1
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Fan G, Corbin N, Chung M, Gill TM, Moore EB, Karbelkar AA, Furst AL. Highly Efficient Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction via DNA-Directed Catalyst Immobilization. JACS AU 2024; 4:1413-1421. [PMID: 38665653 PMCID: PMC11040669 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a promising route to up-convert this industrial byproduct. However, to perform this reaction with a small-molecule catalyst, the catalyst must be proximal to an electrode surface. Efforts to immobilize molecular catalysts on electrodes have been stymied by the need to optimize the immobilization chemistries on a case-by-case basis. Taking inspiration from nature, we applied DNA as a molecular-scale "Velcro" to investigate the tethering of three porphyrin-based catalysts to electrodes. This tethering strategy improved both the stability of the catalysts and their Faradaic efficiencies (FEs). DNA-catalyst conjugates were immobilized on screen-printed carbon and carbon paper electrodes via DNA hybridization with nearly 100% efficiency. Following immobilization, a higher catalyst stability at relevant potentials is observed. Additionally, lower overpotentials are required for the generation of carbon monoxide (CO). Finally, high FE for CO generation was observed with the DNA-immobilized catalysts as compared to the unmodified small-molecule systems, as high as 79.1% FE for CO at -0.95 V vs SHE using a DNA-tethered catalyst. This work demonstrates the potential of DNA "Velcro" as a powerful strategy for catalyst immobilization. Here, we demonstrated improved catalytic characteristics of molecular catalysts for CO2 valorization, but this strategy is anticipated to be generalizable to any reaction that proceeds in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan Corbin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Minju Chung
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas M. Gill
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evan B. Moore
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amruta A. Karbelkar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Pujari AK, Kaur R, Reddy YN, Paul S, Gogde K, Bhaumik J. Design and Synthesis of Metalloporphyrin Nanoconjugates for Dual Light-Responsive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2004-2018. [PMID: 38241140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) that eradicate a broad spectrum of bacteria in the presence of light and molecular oxygen. On the other hand, some light sources such as ultraviolet (UVB and UVC) have poor penetration and high cytotoxicity, leading to undesired PDT of the PSs. Herein, we have synthesized conjugatable mesosubstituted porphyrins and extensively characterized them. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations revealed that metalloporphyrin EP (5) is a suitable candidate for further applications. Subsequently, the metalloporphyrin was conjugated with lignin-based zinc oxide nanocomposites (ZnOAL and ZnOKL) to develop hydrophilic nanoconjugates (ZnOAL@EP and ZnOKL@EP). Upon dual light (UV + green light) exposure, nanoconjugates showed enhanced singlet oxygen generation ability and also demonstrated pH responsiveness. These nanoconjugates displayed significantly improved APDT efficiency (4-7 fold increase) to treat bacterial infection under dual light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Pujari
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Yeddula Nikhileshwar Reddy
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shatabdi Paul
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Kunal Gogde
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
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Kanamori T, Kaneko S, Hamamoto K, Yuasa H. Mapping the diffusion pattern of 1O 2 along DNA duplex by guanine photooxidation with an appended biphenyl photosensitizer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:288. [PMID: 36690669 PMCID: PMC9871026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To realize nucleic acid-targeting photodynamic therapy, a photosensitizer should be attached at the optimal position on a complementary oligonucleotide, where a guanine photooxidation is maximized. Here we show the photooxidation of 22 DNA duplexes with varied lengths between a 1O2-generating biphenyl photosensitizer attached at a midchain thymine in a strand and the single guanine reactant in the other strand. The best photooxidation efficiencies are achieved at 9, 10, and 21 base intervals, which coincides with the pitch of 10.5 base pairs per turn in a DNA duplex. The low efficiencies for near and far guanines are due to quenching of the biphenyl by guanine and dilution of 1O2 by diffusion, respectively. The 1O2-diffusion mapping along DNA duplex provides clues to the development of efficient and selective photosensitizer agents for nucleic acid-targeting photodynamic therapy, as well as an experimental demonstration of diffusion of a particle along cylindrical surface in molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanamori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Shota Kaneko
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Hamamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideya Yuasa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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4
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Pathak P, Zarandi MA, Zhou X, Jayawickramarajah J. Synthesis and Applications of Porphyrin-Biomacromolecule Conjugates. Front Chem 2021; 9:764137. [PMID: 34820357 PMCID: PMC8606752 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With potential applications in materials and especially in light-responsive biomedicine that targets cancer tissue selectively, much research has focused on developing covalent conjugation techniques to tether porphyrinoid units to various biomacromolecules. This review details the key synthetic approaches that have been employed in the recent decades to conjugate porphyrinoids with oligonucleotides and peptides/proteins. In addition, we provide succinct discussions on the subsequent applications of such hybrid systems and also give a brief overview of the rapidly progressing field of porphyrin-antibody conjugates. Since nucleic acid and peptide systems vary in structure, connectivity, functional group availability and placement, as well as stability and solubility, tailored synthetic approaches are needed for conjugating to each of these biomacromolecule types. In terms of tethering to ONs, porphyrins are typically attached by employing bioorthogonal chemistry (e.g., using phosphoramidites) that drive solid-phase ON synthesis or by conducting post-synthesis modifications and subsequent reactions (such as amide couplings, hydrazide-carbonyl reactions, and click chemistry). In contrast, peptides and proteins are typically conjugated to porphyrinoids using their native functional groups, especially the thiol and amine side chains. However, bioorthogonal reactions (e.g., Staudinger ligations, and copper or strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions) that utilize de novo introduced functional groups onto peptides/proteins have seen vigorous development, especially for site-specific peptide-porphyrin tethering. While the ON-porphyrin conjugates have largely been explored for programmed nanostructure self-assembly and artificial light-harvesting applications, there are some reports of ON-porphyrin systems targeting clinically translational applications (e.g., antimicrobial biomaterials and site-specific nucleic acid cleavage). Conjugates of porphyrins with proteinaceous moieties, on the other hand, have been predominantly used for therapeutic and diagnostic applications (especially in photodynamic therapy, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy). The advancement of the field of porphyrinoid-bioconjugation chemistry from basic academic research to more clinically targeted applications require continuous fine-tuning in terms of synthetic strategies and hence there will continue to be much exciting work on porphyrinoid-biomacromolecule conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Ghosh D, Datta LP, Govindaraju T. Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:124-140. [PMID: 31976202 PMCID: PMC6964666 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA is the key biomolecule central to almost all processes in living organisms. The eccentric idea of utilizing DNA as a material building block in molecular and structural engineering led to the creation of numerous molecular-assembly systems and materials at the nanoscale. The molecular structure of DNA is believed to have evolved over billions of years, with structure and stability optimizations that allow life forms to sustain through the storage and transmission of genetic information with fidelity. The nanoscale structural characteristics of DNA (2 nm thickness and ca. 40-50 nm persistence length) have inspired the creation of numerous functional patterns and architectures through noncovalent conventional and unconventional base pairings as well as through mutual templating-interactions with small organic molecules and metal ions. The recent advancements in structural DNA nanotechnology allowed researchers to design new DNA-based functional materials with chemical and biological properties distinct from their parent components. The modulation of structural and functional properties of hybrid DNA ensembles of small functional molecules (SFMs) and short oligonucleotides by adapting the principles of molecular architectonics enabled the creation of novel DNA nanoarchitectures with potential applications, which has been termed as templated DNA nanotechnology or functional DNA nanoarchitectonics. This review highlights the molecular architectonics-guided design principles and applications of the derived DNA nanoarchitectures. The advantages and ability of functional DNA nanoarchitectonics to overcome the trivial drawbacks of classical DNA nanotechnology to fulfill realistic and practical applications are highlighted, and an outlook on future developments is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Ghosh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and The School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi P Datta
