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Hidaka K, Kobayashi D, Hayashi J, Denda M, Otaka A. Advanced Insulin Synthesis by One-pot/Stepwise Disulfide Bond Formation Enabled by S-Protected Cysteine Sulfoxide. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401003. [PMID: 38683139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
An advanced insulin synthesis is presented that utilizes one-pot/stepwise disulfide bond formation enabled by acid-activated S-protected cysteine sulfoxides in the presence of chloride anion. S-chlorocysteine generated from cysteine sulfoxides reacts with an S-protected cysteine to afford S-sulfenylsulfonium cation, which then furnishes the disulfide or reversely returns to the starting materials depending on the S-protection employed and the reaction conditions. Use of S-acetamidomethyl cysteine (Cys(Acm)) and its sulfoxide (Cys(Acm)(O)) selectively give the disulfide under weak acid conditions in the presence of MgCl2 even if S-p-methoxybenzyl cysteine (Cys(MBzl)) and its sulfoxide (Cys(MBzl)(O)) are also present. In contrast, the S-MBzl pair yields the disulfide under more acidic conditions in the presence of a chloride anion source. These reaction conditions allowed a one-pot insulin synthesis. Additionally, lipidated insulin was prepared by a one-pot disulfide-bonding/lipidation sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hidaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daishiro Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Junya Hayashi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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2
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Arai K, Okumura M, Lee YH, Katayama H, Mizutani K, Lin Y, Park SY, Sawada K, Toyoda M, Hojo H, Inaba K, Iwaoka M. Diselenide-bond replacement of the external disulfide bond of insulin increases its oligomerization leading to sustained activity. Commun Chem 2023; 6:258. [PMID: 37989850 PMCID: PMC10663622 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Seleno-insulin, a class of artificial insulin analogs, in which one of the three disulfide-bonds (S-S's) of wild-type insulin (Ins) is replaced by a diselenide-bond (Se-Se), is attracting attention for its unique chemical and physiological properties that differ from those of Ins. Previously, we pioneered the development of a [C7UA,C7UB] analog of bovine pancreatic insulin (SeIns) as the first example, and demonstrated its high resistance against insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). In this study, the conditions for the synthesis of SeIns via native chain assembly (NCA) were optimized to attain a maximum yield of 72%, which is comparable to the in vitro folding efficiency for single-chain proinsulin. When the resistance of BPIns to IDE was evaluated in the presence of SeIns, the degradation rate of BPIns became significantly slower than that of BPIns alone. Furthermore, the investigation on the intermolecular association properties of SeIns and BPIns using analytical ultracentrifugation suggested that SeIns readily forms oligomers not only with its own but also with BPIns. The hypoglycemic effect of SeIns on diabetic rats was observed at a dose of 150 μg/300 g rat. The strategy of replacing the solvent-exposed S-S with Se-Se provides new guidance for the design of long-acting insulin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramakiaza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
- Research Headquarters, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizutani
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Korea
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Sawada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University, School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University, School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 2-1-1, Japan
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
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3
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Dhayalan B, Chatterjee D, Chen YS, Weiss MA. Structural Lessons From the Mutant Proinsulin Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:754693. [PMID: 34659132 PMCID: PMC8514764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.754693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into folding mechanisms of proinsulin has been provided by analysis of dominant diabetes-associated mutations in the human insulin gene (INS). Such mutations cause pancreatic β-cell dysfunction due to toxic misfolding of a mutant proinsulin and impairment in trans of wild-type insulin secretion. Anticipated by the "Akita" mouse (a classical model of monogenic diabetes mellitus; DM), this syndrome illustrates the paradigm endoreticulum (ER) stress leading to intracellular proteotoxicity. Diverse clinical mutations directly or indirectly perturb native disulfide pairing leading to protein misfolding and aberrant aggregation. Although most introduce or remove a cysteine (Cys; leading in either case to an unpaired thiol group), non-Cys-related mutations identify key determinants of folding efficiency. Studies of such mutations suggest that the hormone's evolution has been constrained not only by structure-function relationships, but also by the susceptibility of its single-chain precursor to impaired foldability. An intriguing hypothesis posits that INS overexpression in response to peripheral insulin resistance likewise leads to chronic ER stress and β-cell dysfunction in the natural history of non-syndromic Type 2 DM. Cryptic contributions of conserved residues to folding efficiency, as uncovered by rare genetic variants, define molecular links between biophysical principles and the emerging paradigm of Darwinian medicine: Biosynthesis of proinsulin at the edge of non-foldability provides a key determinant of "diabesity" as a pandemic disease of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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4
