1
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Li B, Zhang HH, Luo Y, Yu S, Goddard Iii WA, Dang Y. Interception of Transient Allyl Radicals with Low-Valent Allylpalladium Chemistry: Tandem Pd(0/II/I)-Pd(0/II/I/II) Cycles in Photoredox/Pd Dual-Catalytic Enantioselective C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Homocoupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6377-6387. [PMID: 38385755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We present comprehensive computational and experimental studies on the mechanism of an asymmetric photoredox/Pd dual-catalytic reductive C(sp3)-C(sp3) homocoupling of allylic electrophiles. In stark contrast to the canonical assumption that photoredox promotes bond formation via facile reductive elimination from high-valent metal-organic species, our computational analysis revealed an intriguing low-valent allylpalladium pathway that features tandem operation of Pd(0/II/I)-Pd(0/II/I/II) cycles. Specifically, we propose that (i) the photoredox/Pd system enables the in situ generation of allyl radicals from low-valent Pd(I)-allyl species, and (ii) effective interception of the fleeting allyl radical by the chiral Pd(I)-allyl species results in the formation of an enantioenriched product. Notably, the cooperation of the two pathways highlights the bifunctional role of Pd(I)-allyl species in the generation and interception of transient allyl radicals. Moreover, the mechanism implies divergent substrate-activation modes in this homocoupling reaction, suggesting a theoretical possibility for cross-coupling. Combined, the current study offers a novel mechanistic hypothesis for photoredox/Pd dual catalysis and highlights the use of low-valent allylpalladium as a means to efficiently intercept radicals for selective asymmetric bond constructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hong-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - William A Goddard Iii
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Chen D, Zhang M, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Shao X, Xu X, Li Z, Yang WL. Iridium/Acid Dual-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza-ene-type Allylic Alkylation of Nitro Ketene Aminals with Racemic Allylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38179928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The enantioselective allylic alkylation of nitro ketene aminals with racemic allylic alcohols was realized by iridium/acid dual catalysis. An allyl group was installed on the α-position of nitro ketene aminals in a branched-selective manner in high efficiency with excellent enantioselectivities (93-99% ee). The protocol was applied to the late-stage modification of neonicotinoid insecticides, which directly furnished a novel neonicotinoid analogue with good insecticidal activity against Aphis craccivora (LC50 = 6.40 mg/L). On the basis of the control experiment, an aza-ene-type allylic alkylation reaction mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diancong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Man Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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3
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Cusumano AQ, Zhang T, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. Origins of Enhanced Enantioselectivity in the Pd-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation of N-Benzoyl Lactams. Catalysts 2023; 13:1258. [PMID: 37990660 PMCID: PMC10662798 DOI: 10.3390/catal13091258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore the origins of the marked improvement in enantioselectivity in the inner-sphere (PHOX)Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation of N-benzoyl lactam nucleophiles over their carbocyclic counterparts. We employ density functional theory calculations to aid in the interpretation of experimental results. Ultimately, we propose that the enhancement in enantioselectivity arises primarily from noncovalent interactions between the substrate and ligand rather than secondary substrate chelation, as previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q. Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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4
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Shimazumi R, Tanimoto R, Tobisu M. Nickel/Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed Conversion of Allyl Esters to Ketones via the Formal Deletion of Oxygen. Org Lett 2023; 25:6440-6445. [PMID: 37594903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the catalytic conversion of allylic esters into the corresponding ketones by the formal deletion of an oxygen atom. The key to the success of the reaction is the dual use of nickel and photoredox catalysts; the former mediates C-O bond activation and C-C bond formation, while the latter is responsible for deoxygenation of the acyloxy group using PPh3 as a stoichiometric reductant. Catalytic replacement of an oxygen atom of an allyl ester with a tethered alkene is also accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Shimazumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Riku Tanimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Flesch KN, Cusumano AQ, Chen PJ, Strong CS, Sardini SR, Du YE, Bartberger MD, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. Divergent Catalysis: Catalytic Asymmetric [4+2] Cycloaddition of Palladium Enolates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11301-11310. [PMID: 37186945 PMCID: PMC10388310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric decarboxylative [4+2] cycloaddition from a catalytically generated chiral Pd enolate was developed, forging four contiguous stereocenters in a single transformation. This was achieved through a strategy termed divergent catalysis, wherein departure from a known catalytic cycle enables novel reactivity of a targeted intermediate prior to re-entry into the original cycle. Mechanistic studies including quantum mechanics calculations, Eyring analysis, and KIE studies offer insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin N Flesch
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peng-Jui Chen
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christian Santiago Strong