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and The School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and The School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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6
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Gonzales J, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Perea W, Chu H, Berisha N, Bueno V, Dodic N, Rozenberg J, Greenbaum NL, Drain CM. Facile synthesis of chlorin bioconjugates by a series of click reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:3773-3776. [PMID: 28304032 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional chlorin platform appended with four short polyethylene glycols and a carboxylate-linker allows rapid conjugation to biotargeting motifs such as proteins and oligonucleotides. The stability and photophysical properties of the chlorin enable development of diagnostics, imaging, molecular tracking, and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior Gonzales
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - William Perea
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Huong Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Naxhije Berisha
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Veronica Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Naser Dodic
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Julia Rozenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Nancy L Greenbaum
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA and Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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7
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Almeida-Marrero V, van de Winckel E, Anaya-Plaza E, Torres T, de la Escosura A. Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7369-7400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the most important developing strategies in light-induced nanomedicine, based on the combination of porphyrinoid photosensitizers with a wide variety of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
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8
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Abstract
![]()
DNA is well-known as bearer of the genetic code.
Since its structure
elucidation nearly seven decades ago by Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and
Franklin, much has been learned about its detailed structure, function,
and genetic coding. The development of automated solid-phase synthesis,
and with it the availability of synthetic DNA with any desired sequence
in lengths of up to hundreds of bases in the best case, has contributed
much to the advancement of the field of DNA research. In addition,
classic organic synthesis has allowed introduction of a very large
number of modifications in the DNA in a sequence specific manner,
which have initially been targeted at altering the biological function
of DNA. However, in recent years DNA has become a very attractive
scaffold in supramolecular chemistry, where DNA is taken out of its
biological role and serves as both stick and glue molecule to assemble
novel functional structures with nanometer precision. The attachment
of functionalities to DNA has led to the creation of supramolecular
systems with applications in light harvesting, energy and electron
transfer, sensing, and catalysis. Functional DNA is clearly having
a significant impact in the field of bioinspired nanosystems. Of particular interest is the use of porphyrins in supramolecular
chemistry and bionanotechnology, because they are excellent functional
groups due to their electronic properties that can be tailored through
chemical modifications of the aromatic core or through insertion of
almost any metal of the periodic table into the central cavity. The
porphyrins can be attached either to the nucleobase, to the phosphate
group, or to the ribose moiety. Additionally, noncovalent templating
through Watson–Crick base pairing forms an alternative and
attractive approach. With this, the combination of two seemingly simple
molecules gives rise to a highly complex system with unprecedented
possibilities for modulation of function, and with it applications,
particularly when combined with other functional groups. Here, an
overview is given on the developments of using porphyrin modified
DNA for the construction of functional assemblies. Strategies for
the synthesis and characterization are presented alongside selected
applications where the porphyrin modification has proven to be particularly
useful and superior to other modifiers but also has revealed its limitations.
We also discuss implications on properties and behavior of the porphyrin–DNA,
where similar issues could arise when using other hydrophobic and
bulky substituents on DNA. This includes particularly problems regarding
synthesis of the building blocks, DNA synthesis, yields, solubility,
and intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Stulz
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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9
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Chatelain G, Clavé G, Saint-Pierre C, Gasparutto D, Campidelli S. Self-assembly of porphyrin–DNA hybrids into large flat nanostructures. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6257-6263. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01267e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two complementary 21-mer oligonucleotide/porphyrin hybrids were synthesized and assembled into nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Clavé
- LICSEN
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - C. Saint-Pierre
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- INAC-SyMMES/UMR 5819 CEA-CNRS-UGA
- CEA-Grenoble
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - D. Gasparutto
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- INAC-SyMMES/UMR 5819 CEA-CNRS-UGA
- CEA-Grenoble
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
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10
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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11
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Clavé G, Chatelain G, Filoramo A, Gasparutto D, Saint-Pierre C, Le Cam E, Piétrement O, Guérineau V, Campidelli S. Synthesis of a multibranched porphyrin-oligonucleotide scaffold for the construction of DNA-based nano-architectures. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2778-83. [PMID: 24668242 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the functionalization of oligonucleotides with organic molecules has grown considerably over the last decade. In this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of porphyrin-oligonucleotide hybrids containing one to four DNA strands (P1-P4). The hybrid P4, which inserts one porphyrin and four DNA fragments, was combined with gold nanoparticles and imaged by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Clavé
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, Laboratoire d'Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et Nanosciences (LICSEN), F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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12
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Sista P, Ghosh K, Martinez JS, Rocha RC. Metallo-Biopolymers: Conjugation Strategies and Applications. POLYM REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.913063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Musil Z, Zimcik P, Miletin M, Kopecky K, Link M, Petrik P, Schwarz J. Synthesis and singlet oxygen production of azaphthalocyanines bearing functional derivatives of carboxylic acid. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424606000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New metal-free, magnesium and zinc azaphthalocyanines ( AzaPc ) were prepared from 6-(3-tert-butylsulfany1-5,6-dicyanopyrazine-2-ylamino)hexanoic acid and its butylester and N,N-diethylamide. Their singlet oxygen production was measured by a dye-sensitized photooxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran ( DPBF ) and ΦΔ values were calculated. It was found that the presence of carboxylic acid in the structure of AzaPc decreases their singlet oxygen production. Singlet oxygen activity of the newly prepared compounds (containing mixed alkylamino and alkylsulfanyl peripheral substituents) lies between purely alkylsulfanyl and alkylamino derivatives of AzaPc . This fact further supports previously proposed structure-activity relationships, where alkylsulfanyl derivatives belong to the best singlet oxygen producers while the presence of alkylamino substituents in the structure rapidly decreases their photodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Musil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Link
