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Gao ZX, Wang H, Su AH, Li QY, Liang Z, Zhang YQ, Liu XY, Zhu MZ, Zhang HX, Hou YT, Li X, Sun LR, Li J, Xu ZJ, Lou HX. Asymmetric Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Platensilin, Platensimycin, Platencin, and Their Analogs via a Bioinspired Skeletal Reconstruction Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18967-18978. [PMID: 38973592 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Platensilin, platensimycin, and platencin are potent inhibitors of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (FabF) in the bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthesis system, presenting promising drug leads for both antibacterial and antidiabetic therapies. Herein, a bioinspired skeleton reconstruction approach is reported, which enables the unified synthesis of these three natural FabF inhibitors and their skeletally diverse analogs, all stemming from a common ent-pimarane core. The synthesis features a diastereoselective biocatalytic reduction and an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction to prepare the common ent-pimarane core. From this intermediate, stereoselective Mn-catalyzed hydrogen atom-transfer hydrogenation and subsequent Cu-catalyzed carbenoid C-H insertion afford platensilin. Furthermore, the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction succeeded by regioselective ring opening of the newly formed cyclopropane enables the construction of the bicyclo[3.2.1]-octane and bicyclo[2.2.2]-octane ring systems of platensimycin and platencin, respectively. This skeletal reconstruction approach of the ent-pimarane core facilitates the preparation of analogs bearing different polycyclic scaffolds. Among these analogs, the previously unexplored cyclopropyl analog 47 exhibits improved antibacterial activity (MIC80 = 0.0625 μg/mL) against S. aureus compared to platensimycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Xu Gao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699, Qingdao Rd, Jinan 250117, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Hong Su
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ying Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Yuan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tong Hou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699, Qingdao Rd, Jinan 250117, P. R. China
| | - Long-Ru Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 429, Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 200213, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
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Wu TJ, Lin CC, Ma LT, Yang CK, Ho CL, Wang SY, Chu FH. Functional identification of specialized diterpene synthases from Chamaecyparis obtusa and C. obtusa var. formosana to illustrate the putative evolution of diterpene synthases in Cupressaceae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 344:112080. [PMID: 38582272 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Chamaecyparis obtusa and C. obtusa var. formosana of the Cupressaceae family are well known for their fragrance and excellent physical properties. To investigate the biosynthesis of unique diterpenoid compounds, diterpene synthase genes for specialized metabolite synthesis were cloned from C. obtusa and C. obtusa var. formosana. Using an Escherichia coli co-expression system, eight diterpene synthases (diTPSs) were characterized. CoCPS and CovfCPS are class II monofunctional (+)-copalyl diphosphate synthases [(+)-CPSs]. Class I monofunctional CoLS and CovfLS convert (+)-copalyl diphosphate [(+)-CPP] to levopimaradiene, CoBRS, CovfBRS1, and CovfBRS3 convert (+)-CPP to (-)-beyerene, and CovfSDS converts (+)-CPP to (-)-sandaracopimaradiene. These enzymes are all monofunctional diterpene syntheses in Cupressaceae family of gymnosperm, and differ from those in Pinaceae. The discovery of the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of tetracyclic diterpene (-)-beyerene was characterized for the first time. Diterpene synthases with different catalytic functions exist in closely related species within the Cupressaceae family, indicating that this group of monofunctional diterpene synthases is particularly prone to the evolution of new functions and development of species-specific specialized diterpenoid constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Jung Wu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lin
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Ma
- Academy of Circular Economy, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Yang
- Department of Forestry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yue G, Liu B. Recent Developments in the Syntheses of C-20-Oxygenated ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300676. [PMID: 38414152 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ent-kaurane diterpenes are a large group of natural products, with more than 1,000 compounds since their discovery. Due to their excellent biological activities and complex polycyclic structures, these compounds have attracted organic synthesis chemists around the world to be devoted to achieve their total synthesis. At present, the isolated C-20-oxygenated ent-kaurane diterpenes are the most abundant of these natural products, reaching more than 350 in number. However, only total syntheses of 3,20-epoxy, 7,20-epoxy and 19,20-lactone ent-kaurane diterpenes have been reported. In this review, we elaborate the synthesis of these three types of C-20 oxygenated ent-kaurane natural products, discuss these synthetic strategies in detail, and provide good guidance and reference for the synthesis of other C-20 oxygenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Rd., Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
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Bakanas I, Lusi RF, Wiesler S, Hayward Cooke J, Sarpong R. Strategic application of C-H oxidation in natural product total synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:783-799. [PMID: 37730908 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds has emerged as an effective tactic in natural product synthesis and has altered how chemists approach the synthesis of complex molecules. The use of C-H oxidation methods has simplified the process of synthesis planning by expanding the choice of starting materials, limiting functional group interconversion and protecting group manipulations, and enabling late-stage diversification. In this Review, we propose classifications for C-H oxidations on the basis of their strategic purpose: type 1, which installs functionality that is used to establish the carbon skeleton of the target; type 2, which is used to construct a heterocyclic ring; and type 3, which installs peripheral functional groups. The reactions are further divided based on whether they are directed or undirected. For each classification, examples from recent literature are analysed. Finally, we provide two case studies of syntheses from our laboratory that were streamlined by the judicious use of C-H oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bakanas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jack Hayward Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Zhao D, Zhang Y, Ren H, Shi Y, Dong D, Li Z, Cui G, Shen Y, Mou Z, Kennelly EJ, Huang L, Ruan J, Chen S, Yu D, Cun Y. Multi-omics analysis reveals the evolutionary origin of diterpenoid alkaloid biosynthesis pathways in Aconitum. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2320-2335. [PMID: 37688324 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs) have been often utilized in clinical practice due to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Natural DAs are prevalent in the family Ranunculaceae, notably in the Aconitum genus. Nevertheless, the evolutionary origin of the biosynthesis pathway responsible for DA production remains unknown. In this study, we successfully assembled a high-quality, pseudochromosome-level genome of the DA-rich species Aconitum vilmorinianum (A. vilmorinianum) (5.76 Gb). An A. vilmorinianum-specific whole-genome duplication event was discovered using comparative genomic analysis, which may aid in the evolution of the DA biosynthesis pathway. We identified several genes involved in DA biosynthesis via integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. These genes included enzymes encoding target ent-kaurene oxidases and aminotransferases, which facilitated the activation of diterpenes and insertion of nitrogen atoms into diterpene skeletons, thereby mediating the transformation of diterpenes into DAs. The divergence periods of these genes in A. vilmorinianum were further assessed, and it was shown that two major types of genes were involved in the establishment of the DA biosynthesis pathway. Our integrated analysis offers fresh insights into the evolutionary origin of DAs in A. vilmorinianum as well as suggestions for engineering the biosynthetic pathways to obtain desired DAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Huanxing Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yana Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ding Dong
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zonghang Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zongmin Mou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, 10468, New York, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, Bronx, 10468, New York, USA
| | - Luqi Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Suiyun Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yupeng Cun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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6
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Nakano M, Gemma R, Sato H. Unraveling the role of prenyl side-chain interactions in stabilizing the secondary carbocation in the biosynthesis of variexenol B. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1503-1510. [PMID: 37799177 PMCID: PMC10548252 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpene cyclization reactions involve a number of carbocation intermediates. In some cases, these carbocations are stabilized by through-space interactions with π orbitals. Several terpene/terpenoids, such as sativene, santalene, bergamotene, ophiobolin and mangicol, possess prenyl side chains that do not participate in the cyclization reaction. The role of these prenyl side chains has been partially investigated, but remains elusive in the cyclization cascade. In this study, we focus on variexenol B that is synthesized from iso-GGPP, as recently reported by Dickschat and co-workers, and investigate the possibility of through-space interactions with prenyl side chains using DFT calculations. Our calculations show that (i) the unstable secondary carbocation is stabilized by the cation-π interaction from prenyl side chains, thereby lowering the activation energy, (ii) the four-membered ring formation is completed through bridging from the exomethylene group, and (iii) the annulation from the exomethylene group proceeds in a barrier-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Nakano
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Rintaro Gemma
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
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7
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Stout CN, Wasfy NM, Chen F, Renata H. Charting the Evolution of Chemoenzymatic Strategies in the Syntheses of Complex Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18161-18181. [PMID: 37553092 PMCID: PMC11107883 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bolstered by recent advances in bioinformatics, genetics, and enzyme engineering, the field of chemoenzymatic synthesis has enjoyed a rapid increase in popularity and utility. This Perspective explores the integration of enzymes into multistep chemical syntheses, highlighting the unique potential of biocatalytic transformations to streamline the synthesis of complex natural products. In particular, we identify four primary conceptual approaches to chemoenzymatic synthesis and illustrate each with a number of landmark case studies. Future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N. Stout
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nour M. Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
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Zhao XH, Meng LL, Liu XT, Shu PF, Yuan C, An XT, Jia TX, Yang QQ, Zhen X, Fan CA. Asymmetric Divergent Synthesis of ent-Kaurane-, ent-Atisane-, ent-Beyerane-, ent-Trachylobane-, and ent-Gibberellane-type Diterpenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:311-321. [PMID: 36538760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A unified strategy toward asymmetric divergent syntheses of nine C8-ethano-bridged diterpenoids A1-A9 (candol A, powerol, sicanadiol, epi-candol A, atisirene, ent-atisan-16α-ol, 4-decarboxy-4-methyl-GA12, trachinol, and ent-beyerane) has been developed based on late-stage transformations of common synthons having ent-kaurane and ent-trachylobane cores. The expeditious assembly of crucial advanced ent-kaurane- and ent-trachylobane-type building blocks is strategically explored through a regioselective and diastereoselective Fe-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) 6-exo-trig cyclization of the alkene/enone and 3-exo-trig cyclization of the alkene/ketone, showing the multi-reactivity of densely functionalized polycyclic substrates with πC═C and πC═O systems in HAT-initiated reactions. Following the rapid construction of five major structural skeletons (ent-kaurane-, ent-atisane-, ent-beyerane-, ent-trachylobane-, and ent-gibberellane-type), nine C8-ethano-bridged diterpenoids A1-A9 could be accessed in the longest linear 8 to 11 steps starting from readily available chiral γ-cyclogeraniol 1 and known chiral γ-substituted cyclohexenone 2, in which enantioselective total syntheses of candol A (A1, 8 steps), powerol (A2, 9 steps), sicanadiol (A3, 10 steps), epi-candol A (A4, 8 steps), ent-atisan-16α-ol (A6, 11 steps), and trachinol (A8, 10 steps) are achieved for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Le-Le Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng-Fei Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xian-Tao An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tian-Xi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi-Qiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chun-An Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Huck CJ, Boyko YD, Sarlah D. Dearomative logic in natural product total synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2231-2291. [PMID: 36173020 PMCID: PMC9772301 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00042c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2022The natural world is a prolific source of some of the most interesting, rare, and complex molecules known, harnessing sophisticated biosynthetic machinery evolved over billions of years for their production. Many of these natural products represent high-value targets of total synthesis, either for their desirable biological activities or for their beautiful structures outright; yet, the high sp3-character often present in nature's molecules imparts significant topological complexity that pushes the limits of contemporary synthetic technology. Dearomatization is a foundational strategy for generating such intricacy from simple materials that has undergone considerable maturation in recent years. This review highlights the recent achievements in the field of dearomative methodology, with a focus on natural product total synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis. Disconnection guidelines and a three-phase dearomative logic are described, and a spotlight is given to nature's use of dearomatization in the biosynthesis of various classes of natural products. Synthetic studies from 2011 to 2021 are reviewed, and 425 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaroslav D. Boyko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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10
