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Doellerer D, Rückert AK, Doria S, Hilbers M, Simeth NA, Buma WJ, Di Donato M, Feringa BL, Szymanski W, Crespi S. Modulation of the isomerization of iminothioindoxyl switches by supramolecular confinement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39132823 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02423k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Here we present the formation of an iminothioindoxyl (ITI)⊂Cage complex that retains the photochemical properties of the photoswitch within a confined environment in water. At the same time, besides ultrafast switching inside the cage, the ITI photoswitch displays an intriguing bifurcation of the excited state isomerization pathway when encapsulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Rückert
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sandra Doria
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Non Lineare (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Non Lineare (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Hassan F, Tang Y, Bisoyi HK, Li Q. Photochromic Carbon Nanomaterials: An Emerging Class of Light-Driven Hybrid Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401912. [PMID: 38847224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules have remarkable potential in memory and optical devices, as well as in driving and manipulating molecular motors or actuators and many other systems using light. When photochromic molecules are introduced into carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the resulting hybrids provide unique advantages and create new functions that can be employed in specific applications and devices. This review highlights the recent developments in diverse photochromic CNMs. Photochromic molecules and CNMs are also introduced. The fundamentals of different photochromic CNMs are discussed, including design principles and the types of interactions between CNMs and photochromic molecules via covalent interactions and non-covalent bonding such as π-π stacking, amphiphilic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding. Then the properties of photochromic CNMs, e.g., in photopatterning, fluorescence modulation, actuation, and photoinduced surface-relief gratings, and their applications in energy storage (solar thermal fuels, photothermal batteries, and supercapacitors), nanoelectronics (transistors, molecular junctions, photo-switchable conductance, and photoinduced electron transfer), sensors, and bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges and opportunities in the future of photochromic CNMs is presented. This review discusses a vibrant interdisciplinary research field and is expected to stimulate further developments in nanoscience, advanced nanotechnology, intelligently responsive materials, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathy Hassan
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, El-Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
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3
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Zhong W, Shang L. Photoswitching the fluorescence of nanoparticles for advanced optical applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6218-6228. [PMID: 38699274 PMCID: PMC11062085 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The dynamic optical response properties and the distinct features of nanomaterials make photoswitchable fluorescent nanoparticles (PF NPs) attractive candidates for advanced optical applications. Over the past few decades, the design of PF NPs by coupling photochromic and fluorescent motifs at the nanoscale has been actively pursued, and substantial efforts have been made to exploit their potential applications. In this perspective, we critically summarize various design principles for fabricating these PF NPs. Then, we discuss their distinct optical properties from different aspects by highlighting the capability of NPs in fabricating new, robust photoswitch systems. Afterwards, we introduce the pivotal role of PF NPs in advanced optical applications, including sensing, anti-counterfeiting and imaging. Finally, current challenges and future development of PF NPs are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen Shenzhen 518057 China
- Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing 401135 China
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4
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Wang W, Yang W, Zhang Z, Dai J, Xu Y, Zhang J. Amplifying dual-visible-light photoswitching in aqueous media via confinement promoted triplet-triplet energy transfer. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5539-5547. [PMID: 38638239 PMCID: PMC11023046 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving visible-light photochromism is a long-term goal of chemists keen to exploit the opportunities of molecular photoswitches in multi-disciplinary research studies. Triplet-sensitization offers a flexible approach to building diverse visible-light photoswitches using existing photochromic scaffolds, circumventing the need for sophisticated molecular design and synthesis. Unfortunately, distance-dependence and environment-sensitivity of triplet-excited species remain as key challenges that severely impair sensitization efficiency and limit their practical availability. We present herein a nature-inspired nanoconfinement strategy in which a triplet-sensitized visible-light photoswitch/sensitizer system is assembled into nanoconfined micelles (d ∼ 40 nm). A ca. 10-fold efficiency increase of triplet-triplet energy transfer for photochromism as well as an amplified fluorescence on/off contrast upon bi-directional visible-light excitation (470/560 nm) was achieved in full aqueous media. By virtue of this, the hybrid photoswitchable system is successfully applied for both flash information encryption and multiple dynamic cell imaging assays, further proving its versatility in materials and life science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weixin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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5
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Marrett JM, Titi HM, Teoh Y, Friščić T. Supramolecular "baking powder": a hexameric halogen-bonded phosphonium salt cage encapsulates and functionalises small-molecule carbonyl compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 15:298-306. [PMID: 38131078 PMCID: PMC10732138 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a hexameric supramolecular cage assembled from the components of a Wittig-type phosphonium salt, held together by charge-assisted halogen bonds. The cage reliably encapsulates small polar molecules, including aldehydes and ketones, to provide host-guest systems where components are pre-formulated in a near-ideal stoichiometry for a mechanochemical base-activated Wittig olefination. These pre-formulated solids represent a proof-of-principle for a previously not reported supramolecular design of solid-state reactivity in which the host for molecular inclusion also acts as a complementary reagent for the subsequent chemical transformation of an array of guests. The host-guest solid-state complexes can act as supramolecular surrogates to their Wittig olefination vinylbromide products in a Sonogashira-type coupling that enables one-pot mechanochemical conversion of an aldehyde to an enediyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Marrett
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Yong Teoh
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
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6
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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7