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Petrik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Schwarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
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14
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Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S, Segawa H, Hirano T. Guanine-specific DNA oxidation photosensitized by the tetraphenylporphyrinP(V) complex. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842460600065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins have been studied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. DNA is one of the most important targets of the sensitizer. In the present study, we have examined the photosensitized DNA damage caused by dihydroxo P ( V ) tetraphenylporphyrin ( P ( V ) TPP ), a cationic water-soluble porphyrin. P ( V ) TPP photosensitized guanine-specific damage to the DNA fragment. P ( V ) TPP induced severe photodamage to single-stranded rather than to double-stranded DNA. High performance liquid chromatography measurements confirmed the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-G), an oxidized product of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and showed that the content of 8-oxo-G in single-stranded DNA is larger than that in double-stranded DNA. The effects of reactive oxygen scavengers on DNA damage suggested the involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2). Photosensitized1O2formation was confirmed by near-infrared emission measurements. The results showed that1O2formation mainly contributes to the mechanism of DNA photodamage by P ( V ) TPP . Absorption spectrum measurements showed the interaction between P ( V ) TPP and DNA. This interaction is expected to enhance the1O2-mediated DNA damage since the lifetime of1O2in a cell is very short. On the other hand, P ( V ) TPP induced DNA damage at the consecutive guanines in double-stranded DNA. Because the consecutive guanines act as a hole trap, this DNA-damaging pattern suggests the partial involvement of photo-induced electron transfer. The fluorescence of P ( V ) TPP was quenched by DNA, supporting the electron transfer mechanism. However, DNA damage by electron transfer was not a main mechanism possibly due to reverse electron transfer. In conclusion, P ( V ) TPP binds to DNA and induces guanine-specific, photo-oxidation mainly via1O2generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Department of Basic Engineering (Chemistry), Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Shosuke Kawanishi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Segawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- Photon Medical Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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15
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Kopecky K, Novakova V, Miletin M, Kučera R, Zimcik P. Synthesis of new azaphthalocyanine dark quencher and evaluation of its quenching efficiency with different fluorophores. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Kopecky K, Novakova V, Miletin M, Kucera R, Zimcik P. Solid-phase synthesis of azaphthalocyanine-oligonucleotide conjugates and their evaluation as new dark quenchers of fluorescence. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1872-9. [PMID: 20853840 DOI: 10.1021/bc100226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic nonaggregating metal-free azaphthalocyanines (AzaPc) of the tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine type were synthesized, characterized, and used for oligonucleotide labeling. Both 3'-end and 5'-end labeling methods using solid phase synthesis suitable for automatic processes in the DNA/RNA synthesizer were developed. The hydrophobic character of AzaPc enabled the anchoring of the conjugates on reverse phase of the oligonucleotide purification cartridge, thus enabling their simple purification. AzaPc did not show any fluorescence and extremely low singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ(Δ) = 0.015-0.018 in DMF) in a monomeric state due to ultrafast intramolecular charge transfer. That is why they were investigated as a new dark quencher structural type. They profit particularly from absorption in a wide range of wavelengths (300-740 nm) that covers all fluorophores used in hybridization assays nowadays. As an example, quenching efficiency was evaluated in a simple hybridization assay using monolabeled probes. AzaPc-based probes efficiently quenched both fluorescein and Cy5 fluorescence by both resonance energy transfer and contact quenching. The results were compared with three established dark quenchers, and the AzaPc exerted better (BHQ-1 and BHQ-2) or comparable (BBQ-650) quenching efficiencies for both fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Kolevzon N, Yavin E. Site-Specific DNA Photocleavage and Photomodulation by Oligonucleotide Conjugates. Oligonucleotides 2010; 20:263-75. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Kolevzon
- The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eylon Yavin
- The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Biton A, Ezra A, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Yavin E. DNA photocleavage by DNA and DNA-LNA amino acid-dye conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:616-21. [PMID: 20345124 DOI: 10.1021/bc900372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA photocleavage by triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFO) has potential implications in both biotechnology and medicine. We have synthesized a series of homopurine DNA and DNA/LNA 14-mers to which an amino acid (glycine or l-tryptophan) and a cyanine dye are covalently linked. Two cyanine dyes were examined that include a quinolinium ring linked to a benzothiazolium ring through a monomethine (TO1) or trimethine (TO2) linker. The 14-mer sequence was chosen to target mdm2, a ubiquitin ligase (E3) that regulates p53 by promoting its ubiquitylation and proteosomal degradation. Such inhibition has been previously proposed as a therapeutic approach to target wild-type p53-expressing cancers. To examine whether our TFO conjugates photocleave the mdm2 target, we incubated the various conjugates with the mdm2 plasmid and irradiated the samples with visible light. We show that only the TFO with the complementary sequence and with an intervening l-tryptophan leads to the linearization of the plasmid after a short irradiation time (10 min) exciting the dye (lambda(max)(TO1) = 500 nm and lambda(max)(TO2) = 630 nm) with visible light. Furthermore, the photoreactivity is more pronounced for the LNA/DNA conjugate, an observation that is consistent with improved hybridization to the DNA target. Sequence specificity of the photoreaction is further corroborated on a synthetic 44-mer duplex containing the TFO site. Evidence for a ROS-dependent mechanism is also given and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Biton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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19
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Greenberg MM. Attachment of reporter and conjugate groups to the 3' termini of oligonucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 4:Unit 4.5. [PMID: 18428852 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0405s02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of oligonucleotides at the 3 terminus is less common because this site is used for covalent linkage to solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis supports. However, 3-oligonucleotide conjugates have several valuable physicochemical properties, including their ability to stabilize nucleic acid hybridization complexes and to retard the activity of exonucleases. This unit discusses methods for preparing oligonucleotides conjugated at the 3 terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Greenberg
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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20
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Dirscherl G, König B. The Use of Solid‐Phase Synthesis Techniques for the Preparation of Peptide–Metal Complex Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Dirscherl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 9340 Regensburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐941‐943‐1717
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 9340 Regensburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐941‐943‐1717
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21