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Solans MM, Basistyi VS, Law JA, Bartfield NM, Frederich JH. Programmed Polyene Cyclization Enabled by Chromophore Disruption. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6193-6199. [PMID: 35377634 PMCID: PMC10559755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new polyene cyclization strategy exploiting β-ionyl derivatives was developed. Photoinduced deconjugation of the extended π-system within these chromophores unveils a contrathermodynamic polyene that engages in a Heck bicyclization to afford [4.4.1]-propellanes. This cascade improves upon the limited regioselectivity achieved using existing biomimetic tactics and tolerates both electron-rich and electron-deficient (hetero)aryl groups. The utility of this approach was demonstrated with the diverted total synthesis of taxodione and salviasperanol, two isomeric abietane diterpenes that were previously inaccessible along the same synthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Solans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Vitalii S Basistyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James A Law
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Noah M Bartfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James H Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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11
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Zhao X, Cacherat B, Hu Q, Ma D. Recent advances in the synthesis of ent-kaurane diterpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:119-138. [PMID: 34263890 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2020The ent-kaurane diterpenoids are integral parts of tetracyclic natural products that are widely distributed in terrestrial plants. These compounds have been found to possess interesting bioactivities, ranging from antitumor, antifungal and antibacterial to anti-inflammatory activities. Structurally, the different tetracyclic moieties of ent-kauranes can be seen as the results of intramolecular cyclizations, oxidations, C-C bond cleavages, degradation, or rearrangements, starting from their parent skeleton. During the past decade, great efforts have been made to develop novel strategies for synthesizing these natural products. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent advances in the total synthesis of ent-kaurane diterpenoids covering the period from 2015 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bastien Cacherat
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qifei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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12
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Stout CN, Renata H. Reinvigorating the Chiral Pool: Chemoenzymatic Approaches to Complex Peptides and Terpenoids. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1143-1156. [PMID: 33543931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformations that leverage the selectivity and efficiency of enzymes represent powerful tools for the construction of complex natural products. Enabled by innovations in genome mining, bioinformatics, and enzyme engineering, synthetic chemists are now more than ever able to develop and employ enzymes to solve outstanding chemical problems, one of which is the reliable and facile generation of stereochemistry within natural product scaffolds. In recognition of this unmet need, our group has sought to advance novel chemoenzymatic strategies to both expand and reinvigorate the chiral pool. Broadly defined, the chiral pool comprises cheap, enantiopure feedstock chemicals that serve as popular foundations for asymmetric total synthesis. Among these building blocks, amino acids and enantiopure terpenes, whose core structures can be mapped onto several classes of structurally and pharmaceutically intriguing natural products, are of particular interest to the synthetic community.In this Account, we summarize recent efforts from our group in leveraging biocatalytic transformations to expand the chiral pool, as well as efforts toward the efficient application of these transformations in natural products total synthesis, the ultimate testing ground for any novel methodology. First, we describe several examples of enzymatic generation of noncanonical amino acids as means to simplify the synthesis of peptide natural products. By extracting amino acid hydroxylases from native biosynthetic pathways, we obtain efficient access to hydroxylated variants of proline, lysine, arginine, and their derivatives. The newly installed hydroxyl moiety then becomes a chemical handle that can facilitate additional complexity generation, thereby expanding the pool of amino acid-derived building blocks available for peptide synthesis. Next, we present our efforts in enzymatic C-H oxidations of diverse terpene scaffolds, in which traditional chemistry can be combined with strategic applications of biocatalysis to selectively and efficiently derivatize several commercial terpenoid skeletons. The synergistic logic of this approach enables a small handful of synthetic intermediates to provide access to a plethora of terpenoid natural product families. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the advantages of applying enzymes in total synthesis in conjunction with established methodologies, as well as toward the expansion of the chiral pool to enable facile incorporation of stereochemistry during synthetic campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N. Stout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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13
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Gao K, Hu J, Ding H. Tetracyclic Diterpenoid Synthesis Facilitated by ODI-Cascade Approaches to Bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Skeletons. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:875-889. [PMID: 33508196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclic diterpenoids (C20) mainly refer to the plant terpenoids bearing biogenetically related carbon skeletons derived from copalyl diphosphates (ent-CPP and syn-CPP). This large family contains over 1600 known members that can be categorized into 11 major structural types. Among them, more than three-quarters share a bridged bicyclo[3.2.1]octane subunit, which is also an important branching point in biosynthesis en route to the other types of bicyclic scaffolds, such as bicyclo[2.2.2]-, bicyclo[3.3.0]-, and tricyclo[3.2.1.0]octanes. Combined with the significance of its stereochemical importance in biological activity, the assembly of the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeletons is critical to the success of the whole synthesis blueprint toward tetracyclic diterpenoids. Although a number of inspiring methodologies have been disclosed, general approaches by the incorporation of innovative cascade reactions permitting access to diverse structural types of tetracyclic diterpenoids remain limited and in urgent