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Hema K, Grommet AB, Białek MJ, Wang J, Schneider L, Drechsler C, Yanshyna O, Diskin-Posner Y, Clever GH, Klajn R. Guest Encapsulation Alters the Thermodynamic Landscape of a Coordination Host. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917939 PMCID: PMC10655118 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of self-assembled host molecules can profoundly affect the properties of the encapsulated guests. For example, a rigid cage with small windows can efficiently protect its contents from the environment; in contrast, tube-shaped, flexible hosts with large openings and an easily accessible cavity are ideally suited for catalysis. Here, we report a "Janus" nature of a Pd6L4 coordination host previously reported to exist exclusively as a tube isomer (T). We show that upon encapsulating various tetrahedrally shaped guests, T can reconfigure into a cage-shaped host (C) in quantitative yield. Extracting the guest affords empty C, which is metastable and spontaneously relaxes to T, and the T⇄C interconversion can be repeated for multiple cycles. Reversible toggling between two vastly different isomers paves the way toward controlling functional properties of coordination hosts "on demand".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Angela B. Grommet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oksana Yanshyna
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical
Research Support, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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8
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Huang YH, Lu YL, Ruan J, Zheng SP, Zhang XD, Liu CH, Qin YH, Cao ZM, Jiao Z, Xu HS, Su CY. Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Cages Containing 12 Adaptable Pockets for High-Order Guest Binding Beyond Biomimicry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23361-23371. [PMID: 37844297 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition lies at the heart of biological functions, which inspires lasting research in artificial host syntheses to mimic biomolecules that can recognize, process, and transport molecules with the highest level of complexity; nonetheless, the design principle and quantifying methodology of artificial hosts for multiple guests (≥4) remain a formidable task. Herein, we report two rhombic dodecahedral cages [(Zn/Fe)8Pd6-MOC-16], which embrace 12 adaptive pockets for multiguest binding with distinct conformational dynamics inherent in metal-center lability and are able to capture 4-24 guests to manifest a surprising complexity of binding scenarios. The exceptional high-order and hierarchical encapsulation phenomena suggest a wide host-guest dynamic-fit, enabling conformational adjustment and adaptation beyond the duality of induced-fit and conformational selection in protein interactions. A critical inspection of the host-guest binding events in solution has been performed by NMR and ESI-MS spectra, highlighting the importance of acquiring a reliable binding repertoire from different techniques and the uncertainty of quantifying the binding affinities of multiplying guests by an oversimplified method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hui Huang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia Ruan
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zheng
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chen-Hui Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Han Qin
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhong-Min Cao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai-Sen Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Gemen J, Church JR, Ruoko TP, Durandin N, Białek MJ, Weißenfels M, Feller M, Kazes M, Odaybat M, Borin VA, Kalepu R, Diskin-Posner Y, Oron D, Fuchter MJ, Priimagi A, Schapiro I, Klajn R. Disequilibrating azobenzenes by visible-light sensitization under confinement. Science 2023; 381:1357-1363. [PMID: 37733864 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of azobenzenes from their stable E isomer to the metastable Z state is the basis of numerous applications of these molecules. However, this reaction typically requires ultraviolet light, which limits applicability. In this study, we introduce disequilibration by sensitization under confinement (DESC), a supramolecular approach to induce the E-to-Z isomerization by using light of a desired color, including red. DESC relies on a combination of a macrocyclic host and a photosensitizer, which act together to selectively bind and sensitize E-azobenzenes for isomerization. The Z isomer lacks strong affinity for and is expelled from the host, which can then convert additional E-azobenzenes to the Z state. In this way, the host-photosensitizer complex converts photon energy into chemical energy in the form of out-of-equilibrium photostationary states, including ones that cannot be accessed through direct photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gemen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jonathan R Church
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nikita Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maren Weißenfels
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miri Kazes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Magdalena Odaybat
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 7SL, UK
| | - Veniamin A Borin
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Rishir Kalepu
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 7SL, UK
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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10
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Jana P, Koppayithodi S, Mahato S, Molla S, Bandyopadhyay S. Stable Diradical on the Dimethyldihydropyrene Scaffold. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7433-7439. [PMID: 37578893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The diradical character in a molecular architecture can be customized primarily in two ways: first, by employing a quinoidal pro-aromatic system with net energy gained by aromatization that compensates for the energy required to generate the diradical species and, second, by employing an antiaromatic system having easily accessible triplet states that impart a diradical character. We have chosen a 14π aromatic framework, Boekelheide's dimethyldihydropyrene, and perturbed its aromaticity through the construction of its quinoidal form. The perturbed aromaticity was evident from the bond alteration in the X-ray diffraction structure, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts, and quantum chemical calculations. The aromaticity was restored as the system underwent a transition to the biradical structure centered on two exocyclic carbons. In addition, upon photoexcitation and without using an external reducing reagent, the diradical could be converted to a radical anion and dianion form easily when dimethylformamide was used as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sudeep Koppayithodi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Samyadeb Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sariful Molla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
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11
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Chen-Wu J, Máximo P, Remón P, Parola AJ, Basílio N, Pischel U. Phototransduction in a supramolecular cascade: a mimic for essential features of the vision process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3431-3434. [PMID: 36857686 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The tailored design of a light-triggered supramolecular cascade results in an artificial machinery that assimilates the transduction of photons into chemical communication and the final release of a neurotransmitter. This is reminiscent of key steps in the natural vision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Chen-Wu
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Patrícia Máximo
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patricia Remón
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - A Jorge Parola
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Basílio
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071, Huelva, Spain.