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Chen M, Gothelf KV. Labeling of DNA via rearrangement of S-2-aminoethyl phosphorothioates to N-(2-mercaptoethyl)phosphoramidates. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:908-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b717664c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Dobrikov MI. Site-specific photosensitised modification of nucleic acids with biradical and electrophilic reagents. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1999v068n11abeh000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Aloisi GG, Amelia M, Barbafina A, Latterini L, Elisei F, dall'Acqua F, Vedaldi D, Faccio A, Viola G. DNA cleavage induced by photoexcited antimalarial drugs: a photophysical and photobiological study. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:664-74. [PMID: 17576377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interactions and the photosensitizing activity of three antimalarial drugs quinine (Q), mefloquine (MQ) and quinacrine (QC) toward DNA was studied. Evidences obtained by absorption and emission spectroscopy and by linear dichroism measurements indicate that these derivatives bind the macromolecule with a high affinity (binding constants Ka approximately 10(5) M(-1)). The absorption characteristics of the drugs changed markedly by addition of DNA and their fluorescence was quenched with rate constants higher than that of diffusion. The geometry of binding involves predominantly the intercalation into the double helix. The DNA photocleavage properties of antimalarials was investigated using plasmid DNA as a model, at different [drug]/ [DNA] ratios. The results indicate that mainly MQ and Q are able to induce significant photodamage to DNA. In particular the marked effect of the former drug is evidenced after treatment of photosensitized DNA by two base excision repair enzymes, formamydo-pyrimidine glycosilase (Fpg) and Endonuclease III (Endo III). From a mechanistic point of view, experiments carried out in different experimental conditions indicate that these drugs photoinduce DNA damage through singlet oxygen and/or radical cation production. These findings are further supported by the determination of two photoproducts of 2'-deoxyguanosine, which are diagnostic for Type I and Type II pathways, namely 2,2-diamino(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4-amino-5(2H)-oxazolone and (R,S)4-hydroxy-8-oxo-4,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (4-OH-8-oxo-dGuo). Laser flash photolysis experiments carried out in the presence of DNA indicates that the excitation produces mainly the triplet state for Q and the triplet and radical cation for QC. Moreover the singlet and triplet states and radical cations of the drugs are quenched by 2'-deoxyguanosine monophosphate. The absorbances of these transients decrease with increasing DNA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Gaetano Aloisi
- Department of Chemistry and CEMIN (Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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24
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Hirakawa K, Yoshida M, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Base Oxidation at 5′ Site of GG Sequence in Double-stranded DNA Induced by UVA in the Presence of Xanthone Analogues: Relationship Between the DNA-damaging Abilities of Photosensitizers and Their HOMO Energies ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770349boasog2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Pavlov VY. Modern aspects of the Chemistry of protoporphyrin IX. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428007010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Chernonosov AA, Koval VV, Knorre DG, Chernenko AA, Derkacheva VM, Lukyanets EA, Fedorova OS. Conjugates of phthalocyanines with oligonucleotides as reagents for sensitized or catalytic DNA modification. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2006; 2006:63703. [PMID: 17497012 PMCID: PMC1779547 DOI: 10.1155/bca/2006/63703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Several conjugates of metallophthalocyanines with deoxyribooligonucleotides were synthesized to investigate sequence-specific modification of DNA by them. Oligonucleotide parts of these conjugates were responsible for the recognition of selected complementary sequences on the DNA target. Metallophthalocyanines were able to induce the DNA modification: phthalocyanines of Zn(II) and Al(III) were active as photosensitizers in the generation of singlet oxygen (1)O(2), while phthalocyanine of Co(II) promoted DNA oxidation by molecular oxygen through the catalysis of formation of reactive oxygen species ((.)O(2) (-), H(2)O(2), OH). Irradiation of the reaction mixture containing either Zn(II)- or Al(III)-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine conjugates of oligonucleotide pd(TCTTCCCA) with light of > 340 nm wavelength (Hg lamp or He/Ne laser) resulted in the modification of the 22-nucleotide target d(TGAATGGGAAGAGGGTCAGGTT). A conjugate of Co(II)-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine with the oligonucleotide was found to modify the DNA target in the presence of O(2) and 2-mercaptoethanol or in the presence of H(2)O(2). Under both sensitized and catalyzed conditions, the nucleotides G(13)-G(15) were mainly modified, providing evidence that the reaction proceeded in the double-stranded oligonucleotide. These results suggest the possible use of phthalocyanine-oligonucleotide conjugates as novel artificial regulators of gene expression and therapeutic agents for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Chernonosov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental
Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pyrogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Human Ecology, Sovetskii Avenue 18,
Kemerovo 650099, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Koval
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental
Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pyrogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitrii G. Knorre
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental
Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pyrogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Chernenko
- Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 13,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | | | - Eugenii A. Lukyanets
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, B. Sadovaya 1/4, Moscow 103787, Russia
| | - Olga S. Fedorova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental
Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pyrogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- *Olga S. Fedorova:
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27
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Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S, Matsumoto J, Shiragami T, Yasuda M. Guanine-specific DNA damage photosensitized by the dihydroxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) complex. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 82:37-44. [PMID: 16230021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dihydroxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) complex (SbTPP) demonstrates bactericidal activity under visible-light irradiation. This phototoxic effect could be caused by photodamage to biomolecules, but the mechanism has not been well understood. In this study, to clarify the mechanism of phototoxicity by SbTPP, DNA damage photosensitized by SbTPP was examined using [(32)P]-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments. SbTPP induced markedly severe photodamage to single-stranded rather than to double-stranded DNA. Photo-irradiated SbTPP frequently caused DNA cleavage at the guanine residue of single-stranded DNA after Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase or piperidine treatment. HPLC measurement confirmed the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), an oxidation product of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and showed that the content of 8-oxodG in single-stranded DNA is larger than that in double-stranded DNA. The effects of scavengers of reactive oxygen species on DNA damage suggested the involvement of singlet oxygen. These results have shown that the mechanism via singlet oxygen formation mainly contributes to the phototoxicity of SbTPP. On the other hand, SbTPP induced DNA damage specifically at the underlined G of 5'-GG, 5'-GGG, and 5'-GGGG in double-stranded DNA. The sequence-specificity of DNA damage is quite similar to that induced by the type I photosensitizers, suggesting that photo-induced electron transfer slightly participates in the phototoxicity of SbTPP. In conclusion, SbTPP induces DNA photodamage via singlet oxygen formation and photo-induced electron transfer. A similar mechanism can damage other biomacromolecules, such as protein and the phospholipid membrane. The damage to biomacromolecules via these mechanisms may participate in the phototoxicity of SbTPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Division of Applied Science and Basic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.