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Dhayalan B, Chatterjee D, Chen YS, Weiss MA. Diabetes mellitus due to toxic misfolding of proinsulin variants. Mol Metab 2021:101229. [PMID: 33823319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dominant mutations in the human insulin gene (INS) lead to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and diabetes mellitus (DM) due to toxic misfolding of a mutant proinsulin. Analogous to a classical mouse model of monogenic DM ("Akita"), this syndrome highlights the susceptibility of β-cells to endoreticulum (ER) stress due to protein misfolding and aberrant aggregation. SCOPE OF REVIEW Diverse clinical mutations directly or indirectly perturb native disulfide pairing. Whereas most introduce or remove a cysteine (Cys; leading in either case to an unpaired thiol group), non-Cys-related mutations identify key determinants of folding efficiency. Studies of such mutations suggest that the hormone's evolution has been constrained not only by structure-function relationships but also by the susceptibility of its single-chain precursor to impaired foldability. An intriguing hypothesis posits that INS overexpression in response to peripheral insulin resistance likewise leads to chronic ER stress and β-cell dysfunction in the natural history of nonsyndromic Type 2 DM. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Cryptic contributions of conserved residues to folding efficiency, as uncovered by rare genetic variants, define molecular links between biophysical principles and the emerging paradigm of Darwinian medicine: Biosynthesis of proinsulin at the edge of nonfoldability provides a key determinant of "diabesity" as a pandemic disease of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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5
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Abstract
The pancreatic peptide hormone insulin, first discovered exactly 100 years ago, is essential for glycemic control and is used as a therapeutic for the treatment of type 1 and, increasingly, type 2 diabetes. With a worsening global diabetes epidemic and its significant health budget imposition, there is a great demand for new analogues possessing improved physical and functional properties. However, the chemical synthesis of insulin's intricate 51-amino acid, two-chain, three-disulfide bond structure, together with the poor physicochemical properties of both the individual chains and the hormone itself, has long represented a major challenge to organic chemists. This review provides a timely overview of the past efforts to chemically assemble this fascinating hormone using an array of strategies to enable both correct folding of the two chains and selective formation of disulfide bonds. These methods not only have contributed to general peptide synthesis chemistry and enabled access to the greatly growing numbers of insulin-like and cystine-rich peptides but also, today, enable the production of insulin at the synthetic efficiency levels of recombinant DNA expression methods. They have led to the production of a myriad of novel analogues with optimized structural and functional features and of the feasibility for their industrial manufacture.
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6
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Zhao ZX, Li T, Cheng LP, Li M, Zhong ZJ, Pang W. AlCl3·6H2O-catalyzed Schiff-base reaction between aryl ketones and aromatic acylhydrazines/hydrazines in water. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rijpkema SJ, Toebes BJ, Maas MN, Kler NRM, Wilson DA. Designing Molecular Building Blocks for Functional Polymersomes. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. Rijpkema
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B. Jelle Toebes
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marijn N. Maas
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Noël R. M. Kler
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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8
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Weil-Ktorza O, Rege N, Lansky S, Shalev DE, Shoham G, Weiss MA, Metanis N. Substitution of an Internal Disulfide Bridge with a Diselenide Enhances both Foldability and Stability of Human Insulin. Chemistry 2019; 25:8513-8521. [PMID: 31012517 PMCID: PMC6861001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues, mainstays in the modern treatment of diabetes mellitus, exemplify the utility of protein engineering in molecular pharmacology. Whereas chemical syntheses of the individual A and B chains were accomplished in the early 1960s, their combination to form native insulin remains inefficient because of competing disulfide pairing and aggregation. To overcome these limitations, we envisioned an alternative approach: pairwise substitution of cysteine residues with selenocysteine (Sec, U). To this end, CysA6 and CysA11 (which form the internal intrachain A6-A11 disulfide bridge) were each replaced with Sec. The A chain[C6U, C11U] variant was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis; while sulfitolysis of biosynthetic human insulin provided wild-type B chain-di-S-sulfonate. The presence of selenium atoms at these sites markedly enhanced the rate and fidelity of chain combination, thus solving a long-standing challenge in chemical insulin synthesis. The affinity of the Se-insulin analogue for the lectin-purified insulin receptor was indistinguishable from that of WT-insulin. Remarkably, the thermodynamic stability of the analogue at 25 °C, as inferred from guanidine denaturation studies, was augmented (ΔΔGu ≈0.8 kcal mol-1 ). In accordance with such enhanced stability, reductive unfolding of the Se-insulin analogue and resistance to enzymatic cleavage by Glu-C protease occurred four times more slowly than that of WT-insulin. 2D-NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies demonstrated a native-like three-dimensional structure in which the diselenide bridge was accommodated in the hydrophobic core without steric clash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Weil-Ktorza
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shifra Lansky
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Deborah E Shalev
- Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Gil Shoham
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Norman Metanis
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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9