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12
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Xu F, Feringa BL. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Polymers: From Light-Controlled Small Molecules to Smart Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204413. [PMID: 36239270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers are well-organized assemblies based on highly oriented and reversible noncovalent interactions containing photosensitive molecules as (co-)monomers. They have attracted increasing interest in smart materials and dynamic systems with precisely controllable functions, such as light-driven soft actuators, photoresponsive fluorescent anticounterfeiting and light-triggered electronic devices. The present review discusses light-activated molecules used in photoresponsive supramolecular polymers with their main photo-induced changes, e.g., geometry, dipole moment, and chirality. Based on these distinct changes, supramolecular polymers formed by light-activated molecules exhibit photoresponsive disassembly and reassembly. As a consequence, photo-induced supramolecular polymerization, "depolymerization," and regulation of the lengths and topologies are observed. Moreover, the light-controlled functions of supramolecular polymers, such as actuation, emission, and chirality transfer along length scales, are highlighted. Furthermore, a perspective on challenges and future opportunities is presented. Besides the challenge of moving from harmful UV light to visible/near IR light avoiding fatigue, and enabling biomedical applications, future opportunities include light-controlled supramolecular actuators with helical motion, light-modulated information transmission, optically recyclable materials, and multi-stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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13
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Gödtel P, Starrett J, Pianowski ZL. Heterocyclic Hemipiperazines: Water-Compatible Peptide-Derived Photoswitches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204009. [PMID: 36790823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hemipiperazines are a recently discovered class of peptide-derived molecular photoswitches with high biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. Here, for the first time we describe photochromism of heterocyclic hemipiperazines. They demonstrate long thermal lifetimes, and enlarged band separation between photoisomers. Efficient photoisomerization occurs under aqueous conditions, although with a need for organic co-solvent. Bidirectional switching with visible light is observed for an extended aromatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gödtel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jessica Starrett
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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14
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Küng R, Germann A, Krüsmann M, Niggemann LP, Meisner J, Karg M, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanoresponsive Metal-Organic Cage-Crosslinked Polymer Hydrogels. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300079. [PMID: 36715238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of metal-organic cage-crosslinked polymer hydrogels. To enable crosslinking of the cages and subsequent network formation, we used homodifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains terminally substituted with bipyridines as ligands for the Pd6 L4 corners. The encapsulation of guest molecules into supramolecular self-assembled metal-organic cage-crosslinked hydrogels, as well as ultrasound-induced disassembly of the cages with release of their cargo, is presented in addition to their characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, rheology, and comprehensive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The constrained geometries simulating external force (CoGEF) method and barriers using a force-modified potential energy surface (FMPES) suggest that the cage-opening mechanism starts with the dissociation of one pyridine ligand at around 0.5 nN. We show the efficient sonochemical activation of the hydrogels HG3 -6 , increasing the non-covalent guest-loading of completely unmodified drugs available for release by a factor of ten in comparison to non-crosslinked, star-shaped assemblies in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Germann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Krüsmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louisa P Niggemann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Thaggard GC, Leith GA, Sosnin D, Martin CR, Park KC, McBride MK, Lim J, Yarbrough BJ, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Wilson GR, Hill AR, Smith MD, Garashchuk S, Greytak AB, Aprahamian I, Shustova NB. Confinement-Driven Photophysics in Hydrazone-Based Hierarchical Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211776. [PMID: 36346406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Confinement-imposed photophysics was probed for novel stimuli-responsive hydrazone-based compounds demonstrating a conceptual difference in their behavior within 2D versus 3D porous matrices for the first time. The challenges associated with photoswitch isomerization arising from host interactions with photochromic compounds in 2D scaffolds could be overcome in 3D materials. Solution-like photoisomerization rate constants were realized for sterically demanding hydrazone derivatives in the solid state through their coordinative immobilization in 3D scaffolds. According to steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements and theoretical modeling, this approach provides access to hydrazone-based materials with fast photoisomerization kinetics in the solid state. Fast isomerization of integrated hydrazone derivatives allows for probing and tailoring resonance energy transfer (ET) processes as a function of excitation wavelength, providing a novel pathway for ET modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Daniil Sosnin
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Corey R Martin
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Margaret K McBride
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brandon J Yarbrough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Austin R Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Andrew B Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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16
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DiNardi RG, Douglas AO, Tian R, Price JR, Tajik M, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible‐Light‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Complexes: Improved Photoswitching Properties by Metal Ion Coordination**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205701. [PMID: 35972841 PMCID: PMC9541570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A photoswitchable ligand based on azobenzene is self‐assembled with palladium(II) ions to form a [Pd2(E‐L)4]4+ cage. Irradiation with 470 nm light results in the near‐quantitative switching to a monomeric species [Pd(Z‐L)2]2+, which can be reversed by irradiation with 405 nm light, or heat. The photoswitching selectivity towards the metastable isomer is significantly improved upon self‐assembly, and the thermal half‐life is extended from 40 days to 850 days, a promising approach for tuning photoswitching properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray G. DiNardi