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Pavlov VY, Konstantinov IO, Ponomarev GV, Timofeev VP, Kimel' BG. Synthesis of New Derivatives of Protoporphyrin IX and Chlorophyll a. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11178-006-0044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S, Hirano T. The Mechanism of Guanine Specific Photooxidation in the Presence of Berberine and Palmatine: Activation of Photosensitized Singlet Oxygen Generation through DNA-Binding Interaction. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:1545-52. [PMID: 16533018 DOI: 10.1021/tx0501740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of DNA damage by photoexcited alkaloids, berberine and palmatine, was examined using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human genes. Berberine and palmatine easily bind to DNA, leading to the formation of strong fluorescent complexes. The binding constants of berberine and palmatine to DNA, estimated from an analysis of their fluorescence enhancements, indicate the formation of stable complexes. Photoexcited berberine and palmatine caused DNA cleavage, specifically at almost all guanine residues, under the aerobic condition after Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase or piperidine treatment, suggesting the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), an oxidized product of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and further oxidized products. The formation of 8-oxodGuo was confirmed by HPLC measurement. The quantum yield of 8-oxodGuo formation by berberine was almost the same as that induced by palmatine. Berberine and palmatine did not cause DNA photodamage under anaerobic conditions. Scavengers of singlet oxygen (1O2), such as sodium azide and methional, inhibited DNA damage. These findings suggest that photoexcited berberine and palmatine give rise to 8-oxodGuo through 1O2 generation. The photosensitized 1O2 generation from these alkaloids was examined using near-infrared luminescence measurements. Emission at ca. 1270 nm was observed during photoexcitation of the DNA-alkaloid complexes. This emission was quenched by sodium azide, a scavenger of 1O2. In the absence of DNA, berberine and palmatine could not show the emission. This spectroscopic study has shown that photoexcited alkaloids can generate 1O2 only when the DNA-alkaloid complexes are formed. In conclusion, berberine and palmatine easily bind to DNA and induce guanine specific photooxidation via 1O2 formation. The present study suggests that berberine and palmatine can act as functional photosensitizers enabling a switch in phototoxicity via 1O2 formation by the interaction with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Division of Applied Science and Basic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.
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30
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Crean CW, Camier R, Lawler M, Stevenson C, Davies RJH, Boyle PH, Kelly JM. Synthesis of N3- and 2-NH2-substituted 6,7-diphenylpterins and their use as intermediates for the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates designed to target photooxidative damage on single-stranded DNA representing the bcr-abl chimeric gene. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:3588-601. [PMID: 15592617 DOI: 10.1039/b413655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two 17-mer oligodeoxynucleotide-5'-linked-(6,7-diphenylpterin) conjugates, 2 and 3, were prepared as photosensitisers for targeting photooxidative damage to a 34-mer DNA oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) fragment 1 representing the chimeric bcr-abl gene that is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The base sequence in the 17-mer was 3'G G T A G T T A T T C C T T C T T5'. In the first of these ODN conjugates (2) the pterin was attached at its N3 atom, via a -(CH2)3OPO(OH)- linker, to the 5'-OH group of the ODN. Conjugate 2 was prepared from 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6,7-diphenyl-4(3H)-pteridinone 10, using phosphoramidite methodology. Starting material 10 was prepared from 5-amino-7-methylthiofurazano[3,4-d]pyrimidine 4 via an unusual highly resonance stabilised cation 8, incorporating the rare 2H,6H-pyrimido[6,1-b][1,3]oxazine ring system. In the characterisation of 10 two pteridine phosphazenes, 15 and 29, were obtained, as well as new products containing two uncommon tricyclic ring systems, namely pyrimido[2,1-b]pteridine (20 and 24) and pyrimido[1,2-c]pteridine (27). In the second ODN conjugate the linker was -(CH2)5CONH(CH2)6OPO(OH)- and was attached to the 2-amino group of the pterin. In the preparation of 3, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester 37 of 2-(5-carboxypentylamino)-6,7-diphenyl-4(3H)-pteridinone was condensed with the hexylamino-modified 17-mer. Excitation of 36 with near UV light in the presence of the single-stranded target 34-mer, 5'T G A C C A T C A A T A A G14 G A A G18 A A G21 C C C T T C A G C G G C C3' 1 caused oxidative damage at guanine bases, leading to alkali-labile sites which were monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cleavage was observed at all guanine sites with a marked preference for cleavage at G14. In contrast, excitation of ODN-pteridine conjugate 2 in the presence of 1 caused oxidation of the latter predominantly at G18, with a smaller extent of cleavage at G15 and G14 (in the double-stranded portion) and G21. These results contrast with our previous observation of specific cleavage at G21 with ruthenium polypyridyl sensitisers, and suggest that a different mechanism, probably one involving Type 1 photochemical electron transfer, is operative. Much lower yields were found with the ODN-pteridine conjugate 3, perhaps as a consequence of the longer linker between the ODN and the pteridine in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Crean
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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31
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32
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Holder AA, Swavey S, Brewer KJ. Design Aspects for the Development of Mixed-Metal Supramolecular Complexes Capable of Visible Light Induced Photocleavage of DNA. Inorg Chem 2003; 43:303-8. [PMID: 14704081 DOI: 10.1021/ic035029t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes that couple ruthenium or osmium based light absorbers to a central rhodium(III) core have been designed which photocleave DNA upon irradiation with visible light. The complexes [[(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)](2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), [[(bpy)(2)Os(dpp)](2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), and [[(tpy)RuCl(dpp)](2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(3), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2':6',2' '-terpyridine, and dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, all exhibit intense metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) based transitions in the visible but possess lower lying metal to metal charge transfer (MMCT) excited states. These supramolecular complexes with low lying MMCT states photocleave DNA when excited into their intense MLCT transitions. Structurally similar complexes without this low lying MMCT state do not exhibit DNA photocleavage, establishing the role of this MMCT state in the DNA photocleavage event. Design considerations necessary to produce functional DNA photocleavage agents are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin A Holder
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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33