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Disotuar MM, Petersen ME, Nogueira JM, Kay MS, Chou DHC. Synthesis of hydrophobic insulin-based peptides using a helping hand strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1703-1708. [PMID: 29947407 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of solid-phase peptide synthesis in the 1960s improved the chemical synthesis of both the A- and B-chains of insulin and insulin analogs. However, the subsequent elaboration of the synthetic peptides to generate active hormones continues to be difficult and complex due in part to the hydrophobicity of the A-chain. Over the past decade, several groups have developed different methods to enhance A-chain solubility. Two of the most popular methods are use of isoacyl dipeptides, and the attachment of an A-chain C-terminal pentalysine tag with a base-labile 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid linker. These methods have proven effective but can be limited in scope depending on the peptide sequence of a specific insulin. Herein we describe an auxiliary approach to enhance the solubility of insulin-based peptides by incorporating a tri-lysine tag attached to a cleavable Fmoc-Ddae-OH linker. Incorporation of this linker, or "helping hand", on the N-terminus greatly improved the solubility of chicken insulin A-chain, which is analogous to human insulin, and allowed for coupling of the insulin A- and B-chain via directed disulfide bond formation. After formation of the insulin heterodimer, the linker and tag could be easily removed using a hydrazine buffer (pH 7.5) to obtain an overall 12.6% yield based on A-chain. This strategy offers an efficient method to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic insulin-based peptides as well as other traditionally difficult peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Disotuar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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10
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Boross GN, Shimura S, Besenius M, Tennagels N, Rossen K, Wagner M, Bode JW. Facile folding of insulin variants bearing a prosthetic C-peptide prepared by α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8388-8395. [PMID: 30542587 PMCID: PMC6243641 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03738h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of insulin is an enduring challenge due to the hydrophobic peptide chains and construction of the correct intermolecular disulfide pattern. We report a new approach to the chemical synthesis of insulin using a short, traceless, prosthetic C-peptide that facilitates the formation of the correct disulfide pattern during folding and its removal by basic treatment. The linear precursor is assembled by an ester forming α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation that provides access to the linear insulin precursors in good yield from two readily prepared segments. This convergent and flexible route provides access to various human, mouse, and guinea pig insulins containing a single homoserine mutation that shows no detrimental effect on the biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor N Boross
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Satomi Shimura
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Melissa Besenius
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Norbert Tennagels
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Kai Rossen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Michael Wagner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
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11
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Synthesis of disulfide-rich heterodimeric peptides through an auxiliary N, N-crosslink. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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12
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Sohma Y. Toward New Direction of Peptide Research in Natural Products Chemistry. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2018. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.76.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Sohma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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13
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Liu F, Li P, Gelfanov V, Mayer J, DiMarchi R. Synthetic Advances in Insulin-like Peptides Enable Novel Bioactivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1855-1865. [PMID: 28771323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a miraculous hormone that has served a seminal role in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes for nearly a century. Insulin resides within in a superfamily of structurally related peptides that are distinguished by three invariant disulfide bonds that anchor the three-dimensional conformation of the hormone. The additional family members include the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and the relaxin-related set of peptides that includes the so-called insulin-like peptides. Advances in peptide chemistry and rDNA-based synthesis have enabled the preparation of multiple insulin analogues. The translation of these methods from insulin to related peptides has presented unique challenges that pertain to differing biophysical properties and unique amino acid compositions. This Account presents a historical context for the advances in the chemical synthesis of insulin and the related peptides, with division into two general categories where disulfide bond formation is facilitated by native conformational folding or alternatively orthogonal chemical reactivity. The inherent differences in biophysical properties of insulin-like peptides, and in particular within synthetic intermediates, have constituted a central limitation to achieving high yield synthesis of properly folded peptides. Various synthetic approaches have been advanced in the past decade to successfully address this challenge. The use of chemical ligation and metastable amide bond surrogates are two of the more important synthetic advances in the preparation of high quality synthetic precursors to high potency peptides. The discovery and application of biomimetic connecting peptides simplifies proper disulfide formation and the subsequent traceless removal by chemical methods dramatically simplifies the total synthesis of virtually any two-chain insulin-like peptide. We report the application of these higher synthetic yield methodologies to the preparation of insulin-like peptides in support of exploratory in vivo studies requiring a large quantity of peptide. Tangentially, we demonstrate the use of these methods to study the relative importance of the IGF-1 connecting peptide to its biological activity. We report the translation of these finding in search of an insulin analog that might be comparably enhanced by a suitable connecting peptide for interaction with the insulin receptor, as occurs with IGF-1 and its receptor. The results identify a unique receptor site in the IGF-1 receptor from which this enhancement derives. The selective substitution of this specific IGF-1 receptor sequence into the homologous site in the insulin receptor generated a chimeric receptor that was equally capable of signaling with insulin or IGF-1. This novel receptor proved to enhance the potency of lower affinity insulin ligands when they were supplemented with the IGF-1 connecting peptide that similarly enhanced IGF-1 activity at its receptor. The chimeric insulin receptor demonstrated no further enhancement of potency for native insulin when it was similarly prepared as a single-chain analogue with a native IGF-1 connecting peptide. These results suggest a more highly evolved insulin receptor structure where the requirement for an additional structural element to achieve high potency interaction as demonstrated for IGF-1 is no longer required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Pengyun Li