demand.Because of the long-standing interest in the synthesis of bridged diterpenoids, we have recently developed two complementary types of oxidative dearomatization induced (ODI) cascade approaches to the rapid and efficient construction of bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeletons. In this Account, we summarize our original synthesis design, methodology development, and the application of these two strategies in tetracyclic diterpenoid synthesis during the past few years in our laboratory.First, we detail our preliminary investigation of the ODI-[5 + 2] cycloaddition/pinacol rearrangement cascade reaction, which showed a wide scope of vinylphenol substrates and led to cyclopentane and cyclohexane-fused bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes in good yields with excellent dr values. Next, we describe the utilization of this ODI-[5 + 2] cascade reaction which resulted in the asymmetric total syntheses of four highly oxygenated ent-kauranoids. The strategy concerning accurate stereochemical control in the ODI-[5 + 2] cycloaddition was then successfully transplanted to the total syntheses of three stemaranoids, thus providing a straightforward and diastereoselective route to C9-ethano-bridged tetracyclic diterpenoids. To access more complex diterpenoid rhodomollanol A, we exploited two additional biomimetic rearrangements, namely, the retro-Dieckmann fragmentation/vinylogous Dieckmann cyclization cascade and the photo-Nazarov cyclization/intramolecular cycloetherification cascade. Taken together with the ODI-[5 + 2] cascade, the asymmetric total synthesis of the target molecule was realized, which shed light on the biogenetic pathway of the unprecedented rhodomollane-type carbon framework. Finally, we describe an ODI-Diels-Alder/Beckwith-Dowd cascade approach as a valuable supplement to the ODI-[5 + 2] cascade for the fabrication of cycloheptane-fused bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeletons. Its versatility was also demonstrated by the total syntheses of two challenging grayanane diterpenoids. In view of the high functional-group compatibility and scalability, we anticipate that the two novel cascade approaches will find further use in the field of complex natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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Drummond GJ, Grant PS, Brimble MA. ent-Atisane diterpenoids: isolation, structure and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:330-345. [PMID: 32716458 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020 ent-Atisane diterpenoids are a class of over 150 members with diverse structures and valuable bioactivities. These compounds share a curious history in which the synthesis of the archetypal member preceded its isolation from natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the isolation, structure, and bioactivity of ent-atisane diterpenoids from their discovery in 1965 to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Drummond
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Phillip S Grant
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand and Maurice Wilkins Centre of Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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15
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Liu W, Hong B, Wang J, Lei X. New Strategies in the Efficient Total Syntheses of Polycyclic Natural Products. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2569-2586. [PMID: 33136373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic natural products are an inexhaustible source of medicinal agents, and their complex molecular architecture renders challenging synthetic targets where innovative and effective approaches for their rapid construction are urgently required. The total synthesis of polycyclic natural products has witnessed exponential progression along with the emergence of new synthetic strategies and concepts, such as sequential C-H functionalizations, radical-based transformations, and functional group pairing strategies. Our group exerts continued interest in the construction of bioactive and structurally complex natural products as well as evaluation of the mode of action of these molecules. In this Account, we will showcase how these new synthetic strategies are employed and guide our total synthesis endeavors.During the last two decades, a series of remarkable advances in C-H functionalization have led to the emergence of many new approaches to directly functionalize C-H bonds into useful functional groups. These selective transformations have provided a great opportunity for the step- and atom-economical construction of key fragments in complex molecule synthesis. We recently furnished the total syntheses for polycyclic natural products: incarviatone A, chrysomycin A, polycarcin V, and gilvocarcin V by employing a multiple C-H bond functionalization strategy. The polysubstituted benzene or naphthalene skeleton was constructed through sequential and site-selective C-H functionalizations from readily available simple starting materials, which reduced the number of steps and streamlined synthesis.Recently, we have also completed the total syntheses for a number of skeletally diverse tetracyclic Isodon diterpenoids inspired by their biogenesis and radical-based retrosynthetic disconnections. Radical transformations are strategically and tactically utilized in our syntheses, and radical-based reactions, including organo-SOMO catalysis, Birch reduction, regioselective 1,6-dienyne reductive cyclization, visible-light-mediated Schenck ene reaction, and photoradical-mediated late-stage skeletal rearrangement, play significant roles in our synthetic endeavors. Protecting-group-free and scalable syntheses are also built into our work to achieve the "ideal" synthesis. Furthermore, our synthetic work reveals that late-stage skeletal rearrangement through a photo radical process is possible in a biological setting in complement with nature's carbocation chemistry in complex natural product biosynthesis.Lycopodium alkaloids are a large family of structurally unique polycyclic natural products with impressive biological activities. Owing to their fascinating polycyclic architectures and diverse biological activities, these alkaloids have continued to serve as targets as well as inspirations for the synthetic community for decades. To access these bioactive natural products or natural product-like molecules for biological exploration and drug discovery, we applied a novel functional group pairing strategy to furnish the total syntheses for several Lycopodium alkaloids and obtained numerous skeletally diverse compounds with structural complexity comparable to natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Benke Hong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Liu W, Yue Z, Wang Z, Li H, Lei X. Syntheses of Skeletally Diverse Tetracyclic Isodon Diterpenoid Scaffolds Guided by Dienyne Radical Cyclization Logic. Org Lett 2020; 22:7991-7996. [PMID: 33021378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the diversity-oriented synthesis of various tetracyclic Isodon diterpenoid scaffolds guided by radical cyclization logic. Our substrate-based dienyne radical cyclization approach is distinctive from reagent-based rearrangement approaches that are generally applied in biosynthesis or previous synthetic studies. An unprecedented cyclization at C14 via 1,5-radical translocation/5-exo-trig cyclization is observed, which enriches our radical cyclization pattern. Furthermore, biological evaluations revealed that several new natural product-like compounds showed promising anticancer activities against various cancer cell lines.