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Ruoming Tian
- Crystallography laboratory Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jason R. Price
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- ANSTO The Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Rd Clayton Vic 3168 Australia
| | - Mohammad Tajik
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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17
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DiNardi RG, Douglas AO, Tian R, Price JR, Tajik M, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible‐Light‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Complexes: Improved Photoswitching Properties by Metal Ion Coordination**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ray G. DiNardi
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Ruoming Tian
- Crystallography laboratory Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jason R. Price
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- ANSTO The Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Rd Clayton Vic 3168 Australia
| | - Mohammad Tajik
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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18
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Kim D, Aktalay A, Jensen N, Uno K, Bossi ML, Belov VN, Hell SW. Supramolecular Complex of Photochromic Diarylethene and Cucurbit[7]uril: Fluorescent Photoswitching System for Biolabeling and Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14235-14247. [PMID: 35895999 PMCID: PMC9376957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photoswitchable fluorophores—proteins and synthetic
dyes—whose
emission is reversibly switched on and off upon illumination, are
powerful probes for bioimaging, protein tracking, and super-resolution
microscopy. Compared to proteins, synthetic dyes are smaller and brighter,
but their photostability and the number of achievable switching cycles
in aqueous solutions are lower. Inspired by the robust photoswitching
system of natural proteins, we designed a supramolecular system based
on a fluorescent diarylethene (DAE) and cucurbit[7]uril
(CB7) (denoted as DAE@CB7). In this assembly, the photoswitchable DAE molecule is encapsulated by CB7 according to the host–guest
principle, so that DAE is protected from the environment
and its fluorescence brightness and fatigue resistance in pure water
improved. The fluorescence quantum yield (Φfl) increased
from 0.40 to 0.63 upon CB7 complexation. The photoswitching of the DAE@CB7 complex, upon alternating UV and visible light irradiations,
can be repeated 2560 times in aqueous solution before half-bleaching
occurs (comparable to fatigue resistance of the reversibly photoswitchable
proteins), while free DAE can be switched on and off
only 80 times. By incorporation of reactive groups [maleimide and N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) ester], we prepared bioconjugates
of DAE@CB7 with antibodies and demonstrated both specific
labeling of intracellular proteins in cells and the reversible on/off
switching of the probes in cellular environments under irradiations
with 355 nm/485 nm light. The bright emission and robust photoswitching
of DAE-Male3@CB7 and DAE-NHS@CB7 complexes
(without exclusion of air oxygen and addition of any stabilizing/antifading
reagents) enabled confocal and super-resolution RESOLFT (reversible
saturable optical fluorescence transitions) imaging with apparent
70–90 nm optical resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dojin Kim
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (MPI-NAT), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ayse Aktalay
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPI-MR), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nickels Jensen
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (MPI-NAT), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kakishi Uno
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (MPI-NAT), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariano L Bossi
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPI-MR), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir N Belov
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (MPI-NAT), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (MPI-NAT), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Roemer M, Gillespie A, Jago D, Costa-Milan D, Alqahtani J, Hurtado-Gallego J, Sadeghi H, Lambert CJ, Spackman PR, Sobolev AN, Skelton BW, Grosjean A, Walkey M, Kampmann S, Vezzoli A, Simpson PV, Massi M, Planje I, Rubio-Bollinger G, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Sangtarash S, Piggott MJ, Nichols RJ, Koutsantonis GA. 2,7- and 4,9-Dialkynyldihydropyrene Molecular Switches: Syntheses, Properties, and Charge Transport in Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12698-12714. [PMID: 35767015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the syntheses of several functionalized dihydropyrene (DHP) molecular switches with different substitution patterns. Regioselective nucleophilic alkylation of a 5-substituted dimethyl isophthalate allowed the development of a workable synthetic protocol for the preparation of 2,7-alkyne-functionalized DHPs. Synthesis of DHPs with surface-anchoring groups in the 2,7- and 4,9-positions is described. The molecular structures of several intermediates and DHPs were elucidated by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Molecular properties and switching capabilities of both types of DHPs were assessed by light irradiation experiments, spectroelectrochemistry, and cyclic voltammetry. Spectroelectrochemistry, in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, shows reversible electrochemical switching from the DHP forms to the cyclophanediene (CPD) forms. Charge-transport behavior was assessed in single-molecule scanning tunneling microscope (STM) break junctions, combined with density functional theory-based quantum transport calculations. All DHPs with surface-contacting groups form stable molecular junctions. Experiments show that the molecular conductance depends on the substitution pattern of the DHP motif. The conductance was found to decrease with increasing applied bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Roemer
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Angus Gillespie
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David Jago
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David Costa-Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Jehan Alqahtani
- Department of Physics, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Hurtado-Gallego
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitatio de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R Spackman
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alexandre N Sobolev
