A in an arginine-rich binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11162-71. [PMID: 20147287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus uses several efficient iron acquisition strategies to overcome iron limitation. Recently, the genetic locus encoding biosynthetic enzymes for the iron chelating molecule, staphyloferrin A (SA), was determined. S. aureus synthesizes and secretes SA into its environment to scavenge iron. The membrane-anchored ATP binding cassette-binding protein, HtsA, receives the ferric-chelate for import into the cell. Recently, we determined the apoHtsA crystal structure, the first siderophore receptor from gram-positive bacteria to be structurally characterized. Herein we present the x-ray crystal structure of the HtsA-ferric-SA complex. HtsA adopts a class III binding protein fold composed of separate N- and C-terminal domains bridged by a single alpha-helix. Recombinant HtsA can efficiently sequester ferric-SA from S. aureus culture supernatants where it is bound within the pocket formed between distinct N- and C-terminal domains. A basic patch composed mainly of six Arg residues contact the negatively charged siderophore, securing it within the pocket. The x-ray crystal structures from two different ligand-bound crystal forms were determined. The structures represent the first structural characterization of an endogenous alpha-hydroxycarboxylate-type siderophore-receptor complex. One structure is in an open form similar to apoHtsA, whereas the other is in a more closed conformation. The conformational change is highlighted by isolated movement of three loops within the C-terminal domain, a domain movement unique to known class III binding protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Grigg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin expresses antimicrobial activity by interfering with L-norepinephrine-mediated bacterial iron acquisition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1580-9. [PMID: 20086155 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01158-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
l-norepinephrine (NE) is a neuroendocrine catecholamine that supports bacterial growth by mobilizing iron from a primary source such as holotransferrin to increase its bioavailability for cellular uptake. Iron complexes of NE resemble those of bacterial siderophores that are scavenged by human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as part of the innate immune defense. Here, we show that NGAL binds iron-complexed NE, indicating physiological relevance for both bacterial and human iron metabolism. The fluorescence titration of purified recombinant NGAL with the Fe(III).(NE)(3) iron complex revealed high affinity for this ligand, with a K(D) of 50.6 nM. In contrast, the binding protein FeuA of Bacillus subtilis, which is involved in the bacterial uptake of triscatecholate iron complexes, has a K(D) for Fe(III).(NE)(3) of 1.6 muM, indicating that NGAL is an efficient competitor. Furthermore, NGAL was shown to inhibit the NE-mediated growth of both E. coli and B. subtilis strains that either are capable or incapable of producing their native siderophores enterobactin and bacillibactin, respectively. These experiments suggest that iron-complexed NE directly serves as an iron source for bacterial uptake systems, and that NGAL can function as an antagonist of this iron acquisition process. Interestingly, a functional FeuABC uptake system was shown to be necessary for NE-mediated growth stimulation as well as its NGAL-dependent inhibition. This study demonstrates for the first time that human NGAL not only neutralizes pathogen-derived virulence factors but also can effectively scavenge an iron-chelate complex abundant in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah Sandy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, USA
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Zawadzka AM, Abergel RJ, Nichiporuk R, Andersen UN, Raymond KN. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems in Bacillus cereus: Identification of receptors for anthrax virulence-associated petrobactin . Biochemistry 2009; 48:3645-57. [PMID: 19254027 DOI: 10.1021/bi8018674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During growth under iron limitation, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis, two human pathogens from the Bacillus cereus group of Gram-positive bacteria, secrete two siderophores, bacillibactin (BB) and petrobactin (PB), for iron acquisition via membrane-associated substrate-binding proteins (SBPs) and other ABC transporter components. Since PB is associated with virulence traits in B. anthracis, the PB-mediated iron uptake system presents a potential target for antimicrobial therapies; its characterization in B. cereus is described here. Separate transporters for BB, PB, and several xenosiderophores are suggested by (55)Fe-siderophore uptake studies. The PB precursor, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), and the photoproduct of FePB (FePB(nu)) also mediate iron delivery into iron-deprived cells. Putative SBPs were recombinantly expressed, and their ligand specificity and binding affinity were assessed using fluorescence spectroscopy. The noncovalent complexes of the SBPs with their respective siderophores were characterized using ESI-MS. The differences between solution phase behavior and gas phase measurements are indicative of noncovalent interactions between the siderophores and the binding sites of their respective SBPs. These studies combined with bioinformatics sequence comparison identify SBPs from five putative transporters specific for BB and enterobactin (FeuA), 3,4-DHB and PB (FatB), PB (FpuA), schizokinen (YfiY), and desferrioxamine and ferrichrome (YxeB). The two PB receptors show different substrate ranges: FatB has the highest affinity for ferric 3,4-DHB, iron-free PB, FePB, and FePB(nu), whereas FpuA is specific to only apo- and ferric PB. The biochemical characterization of these SBPs provides the first identification of the transporter candidates that most likely play a role in the B. cereus group pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Zawadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, USA
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