1
|
Shen W, Chen X, Zhou L, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Sun H, Shen J. Discovery of the potent covalent inhibitor with an acrylate warhead for SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 112:129942. [PMID: 39218405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused severe consequences in terms of public health and economy worldwide since its outbreak in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease (3CLpro), crucial for the viral replications, is an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. In this study, several kinds of Michael acceptor warheads were utilized to hunt for potent covalent inhibitors against 3CLpro. Meanwhile, novel 3CLpro inhibitors with the P3-3,5-dichloro-4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl moiety were designed and synthesized which may form salt bridge with residue Glu166. Among them, two compounds 12b and 12c exhibited high inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Further investigations suggested that 12b with an acrylate warhead displayed potent activity against HCoV-OC43 (EC50 = 97 nM) and SARS-CoV-2 replicon (EC50 = 45 nM) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 10 μM) in Huh7 cells. Taken together, this study devised two series of 3CLpro inhibitors and provided the potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor (12b) which may be used for treating coronavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyao Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute and Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong 226133, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiguo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingshan Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosozawa T, Niwa M, Takeuchi H, Inohana T, Okumura K, Itoh S. High-yield and high-purity amide bond formation using DMTMM PF 6 for DNA-encoded libraries. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 110:129859. [PMID: 38955244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the ability of DMTMM PF6 to improve the amidation reaction. The on-DNA amidation reaction using DMTMM PF6 demonstrates higher conversion rates than those using HATU or DMTMM Cl, particularly with challenging sterically hindered amines and carboxylic acids. The developed method enables the expansion of available building blocks and the efficient synthesis of high-purity DNA-encoded libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hosozawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi 2-chome, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Niwa
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi 2-chome, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Takeuchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi 2-chome, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiko Inohana
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi 2-chome, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Okumura
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi 2-chome, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin Itoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi 2-chome, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin P, Moore MJ, Jung S, Fukazawa T, Yamasaki N, Chatterjee S, Wu ZC, Boger DL. Tetrachloromaxamycins: Divergent Total Synthesis and Initial Assessments. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12701-12710. [PMID: 39169612 PMCID: PMC11380578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Divergent total syntheses of binding pocket and peripherally modified tetrachlorovancomycins, a non-native synthetic glycopeptide, and their evaluation are disclosed. Central to the approach is the synthesis of a single late-stage intermediate that bears a residue 4 thioamide ([Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]tetrachlorovancomycin (3), LLS 15 steps, 14% overall) as a precursor to either of two key pocket modifications and their pairing with any combination of two peripheral modifications conducted without protecting groups. A stereochemical simplification achieved by the addition of two aryl chlorides removes two synthetically challenging atropisomer centers in native glycopeptides and streamlines the synthesis. Key features include in a convergent epimerization-free thioacylation of the AB ring system amine with an N-thioacylbenzotriazolyl DE tetrapeptide (85%) followed by simultaneous room-temperature SNAr macrocyclizations of the CD and DE ring systems (96%). The approach provided 3 from which [Ψ[C(═N)NH]Tpg4]tetrachlorovancomycin (4) and [Ψ(CH2NH)Tpg4]tetrachlorovancomycin (5) were prepared in a single-step and bear binding pocket modifications that convey dual d-Ala-d-Ala/d-Lac ligand binding to overcome vancomycin resistance. The newest maxamycin members are disclosed, bearing two additional peripheral modifications that introduce two independent synergistic MOAs that do not rely on native ligand binding for activity. Ligand binding properties of pocket-modified tetrachlorovancomycins 3-5, antibacterial activity of a key compound series, and PK assessments of two tetrachloromaxamycins are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjin Qin
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Maxwell J Moore
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sunna Jung
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Takumi Fukazawa
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Naoto Yamasaki
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhi-Chen Wu