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17
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Zhang X, King-Smith E, Dong LB, Yang LC, Rudolf JD, Shen B, Renata H. Divergent synthesis of complex diterpenes through a hybrid oxidative approach. Science 2020; 369:799-806. [PMID: 32792393 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic diterpenes exhibit many important biological activities, but de novo synthetic access to these molecules is highly challenging because of their structural complexity. Semisynthetic access has also been limited by the lack of chemical tools for scaffold modifications. We report a chemoenzymatic platform to access highly oxidized diterpenes by a hybrid oxidative approach that strategically combines chemical and enzymatic oxidation methods. This approach allows for selective oxidations of previously inaccessible sites on the parent carbocycles and enables abiotic skeletal rearrangements to additional underlying architectures. We synthesized a total of nine complex natural products with rich oxygenation patterns and skeletal diversity in 10 steps or less from ent-steviol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emma King-Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Li-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Natural Products Discovery Center at Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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18
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Matos JO, Kumar RP, Ma AC, Patterson M, Krauss IJ, Oprian DD. Mechanism Underlying Anti-Markovnikov Addition in the Reaction of Pentalenene Synthase. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3271-3283. [PMID: 32786410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most terpene synthase reactions follow Markovnikov rules for formation of high-energy carbenium ion intermediates. However, there are notable exceptions. For example, pentalenene synthase (PS) undergoes an initial anti-Markovnikov cyclization reaction followed by a 1,2-hydride shift to form an intermediate humulyl cation with positive charge on the secondary carbon C9 atom of the farnesyl diphosphate substrate. The mechanism by which these enzymes stabilize and guide the regioselectivity of secondary carbocations has not heretofore been elucidated. In an effort to better understand these reactions, we grew crystals of apo-PS, soaked them with the nonreactive substrate analogue 12,13-difluorofarnesyl diphosphate, and determined the X-ray structure of the resulting complex at 2.2 Å resolution. The most striking feature of the active site structure is that C9 is perfectly positioned to make a C-H···π interaction with the side chain benzene ring of residue F76; this would enhance hyperconjugation to stabilize a developing cation at C10 and thus support the anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity of the cyclization. The benzene ring is also positioned to catalyze the migration of H to C10 and stabilize a C9 carbocation. On the opposite face of C9, further cation stabilization is possible via interactions with the main chain carbonyl of I177 and the neighboring intramolecular C6═C7 bond. Mutagenesis experiments also support a role for residue 76 in these interactions, but most interesting is the F76W mutant, whose crystal structure clearly shows C9 and C10 centered above the fused benzene and pyrrole rings of the indole side chain, respectively, such that a carbocation at either position could be stabilized in this complex, and two anti-Markovnikov products, pentalenene and humulene, are formed. Finally, we show that there is a rough correlation (although not absolute) of an aromatic side chain (F or Y) at position 76 in related terpene synthases from Streptomyces that catalyze similar anti-Markovnikov addition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason O Matos
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Ramasamy P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Alison C Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - MacKenzie Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Isaac J Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Daniel D Oprian
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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19
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Hong B, Luo T, Lei X. Late-Stage Diversification of Natural Products. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:622-635. [PMID: 32490181 PMCID: PMC7256965 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage diversification of natural products is an efficient way to generate natural product derivatives for drug discovery and chemical biology. Benefiting from the development of site-selective synthetic methodologies, late-stage diversification of natural products has achieved notable success. This outlook will outline selected examples of novel methodologies for site-selective transformations of reactive functional groups and inert C-H bonds that enable late-stage diversification of complex natural products. Accordingly, late-stage diversification provides an opportunity to rapidly access various derivatives for modifying lead compounds, identifying cellular targets, probing protein-protein interactions, and elucidating natural product biosynthetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Hong
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- E-mail:
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20
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McCowen SV, Doering NA, Sarpong R. Retrosynthetic strategies and their impact on synthesis of arcutane natural products. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7538-7552. [PMID: 33552460 PMCID: PMC7860588 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions, decisions, decisions: the interplay between different retrosynthetic strategies in the synthesis of the highly bridged, polycyclic arcutane natural products.
Retrosynthetic analysis is a cornerstone of modern natural product synthesis, providing an array of tools for disconnecting structures. However, discussion of retrosynthesis is often limited to the reactions used to form selected bonds in the forward synthesis. This review details three strategies for retrosynthesis, focusing on how they can be combined to plan the synthesis of polycyclic natural products, such as atropurpuran and the related arcutane alkaloids. Recent syntheses of natural products containing the arcutane framework showcase how these strategies for retrosynthesis can be combined to plan the total synthesis of highly caged scaffolds. Comparison of multiple syntheses of the same target provides a unique opportunity for detailed analysis of the impact of retrosynthetic disconnections on synthesis outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby V McCowen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Nicolle A Doering
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
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21
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Wein LA, Wurst K, Angyal P, Weisheit L, Magauer T. Synthesis of (-)-Mitrephorone A via a Bioinspired Late Stage C-H Oxidation of (-)-Mitrephorone B. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19589-19593. [PMID: 31770485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a bioinspired late-stage C-H oxidation of the ent-trachylobane natural product mitrephorone B to mitrephorone A. The realization of this unprecedented transformation was accomplished by either an iron-catalyzed or electrochemical oxidation and enabled access to the densely substituted oxetane in one step. Formation of mitrephorone C, which is lacking the central oxetane unit but features a keto-function at C2, was not formed under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Anton Wein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences , Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Peter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2 , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Lara Weisheit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences , Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences , Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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22
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Jia M, Zhang Y, Siegel JB, Tantillo DJ, Peters RJ. Switching on a Nontraditional Enzymatic Base - Deprotonation by Serine in the ent-Kaurene Synthase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. ACS Catal 2019; 9:8867-8871. [PMID: 32489716 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases often catalyze complex carbocation cascade reactions. It has been previously shown that single residue switches involving replacement of a key aliphatic residue with serine or threonine can "short-circuit" such reactions, presumed to act indirectly via dipole stabilization of intermediate carbocations. Here a similar switch was found in the structurally characterized ent-kaurene synthase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Application of a recently developed computational approach to terpene synthases, TerDockin, surprisingly indicates direct action of the introduced serine hydroxyl as a catalytic base. Notably, this model suggests alternative interpretation of previous results, and potential routes towards reengineering terpene synthase activity more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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23