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Brian W Skelton
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Arnaud Grosjean
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Walkey
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sven Kampmann
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter V Simpson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Inco Planje
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gabino Rubio-Bollinger
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitatio de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitatio de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia IMDEA-Nanociencia, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Piggott
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - George A Koutsantonis
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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20
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Gemen J, Białek MJ, Kazes M, Shimon LJ, Feller M, Semenov SN, Diskin-Posner Y, Oron D, Klajn R. Ternary host-guest complexes with rapid exchange kinetics and photoswitchable fluorescence. Chem 2022; 8:2362-2379. [PMID: 36133801 PMCID: PMC9473544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Confinement within molecular cages can dramatically modify the physicochemical properties of the encapsulated guest molecules, but such host-guest complexes have mainly been studied in a static context. Combining confinement effects with fast guest exchange kinetics could pave the way toward stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems—and ultimately materials—whose desired properties could be tailored “on demand” rapidly and reversibly. Here, we demonstrate rapid guest exchange between inclusion complexes of an open-window coordination cage that can simultaneously accommodate two guest molecules. Working with two types of guests, anthracene derivatives and BODIPY dyes, we show that the former can substantially modify the optical properties of the latter upon noncovalent heterodimer formation. We also studied the light-induced covalent dimerization of encapsulated anthracenes and found large effects of confinement on reaction rates. By coupling the photodimerization with the rapid guest exchange, we developed a new way to modulate fluorescence using external irradiation. A coordination cage encapsulates various anthracenes and BODIPY dyes as homodimers Mixing the two homodimers leads to the formation of anthracene-BODIPY heterodimers Encapsulation can either promote or suppress the photodimerization of anthracenes The homodimer/heterodimer equilibrium can be tuned by light-induced guest exchange
Confinement of small molecules within the cavities of natural and synthetic hosts can greatly affect the physicochemical properties of the bound species; however, to date, such host-guest complexes have been studied mainly in a static context. An important direction is the development of host-guest systems, whereby encapsulation and release of guest molecules can be reversibly controlled using light. Here, we report ternary inclusion complexes comprising an open-window coordination cage and two kinds of photoactive guests, namely, the photodimerizable anthracenes and BODIPY dyes. Alternating exposure to two different colors of light shifts the equilibrium between the encapsulated homodimers and heterodimers, thus dramatically affecting the system’s optical properties. We also find that the rates of both processes—anthracene dimerization and guest exchange—strongly depend on the substitution pattern on both types of guests, which highlights the importance of confinement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gemen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miri Kazes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Linda J.W. Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey N. Semenov
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Corresponding author
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21
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McTernan CT, Davies JA, Nitschke JR. Beyond Platonic: How to Build Metal-Organic Polyhedra Capable of Binding Low-Symmetry, Information-Rich Molecular Cargoes. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10393-10437. [PMID: 35436092 PMCID: PMC9185692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
field of metallosupramolecular chemistry has advanced rapidly
in recent years. Much work in this area has focused on the formation
of hollow self-assembled metal-organic architectures and exploration
of the applications of their confined nanospaces. These discrete,
soluble structures incorporate metal ions as ‘glue’
to link organic ligands together into polyhedra.Most of the architectures
employed thus far have been highly symmetrical, as these have been
the easiest to prepare. Such high-symmetry structures contain pseudospherical
cavities, and so typically bind roughly spherical guests. Biomolecules
and high-value synthetic compounds are rarely isotropic, highly-symmetrical
species. To bind, sense, separate, and transform such substrates,
new, lower-symmetry, metal-organic cages are needed. Herein we summarize
recent approaches, which taken together form the first draft of a
handbook for the design of higher-complexity, lower-symmetry, self-assembled
metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T McTernan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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22
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Encapsulation within a coordination cage modulates the reactivity of redox-active dyes. Commun Chem 2022; 5:44. [PMID: 36697669 PMCID: PMC9814915 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Confining molecules within well-defined nanosized spaces can profoundly alter their physicochemical characteristics. For example, the controlled aggregation of chromophores into discrete oligomers has been shown to tune their optical properties whereas encapsulation of reactive species within molecular hosts can increase their stability. The resazurin/resorufin pair has been widely used for detecting redox processes in biological settings; yet, how tight confinement affects the properties of these two dyes remains to be explored. Here, we show that a flexible PdII6L4 coordination cage can efficiently encapsulate both resorufin and resazurin in the form of dimers, dramatically modulating their optical properties. Furthermore, binding within the cage significantly decreases the reduction rate of resazurin to resorufin, and the rate of the subsequent reduction of resorufin to dihydroresorufin. During our studies, we also found that upon dilution, the PdII6L4 cage disassembles to afford PdII2L2 species, which lacks the ability to form inclusion complexes - a process that can be reversed upon the addition of the strongly binding resorufin/resazurin guests. We expect that the herein disclosed ability of a water-soluble cage to reversibly modulate the optical and chemical properties of a molecular redox probe will expand the versatility of synthetic fluorescent probes in biologically relevant environments.