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Departments of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Širvinskas MJ, Saunders GJ, Mitrache M, Yudin AK. Stabilization of 3 10-Helices in Macrocycles Using Dominant Rotor Methodology. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24085-24093. [PMID: 39155451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Stabilization of biologically relevant structural motifs has been a long-standing challenge. Here we show that atropisomeric dominant rotors can stabilize rare 310-helices in macrocycles. The target molecules were prepared using solid-phase peptide synthesis and subjected to extensive structural analysis. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations enabled us to acquire solution structures for the target molecules, which offered evidence for stable 310-helix formation, ordinarily a metastable state. The 310-helices were shown to retain helicity after heating to 100 °C for 72 h. Moreover, the crude atropisomeric mixtures could be thermally enriched toward 310-helical macrocycles with selectivities of >20:1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martynas J Širvinskas
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - George J Saunders
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Monica Mitrache
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo QM, Wu MY, Han LB, Yang SD. Chiral α-Aminophosphonates as Ligands in Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxidative Coupling of 2-Naphthols. Org Lett 2024; 26:5274-5279. [PMID: 38885640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Chiral α-aminophosphonates with adjacent carbon and phosphonate stereogenic centers have been employed as ligands in the copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols, resulting in the production of chiral BINOLs in favorable yields and moderate to good enantiomeric excess. This represents the first application of chiral P-based ligands to enable such a transformation. The synthesis of these chiral α-aminophosphonate ligands offers a significant advantage over approaches that typically necessitate elaborate synthetic processes for chiral ligand production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ming Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ming-Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Biao Han
- Research Center of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
- ZhejiangYangfan New Materials Company, Ltd., Shangyu, Zhejiang 312369, China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keyes ED, Mifflin MC, Austin MJ, Sandres J, Roberts AG. Chemical cyclization of tyrosine-containing peptides via in situ generated triazolinedione peptides. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:89-109. [PMID: 38886041 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Tyr-derived cyclic peptide natural products are formed by enzymatic manifolds that oxidatively cross-link embedded phenolic side chains of tyrosine (Tyr) and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues during their controlled production. Bioactive Tyr-derived cyclic peptides, such as the arylomycins and vancomycins, continue to motivate the development of enzymatic and chemical strategies for their de novo assembly and modification. However, chemical access to these structurally diverse natural cycles can be challenging and step intensive. Therefore, we developed an oxidative procedure to selectively convert Tyr-containing N4-substituted 1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione peptides (urazole peptides) into stable Tyr-linked cyclic peptides. We show that Tyr-containing urazole peptides are simple to prepare and convert into reactive N4-substituted 1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione peptides by oxidation, which then undergo spontaneous cyclization under mildly basic aqueous conditions to form a cross-linkage with the phenol side chain of embedded Tyr residues. Using this approach, we have demonstrated access to over 25 Tyr-linked cyclic peptides (3- to 11-residue cycles) with good tolerance of native residue side chain functionalities. Importantly, this method is simple to perform, and product formation can be quickly confirmed by mass spectrometric and 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dalles Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marcus C Mifflin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Maxwell J Austin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jesus Sandres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Andrew G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang G, He Y, Wang T, Li Z, Wang J. Atroposelective Synthesis of Planar-Chiral Indoles via Carbene Catalyzed Macrocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316739. [PMID: 38014469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Indole-based planar-chiral macrocycles are widely found in natural products and bioactive molecules. However, in sharp contrast to the preparation of indole-based axially chiral structures, the enantioselective catalysis of indole-based planar-chiral macrocycles is still a formidable task so far. Here we report an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed intramolecular atroposelective macrocyclization of 3-carboxaldehyde indole/pyrroles, featuring with broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, and allowing for a rapid access to diverse indole/pyrrole-based planar-chiral macrocycles with various tether-lengths (10-16 members) in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. Importantly, the indole-based macrocyclic structures with both planar and axial chirality were directly and efficiently obtained through this protocol with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. In addition, these synthesized planar-chiral macrocycles offer many possibilities for chemists to develop new catalysts or ligands, as well as new reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hennrich O, Weinmann L, Kulik A, Harms K, Klahn P, Youn JW, Surup F, Mast Y. Biotransformation-coupled mutasynthesis for the generation of novel pristinamycin derivatives by engineering the phenylglycine residue. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:1050-1063. [PMID: 38033732 PMCID: PMC10685826 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptogramins are the last line of defense antimicrobials with pristinamycin as a representative substance used as therapeutics against highly resistant pathogenic bacteria. However, the emergence of (multi)drug-resistant pathogens renders these valuable antibiotics useless; making it necessary to derivatize compounds for new compound characteristics, which is often difficult by chemical de novo synthesis due to the complex nature of the molecules. An alternative to substance derivatization is mutasynthesis. Herein, we report about a mutasynthesis approach, targeting the phenylglycine (Phg) residue for substance derivatization, a pivotal component of streptogramin antibiotics. Mutasynthesis with halogenated Phg(-like) derivatives altogether led to the production of two new derivatized natural compounds, as there are 6-chloropristinamycin I and 6-fluoropristinamycin I based on LC-MS/MS analysis. 6-Chloropristinamycin I and 6-fluoropristinamycin I were isolated by preparative HPLC, structurally confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and tested for antimicrobial bioactivity. In a whole-cell biotransformation approach using an engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) pET28-hmo/pACYC-bcd-gdh strain, Phg derivatives were generated fermentatively. Supplementation with the E. coli biotransformation fermentation broth containing 4-fluorophenylglycine to the pristinamycin mutasynthesis strain resulted in the production of 6-fluoropristinamycin I, demonstrating an advanced level of mutasynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hennrich
- Department Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Leoni Weinmann
- Institute of Microbiology, University Stuttgart, Allmandring 31 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Department Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Karen Harms
- Microbial Drugs Department, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
- Centre of Antimicrobial Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe) Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jung-Won Youn
- Institute of Microbiology, University Stuttgart, Allmandring 31 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Frank Surup
- Microbial Drugs Department, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Yvonne Mast
- Department Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Rebenring 56 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Libman A, Ben-Lulu M, Gaster E, Bera R, Shames AI, Shaashua O, Vershinin V, Torubaev Y, Pappo D. Multicopper Clusters Enable Oxidative Phenol Macrocyclization (OxPM) of Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21002-21011. [PMID: 37721386 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin and other biologically active biaryl-bridged and diaryl ether-linked macrocyclic peptides includes key enzymatic oxidative phenol macrocyclization(s) of linear precursors. However, a simple and step-economical biomimetic version of this transformation remains underdeveloped. Here, we report highly efficient conditions for preparing biaryl-bridged and diaryl ether-linked macrocyclic peptides based on multicopper(II) clusters. The selective syntheses of ring models of vancomycin and the arylomycin cyclic core illustrate the potential of this technology to facilitate the assembly of complex antibiotic macrocyclic peptides, whose syntheses are considered highly challenging. The unprecedented ability of multicopper(II) clusters to chelate tethered diphenols and promote intramolecular over intermolecular coupling reactions demonstrates that copper clusters can catalyze redox transformations that cannot be accessed by smaller metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Libman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mor Ben-Lulu
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eden Gaster
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ratnadeep Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Omer Shaashua
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Vlada Vershinin
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yury Torubaev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moore MJ, Qin P, Yamasaki N, Zeng X, Keith DJ, Jung S, Fukazawa T, Graham-O’Regan K, Wu ZC, Chatterjee S, Boger DL. Tetrachlorovancomycin: Total Synthesis of a Designed Glycopeptide Antibiotic of Reduced Synthetic Complexity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21132-21141. [PMID: 37721995 PMCID: PMC10538376 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
A technically straightforward total synthesis of a new class of vancomycin analogues of reduced synthetic complexity was developed that provided tetrachlorovancomycin (1, LLS = 15 steps, 15% overall yield) and its precursor aglycon 29 (nearly 20% overall yield). The class retains all the intricate vancomycin structural features that contribute to its target binding affinity and selectivity, maintains the antimicrobial activity of vancomycin, and achieves the simplification by an unusual addition, not removal, of benign substituents to the core structure. The modification, accomplished by addition of two aryl chloride substituents to provide 1, permitted a streamlined total synthesis of the new glycopeptide antibiotic class by removing the challenges associated with CD and DE ring system atropisomer stereochemical control. This also enabled their simultaneous and further-activated SNAr macrocyclizations that establish the tricyclic skeleton of 1. Key elements of the approach include catalyst-controlled diastereoselective formation of the AB biaryl axis of chirality (>30:1 dr), an essentially instantaneous macrolactamization of the AB ring system free of competitive epimerization (>30:1 dr), racemization free coupling of the E ring tetrapeptide, room temperature simultaneous CD and DE ring system cyclizations, a highly refined 4-step conversion of the cyclization product to the aglycon, and a protecting-group-free one-pot enzymatic glycosylation for disaccharide introduction. In addition to the antimicrobial evaluation of tetrachlorovancomycin (1), the preparation of key peripherally modified derivatives, which introduce independent and synergistic mechanisms of action, revealed their exceptional antimicrobial potency and provide the foundation for future use of this new class of synthetic glycopeptide analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pengjin Qin