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Hirakawa K, Yoshida M, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Base oxidation at 5' site of GG sequence in double-stranded DNA induced by UVA in the presence of xanthone analogues: relationship between the DNA-damaging abilities of photosensitizers and their HOMO energies. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 77:349-55. [PMID: 12733645 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0349:boasog>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA contributes to skin cancer by solar UV light. Photosensitizers are believed to play an important role in UVA carcinogenesis. We investigated the mechanism of DNA damage induced by photoexcited xanthone (XAN) analogues (XAN, thioxanthone [TXAN] and acridone [ACR]), exogenous photosensitizers, and the relationship between the DNA-damaging abilities and their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies. DNA damage by these photosensitizers was examined using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Photoexcited XAN caused DNA cleavage specifically at 5'-G of the GG sequence in the double-stranded DNA only when the DNA fragments were treated with piperidine, suggesting that DNA cleavage is due to base modification with little or no strand breakage. With denatured single-stranded DNA, the extent of XAN-sensitized photodamage was decreased. An oxidative product of G, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo), was formed by photoexcited XAN, and the 8-oxo-dGuo formation was decreased in single-stranded DNA. TXAN and ACR induced DNA photodamage as did XAN, although the order of DNA-damaging ability was XAN > TXAN > ACR. These findings suggest that photoexcited XAN analogues induce nucleobase oxidation at 5'-G of GG sequence in double-stranded DNA through electron transfer. The HOMO energies of these photosensitizers, estimated from ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculation, decreased in the following order: XAN > TXAN > ACR. Extents of DNA damage increased exponentially with the HOMO energies of XAN analogues. This study suggests that DNA-damaging abilities of photosensitizers can be estimated from their HOMO energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Radioisotope Center, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Schmidt KS, Boudvillain M, Schwartz A, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, Reedijk J, Lippert B. Monofunctionally trans-diammine platinum(II)-modified peptide nucleic acid oligomers: a new generation of potential antisense drugs. Chemistry 2002; 8:5566-70. [PMID: 12458496 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20021216)8:24<5566::aid-chem5566>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase approach is described that provides facile access to monofunctionally trans-PtII-modified PNA oligomers of arbitrary sequence for potential use both in antigene and antisense strategies. The approach includes the synthesis of a platinated building block 1 and its subsequent incorporation into three different PNA oligomers 5-7 by solid-phase synthesis. In a model cross-linking reaction one of the latter is found to recognize sequence-specifically a target oligonucleotide 8 and to cross-link to it. The resulting structure is the trans-PtII-cross-linked PNA/DNA duplex 9 as revealed by mass spectrometry in combination with a Maxam-Gilbert sequencing experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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35
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Swavey S, Brewer KJ. Visible light induced photocleavage of DNA by a mixed-metal supramolecular complex: [[(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)](2)RhCl2]5+. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6196-8. [PMID: 12444759 DOI: 10.1021/ic0257726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mixed-metal supramolecular complex, [[(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)](2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) coupling two ruthenium light absorbers (LAs) to a central rhodium, has been shown to photocleave DNA. This system possesses a lowest lying metal to metal charge transfer (MMCT) excited state in contrast to the metal to ligand charge transfer states (MLCT) of the bpm and Ir analogues. The systems with an MLCT excited state do not photocleavage DNA. [[(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)](2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) is the first supramolecular system shown to cleave DNA. It functions through an excited state previously unexplored for this reactivity, a Ru --> Rh MMCT excited state. This system functions when irradiated with low energy visible light with or without molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Swavey
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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36
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Cream CW, Kavanagh YT, O'Keeffe CM, Lawler MP, Stevenson C, Davies RJH, Boyle PH, Kelly JM. Targeting of photooxidative damage on single-stranded DNA representing the bcr-abl chimeric gene using oligonucleotide-conjugates containing [Ru(phen)3](2+)-like photosensitiser groups. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:1024-33. [PMID: 12661602 DOI: 10.1039/b207387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photooxidative damage was induced predominantly at a single guanine base in a target DNA by irradiation (lambda > 330 nm) in the presence of complementary oligodeoxynucleotide conjugates (ODN-5'-linker-[Ru(phen)3]2+) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The target DNA represents the b2a2 variant of the chimeric bcr-abl gene implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia, and the sequence of the 17mer ODN component of the conjugate (3' G G T A G T T A T T C C T T C T T 5') was complementary to the junction region of the sense strand sequence of this oncogene. Two different conjugates were prepared, both of them by reaction of the appropriate succinimide ester with 5'-hexylamino-derivatised 17mer ODN. In Ru-ODN-1 (7) the linker was -(CH2)6-NHCO-bpyMe (-bpyMe = 4'-[4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl]), whereas in Ru-ODN-2 (13) it was -(CH2)6-NHCO-(CH2)3-CONH-phen. Photoexcitation of either of the conjugates when hybridised with the 32P-5'-end-labelled target 34mer 5'T G A C C A T C A A T A A G G A A G A A G21 C C C T T C A G C G G C C 3' (ODN binding site underlined) led to an alkali-labile site predominantly (> 90%) at the G21 base, which is at the junction of double-stranded and single-stranded regions of the hybrid. Greater yields were found with Ru-ODN-1 (7) than with Ru ODN-2 (13). In contrast to this specific cleavage with Ru-ODN-1 (7) or Ru-ODN-2 (13), alkali-labile sites were generated at all guanines when the 34mer was photolysed in the presence of the free sensitiser [Ru(phen)3]2+. Since [Ru(phen)3]2+ was shown to react with 2'-deoxyguanosine to form the diastereomers of a spiroiminodihydantoin derivative (the product from 1O2 reaction), 1O2 might also be an oxidizing species in the case of Ru-ODN-1 (7) and Ru-ODN-2 (13). Therefore to determine the range of reaction, a series of 'variant' targets was prepared, in which G21 was replaced with a cytosine and a guanine substituted for a base further towards the 3'-end (e.g. Variant 3; 5'T G A C C A T C A A T A A G G A A G A A C C G23 C T T C A G C G G32 C C3'). While it was noted that efficient reaction took place at distances apparently remote from the photosensitiser (e.g at G32, but not G23 for Variant 3), this effect could be attributed to hairpinning of the single-stranded region of the target. These results are therefore consistent with the photooxidative damage being induced by a reaction close to the photosensitiser rather than by a diffusible species such as 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Cream
- Chemistry Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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37