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Stephen R Sardini
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yun E Du
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Nowak-Król A, Dydio P. The 55 th Bürgenstock Conference under the Banner of Sustainability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214722. [PMID: 36477955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak-Król
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Tan SZ, Chen P, Zhu L, Gan MQ, Ouyang Q, Du W, Chen YC. Use of ( E, E)-Dienoic Acids as Switchable ( E, E)- and ( Z, E)-Dienyl Anion Surrogates via Ligand-Controlled Palladium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22689-22697. [PMID: 36468863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are not readily applied as carbon-based nucleophiles due to their intrinsic acidic group. Here, we demonstrate that free (E,E)-2,4-dienoic acids form electron-neutral and highest occupied molecular orbital-raised η2-complexes with Pd(0) and undergo Friedel-Crafts-type additions to imines with exclusive α-regioselectivity, giving formal dienylated products after decarboxylation. Unusual and switchable (E,E)- and (Z,E)-selectivity, along with excellent enantioselectivity, is achieved via ligand-controlled outer-sphere or inner-sphere reaction modes, respectively, which are well supported by comprehensive density functional theory calculation studies. An unprecedented formal reductive Mannich reaction between (E,E)-dienoic acids and imines is also developed to furnish enantioenriched β-amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Zhong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
| | - Meng-Qi Gan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China.,College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
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8
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Nowak‐Król A, Dydio P. The 55
th
Bürgenstock Conference under the Banner of Sustainability**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak‐Król
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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9
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Pinilla C, Salamanca V, Lledós A, Albéniz AC. Palladium-Catalyzed Ortho C-H Arylation of Unprotected Anilines: Chemo- and Regioselectivity Enabled by the Cooperating Ligand [2,2'-Bipyridin]-6(1 H)-one. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14527-14532. [PMID: 36504914 PMCID: PMC9724229 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed C-H functionalizations on the aryl ring of anilines usually need cumbersome N-protection-deprotection strategies to ensure chemoselectivity. We describe here the Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation of unprotected anilines with no competition of the N-arylation product. The ligand [2,2'-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one drives the chemoselectivity by kinetic differentiation in the product-forming step, while playing a cooperating role in the C-H cleavage step. The latter is favored in an anionic intermediate where the NH moiety is deprotonated, driving the regioselectivity of the reaction toward ortho substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Pinilla
- IU
CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Salamanca
- IU
CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain,Email for A.L.:
| | - Ana C. Albéniz
- IU
CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain,Email
for A.C.A.:
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10
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Masson-Makdissi J, Ching J, Reid CM, Lautens M. Pd/Rh Dual Catalysis: Tandem Isomerization–Allylation to Access α-Quaternary Carbonyl Compounds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Masson-Makdissi
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Justin Ching
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Cian M. Reid
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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11
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Tang T, Jones E, Wild T, Hazra A, Minteer SD, Sigman MS. Investigating Oxidative Addition Mechanisms of Allylic Electrophiles with Low-Valent Ni/Co Catalysts Using Electroanalytical and Data Science Techniques. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20056-20066. [PMID: 36265077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The catalysis by a π-allyl-Co/Ni complex has drawn significant attention recently due to its distinct reactivity in reductive Co/Ni-catalyzed allylation reactions. Despite significant success in reaction development, the critical oxidative addition mechanism to form the π-allyl-Co/Ni complex remains unclear. Herein, we present a study to investigate this process with four catalysis-relevant complexes: Co(MeBPy)Br2, Co(MePhen)Br2, Ni(MeBPy)Br2, and Ni(MePhen)Br2. Enabled by an electroanalytical platform, Co(I)/Ni(I) species were found responsible for the oxidative addition of allyl acetate. Kinetic features of different substrates were characterized through linear free-energy relationship (Hammett-type) studies, statistical modeling, and a DFT computational study. In this process, a coordination-ionization-type transition state was proposed, sharing a similar feature with Pd(0)-mediated oxidative addition in Tsuji-Trost reactions. Computational and ligand structural analysis studies support this mechanism, which should provide key information for next-generation catalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eli Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Thérèse Wild
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Avijit Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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12