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23
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Tarzia A, Jelfs KE. Unlocking the computational design of metal-organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3717-3730. [PMID: 35229861 PMCID: PMC8932387 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages are macrocyclic structures that can possess an intrinsic void that can hold molecules for encapsulation, adsorption, sensing, and catalysis applications. As metal-organic cages may be comprised from nearly any combination of organic and metal-containing components, cages can form with diverse shapes and sizes, allowing for tuning toward targeted properties. Therefore, their near-infinite design space is almost impossible to explore through experimentation alone and computational design can play a crucial role in exploring new systems. Although high-throughput computational design and screening workflows have long been known as powerful tools in drug and materials discovery, their application in exploring metal-organic cages is more recent. We show examples of structure prediction and host-guest/catalytic property evaluation of metal-organic cages. These examples are facilitated by advances in methods that handle metal-containing systems with improved accuracy and are the beginning of the development of automated cage design workflows. We finally outline a scope for how high-throughput computational methods can assist and drive experimental decisions as the field pushes toward functional and complex metal-organic cages. In particular, we highlight the importance of considering realistic, flexible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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24
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Yanshyna O, Avram L, Shimon LJW, Klajn R. Coexistence of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 inclusion complexes of indigo carmine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3461-3464. [PMID: 35064258 PMCID: PMC8908503 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We show that the optical properties of indigo carmine can be modulated by encapsulation within a coordination cage. Depending on the host/guest molar ratio, the cage can predominantly encapsulate either one or two dye molecules. The 1 : 1 complex is fluorescent, unique for an indigo dye in an aqueous solution. We have also found that binding two dye molecules stabilizes a previously unknown conformation of the cage. We show that the optical properties of indigo carmine can be modulated by encapsulation within a coordination cage.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Yanshyna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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25
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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26
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Kohl F, Gerwien A, Hampel F, Mayer P, Dube H. Hemithioindigo-Based Trioxobicyclononadiene: 3D Multiswitching of Electronic and Geometric Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2847-2852. [PMID: 35157795 PMCID: PMC8874893 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Molecular photoswitches
that offer simultaneous precise control
over geometrical and electronic changes are rare yet highly sought
tools for the development of responsive nanosystems. Here we present
such an advantageous combination of property control within a novel
multiphotoswitch architecture. Hemithioindigo-based trioxobicyclononadiene
(HTI-TOND) offers a rigid three-dimensional molecular structure that
undergoes different exotic rearrangement reactions upon photochemical
and thermal signaling. Three to four different states with distinct
geometric and electronic properties can be accessed reversibly in
high yields within this molecular framework. Thus, a highly promising
and unique switching tool has become available to instill the next
level of addressability at the smallest scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Kohl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Delle Piane M, Pesce L, Cioni M, Pavan GM. Reconstructing Reactivity in Dynamic Host-Guest Systems at Atomistic Resolution: Amide Hydrolysis Under Confinement in the Cavity of a Coordination Cage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11232-11245. [PMID: 36320487 PMCID: PMC9517058 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial confinement is widely employed by nature to attain unique efficiency in controlling chemical reactions. Notable examples are enzymes, which selectively bind reactants and exquisitely regulate their conversion into products. In an attempt to mimic natural catalytic systems, supramolecular metal–organic cages capable of encapsulating guests in their cavity and of controlling/accelerating chemical reactions under confinement are attracting increasing interest. However, the complex nature of these systems, where reactants/products continuously exchange in-and-out of the host, makes it often difficult to elucidate the factors controlling the reactivity in dynamic regimes. As a case study, here we focus on a coordination cage that can encapsulate amide guests and enhance their hydrolysis by favoring their mechanical twisting towards reactive molecular configurations under confinement. We designed an advanced multiscale simulation approach that allows us to reconstruct the reactivity in such host–guest systems in dynamic regimes. In this way, we can characterize amide encapsulation/expulsion in/out of the cage cavity (thermodynamics and kinetics), coupling such host–guest dynamic equilibrium with characteristic hydrolysis reaction constants. All computed kinetic/thermodynamic data are then combined, obtaining a statistical estimation of reaction acceleration in the host–guest system that is found in optimal agreement with the available experimental trends. This shows how, to understand the key factors controlling accelerations/variations in the reaction under confinement, it is necessary to take into account all dynamic processes that occur as intimately entangled in such host–guest systems. This also provides us with a flexible computational framework, useful to build structure–dynamics–property relationships for a variety of reactive host–guest systems. Encapsulation of guests in metal–organic cages allows control over chemical reactivity. Focusing on the hydrolysis of amides, here we show an effective molecular simulation approach to reconstruct reactivity in host–guest systems in dynamic regimes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Delle Piane
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Luca Pesce
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
| | - Matteo Cioni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
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28