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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14
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Henninot A, Collins JC, Nuss JM. The Current State of Peptide Drug Discovery: Back to the Future? J Med Chem 2017; 61:1382-1414. [PMID: 28737935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, peptide drug discovery has experienced a revival of interest and scientific momentum, as the pharmaceutical industry has come to appreciate the role that peptide therapeutics can play in addressing unmet medical needs and how this class of compounds can be an excellent complement or even preferable alternative to small molecule and biological therapeutics. In this Perspective, we give a concise description of the recent progress in peptide drug discovery in a holistic manner, highlighting enabling technological advances affecting nearly every aspect of this field: from lead discovery, to synthesis and optimization, to peptide drug delivery. An emphasis is placed on describing research efforts to overcome the inherent weaknesses of peptide drugs, in particular their poor pharmacokinetic properties, and how these efforts have been critical to the discovery, design, and subsequent development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Henninot
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James C Collins
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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15
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Moroder L, Musiol HJ. Insulin - von seiner Entdeckung bis zur industriellen Synthese moderner Insulin-Analoga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganische Chemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Deutschland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganische Chemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Deutschland
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16
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Moroder L, Musiol HJ. Insulin-From its Discovery to the Industrial Synthesis of Modern Insulin Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10656-10669. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganic Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganic Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
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17
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Pifferi C, Daskhan GC, Fiore M, Shiao TC, Roy R, Renaudet O. Aminooxylated Carbohydrates: Synthesis and Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:9839-9873. [PMID: 28682060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among other classes of biomolecules, carbohydrates and glycoconjugates are widely involved in numerous biological functions. In addition to addressing the related synthetic challenges, glycochemists have invested intense efforts in providing access to structures that can be used to study, activate, or inhibit these biological processes. Over the past few decades, aminooxylated carbohydrates have been found to be key building blocks for achieving these goals. This review provides the first in-depth overview covering several aspects related to the syntheses and applications of aminooxylated carbohydrates. After a brief introduction to oxime bonds and their relative stabilities compared to related C═N functions, synthetic aspects of oxime ligation and methodologies for introducing the aminooxy functionality onto both glycofuranosyls and glycopyranosyls are described. The subsequent section focuses on biological applications involving aminooxylated carbohydrates as components for the construcion of diverse architectures. Mimetics of natural structures represent useful tools for better understanding the features that drive carbohydrate-receptor interaction, their biological output and they also represent interesting structures with improved stability and tunable properties. In the next section, multivalent structures such as glycoclusters and glycodendrimers obtained through oxime ligation are described in terms of synthetic design and their biological applications such as immunomodulators. The second-to-last section discusses miscellaneous applications of oxime-based glycoconjugates, such as enantioselective catalysis and glycosylated oligonucleotides, and conclusions and perspectives are provided in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pifferi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gour Chand Daskhan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michele Fiore
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tze Chieh Shiao
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montreal , P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montreal , P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de France , 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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18
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Kirmizialtin S, Yildiz BS, Yildiz I. A DFT-based mechanistic study on the formation of oximes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Kirmizialtin
- Chemistry Program; New York University at Abu Dhabi; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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19