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Horst B, Verdoorn DS, Hennig S, van der Heijden G, Ruijter E. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Limaspermidine and (-)-Kopsinine by a Nitroaryl Transfer Cascade Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210592. [PMID: 36004723 PMCID: PMC9826323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an intramolecular conjugate addition/Truce-Smiles/E1cb cascade of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide-functionalized cyclohexenones as a new entry to the core scaffold of monoterpene indole alkaloids. The method was applied to the asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-limaspermidine, (-)-kopsinilam, and (-)-kopsinine, as well as the framework of the kopsifoline alkaloids, thus highlighting its complementarity to existing approaches involving the use of indole-based starting materials or the interrupted Fischer indole synthesis. Furthermore, we show that the cascade tolerates various substituents on the nitroarene, opening the way to other natural products as well as non-natural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Horst
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)De Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniël S. Verdoorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)De Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sven Hennig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)De Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gydo van der Heijden
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)De Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)De Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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13
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Guiry PJ, Brennan TB, Müller-Bunz H. The Synthesis of Novel P,N-Ferrocenylpyrrolidine-Containing Ligands and Their Application in Pd-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation – A Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigation. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1752342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe synthesis of a series of planar chiral P,N-ferrocenylpyrrolidine-containing ligands, with varying substituents at the phosphorus donor atom, is described. The phosphorus donor atom was introduced via a diastereoselective ortho-directed metalation of N-methylpyrrolidinyl ferrocene followed by a quench with various chlorophosphines. These P,N systems are very active in Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenylpropenyl acetate with dimethylmalonate (conversions of up to 100%) and demonstrated good levels of enantioselectivity (up to 85% ees). Good selectivity for the (R)-enantiomer was observed and mechanistic studies, involving X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopic experiments, were employed to help rationalize the observed stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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14
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Horst B, Verdoorn DS, Hennig S, van der Heijden G, Ruijter E. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (–)‐Limaspermidine and (–)‐Kopsinine by a Nitroaryl Transfer Cascade Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Horst
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Daniël S. Verdoorn
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Sven Hennig
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Eelco Ruijter
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences De Boelelaan 11081081 HZNetherlands 1081 HZ Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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15
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Shimazumi R, Tanimoto R, Kodama T, Tobisu M. Palladium-Catalyzed Unimolecular Fragment Coupling of N-Allylamides via Elimination of Isocyanate. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11033-11043. [PMID: 35695391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed unimolecular fragment coupling (UFC) is defined as processes that forge new chemical bonds through the extrusion of molecules, such as CO and CO2, and the subsequent recombination of the remaining fragments. Herein, we report on a new UFC reaction that involves the palladium-catalyzed elimination of an isocyanate fragment from an amide, with the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. An organometallic intermediate that is relevant to the catalytic reaction was characterized by X-ray crystallography. This UFC reaction enables the late-stage transformation of an amide functionality, allowing amides to be used as a convertible directing or protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Shimazumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Riku Tanimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Yuan M, Gutierrez O. Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities of Dual Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Couplings. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022; 12. [PMID: 35664524 PMCID: PMC9162266 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis has revolutionized the field of C-C cross-coupling. However, in comparison to the development of synthetic methods, detailed mechanistic investigations of these catalytic systems are lagging. To improve the mechanistic understanding, computational tools have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in these complex catalytic transformations. Based on the reported computational studies, it appears that the mechanistic picture of catalytic systems is not generally applicable, but is rather dependent on the specific choice of substrate, ligands, photocatalysts, etc. Given the complexity of these systems, the need for more accurate computational methods, readily available and user-friendly dynamics simulation tools, and data-driven approaches is clear in order to understand at the molecular level the mechanisms of these transformations. In particular, we anticipate that such improvement of theoretical methods will become crucial to advance the understanding of excited-state properties and dynamics of key species, as well as to enable faster and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways. Further, with greater collaboration between computational, experimental, and spectroscopic communities, the mechanistic investigation of photoredox/Ni dual-catalytic reactions is expected to thrive quickly, facilitating the design of novel catalytic systems and promoting our understanding of the reaction selectivity.