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Jia M, Mishra SK, Tufts S, Jernigan RL, Peters RJ. Combinatorial biosynthesis and the basis for substrate promiscuity in class I diterpene synthases. Metab Eng 2019; 55:44-58. [PMID: 31220664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases are capable of mediating complex reactions, but fundamentally simply catalyze lysis of allylic diphosphate esters with subsequent deprotonation. Even with the initially generated tertiary carbocation this offers a variety of product outcomes, and deprotonation further can be preceded by the addition of water. This is particularly evident with labdane-related diterpenes (LRDs) where such lysis follows bicyclization catalyzed by class II diterpene cyclases (DTCs) that generates preceding structural variation. Previous investigation revealed that two diterpene synthases (DTSs), one bacterial and the other plant-derived, exhibit extreme substrate promiscuity, but yet still typically produce exo-ene or tertiary alcohol LRD derivatives, respectively (i.e., demonstrating high catalytic specificity), enabling rational combinatorial biosynthesis. Here two DTSs that produce either cis or trans endo-ene LRD derivatives, also plant and bacterial (respectively), were examined for their potential analogous utility. Only the bacterial trans-endo-ene forming DTS was found to exhibit significant substrate promiscuity (with moderate catalytic specificity). This further led to investigation of the basis for substrate promiscuity, which was found to be more closely correlated with phylogenetic origin than reaction complexity. Specifically, bacterial DTSs exhibited significantly more substrate promiscuity than those from plants, presumably reflecting their distinct evolutionary context. In particular, plants typically have heavily elaborated LRD metabolism, in contrast to the rarity of such natural products in bacteria, and the lack of potential substrates presumably alleviates selective pressure against such promiscuity. Regardless of such speculation, this work provides novel biosynthetic access to almost 19 LRDs, demonstrating the power of the combinatorial approach taken here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sambit K Mishra
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Samuel Tufts
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Robert L Jernigan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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24
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Hong B, Liu W, Wang J, Wu J, Kadonaga Y, Cai PJ, Lou HX, Yu ZX, Li H, Lei X. Photoinduced Skeletal Rearrangements Reveal Radical-Mediated Synthesis of Terpenoids. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Pardo-Novoa JC, Arreaga-González HM, Galván-Gómez S, Rodríguez-García G, Del Río RE, Cerda-García-Rojas CM, Joseph-Nathan P, Gómez-Hurtado MA. Biomimetic Transformation of p-Menthene Glucosides into p-Cymenes and Carvotanacetone. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:485-491. [PMID: 30776238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A biomimetic transformation of p-menthene glucosides into aromatic monoterpenoids that alluded to mechanisms for essential oil metabolism, which lines up with the precepts of molecular economy, is described. Acid treatment of (-)-(3 S,4 S,6 R)-3,6-dihydroxy-1-menthene 3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1) and (-)-(3 S,4 R,5 R,6 S)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-1-menthene 3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), from Ageratina glabrata, yielded p-cymene (7) and carvacrol (9). The stable oxidized intermediates (+)-(3 S,4 S,6 R)-3,6-dihydroxy-1-menthene (3), (+)-(1 S,4 S,6 R)-1,6-dihydroxy-2-menthene (4), (+)-(1 R,4 S,6 R)-1,6-dihydroxy-2-menthene (5), (+)-(4 S,6 R)-yabunikkeol (6), (+)-(4 S)-carvotanacetone (8), (+)-(1 S,4 S,5 R,6 R)-1,5,6-trihydroxy-2-menthene (15), (+)-(1 R,4 S,5 R,6 R)-1,5,6-trihydroxy-2-menthene (16), and the new (+)-(4 S,5 R,6 S)-1(7),2-menthadiene (17) permitted establishment of the reaction mechanisms. The reactivity of the hydroxy groups of 4 and 5, as well as those of 15 and 16, was compared by acetylation reactions and supported by DFT calculations, revealing diminished reactivity in 4 and 15 due to the cis configuration of their hydroxy groups at C-1 and C-6. In addition, p-cymene (7) was detected as one of the major constituents of the essential oil of A. glabrata, which matches well with the biomimetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Pardo-Novoa
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado 14-740 , Mexico City 07000 , Mexico
| | - Héctor M Arreaga-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Sinuhé Galván-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Rosa E Del Río
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Carlos M Cerda-García-Rojas
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado 14-740 , Mexico City 07000 , Mexico
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado 14-740 , Mexico City 07000 , Mexico
| | - Mario A Gómez-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
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Castiñeira Reis M, López CS, Nieto Faza O, Tantillo DJ. Pushing the limits of concertedness. A waltz of wandering carbocations. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2159-2170. [PMID: 30881640 PMCID: PMC6385557 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the array of complex terpene-forming carbocation cyclization/rearrangement reactions, the so-called "triple shift" reactions are among the most unexpected. Such reactions involve the asynchronous combination of three 1,n-shifts into a concerted process, e.g., a 1,2-alkyl shift followed by a 1,3-hydride shift followed by a second 1,2-alkyl shift. This type of reaction so far has been proposed to occur during the biosynthesis of diterpenes and the sidechains of sterols. Here we describe efforts to push the limits of concertedness in this type of carbocation reaction by designing, and characterizing with quantum chemical computations, systems that could couple additional 1,n-shift events to a triple shift leading, in principle to quadruple, pentuple, etc. shifts. While our designs did not lead to clear-cut examples of quadruple, etc. shifts, they did lead to reactions with surprisingly flat energy surfaces where more than five chemical events connect reactants and plausible products. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the formal minima on these surfaces interchange on short timescales, both with each other and with additional unexpected structures, allowing us a glimpse into a very complex manifold that allows ready access to great structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Lagoas-Marcosende , 36310 , Vigo , Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Lagoas-Marcosende , 36310 , Vigo , Spain
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , As Lagoas , 32004 , Ourense , Spain .
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Ave , Davis , CA 95616 , USA .
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McCulley CH, Tantillo DJ. Secondary Carbocations in the Biosynthesis of Pupukeanane Sesquiterpenes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8058-8061. [PMID: 30209949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of quantum chemical calculations on putative biosynthetic carbocation cyclization/rearrangements leading to pupukeanane and related sesquiterpenes indicate that a secondary carbocation proposed as an intermediate is not a minimum on the potential energy surface and instead resides in a region of the potential energy surface associated with a plateau containing multiple exit channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H McCulley
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Zhao D, Shen Y, Shi Y, Shi X, Qiao Q, Zi S, Zhao E, Yu D, Kennelly EJ. Probing the transcriptome of Aconitum carmichaelii reveals the candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of the toxic aconitine-type C 19-diterpenoid alkaloids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 152:113-124. [PMID: 29758520 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aconitum carmichaelii has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine, and its processed lateral roots are known commonly as fuzi. Aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids accumulating in the lateral roots are some of the main toxicants of this species, yet their biosynthesis remains largely unresolved. As a first step towards understanding the biosynthesis of aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of rootstocks and leaf tissues of Aconitum carmichaelii by next-generation sequencing. A total of 525 unigene candidates were identified as involved in the formation of C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, including those encoding enzymes in the early steps of diterpenoid alkaloids scaffold biosynthetic pathway, such as ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases, ent-kaurene synthases, kaurene oxidases, cyclases, and key aminotransferases. Furthermore, candidates responsible for decorating of diterpenoid alkaloid skeletons were discovered from transcriptome sequencing of fuzi, such as monooxygenases, methyltransferase, and BAHD acyltransferases. In addition, 645 differentially expressed genes encoding transcription factors potentially related to diterpenoid alkaloids accumulation underground were documented. Subsequent modular domain structure phylogenetics and differential expression analysis led to the identification of BAHD acyltransferases possibly involved in the formation of acetyl and benzoyl esters of diterpenoid alkaloids, associated with the acute toxicity of fuzi. The transcriptome data provide the foundation for future research into the molecular basis for aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids biosynthesis in A. carmichaelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhao
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Yunnan Baiyao Group Company Limited, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yana Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xingqiao Shi
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Qiao
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuhui Zi
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Erqiang Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, United States; Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, and Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States.