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Miyajima R, Tsuda Y, Inokuma T, Shigenaga A, Imanishi M, Futaki S, Otaka A. Preparation of peptide thioesters from naturally occurring sequences using reaction sequence consisting of regioselective S-cyanylation and hydrazinolysis. Biopolymers 2017; 106:531-46. [PMID: 26501985 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The vital roles of peptide/protein thioesters in protein chemistry, including chemical or semi-synthesis of proteins, have encouraged studies on the development of methods for the preparation of such chemical units. Biochemical protocols using intein or sortase have proved to be useful in protein chemistry as methods suitable for naturally occurring sequences, including recombinant proteins. Although chemical protocols are potential options for thioester preparation, only a few are applicable to naturally occurring sequences, because standard chemical protocols require an artificial chemical device for producing thioesters. In this context, the chemical preparation of thioesters based on a reaction sequence consisting of regioselective S-cyanylation and hydrazinolysis was investigated. Regioselective S-cyanylation, which is required for cysteine-containing thioesters, was achieved with the aid of a zinc-complex formation of a CCHH-type zinc-finger sequence. Free cysteine residues that are not involved in complex formation were selectively protected with a 6-nitroveratryl group followed by S-cyanylation of the zinc-binding cysteine. Hydrazinolysis of the resulting S-cyanopeptide and subsequent photo-removal of the 6-nitroveratryl group yielded the desired peptide hydrazide, which was then converted to the corresponding thioester. The generated thioester was successfully used in N-to-C-directed one-pot/sequential native chemical ligation using an N-sulfanylethylanilide peptide to give a 64-residue peptide toxin. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 531-546, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Miyajima
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Inokuma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Miki Imanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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20
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Thalluri K, Kou B, Gelfanov V, Mayer JP, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Biomimetic Synthesis of Insulin Enabled by Oxime Ligation and Traceless “C-Peptide” Chemical Excision. Org Lett 2017; 19:706-709. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Thalluri
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Binbin Kou
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John P. Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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21
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Patil NA, Tailhades J, Karas JA, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. A One-Pot Chemically Cleavable Bis-Linker Tether Strategy for the Synthesis of Heterodimeric Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A. Patil
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Bio21 Institute; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - John A. Karas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Bio21 Institute; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Bio21 Institute; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
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22
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Patil NA, Tailhades J, Karas JA, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. A One-Pot Chemically Cleavable Bis-Linker Tether Strategy for the Synthesis of Heterodimeric Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14552-14556. [PMID: 27529162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterodimeric peptides linked by disulfide bonds are attractive drug targets. However, their chemical assembly can be tedious, time-consuming, and low yielding. Inspired by the cellular synthesis of pro-insulin in which the two constituent peptide chains are expressed as a single-chain precursor separated by a connecting C-peptide, we have developed a novel chemically cleavable bis-linker tether which allows the convenient assembly of two peptide chains as a single "pro"-peptide on the same solid support. Following the peptide cleavage and post-synthetic modifications, this bis-linker tether can be removed in one-step by chemical means. This method was used to synthesize a drug delivery-cargo conjugate, TAT-PKCi peptide, and a two-disulfide bridged heterodimeric peptide, thionin (7-19)-(24-32R), a thionin analogue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a one-pot chemically cleavable bis-linker strategy for the facile synthesis of cross-bridged two-chain peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A Patil
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John A Karas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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23
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Wu F, Mayer JP, Zaykov AN, Zhang F, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Chemical Synthesis of Human Insulin-Like Peptide-6. Chemistry 2016; 22:9777-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - John P. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Alexander N. Zaykov
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis; 5225 Exploration Drive Indianapolis Indiana 46241 USA
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
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24
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Agten SM, Dawson PE, Hackeng TM. Oxime conjugation in protein chemistry: from carbonyl incorporation to nucleophilic catalysis. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:271-9. [PMID: 27006095 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of oxime forming reactions has become a widely applied strategy for peptide and protein bioconjugation. The efficiency of the reaction and robust stability of the oxime product has led to the development of a growing list of methods to introduce the required ketone or aldehyde functionality site specifically into proteins. Early methods focused on site-specific oxidation of an N-terminal serine or threonine and more recently transamination methods have been developed to convert a broader set of N-terminal amino acids into a ketone or aldehyde. More recently, site-specific modification of protein has been attained through engineering enzymes involved in posttranslational modifications in order to accommodate aldehyde-containing substrates. Similarly, a growing list of unnatural amino acids can be introduced through development of selective amino-acyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs combined with codon reassignment. In the case of glycoproteins, glycans can be selectively modified chemically or enzymatically to introduce aldehyde functional groups. Finally, the total chemical synthesis of proteins complements these biological and chemoenzymatic approaches. Once introduced, the oxime ligation of these aldehyde and ketone groups can be catalyzed by aniline or a variety of aniline derivatives to tune the activity, pH preference, stability and solubility of the catalyst. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn M Agten
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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25