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Naoto Yamasaki
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xianhuang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - D. Jamin Keith
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sunna Jung
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Takumi Fukazawa
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katherine Graham-O’Regan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brunen S, Mitschke B, Leutzsch M, List B. Asymmetric Catalytic Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Unactivated Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37440437 PMCID: PMC10375537 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than a century ago, the Friedel-Crafts reaction has manifested itself as a powerful method for the introduction of carbon substituents to arenes. Despite its potential generality, the scope of the reaction is intrinsically limited by the arene's nucleophilicity, which has previously restrained the applicability of asymmetric variants to activated substrates. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we report herein an asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of unactivated, purely hydrocarbon arenes, alkoxybenzenes, and heteroarenes with N,O-acetals to give enantioenriched arylglycine esters. Highly regio- and stereoselective C-C bond formation was achieved using strong and confined Brønsted acid organocatalysts, enabling the first asymmetric catalytic Friedel-Crafts reaction of simple alkylbenzenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brunen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mitschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hauser N, Ireland KA, Chioti VT, Forneris CC, Davis KM, Seyedsayamdost MR. Robust Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Keratinimicin Aglycone Analogues Facilitated by the Structure and Selectivity of OxyB. ACS Chem Biol 2023. [PMID: 37405871 PMCID: PMC10399570 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens poses a threat to public health and requires new antimicrobial agents. As the archetypal glycopeptide antibiotic (GPA) used against drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, vancomycin provides a promising starting point. Peripheral alterations to the vancomycin scaffold have enabled the development of new GPAs. However, modifying the core remains challenging due to the size and complexity of this compound family. The recent successful chemoenzymatic synthesis of vancomycin suggests that such an approach can be broadly applied. Herein, we describe the expansion of chemoenzymatic strategies to encompass type II GPAs bearing all aromatic amino acids through the production of the aglycone analogue of keratinimicin A, a GPA that is 5-fold more potent than vancomycin against Clostridioides difficile. In the course of these studies, we found that the cytochrome P450 enzyme OxyBker boasts both broad substrate tolerance and remarkable selectivity in the formation of the first aryl ether cross-link on the linear peptide precursors. The X-ray crystal structure of OxyBker, determined to 2.8 Å, points to structural features that may contribute to these properties. Our results set the stage for using OxyBker broadly as a biocatalyst toward the chemoenzymatic synthesis of diverse GPA analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kendra A Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Vasiliki T Chioti
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Clarissa C Forneris
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Katherine M Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moore MJ, Qin P, Keith DJ, Wu ZC, Jung S, Chatterjee S, Tan C, Qu S, Cai Y, Stanfield RL, Boger DL. Divergent Total Synthesis and Characterization of Maxamycins. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12837-12852. [PMID: 37278486 PMCID: PMC10330940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new streamlined and scaled divergent total synthesis of pocket-modified vancomycin analogs is detailed that provides a common late-stage intermediate [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin (LLS = 18 steps, 12% overall yield, >5 g prepared) to access both existing and future pocket modifications. Highlights of the approach include an atroposelective synthesis of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin aglycon (11), a one-pot enzymatic glycosylation for direct conversion to [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin (12), and new powerful methods for the late-stage conversion of the embedded thioamide to amidine/aminomethylene pocket modifications. Incorporation of two peripheral modifications provides a scalable total synthesis of the maxamycins, all prepared from aglycon 11 without use of protecting groups. Thus, both existing and presently unexplored pocket-modified analogues paired with a range of peripheral modifications are accessible from this common thioamide intermediate. In addition to providing an improved synthesis of the initial member of the maxamycins, this is illustrated herein with the first synthesis and examination of maxamycins that contain the most effective of the pocket modifications (amidine) described to date combined with two additional peripheral modifications. These new amidine-based maxamycins proved to be potent, durable, and efficacious antimicrobial agents that display equipotent activity against vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive organisms and act by three independent synergistic mechanisms of action. In the first such study conducted to date, one new maxamycin (21, MX-4) exhibited efficacious in vivo activity against a feared and especially challenging multidrug-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) S. aureus bacterial strain (VanA VRS-2) for which vancomycin is inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pengjin Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - D. Jamin Keith