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17
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Wu H, Hu L, Shi Y, Shen Z, Huang G. Computational Insights into Palladium/Boron-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Water: Outer-Sphere versus Inner-Sphere Pathway and Origins of Regio- and Enantioselectivities. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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18
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Kelly S, Goddard R, Guiry PJ. The Preparation and Resolution of Novel Axially Chiral Pyrazine‐Containing P,N Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis and Their Application in Palladium‐Catalysed Allylic Substitution. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kelly
- School of Chemistry Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield IE-Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 DE-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- School of Chemistry Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield IE-Dublin 4 Ireland
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19
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Liu J, Laguna EM, Kizhakkayil Mangadan AR, Kang K, Aponick A. The Enantioselective Intermolecular Saegusa Allylation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Edward M. Laguna
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Arun Raj Kizhakkayil Mangadan
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kyoungmin Kang
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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20
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Proofreading experimentally assigned stereochemistry through Q2MM predictions in Pd-catalyzed allylic aminations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6719. [PMID: 34795274 PMCID: PMC8602308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution by carbon or nitrogen nucleophiles is a key transformation that is particularly useful for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Unfortunately, the selection of a suitable ligand/substrate combination often requires significant screening effort. Here, we show that a transition state force field (TSFF) derived by the quantum-guided molecular mechanics (Q2MM) method can be used to rapidly screen ligand/substrate combinations. Testing of this method on 77 literature reactions revealed several cases where the computationally predicted major enantiomer differed from the one reported. Interestingly, experimental follow-up led to a reassignment of the experimentally observed configuration. This result demonstrates the power of mechanistically based methods to predict and, where necessary, correct the stereochemical outcome.
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21
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Hasebe M, Tsutsumi T, Taketsugu T, Tsuneda T. One-to-One Correspondence between Reaction Pathways and Reactive Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6901-6909. [PMID: 34694803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The one-to-one correspondence between reaction pathways in the potential energy theory and reactive orbitals in the electronic theory for reactions is presented. In this study, the reactive orbital energy method is applied to the intrinsic reaction coordinates of the global reaction route map generated by an automated reaction path search method. The reactive orbital energy method specifies the pairs of occupied and unoccupied reactive orbitals driving chemical reactions and determines whether the reactions are electron transfer-driven or dynamics-driven. Surprisingly, it is found that the reactive orbital pairs are determined one by one for the electron transfer-driven reaction pathways from an identical molecule. The reactive orbital energy method is also found to provide the sophisticated interpretations of reactions for the electronic motions. This one-to-one correspondence is expected to trigger the unification of the potential energy theory and the electronic theory for reactions that have been independently developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hasebe
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuro Tsutsumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuneda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Science Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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22
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Rodriguez J, Holmsen MSM, García-Rodeja Y, Sosa Carrizo ED, Lavedan P, Mallet-Ladeira S, Miqueu K, Bourissou D. Nucleophilic Addition to π-Allyl Gold(III) Complexes: Evidence for Direct and Undirect Paths. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11568-11581. [PMID: 34310877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
π-Allyl complexes play a prominent role in organometallic chemistry and have attracted considerable attention, in particular the π-allyl Pd(II) complexes which are key intermediates in the Tsuji-Trost allylic substitution reaction. Despite the huge interest in π-complexes of gold, π-allyl Au(III) complexes were only authenticated very recently. Herein, we report the reactivity of (P,C)-cyclometalated Au(III) π-allyl complexes toward β-diketo enolates. Behind an apparently trivial outcome, i.e. the formation of the corresponding allylation products, meticulous NMR studies combined with DFT calculations revealed a complex and rich mechanistic picture. Nucleophilic attack can occur at the central and terminal positions of the π-allyl as well as the metal itself. All paths are observed and are actually competitive, whereas addition to the terminal positions largely prevails for Pd(II). Auracyclobutanes and π-alkene Au(I) complexes were authenticated spectroscopically and crystallographically, and Au(III) σ-allyl complexes were unambiguously characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Nucleophilic additions to the central position of the π-allyl and to gold are reversible. Over time, the auracyclobutanes and the Au(III) σ-allyl complexes evolve into the π-alkene Au(I) complexes and release the C-allylation products. The relevance of auracyclobutanes in gold-mediated cyclopropanation was demonstrated by inducing C-C coupling with iodine. The molecular orbitals of the π-allyl Au(III) complexes were analyzed in-depth, and the reaction profiles for the addition of β-diketo enolates were thoroughly studied by DFT. Special attention was devoted to the regioselectivity of the nucleophilic attack, but C-C coupling to give the allylation products was also considered to give a complete picture of the reaction progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodriguez