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Liu F, Zaykov AN, Levy JJ, DiMarchi RD, Mayer JP. Chemical synthesis of peptides within the insulin superfamily. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:260-70. [PMID: 26910514 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of insulin has inspired fundamental advances in the art of peptide science while simultaneously revealing the structure-function relationship of this centrally important metabolic hormone. This review highlights milestones in the chemical synthesis of insulin that can be divided into two separate approaches: (i) disulfide bond formation driven by protein folding and (ii) chemical reactivity-directed sequential disulfide bond formation. Common to the two approaches are the persistent challenges presented by the hydrophobic nature of the individual A-chain and B-chain and the need for selective disulfide formation under mildly oxidative conditions. The extension and elaboration of these synthetic approaches have been ongoing within the broader insulin superfamily. These structurally similar peptides include the insulin-like growth factors and also the related peptides such as relaxin that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors. After a half-century of advances in insulin chemistry, we have reached a point where synthesis is no longer limiting structural and biological investigation within this family of peptide hormones. The future will increasingly focus on the refinement of structure to meet medicinal purposes that have long been pursued, such as the development of a glucose-sensitive insulin. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Calibrium LLC, 11711 N. Meridian Street, Carmel, IN, 46032, USA
| | - Alexander N Zaykov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jay J Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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26
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Tian Y, Wang L, Shi J, Yu HZ. Desulfurization Mechanism of Cysteine in Synthesis of Polypeptides. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/28/cjcp1501009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Chen M, Heimer P, Imhof D. Synthetic strategies for polypeptides and proteins by chemical ligation. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1283-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Wu F, Chabenne JR, Gelfanov VM, Mayer JP, DiMarchi RD. Three-chain insulin analogs demonstrate the importance of insulin secondary structure to bioactivity. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:223-30. [PMID: 25665061 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the chemical synthesis and biological characterization of novel three-chain insulin analogs with a destabilized secondary structure. The analogs, obtained by chemical synthesis via a single-chain precursor and selective enzymatic digestion, were used to investigate the role of the highly conserved 'insulin fold'. Biological characterization through in vitro biochemical signaling showed extremely low activity at each insulin receptor when compared with native insulin. We conclude that the 'insulin fold' is a structural foundation that supports insulin biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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29
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Avital-Shmilovici M, Whittaker J, Weiss MA, Kent SBH. Deciphering a molecular mechanism of neonatal diabetes mellitus by the chemical synthesis of a protein diastereomer, [D-AlaB8]human proinsulin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23683-92. [PMID: 25002580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of proinsulin variants in the pancreatic β-cell, a monogenic cause of permanent neonatal-onset diabetes mellitus, provides a model for a disease of protein toxicity. A hot spot for such clinical mutations is found at position B8, conserved as glycine within the vertebrate insulin superfamily. We set out to investigate the molecular basis of the aberrant properties of a proinsulin clinical mutant in which residue Gly(B8) is replaced by Ser(B8). Modular total chemical synthesis was used to prepare the wild-type [Gly(B8)]proinsulin molecule and three analogs: [D-Ala(B8)]proinsulin, [L-Ala(B8)]proinsulin, and the clinical mutant [L-Ser(B8)]proinsulin. The protein diastereomer [D-Ala(B8)]proinsulin produced higher folding yields at all pH values compared with the wild-type proinsulin and the other two analogs, but showed only very weak binding to the insulin receptor. The clinical mutant [L-Ser(B8)]proinsulin impaired folding at pH 7.5 even in the presence of protein-disulfide isomerase. Surprisingly, although [L-Ser(B8)]proinsulin did not fold well under the physiological conditions investigated, once folded the [L-Ser(B8)]proinsulin protein molecule bound to the insulin receptor more effectively than wild-type proinsulin. Such paradoxical gain of function (not pertinent in vivo due to impaired secretion of the mutant insulin) presumably reflects induced fit in the native mechanism of hormone-receptor engagement. This work provides insight into the molecular mechanism of a clinical mutation in the insulin gene associated with diabetes mellitus. These results dramatically illustrate the power of total protein synthesis, as enabled by modern chemical ligation methods, for the investigation of protein folding and misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Avital-Shmilovici
- From the Departments of Chemistry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | | | - Michael A Weiss
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Stephen B H Kent
- From the Departments of Chemistry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
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30
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Karas JA, Scanlon DB, Forbes BE, Vetter I, Lewis RJ, Gardiner J, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. 2-Nitroveratryl as a Photocleavable Thiol-Protecting Group for Directed Disulfide Bond Formation in the Chemical Synthesis of Insulin. Chemistry 2014; 20:9549-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Liu F, Liu Q, Mezo AR. An Iodine-Free and Directed-Disulfide-Bond-Forming Route to Insulin Analogues. Org Lett 2014; 16:3126-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Adam R. Mezo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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32