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Qiao Y, Liu Y, Duan X, Chen C, Liu J, Zhu H, Xue Y, Zhang Y. A pair of epimeric cassane-type diterpenoids and a new labdane-type derivative from Caesalpinia decapetala. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. A Maze of Dyotropic Rearrangements and Triple Shifts: Carbocation Rearrangements Connecting Stemarene, Stemodene, Betaerdene, Aphidicolene, and Scopadulanol. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3780-3793. [PMID: 29494166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Results of quantum chemical investigations shed new light on the mechanisms of formation of the stemarene, stemodene, betaerdene, aphidicolene, and scopadulanol diterpenes from syn-copalyl diphosphate ( syn-CPP). These terpenes are shown to be connected by a complex network of reaction pathways involving concerted but asynchronous dyotropic rearrangements and triple shift rearrangements. The interconnection of these pathways leads to multiple routes for formation of each diterpene, which could lead to different origins for some carbon atoms in a given diterpenes under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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31
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Hare SR, Tantillo DJ. Post-transition state bifurcations gain momentum – current state of the field. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe existence of post-transition state bifurcations on potential energy surfaces for organic and biological reaction mechanisms has been known for decades, but recently, new reports of bifurcations have been occurring at a much higher rate. Beyond simply discovering bifurcations, computational chemists are developing techniques to understand what aspects of molecular structure and vibrations control the product selectivity in systems containing bifurcations. For example, the distribution of products seen in simulations has been found to be extremely sensitive to the local environment of the reacting system (i.e. the presence of a catalyst, enzyme, or explicit solvent molecules). The outlook for the future of this field is discussed, with an eye towards the application of the principles discussed here by experimental chemists to design a reaction setup to efficiently generate desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Hare
- University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Qiao Y, Xu Q, Hu Z, Li XN, Xiang M, Liu J, Huang J, Zhu H, Wang J, Luo Z, Xue Y, Zhang Y. Diterpenoids of the Cassane Type from Caesalpinia decapetala. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:3134-3142. [PMID: 27966950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen compounds, including eight new cassane-type furanoditerpenoids, 3β-hydroxyphanginin H (1), 3β-acetoxyphanginin H (2), 7β-acetoxyphanginin H (3), 7β-hydroxyphanginin H (4), 4-epi-3β-hydroxycaesalpinilinn (5), 4-epi-3β-acetoxycaesalpinilinn (6), 20-acetoxytaepeenin D (7), and tomocin E (8), along with 10 known compounds (9-18) were isolated from the roots of Caesalpinia decapetala. Compounds 1-13 were isolated from C. decapetala for the first time. The new compounds with their absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1, 4, 5, 7, and 11 exhibited inhibitory activities against the SW1990 human pancreatic cancer cell line with IC50 values ranging from 2.9 to 8.9 μM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Caesalpinia/chemistry
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Diterpenes/chemistry
- Diterpenes/isolation & purification
- Diterpenes/pharmacology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Structure
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Plant Roots/classification
- Seeds/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuben Qiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650204, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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34
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Hare SR, Tantillo DJ. Dynamic behavior of rearranging carbocations - implications for terpene biosynthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:377-90. [PMID: 27340434 PMCID: PMC4902080 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes unexpected dynamical behaviors of rearranging carbocations and the modern computational methods used to elucidate these aspects of reaction mechanisms. Unique potential energy surface topologies associated with these rearrangements have been discovered in recent years that are not only of fundamental interest, but also provide insight into the way Nature manipulates chemical space to accomplish specific chemical transformations. Cautions for analyzing both experimental and theoretical data on carbocation rearrangements are included throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Hare
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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35
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Liu W, Li H, Cai PJ, Wang Z, Yu ZX, Lei X. Scalable Total Synthesis of rac
-Jungermannenones B and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3112-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
| | - Houhua Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
| | - Pei-Jun Cai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
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36
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Liu W, Li H, Cai PJ, Wang Z, Yu ZX, Lei X. Scalable Total Synthesis of rac
-Jungermannenones B and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
| | - Houhua Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
| | - Pei-Jun Cai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS); Beijing 102206 China
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37
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Villa-Ruano N, Lozoya-Gloria E, Pacheco-Hernández Y. Kaurenoic Acid. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63932-5.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Zhan X, Bach SS, Hansen NL, Lunde C, Simonsen HT. Additional diterpenes from Physcomitrella patens synthesized by copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase (PpCPS/KS). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:110-114. [PMID: 26248039 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The bifunctional diterpene synthase, copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase from the moss Physcomitrella patens (PpCPS/KS), catalyses the formation of at least four diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene. The enzymatic activity has been confirmed through generation of a targeted PpCPS/KS knock-out mutant in P. patens via homologous recombination, through transient expression of PpCPS/KS in Nicotiana benthamiana, and expression of PpCPS/KS in E. coli. GC-MS analysis of the knock-out mutant shows that it lacks the diterpenoids, supporting that all are products of PpCPS/KS as observed in N. benthamiana and E. coli. These results provide additional knowledge of the mechanism of this bifunctional diterpene synthase, and are in line with proposed reaction mechanisms in kaurene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhan
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Spanner Bach
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Lervad Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christina Lunde
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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39
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Song L, Zhu G, Liu Y, Liu B, Qin S. Total Synthesis of Atisane-Type Diterpenoids: Application of Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Podocarpane-Type Unmasked ortho-Benzoquinones. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13706-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Guili Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yongjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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40