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Teulade-Fichou MP, Perrin D, Boutorine A, Polverari D, Vigneron JP, Lehn JM, Sun JS, Garestier T, Helene C. Direct photocleavage of HIV-DNA by quinacridine derivatives triggered by triplex formation. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:9283-92. [PMID: 11562210 DOI: 10.1021/ja0109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amino-p-quinacridine compounds (PQs) have been shown to stabilize strongly and specifically triple-helical DNA. Moreover, these derivatives display photoactive properties that make them efficient DNA cleavage agents. We exploited these two properties (triplex-specific binding and photoactivity) to selectively cleave a double-stranded (ds)DNA sequence present in the HIV-1 genome. Cleavage was first carried out on a linearized plasmid (3300 bp) containing the HIV polypurine tract (PPT) that allowed targeting by a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO). PQ(3)(), the most active compound of the series, efficiently cleaved double-stranded DNA in the vicinity of the PPT when this sequence had formed a triplex with a 16-mer TFO. Investigation of the cleavage at the molecular level was addressed on a short DNA fragment (56 bp); the photoinduced cleavage by PQ(3)() occurred only in the presence of the triple helix. Nevertheless, unusual cleavage patterns were observed: damage was observed at guanines located 6-9 bp away from the end of the triple helical site. This cleavage is very efficient (up to 60%), does not require alkaline treatment, and is observed on both strands. A quinacridine-TFO conjugate produced the same cleavage pattern. This observation, along with others, excludes the hypothesis of a triplex-induced allosteric binding site of PQ(3 )()adjacent to the damaged sequence and indicates that PQ(3 )()preferentially binds in the vicinity of the 5'-triplex junction. Irradiation in the presence of TFO-conjugates with acridine (an intercalative agent) and with the tripeptide lys-tryp-lys led to a complete inhibition of the photocleavage reaction. These results are interpreted in terms of competitive binding and of electron-transfer quenching. Together with the findings of simple mechanistic investigations, they led to the conclusion that the photoinduced damage proceeds through a direct electron transfer between the quinacridine and the guanines. This study addresses the chemical mechanism leading to strand breakage and characterizes the particular photosensitivity of the HIV-DNA target sequence which could be an oxidative hot spot for addressed photoinduced strand scission by photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Teulade-Fichou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Interactions Moléculaires, Collège de France, CNRS UPR 285, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
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38
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Arimondo PB, Bailly C, Boutorine AS, Moreau P, Prudhomme M, Sun JS, Garestier T, Hélène C. Triple helix-forming oligonucleotides conjugated to indolocarbazole poisons direct topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage to a specific site. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:501-9. [PMID: 11459453 DOI: 10.1021/bc000162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I is an ubiquitous DNA-cleaving enzyme and an important therapeutic target in cancer chemotherapy for camptothecins as well as for indolocarbazole antibiotics such as rebeccamycin. To achieve a sequence-specific cleavage of DNA by topoisomerase I, a triple helix-forming oligonucleotide was covalently linked to indolocarbazole-type topoisomerase I poisons. The three indolocarbazole-oligonucleotide conjugates investigated were able to direct topoisomerase I cleavage at a specific site based upon sequence recognition by triplex formation. The efficacy of topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage depends markedly on the intrinsic potency of the drug. We show that DNA cleavage depends also upon the length of the linker arm between the triplex-forming oligonucleotide and the drug. Based on a known structure of the DNA-topoisomerase I complex, a molecular model of the oligonucleotide conjugates bound to the DNA-topoisomerase I complex was elaborated to facilitate the design of a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor-oligonucleotide conjugate with an optimized linker between the two moieties. The resulting oligonucleotide-indolocarbazole conjugate at 10 nM induced cleavage at the triple helix site 2-fold more efficiently than 5 microM of free indolocarbazole, while the other drug-sensitive sites were not cleaved. The rational design of drug-oligonucleotide conjugates carrying a DNA topoisomerase poison may be exploited to improve the efficacy and selectivity of chemotherapeutic cancer treatments by targeting specific genes and reducing drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Arimondo
- INSERM U524 and Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret, IRCL, Place Verdun, 59045 Lille, France
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39
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Asanuma H, Shirasuka K, Yoshida T, Takarada T, Liang X, Komiyama M. Spiropyran as a Regulator of DNA Hybridization with Reversed Switching Mode to That of Azobenzene. CHEM LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2001.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Jeon R, Wender PA. Design and synthesis of new DNA photocleavers, 4'-bromoace-tophenone-pyrrolecarboxamide hybrid compounds. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:585-8. [PMID: 11156179 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Bromoacetophenone-pyrrolecarboxamide conjugates were designed and synthesized as photoinducible DNA cleaving agents which can generate monophenyl radicals capable of causing the hydrogen atom abstraction which initiates the scission of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
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41
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Grimm GN, Boutorine AS, Hélène C. Rapid routes of synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates from non-protected oligonucleotides and ligands possessing different nucleophilic or electrophilic functional groups. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1943-65. [PMID: 11200283 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008045470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Optimized methods are described for post-synthetic conjugation of non-protected oligodeoxyribonucleotides to different ligands. Methods for the terminal functionalization of oligonucleotides by amino, sulfhydryl, thiophosphate or carboxyl groups using different chemical reactions and linkers in both organic and aqueous media are described and compared. Experimental conditions for subsequent coupling of ligands containing aliphatic and aromatic amines, aromatic alcohols, carboxylic, sulfhydryl, alkylating, aldehydic and other reactive nucleophilic and electrophilic groups to oligonucleotides were established, including covalent linkage to other oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Grimm
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, INSERM U201, CNRS UMR 8646, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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42
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The synthesis of a cobalt(II) tetracarboxyphthalocyanine-deoxyribooligonucleotide conjugate as a reagent for the directed DNA modification. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02759155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Asanuma H, Yoshida T, Liang X, Komiyama M. Azobenzene-Appended Oligonucleotides Form Unexpectedly Stable Triple-Helixes. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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44