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McReynolds KD, Dimas D, Le H. Synthesis of Hydrophilic Aminooxy Linkers and Multivalent Cores for Chemoselective Aldehyde/Ketone Conjugation. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:2270-2273. [PMID: 25382876 PMCID: PMC4220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of three linear and two trivalent aminooxy-containing hydrophilic linkers and cores were synthesized. The five molecules contain from one to three aminooxy groups, and all but one contain an ether for enhanced aqueous solubility. These unique and versatile molecules can be utilized in the chemoselective conjugation of aldehyde/ketone-containing molecules, including reducing sugars, under mild aqueous conditions, and give rise to oxime-containing conjugates useful in a wide variety of applications and studies. The value of these aminooxy-based molecules and the ease and speed of preparation of both monovalent and multivalent oxime-linked molecules is demonstrated in two examples using the disaccharide cellobiose; one with a linear linker, and the second with a trivalent core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. McReynolds
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6057
| | - Dustin Dimas
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6057
| | - Hoang Le
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6057
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33
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Zaykov AN, Mayer JP, Gelfanov VM, DiMarchi RD. Chemical synthesis of insulin analogs through a novel precursor. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:683-91. [PMID: 24328449 DOI: 10.1021/cb400792s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin remains a challenging synthetic target due in large part to its two-chain, disulfide-constrained structure. Biomimetic single chain precursors inspired by proinsulin that utilize short peptides to join the A and B chains can dramatically enhance folding efficiency. Systematic chemical analysis of insulin precursors using an optimized synthetic protocol identified a 49 amino acid peptide named DesDi, which folds with high efficiency by virtue of an optimized structure and could be proteolytically converted to bioactive two-chain insulin. In subsequent applications, we observed that the folding of the DesDi precursor was highly tolerant to amino acid substitution at various insulin residues. The versatility of DesDi as a synthetic insulin precursor was demonstrated through the preparation of several alanine mutants (A10, A16, A18, B12, B15), as well as ValA16, an analog that was unattainable in prior reports. In vitro bioanalysis highlighted the importance of the native, hydrophobic residues at A16 and B15 as part of the core structure of the hormone and revealed the significance of the A18 residue to receptor selectivity. We propose that the DesDi precursor is a versatile synthetic intermediate for the preparation of diverse insulin analogs. It should enable a more comprehensive analysis of function to insulin structure than might not be otherwise possible through conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Zaykov
- Indiana University, Department
of Chemistry, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States of America
| | - John P. Mayer
- Indiana University, Department
of Chemistry, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States of America
| | - Vasily M. Gelfanov
- Indiana University, Department
of Chemistry, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States of America
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Indiana University, Department
of Chemistry, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States of America
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34
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Liu F, Luo EY, Flora DB, Mezo AR. A synthetic route to human insulin using isoacyl peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3983-7. [PMID: 24615765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of insulin has been a longstanding challenge, mainly because of the notorious hydrophobicity of the A chain and the complicated topology of this 51-mer peptide hormone consisting of two chains and three disulfide bonds. Reported herein is a new synthetic route utilizing the isoacyl peptide approach to address the hydrophobicity problems. The incorporation of isoacyl dipeptide segments into both A and B chains greatly improved their preparation and purification, and the RP-HPLC recovery of the chain ligation intermediates. The new route affords human insulin with a yield of 68 % based on the starting purified A chain and an overall yield of 24 % based on the substitution of the resin used for the preparation of A chain. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the most efficient route of human insulin chemical synthesis reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 (USA).
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35
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Liu F, Luo EY, Flora DB, Mezo AR. A Synthetic Route to Human Insulin Using Isoacyl Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Liu F, Mayer JP. Protein Chemical Synthesis in Drug Discovery. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:183-228. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Maret B, Regnier T, Rossi JC, Garrelly L, Vial L, Pascal R. Reduction with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) enables the use of an S-sulphonate protecting group for thiol-mediated bioconjugation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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38
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Tang W, Becker ML. “Click” reactions: a versatile toolbox for the synthesis of peptide-conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:7013-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that comprise the functional subunits of proteins have been conjugated to versatile materials (biomolecules, polymers, surfaces and nanoparticles) in an effort to modulate cell responses, specific binding affinity and/or self-assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tang
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Akron
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39
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Ulrich S, Boturyn D, Marra A, Renaudet O, Dumy P. Oxime Ligation: A Chemoselective Click-Type Reaction for Accessing Multifunctional Biomolecular Constructs. Chemistry 2013; 20:34-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Abstract
We report a set of concise and efficient routes for the chemical synthesis of human insulin using a two- or three-step combination procedure that employs Trt, Acm, and t-Bu cysteine protection schemes. Starting with resin-bound assembled A and B chains, human insulin can be obtained within the span of a single work day in 5.4% overall yield based on the crude A or B chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States.
