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Kijewska K, Blanchard GJ. Using Diffusion To Characterize Interfacial Heterogeneity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1155-1161. [PMID: 28094955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of molecular diffusional motion over a range of length scales to characterize compositional heterogeneity in monolayer structures. This work focuses on the diffusional motion of perylene in two types of films supported on functionalized silica surfaces: single-component (stearic acid) and two-component (hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon) films. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers were deposited directly on silica or were bound to surface-modified silica by means of metal ion complexation. The LB films were characterized by their π-A isotherms and by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) during formation and deposition. Chromophore mobility and monolayer structural heterogeneity were evaluated by comparing rotational diffusion data (fluorescence anisotropy decay imaging) and translational diffusion data (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) on the same LB films. Our results indicate that the mobility of the chromophore depends sensitively on both metal ion identity and film composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Kijewska
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gary J Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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2
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Tyan YC, Yang MH, Chung TW, Chen WC, Wang MC, Chen YL, Huang SL, Huang YF, Jong SB. Characterization of surface modification on self-assembled monolayer-based piezoelectric crystal immunosensor for the quantification of serum α-fetoprotein. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1383-1391. [PMID: 21479636 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on coinage metallic material can provide versatile modeling systems for studies of interfacial electron transfer, biological interactions, molecular recognition and other interfacial phenomena. Recently, a bio-sensing system has been produced by analysis of the attachment of antibody using alkanethiols, to form SAMs on the face of Au-quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) surfaces. In this study, the attachment of anti-α-fetoprotein monoclonal antibody to a SAMs surface of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid was achieved using water-soluble N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide as coupling agents. Surface analyses were utilized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The quantization of immobilized antibody was characterized by the frequency shift of QCM and the radioactivity change of ¹²⁵I labeled antibody. The limit of detection and linear range of the calibration curve of the QCM method were 15 ng/ml and 15-850 ng/ml. The correlation coefficients of α-fetoprotein concentration between QCM and radioimmunoassay were 0.9903 and 0.9750 for the standards and serum samples, respectively. This report illustrates an investigation of SAMs for the preparation of covalently immobilized antibody biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-Chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Villemin D, Moreau B, Kaid M, Didi MA. Rapid One-Pot Synthesis of Alkane-α,ω-Diylbisphosphonic Acids from Dihalogenoalkanes Under Microwave Irradiation. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500903135543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M'hamed Kaid
- b LCSCO, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences , Université de Tlemcen , Algérie
| | - Mohamed Amine Didi
- b LCSCO, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences , Université de Tlemcen , Algérie
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Oberts BP, Blanchard GJ. Formation of air-stable supported lipid monolayers and bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2962-2970. [PMID: 19437768 DOI: 10.1021/la803486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have devised a means of depositing planar, air-stable supported lipid adlayers on modified Au substrates. Using the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), we form planar supported adlayer structures by vesicle fusion. Lipid bilayer formation proceeds on a hydroxythiol-terminated Au surface. Phospholipid monolayers form on hydroxythiol-terminated gold surfaces that have been treated with POCl3 and ZrOCl2(aq) prior to lipid deposition, providing an interface that interacts strongly with the DMPC phosphocholine headgroup. We use FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, optical ellipsometry, and water contact angle measurements to confirm the presence of lipid bilayers or monolayers on the modified Au substrates. For the zirconated surface, we observe the conversion of an initial partial lipid bilayer to a lipid monolayer, over a ca. 20 min time period, on the basis on ellipsometric thickness and contact angle data. 31P NMR measurements show the complexation of the phospholipid headgroup to a Zr-phosphate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Oberts
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
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Libera JA, Gurney RW, Schwartz C, Jin H, Lee TL, Nguyen ST, Hupp JT, Bedzyk MJ. Comparative X-ray standing wave analysis of metal-phosphonate multilayer films of dodecane and porphyrin molecular square. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:1441-50. [PMID: 16851115 DOI: 10.1021/jp0457038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nanoscale structures of multilayer metal-phosphonate thin films prepared via a layer-by-layer assembly process using Zr(4+) and 1,12-dodecanediylbis(phosphonic acid) (DDBPA) or porphyrin square bis(phosphonic acid) (PSBPA) were studied using specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR), X-ray fluorescence, and long-period X-ray standing wave (XSW) analysis. The films were prepared in 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 layer series on both Si(001) substrates for XRR and on 18.6 nm period Si/Mo layered-synthetic microstructure X-ray mirrors for XSW. After functionalizing the SiO(2) substrate surfaces with a monolayer film terminated with phosphonate groups, the organic multilayer films were assembled by alternating immersions in (a) aqueous solutions containing Zr(4+)or Hf(4+) (final metal layer only) cations and then (b) organic solvent solutions of PO(3)-R-PO(3)(4-), where R was DDBPA or PSBPA spacer molecule. The Hf(4+) cation served as the marker for the top surface of the films, whereas the Zr(4+) cation was present in all other layers. The PSBPA also contained Zn and Re atoms at its midline which served as heavy-atom markers for each layer. The long-period XSW generated by the 0th- (total external reflection) through 4th-order Bragg