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Praseuth D, Guieysse AL, Hélène C. Triple helix formation and the antigene strategy for sequence-specific control of gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1489:181-206. [PMID: 10807007 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific gene expression involves the binding of natural ligands to the DNA base pairs. Among the compounds rationally designed for artificial regulation of gene expression, oligonucleotides can bind with a high specificity of recognition to the major groove of double helical DNA by forming Hoogsteen type bonds with purine bases of the Watson-Crick base pairs, resulting in triple helix formation. Although the potential target sequences were originally restricted to polypurine-polypyrimidine sequences, considerable efforts were devoted to the extension of the repertoire by rational conception of appropriate derivatives. Efficient tools based on triple helices were developed for various biochemical applications such as the development of highly specific artificial nucleases. The antigene strategy remains one of the most fascinating fields of triplex application to selectively control gene expression. Targeting of genomic sequences is now proved to be a valuable concept on a still limited number of studies; local mutagenesis is in this respect an interesting application of triplex-forming oligonucleotides on cell cultures. Oligonucleotide penetration and compartmentalization in cells, stability to intracellular nucleases, accessibility of the target sequences in the chromatin context, the residence time on the specific target are all limiting steps that require further optimization. The existence and the role of three-stranded DNA in vivo, its interaction with intracellular proteins is worth investigating, especially relative to the regulation of gene transcription, recombination and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Praseuth
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, INSERM U201, CNRS UMR 8646, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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45
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Vever-Bizet C, Boutorine AS, Delgado O, Brault D, Hélène C. Targeting of HIV gp120 by oligonucleotide-photosensitizer conjugates. Light-induced damages. FEBS Lett 1999; 462:467-71. [PMID: 10622747 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some guanine-rich oligonucleotides inhibit HIV infectivity through interaction with the gp120 glycoprotein. Besides, photoinactivation of viruses attracts attention for blood decontamination. The feasibility of targeting a red light-absorbing chlorin-type photosensitizer to gp120 through covalent coupling with 8-mer phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides is investigated. Some conjugates inhibit binding of antibodies directed to gp120. Inhibition is significantly increased upon red light activation. The activity of the conjugates correlates with their ability to self-associate, a process strongly favored by the propensity of the hydrophobic chlorin moiety to dimerize. Thus, the photosensitizer moiety both promotes structures with a higher affinity for gp120 and, upon light activation, can induce site-directed damages to the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vever-Bizet
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U 201, CNRS UMR 8646, Paris, France
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46
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Asanuma H, Ito T, Yoshida T, Liang X, Komiyama M. Photoregulation der Bildung und Dissoziation eines DNA-Duplexes durchcis-trans-Isomerisierung einer Azobenzoleinheit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990816)111:16<2547::aid-ange2547>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Mechanistic Studies on Photoinduced Cross-Linking and Specific Cleavage at Guanine by Dibenzoyldiazomethane-Oligodeoxynucleotide Conjugate. Bioorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/bioo.1998.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Mettath S, Munson BR, Pandey RK. DNA interaction and photocleavage properties of porphyrins containing cationic substituents at the peripheral position. Bioconjug Chem 1999; 10:94-102. [PMID: 9893970 DOI: 10.1021/bc9800872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono- and disubstituted cationic porphyrins (1-8) were synthesized and investigated for their ability to bind and cleave DNA in the presence of light. In these porphyrins, the cationic substituents were introduced at various peripheral positions, i.e., the non-meso positions of the porphyrin system. The modes of binding of these porphyrins to DNA were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and an unwinding assay. The intrinsic binding constants Kb of these porphyrins to calf thymus DNA was found to be in the range 10(4)-10(5) M-1. Two of the zinc(II) complexes of non-meso-substituted cationic porphyrins (5 and 8) were found to bind to DNA via intercalation, which is in contrast to the previously reported outside-binding mode for the Zn(II) complexes of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins. Except for monocationic porphyrin 1 and Ni(II) dicationic porphyrin 6, all the other porphyrins were found to be efficient photocleavers of DNA. The DNA photocleavage characteristics of this series of cationic porphyrins were found to depend on the structural characteristics of the poprhyrins such as (a) length of the side chain of the cationic substituents (2 vs 4), (b) the position of the side chain on the porphyrin ring (4 vs 7), and (c) the presence of the chelating metal in 3, 5, and 8 as compared to the nonmetallo porphyrins 2, 4, and 7, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mettath
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Biology and Department of Nuclear Medicene, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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49
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50
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Stevenson C, Davies RJ. Photosensitization of guanine-specific DNA damage by 2-phenylbenzimidazole and the sunscreen agent 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 1999; 12:38-45. [PMID: 9894016 DOI: 10.1021/tx980158l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gel sequencing experiments with end-labeled synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides have established that 2-phenylbenzimidazole (PBZ) and the common sunscreen constituent 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) function as efficient photosensitizers of DNA damage when they are exposed to UV-B (290-320 nm) radiation or natural sunlight. Although neither compound binds specifically to DNA, both are active at sub-millimolar concentrations and induce the formation of piperidine-labile cleavage sites that map almost exclusively to the positions of guanine residues. The pattern of attack on single-stranded DNA, where all guanines are modified to a similar extent, is typical of photooxidation by singlet oxygen. The involvement of singlet oxygen is consistent with the effect of quenchers and scavengers on the reaction, and is supported by the demonstration that UV-B irradiation of 2'-deoxyguanosine with PBSA in oxygenated solution generates the diagnostic compound 4, 8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in comparatively high yield. In contrast, the main photoinduced cleavage sites in double-helical DNA are located at the 5'-guanines of GG and (to a lesser degree) GA doublets. This characteristic behavior implies that electron transfer from DNA to the photoexcited sensitizer is the predominant mechanism in this conformation. A similar dichotomy of reactivity toward denatured and native DNA has been reported for riboflavin and certain pterin derivatives which resemble PBZ and PBSA in not binding tightly to DNA. The photosensitizing properties of PBSA could possibly detract from its fitness as a sunscreen agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stevenson
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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