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41
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Williams GM, Cooper GJS, Lee K, Whiting L, Brimble MA. Synthesis of the IGF-II-like hormone vesiculin using regioselective formation of disulfide bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3145-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Zhao C, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhang Y. Pyridone fused boron-dipyrromethenes: synthesis and properties. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:372-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Complex Drugs and Biologics: Scientific and Regulatory Challenges for Follow-on Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0092861512437759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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45
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Jin Y, Song L, Su Y, Zhu L, Pang Y, Qiu F, Tong G, Yan D, Zhu B, Zhu X. Oxime linkage: a robust tool for the design of pH-sensitive polymeric drug carriers. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3460-8. [PMID: 21863891 DOI: 10.1021/bm200956u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxime bonds dispersed in the backbones of the synthetic polymers, while young in the current spectrum of the biomedical application, are rapidly extending into their own niche. In the present work, oxime linkages were confirmed to be a robust tool for the design of pH-sensitive polymeric drug delivery systems. The triblock copolymer (PEG-OPCL-PEG) consisting of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydrophobic oxime-tethered polycaprolactone (OPCL) was successfully prepared by aminooxy terminals of OPCL ligating with aldehyde-terminated PEG (PEG-CHO). Owing to its amphiphilic architecture, PEG-OPCL-PEG self-assembled into the micelles in aqueous media, validated by the measurement of critical micelle concentration (CMC). The MTT assay showed that PEG-OPCL-PEG exhibited low cytotoxicity against NIH/3T3 normal cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug was encapsulated into the PEG-OPCL-PEG micelles. Drug release study revealed that the DOX release from micelles was significantly accelerated at mildly acid pH of 5.0 compared to physiological pH of 7.4, suggesting the pH-responsive feature of the drug delivery systems with oxime linkages. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements indicated that these DOX-loaded micelles were easily internalized by living cells. MTT assay against HeLa cancer cells showed DOX-loaded PEG-OPCL-PEG micelles had a high anticancer efficacy. All of these results demonstrate that these polymeric micelles self-assembled from oxime-tethered block copolymers are promising carriers for the pH-triggered intracellular delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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46
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Yi L, Sun H, Wu YW, Triola G, Waldmann H, Goody RS. A highly efficient strategy for modification of proteins at the C terminus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:9417-21. [PMID: 21031382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yi
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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47
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Sohma Y, Hua QX, Whittaker J, Weiss MA, Kent SBH. Design and folding of [GluA4(ObetaThrB30)]insulin ("ester insulin"): a minimal proinsulin surrogate that can be chemically converted into human insulin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:5489-93. [PMID: 20509131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Sohma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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48
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Cui D, Prashar D, Sejwal P, Luk YY. Water-driven ligations using cyclic aminosquarates: a class of useful SN1-like reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1348-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Liu M, Hodish I, Haataja L, Lara-Lemus R, Rajpal G, Wright J, Arvan P. Proinsulin misfolding and diabetes: mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:652-9. [PMID: 20724178 PMCID: PMC2967602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1B diabetes (typically with early onset and without islet autoantibodies) has been described in patients bearing small coding sequence mutations in the INS gene. Not all mutations in the INS gene cause the autosomal dominant Mutant INS-gene Induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY) syndrome, but most missense mutations affecting proinsulin folding produce MIDY. MIDY patients are heterozygotes, with the expressed mutant proinsulins exerting dominant-negative (toxic gain of function) behavior in pancreatic beta cells. Here we focus primarily on proinsulin folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, providing insight into perturbations of this folding pathway in MIDY. Accumulated evidence indicates that, in the molecular pathogenesis of the disease, misfolded proinsulin exerts dominant effects that initially inhibit insulin production, progressing to beta cell demise with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Arvan
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes University of Michigan, 5560 MSRB2 1150 W. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0678 Telephone: 734-936-5006 FAX: 734-936-6684
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50
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Yi L, Sun H, Wu YW, Triola G, Waldmann H, Goody RS. A Highly Efficient Strategy for Modification of Proteins at the C Terminus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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