diffraction conditions made it possible to examine the Fourier transforms of the fluorescent atom distributions over a much larger q(z) range in reciprocal space which permitted simultaneous analysis of Hf, Zn/Re, and Zr atomic distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Libera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and The Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Tyan YC, Jong SB, Liao JD, Liao PC, Yang MH, Liu CY, Klauser R, Himmelhaus M, Grunze M. Proteomic profiling of erythrocyte proteins by proteolytic digestion chip and identification using two-dimensional electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:748-57. [PMID: 15952722 DOI: 10.1021/pr0497780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on coinage metal provide versatile modeling systems for studies of interfacial electron transfer, biological interactions, molecular recognition, and other interfacial phenomena. The bonding of enzyme to SAMs of alkanethiols onto gold surfaces is exploited to produce an enzyme chip. In this work, the attachment of trypsin to a SAMs surface of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid was achieved using water soluble N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide as coupling agent. A two-dimensional liquid-phase separation scheme coupled with mass spectrometry is presented for proteomic analysis of erythrocyte proteins. The application of proteomics, particularly with reference to analysis of proteins, will be described. Surface analyses have revealed that the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) C1s and N1s core levels illustrate the immobilization of trypsin. These data are also in good agreement with Fourier Transformed Infrared Reflection-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra for the peaks at Amide I and Amide II. Using two-dimensional nano-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (2D nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system observations, analytical results have demonstrated the erythrocyte proteins digestion of the immobilized trypsin on the functionalized SAMs surface. For such surfaces, it also shows the enzyme digestion ability of the immobilized trypsin. The experiment results revealed the identification of 272 proteins from erythrocyte protein sample. The terminal groups of the SAMs structure can be further functionalized with biomolecules or antibodies to develop surface-base diagnostics, biosensors, or biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Mazur M, Krysiński P, Blanchard GJ. Use of zirconium-phosphate-carbonate chemistry to immobilize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on boron-doped diamond. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8802-8. [PMID: 16142963 DOI: 10.1021/la050921t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the formation of monomolecular layers of perylene- and pyrene-alkanoic acids on boron-doped diamond (BDD) substrates. The carboxylic acid layers are bound by coordination to zirconium phosphate (ZP) functionalities on the BDD substrate surface. The resulting Zr-phosphate-carbonate (ZPC) linkages between the substrate and the adlayer are asymmetric, of the form -(OPO3(2-) Zr4+-O2C-R)+ X-. Pyrene and perylene are well-established optical probes of polarity and viscosity at interfaces. We have used electrochemical and steady-state fluorescence techniques to study the loading density and behavior of these monomolecular films, allowing comparison of BDD and indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) substrates. Electrochemical data suggest that the pyrene chromophores are positioned roughly at the same distance from the surface, regardless of the length of the anchoring alkanoic acid chain, a finding that can be explained by the pyrene lying on the substrate surface. Such a conformation is plausible given the surface coverage (5 x 10(-11) mol/cm2, ca. 0.1 monolayer) we measure for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mazur
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Tyan YC, Liao JD, Jong SB, Liao PC, Yang MH, Chang YW, Klauser R, Himmelhaus M, Grunze M. Proteomic profiling of platelet proteins by trypsin immobilized self-assembled monolayers digestion chip and protein identification using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 71:90-7. [PMID: 15368258 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on coinage metal provide versatile modeling systems for studies of interfacial electron transfer, biological interactions, molecular recognition, and other interfacial phenomena. Recently, the bonding of enzyme to SAMs of alkanethiols onto Au electrode surfaces was exploited to produce a bio-sensing system. In this work, the attachment of trypsin to a SAMs surface of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid was achieved using water soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide as coupling agent. Experimental results have revealed that the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) C1s core levels at 286.3 and 286.5 eV (C with N), 288.1 eV (amide bond), and 289.3 eV (carboxyl) illustrate the immobilization of trypsin. These data were also in good agreement with Fourier-Transformed Infrared Reflection-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra for the peaks valued at 1659.4 cm(-1) (amide I) and 1546.6 cm(-1) (amide II). Using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) observations, analytical results have demonstrated the platelet proteins digestion of the immobilized trypsin on the functionalized SAMs surface. For such surfaces, platelet proteins were digested on the trypsin-immobilized SAMs surface, which shows the enzyme digestion ability of the immobilized trypsin. The terminal groups of the SAMs structure can be further functionalized with biomolecules or antibodies to develop surface-base diagnostics, biosensors, or biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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9