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Bruekers JP, Bakker R, White PB, Tinnemans P, Elemans JA, Nolte RJ. Stabilization of thermally unstable photoisomers of pyridinium-functionalized hemithioindigo switches by host-guest complexation. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Sahoo D, Benny R, Ks NK, De S. Stimuli-Responsive Chiroptical Switching. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100322. [PMID: 34694736 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Chirality" governs many fundamental properties in chemistry and biochemistry. While early investigations on stereochemistry are primarily dedicated to static chirality, there is an increasing interest in the field of dynamic chirality (chiral switches). These chiral switches are essential in controlling the directionality in molecular motors. Dynamic chiralities are equally crucial in switchable stereoselectivity, switchable asymmetric catalysis and enantioselective separation. Herein, we limit our discussion to recent advances on stimuli-induced chiroptical switching of axial, helical, and planar chirality in response to external stimuli. We also discuss a few examples of applications of the switchable chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiprava Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Renitta Benny
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Nithish Kumar Ks
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Soumen De
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
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30
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Li RJ, Tessarolo J, Lee H, Clever GH. Multi-stimuli Control over Assembly and Guest Binding in Metallo-supramolecular Hosts Based on Dithienylethene Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3865-3873. [PMID: 33673736 PMCID: PMC7975281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
It is difficult to
assemble multi-component metallo-supramolecular
architectures in a non-statistical fashion, which limits their development
toward functional materials. Herein, we report a system of interconverting
bowls and cages that are able to respond to various selective stimuli
(light, ligands, anions), based on the self-assembly of a photochromic
dithienylethene (DTE) ligand, La, with PdII cations. By combining the concept of “coordination
sphere engineering”, relying on bulky quinoline donors, with
reversible photoswitching between the ligand’s open (o-La) and closed (c-La) forms, a [Pd2(o-La)4] cage (o-C) and a [Pd2(c-La)3] bowl (c-B) were obtained,
respectively. This structural rearrangement modulates the system’s
guest uptake capabilities. Among three bis-sulfonate guests (G1, G2, and G3), the cage can encapsulate
only the smallest (G1), while the bowl binds all of them.
Bowl c-B was further used to synthesize
a series of heteroleptic cages, [Pd2LA3LB], representing a motif never reported before. Additional
ligands (Lc-f), with short
or long arms, tune the cavity size, thus enabling or preventing guest
uptake. Addition of Br–/Ag+ makes it
possible to change the overall charge, again triggering guest uptake
and release, as well as fourth ligand de-/recomplexation. In combination,
site-selective introduction of functionality and application of external
stimuli lead to an intricate system of hosts with different guest
preferences. A high degree of complexity is achieved through cooperativity
between only a few components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Luo D, Guang L, Lin R, Zhang N, Liu M, Lin R, Sun W, Liu J. Chromic Properties of Carboxyphenyl Viologen Induced by Complexation in Cucurbit[7]uril. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Long‐Yu Guang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Rong‐Guang Lin
- College of Life Sciences Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Ning‐Ning Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 China
| | - Mei‐Chen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Rui‐Lian Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Wen‐Qi Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Jing‐Xin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China
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32
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Shi ZT, Hu YX, Hu Z, Zhang Q, Chen SY, Chen M, Yu JJ, Yin GQ, Sun H, Xu L, Li X, Feringa BL, Yang HB, Tian H, Qu DH. Visible-Light-Driven Rotation of Molecular Motors in Discrete Supramolecular Metallacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:442-452. [PMID: 33371675 PMCID: PMC7809693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The organization of molecular motors in supramolecular assemblies to allow the amplification and transmission of motion and collective action is an important step toward future responsive systems. Metal-coordination-driven directional self-assembly into supramolecular metallacycles provides a powerful strategy to position several motor units in larger structures with well-defined geometries. Herein, we present a pyridyl-modified molecular motor ligand (MPY) which upon coordination with geometrically distinct di-Pt(II) acceptors assembles into discrete metallacycles of different sizes and shapes. This coordination leads to a red-shift of the absorption bands of molecular motors, making these motorized metallacycles responsive to visible light. Photochemical and thermal isomerization experiments demonstrated that the light-driven rotation of the motors in the metallacycles is similar to that in free MPY in solution. CD studies show that the helicity inversions associated with each isomerization step in the rotary cycle are preserved. To explore collective motion, the trimeric motor-containing metallacycle was aggregated with heparin through multiple electrostatic interactions, to construct a multi-component hierarchical system. SEM, TEM, and DLS measurements revealed that the photo- and thermal-responsive molecular motor units enabled selective manipulation of the secondary supramolecular aggregation process without dissociating the primary metallacycle structures. These visible-light-responsive metallacycles, with intrinsic multiple rotary motors, offer prospects for cooperative operations, dynamic hierarchical self-assembled systems, and adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Tao Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi-Xiong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhubin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guang-Qiang Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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33