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Riehl PS, DePorre YC, Armaly AM, Groso EJ, Schindler CS. New avenues for the synthesis of ent-kaurene diterpenoids. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Weber M, Owens K, Sarpong R. Atropurpuran - Missing Biosynthetic Link Leading to the Hetidine and Arcutine C 20-Diterpenoid Alkaloids or an Oxidative Degradation Product? Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3600-3603. [PMID: 26028789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A possible biosynthetic link between atropurpuran, the hetidine diterpenoid alkaloids and the alkaloid arcutine and congeners is proposed. The feasibility of aspects of this biosynthesis, especially key 1,2-rearrangements, have been examined computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Weber
- Latimer Hall, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Tel: 510-643-6312
| | - Kyle Owens
- Latimer Hall, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Tel: 510-643-6312
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Latimer Hall, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Tel: 510-643-6312
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Zhu L, Huang SH, Yu J, Hong R. Constructive innovation of approaching bicyclo[3.2.1]octane in ent-kauranoids. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Li YZ, Wang J, Sun WB, Shan YF, Sun BF, Lin GQ, Zou JP. Enantioselective synthesis of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylates under metal free conditions. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00311j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new tandem reaction permits rapid access to bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylates with excellent enantioselectivities under metal free, mild, and operationally simple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Wang-Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yi-Fan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Bing-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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44
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. Viability of Nonclassical Carbocations Proposed as Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Atiserene, Beyerene, Kaurene, and Trachylobane Diterpenes. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jackson AJ, Hershey DM, Chesnut T, Xu M, Peters RJ. Biochemical characterization of the castor bean ent-kaurene synthase(-like) family supports quantum chemical view of diterpene cyclization. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 103:13-21. [PMID: 24810014 PMCID: PMC4062354 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It has become apparent that plants have extensively diversified their arsenal of labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs), in part via gene duplication and neo-functionalization of the ancestral ent-kaurene synthase (KS) required for gibberellin metabolism. For example, castor bean (Ricinus communis) was previously shown to produce an interesting set of biosynthetically related diterpenes, specifically ent-sandracopimaradiene, ent-beyerene, and ent-trachylobane, in addition to ent-kaurene, using four separate diterpene synthases, albeit these remain unidentified. Notably, despite mechanistic similarity of the underlying reaction to that catalyzed by KSs, ent-beyerene and ent-trachylobane synthases have not yet been identified. Given our interest in LRD biosynthesis, and the recent availability of the castor bean genome sequence, a synthetic biology approach was applied to biochemically characterize the four KS(-like) enzymes [KS(L)s] found in Ricinus communis [i.e., the RcKS(L)s]. In particular, using bacteria engineered to produce the relevant ent-copalyl diphosphate precursor and synthetic genes based on the predicted RcKS(L)s, although this ultimately required correction of a "splicing" error in one of the predicted genes, highlighting the dependence of such a synthetic biology approach on accurate gene sequences. Nevertheless, it is possible to assign each of the four RcKS(L)s to one of the previously observed diterpene synthase activities, providing access to functionally enzymes. Intriguingly, the product distribution of the RcKS(L)s seems to support the distinct diterpene synthase reaction mechanism proposed by quantum chemical calculations, rather than the classically proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - David M Hershey
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Taylor Chesnut
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Meimei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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46
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. Branching Out from the Bisabolyl Cation. Unifying Mechanistic Pathways to Barbatene, Bazzanene, Chamigrene, Chamipinene, Cumacrene, Cuprenene, Dunniene, Isobazzanene, Iso-γ-bisabolene, Isochamigrene, Laurene, Microbiotene, Sesquithujene, Sesquisabinene, Thujopsene, Trichodiene, and Widdradiene Sesquiterpenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2450-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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47
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Pemberton RP, Tantillo DJ. Lifetimes of carbocations encountered along reaction coordinates for terpene formation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00674g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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48
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Gómez-Hurtado MA, Álvarez-Esquivel FE, Rodríguez-García G, Martínez-Pacheco MM, Espinoza-Madrigal RM, Pamatz-Bolaños T, Salvador-Hernández JL, García-Gutiérrez HA, Cerda-García-Rojas CM, Joseph-Nathan P, del Río RE. Cassane diterpenes from Caesalpinia platyloba. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:397-403. [PMID: 24176528 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Caesalpinia platyloba provided cassane diterpenes whose structures were determined as (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-acetoxyvouacapane (1), (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,12Z,14R)-6-acetoxycassa-12,15-diene (3), and (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,13E)-6-acetoxycassa-13,15-diene (4). Compound 1 was chemically correlated with (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-hydroxyvouacapane (2), (+)-(5S,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-oxovouacapane (5), and (+)-(5S,6S,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-acetoxyvouacapane (6), the last one previously isolated from Dipteryx lacunifera. The absolute configurations of all six diterpenes 1-6 were established by comparison of DFT calculated vibrational circular dicroism spectra of 1, 2 and 5 with those obtained experimentally. In addition, several reported chemical shifts for 2 and 5 were reassigned based on two-dimensional NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Gómez-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
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Pemberton RP, Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. Inherent dynamical preferences in carbocation rearrangements leading to terpene natural products. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An introduction to the application of quantum chemical dynamics calculations to mechanistic problems in the field of terpene biosynthesis is provided. A bare bones introduction to the fundamentals of chemical dynamics is followed by a brief account of previous applications to terpene-forming carbocation reactions, a discussion of questions in this field that dynamics calculations may help answer, and a description of current problems to which dynamics calculations are being applied.
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50
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Hess BA, Smentek L. The Concerted Nature of the Cyclization of Squalene Oxide to the Protosterol Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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