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Tyan YC, Liao JD, Jong SB, Liao PC, Yang MH, Chang YW, Klauser R, Himmelhaus M, Grunze M. Characterization of trypsin immobilized on the functionable alkylthiolate self-assembled monolayers: a preliminary application for trypsin digestion chip on protein identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2005; 16:135-142. [PMID: 15744601 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-005-5987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on coinage metal provide versatile modeling systems for studies of interfacial electron transfer, biological interactions, molecular recognition and other interfacial phenomena. Recently the bonding of enzyme to SAMs of alkanethiols onto Au electrode surfaces was exploited to produce a bio-sensing system. In this work, the attachment of trypsin to a SAMs surface of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid was achieved using water soluble N-ethyl-N '-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide as coupling agent. The thickness of SAMs was determined by optical ellipsometer; contact angles of the modified Au surfaces were measured in air using a goniometer. The Second Harmony Generation data displays the last few percents of the alkylthiol molecules adsorbed and produced the complete monolayer by inducing the transition from a high number of gauche defects to an all-trans conformation. Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-Transformed Infrared Reflection-Absorption and Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopes (FTIR-RAS and ATR), we examined the chemical structures of samples with different treatments. By matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), we demonstrated the digestion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the trypsin-immobilized SAMs surface. Experimental results have revealed that the XPS C1s core levels at 286.3 and 286.5 eV (Amine bond), 288.1 eV (Amide bond) and 289.3 eV (Carboxylic acid) illustrate the immobilization of trypsin. These data were also in good agreement with FTIR-ATR spectra for the peaks valued at 1659.4 cm(-1) (Amide I) and 1546.6 cm(-1) (Amide II). Using MALDI-TOF MS observations, analytical results have demonstrated the BSA digestion of the immobilized trypsin on the functionalized SAMs surface. For such surfaces, BSA was digested on the trypsin-immobilized SAMs surface, which shows the enzyme digestion ability of the immobilized trypsin. The terminal groups of the SAMs structure can be further functionalized with biomolecules or antibodies to develop surface-base diagnostics, biosensors, or biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Enviornmental & Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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10
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Libera JA, Gurney RW, Nguyen ST, Hupp JT, Liu C, Conley R, Bedzyk MJ. X-ray nanoscale profiling of layer-by-layer assembled metal/organophosphonate films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:8022-8029. [PMID: 15350067 DOI: 10.1021/la048904b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale structure of multilayer metal/phosphonate thin films prepared via a layer-by-layer assembly process was studied using specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and long-period X-ray standing wave (XSW) analysis. After the SiO(2) X-ray mirror surfaces were functionalized with a monolayer film terminated with phosphonate groups, the organic multilayer films were assembled by alternating immersions in (a) aqueous solutions containing Zr(4+), Hf(4+), or Y(3+) cations and then (b) organic solvent solutions of PO(3)-R-PO(3), where R was a porphyrin or porphyrin-square spacer molecule. The different heavy metal cations provided X-ray fluorescence marker layers at different heights within the different multilayer assemblies. The XSW measurements used a 22 nm period Si/Mo multilayer mirror. The long-period XSW generated by the zeroth-order (total external reflection) through fourth-order Bragg diffraction conditions made it possible to examine the Fourier transforms of the fluorescent atom distributions over a much larger q(z)() range in reciprocal space than previously achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Libera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Syntheses and electronic properties of the nickel and palladium complexes of the octaethylporphyrin(M1)–(dihexylbithiophene) n –octaethylporphyrin(M2) system [OEP(M1)–(DHBTh) n –OEP(M2)] connected with the diacetylene linkage. A methodology for molecular design of the particular electronic structure. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krysiński P, Show Y, Stotter J, Blanchard GJ. Covalent Adlayer Growth on a Diamond Thin Film Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12726-8. [PMID: 14558818 DOI: 10.1021/ja036077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The surface of boron-doped diamond thin films can be modified by exposure to a strong oxidizing agent, resulting in the formation of -OH and =O terminated diamond. The -OH groups are reacted with an acid chloride to produce a covalently bound, modified diamond thin film surface. The demonstration of these reactions allows for the facile modification of diamond surfaces using techniques well established for oxide surfaces. Characterization of the covalently bound species shows submonolayer coverage, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements are reflective of the highly featured nature of the diamond film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krysiński
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Poland
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DelaCruz JL, Blanchard GJ. Understanding the Balance between Ionic and Dispersion Interactions in Aqueous Micellar Media. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034163w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. DelaCruz
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322
| | - G. J. Blanchard
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322
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Tulock JJ, Blanchard GJ. Investigating Hydrolytic Polymerization of Aqueous Zirconium Ions Using the Fluorescent Probe Pyrenecarboxylic Acid. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Tulock
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322
| | - G. J. Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322
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Higuchi H, Ishikura T, Mori K, Takayama Y, Yamamoto K, Tani K, Miyabayashi K, Miyake M. Synthesis and Properties of Head-to-head, Head-to-tail, and Tail-to-tail Orientational Isomers of Extended Dihexylbithiophene–Octaethylporphyrin System [OEP–(DHBT)n–OEP] Connected with 1,3-Butadiyne Linkages. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.74.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Horne JC, Blanchard GJ. Structural Mediation of Interlayer Excitation Transport in Zirconium−Phosphonate Multilayers. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Horne
- Contribution from the Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322
| | - G. J. Blanchard
- Contribution from the Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322
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Horne JC, Huang Y, Liu GY, Blanchard GJ. Correspondence between Layer Morphology and Intralayer Excitation Transport Dynamics in Zirconium−Phosphonate Monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982182r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Horne
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Y. Huang
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - G.-Y. Liu
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - G. J. Blanchard
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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