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Ghosh S, Hossain MS, Chatterjee S, Rahaman SA, Bandyopadhyay S. Light-Gated Modulation of Electronic Mobility of a Dihydropyrene-Based Photochromic Coordination Polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52983-52991. [PMID: 33185437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced modulation of electronic conductance has been achieved by employing an AgI-based two-dimensional coordination polymer (CP) having pyridine-functionalized photochromic dimethyldihydropyrene-cyclophanediene (DHP-CPD) π-switch. Both the coordination polymer and the organic photochromic core were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The coordination polymer displayed an excellent conductance in the ON state of the switch in the closed form of DHP. Upon exposure to visible light, the π-switch in the CPD form loses its planarity, turning the switch OFF, which is reflected in the drastic reduction of the conductance. Exposure to UV light turns the switch back ON wherein the high electronic conductance of the polymer can be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Munshi Sahid Hossain
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Sheelbhadra Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Sk Atiur Rahaman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
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34
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Abstract
![]()
In nature, light is harvested by photoactive proteins to drive
a range of biological processes, including photosynthesis, phototaxis,
vision, and ultimately life. Bacteriorhodopsin, for example, is a
protein embedded within archaeal cell membranes that binds the chromophore
retinal within its hydrophobic pocket. Exposure to light triggers
regioselective photoisomerization of the confined retinal, which in
turn initiates a cascade of conformational changes within the protein,
triggering proton flux against the concentration gradient, providing
the microorganisms with the energy to live. We are inspired by these
functions in nature to harness light energy using synthetic photoswitches
under confinement. Like retinal, synthetic photoswitches require some
degree of conformational flexibility to isomerize. In nature, the
conformational change associated with retinal isomerization is accommodated
by the structural flexibility of the opsin host, yet it results in
steric communication between the chromophore and the protein. Similarly,
we strive to design systems wherein isomerization of confined photoswitches
results in steric communication between a photoswitch and its confining
environment. To achieve this aim, a balance must be struck between
molecular crowding and conformational freedom under confinement: too
much crowding prevents switching, whereas too much freedom resembles
switching of isolated molecules in solution, preventing communication. In this Account, we discuss five classes of synthetic light-switchable
compounds—diarylethenes, anthracenes, azobenzenes, spiropyrans,
and donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts—comparing their
behaviors under confinement and in solution. The environments employed
to confine these photoswitches are diverse, ranging from planar surfaces
to nanosized cavities within coordination cages, nanoporous frameworks,
and nanoparticle aggregates. The trends that emerge are primarily
dependent on the nature of the photoswitch and not on the material
used for confinement. In general, we find that photoswitches requiring
less conformational freedom for switching are, as expected, more straightforward
to isomerize reversibly under confinement. Because these compounds
undergo only small structural changes upon isomerization, however,
switching does not propagate into communication with their environment.
Conversely, photoswitches that require more conformational freedom
are more challenging to switch under confinement but also can influence
system-wide behavior. Although we are primarily interested in
the effects of geometric
constraints on photoswitching under confinement, additional effects
inevitably emerge when a compound is removed from solution and placed
within a new, more crowded environment. For instance, we have found
that compounds that convert to zwitterionic isomers upon light irradiation
often experience stabilization of these forms under confinement. This
effect results from the mutual stabilization of zwitterions that are
brought into close proximity on surfaces or within cavities. Furthermore,
photoswitches can experience preorganization under confinement, influencing
the selectivity and efficiency of their photoreactions. Because intermolecular
interactions arising from confinement cannot be considered independently
from the effects of geometric constraints, we describe all confinement
effects concurrently throughout this Account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B. Grommet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lucia M. Lee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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35
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Gemen J, Ahrens J, Shimon LJW, Klajn R. Modulating the Optical Properties of BODIPY Dyes by Noncovalent Dimerization within a Flexible Coordination Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17721-17729. [PMID: 33006898 PMCID: PMC7564082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of organic molecules can drastically affect their physicochemical properties. For instance, the optical properties of BODIPY dyes are inherently related to the degree of aggregation and the mutual orientation of BODIPY units within these aggregates. Whereas the noncovalent aggregation of various BODIPY dyes has been studied in diverse media, the ill-defined nature of these aggregates has made it difficult to elucidate the structure-property relationships. Here, we studied the encapsulation of three structurally simple BODIPY derivatives within the hydrophobic cavity of a water-soluble, flexible PdII6L4 coordination cage. The cavity size allowed for the selective encapsulation of two dye molecules, irrespective of the substitution pattern on the BODIPY core. Working with a model, a pentamethyl-substituted derivative, we found that the mutual orientation of two BODIPY units in the cage's cavity was remarkably similar to that in the crystalline state of the free dye, allowing us to isolate and characterize the smallest possible noncovalent H-type BODIPY aggregate, namely, an H-dimer. Interestingly, a CF3-substituted BODIPY, known for forming J-type aggregates, was also encapsulated as an H-dimer. Taking advantage of the dynamic nature of encapsulation, we developed a system in which reversible switching between H- and J-aggregates can be induced for multiple cycles simply by addition and subsequent destruction of the cage. We expect that the ability to rapidly and reversibly manipulate the optical properties of supramolecular inclusion complexes in aqueous media will open up avenues for developing detection systems that operate within biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gemen
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Johannes Ahrens
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße
38, 67056 Ludwigshafen
am Rhein, Germany
| | - Linda J. W. Shimon
- Chemical
Research Support, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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