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Marte Sofie Martinsen Holmsen
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Yago García-Rodeja
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Pierre Lavedan
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (UAR 2599), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (UAR 2599), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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23
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Xu H, Li B, Liu Z, Dang Y. Mechanistic Origins of Stereodivergence in Asymmetric Cascade Allylation and Cyclization Reactions Enabled by Synergistic Cu/Ir Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zheyuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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24
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Meaney K, Goddard R, Bronger RP, Guiry PJ. The preparation of ferrocene-containing phosphinamine ligands possessing central and planar chirality and their application in palladium-catalysed allylic substitution. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Pàmies O, Margalef J, Cañellas S, James J, Judge E, Guiry PJ, Moberg C, Bäckvall JE, Pfaltz A, Pericàs MA, Diéguez M. Recent Advances in Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: From Design to Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4373-4505. [PMID: 33739109 PMCID: PMC8576828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review compiles the evolution, mechanistic understanding, and more recent advances in enantioselective Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution and decarboxylative and oxidative allylic substitutions. For each reaction, the catalytic data, as well as examples of their application to the synthesis of more complex molecules, are collected. Sections in which we discuss key mechanistic aspects for high selectivity and a comparison with other metals (with advantages and disadvantages) are also included. For Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, the catalytic data are grouped according to the type of nucleophile employed. Because of the prominent position of the use of stabilized carbon nucleophiles and heteronucleophiles, many chiral ligands have been developed. To better compare the results, they are presented grouped by ligand types. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative reactions are mainly promoted by PHOX or Trost ligands, which justifies organizing this section in chronological order. For asymmetric oxidative allylic substitution the results are grouped according to the type of nucleophile used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pàmies
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Margalef
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Discovery
Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A. Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jinju James
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eric Judge
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Moberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Pfaltz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel. St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Diéguez
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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26
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Shi Y, Wu H, Huang G. Rhodium( i)/bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective amination of allylic carbonates: a computational study. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to investigate the rhodium(i)/bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective amination of allylic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
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27
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Cusumano AQ, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. The Transition Metal Catalyzed [π2s + π2s + σ2s + σ2s] Pericyclic Reaction: Woodward-Hoffmann Rules, Aromaticity, and Electron Flow. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19033-19039. [PMID: 33107727 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the fundamental step responsible for enantioinduction in the inner-sphere asymmetric Tsuji allylic alkylation is C-C bond formation through a seven-membered pericyclic transition state. We employ an extensive series of quantum mechanics (QM) calculations to delineate how the electronic structure of the Pd-catalyzed C-C bond forming process controls the reaction. Phase inversion introduced by d orbitals renders the Pd-catalyzed [π2s + π2s + σ2s + σ2s] reaction symmetry-allowed in the ground state, proceeding through a transition state with Craig-Möbius-like σ-aromaticity. Lastly, we connect QM to fundamental valence bonding concepts by deriving an ab initio "arrow-pushing" mechanism that describes the flow of electron density through the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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