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sunna Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ceheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shiwei Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ottonello A, Wyllie JA, Yahiaoui O, Sun S, Koelln RA, Homer JA, Johnson RM, Murray E, Williams P, Bolla JR, Robinson CV, Fallon T, Soares da Costa TP, Moses JE. Shapeshifting bullvalene-linked vancomycin dimers as effective antibiotics against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208737120. [PMID: 37011186 PMCID: PMC10104512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208737120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rise in superbugs that are resistant to drugs of last resort, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, has become a significant global health hazard. Here, we report the click chemistry synthesis of an unprecedented class of shapeshifting vancomycin dimers (SVDs) that display potent activity against bacteria that are resistant to the parent drug, including the ESKAPE pathogens, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). The shapeshifting modality of the dimers is powered by a triazole-linked bullvalene core, exploiting the dynamic covalent rearrangements of the fluxional carbon cage and creating ligands with the capacity to inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. The new shapeshifting antibiotics are not disadvantaged by the common mechanism of vancomycin resistance resulting from the alteration of the C-terminal dipeptide with the corresponding d-Ala-d-Lac depsipeptide. Further, evidence suggests that the shapeshifting ligands destabilize the complex formed between the flippase MurJ and lipid II, implying the potential for a new mode of action for polyvalent glycopeptides. The SVDs show little propensity for acquired resistance by enterococci, suggesting that this new class of shapeshifting antibiotic will display durable antimicrobial activity not prone to rapidly acquired clinical resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ottonello
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Wyllie
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Oussama Yahiaoui
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Shoujun Sun
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Rebecca A. Koelln
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Joshua A. Homer
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Robert M. Johnson
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Ewan Murray
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Jani R. Bolla
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3RB, U.K.
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QU, U.K.
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, U.K.
| | - Thomas Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | | | - John E. Moses
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moore MJ, Qin P, Keith DJ, Boger DL. Improved preparative enzymatic glycosylation of vancomycin aglycon and analogues. Tetrahedron 2023; 131:133211. [PMID: 36776940 PMCID: PMC9913888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modifications to the enzymatic glycosylation of vancomycin and its residue 4 thioamide analogue are detailed that significantly reduce the enzyme loading and amount of glycosyl donor needed for each glycosylation reaction, provide a streamlined synthesis and replacement for the synthetic UDP-vancosamine glycosyl donor to improve both access and storage stability, and permit a single-pot, two-step conversion of the aglycons to the fully glycosylated synthetic glycopeptides now conducted at higher concentrations. The improvements are exemplified with the two-step, one-pot glycosylation of [Ψ[C(=S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin aglycon (92%) conducted on a 400 mg scale (2 mg to 1 g scales) and vancomycin aglycon itself (5 mg scale, 84%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Pengjin Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - D. Jamin Keith
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye J, Chen X. Current Promising Strategies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010067. [PMID: 36671268 PMCID: PMC9854991 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the major global health challenges of our time. In addition to developing new antibiotics to combat ARB, sensitizing ARB, or pursuing alternatives to existing antibiotics are promising options to counter antibiotic resistance. This review compiles the most promising anti-ARB strategies currently under development. These strategies include the following: (i) discovery of novel antibiotics by modification of existing antibiotics, screening of small-molecule libraries, or exploration of peculiar places; (ii) improvement in the efficacy of existing antibiotics through metabolic stimulation or by loading a novel, more efficient delivery systems; (iii) development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics such as bacteriophages and their encoded endolysins, anti-biofilm drugs, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody therapies. Clinical or preclinical studies show that these treatments possess great potential against ARB. Some anti-ARB products are expected to become commercially available in the near future.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagamalla S, Mague JT, Sathyamoorthi S. Progress towards the syntheses of Bactobolin A and C4- epi-Bactobolin A using a sulfamate-tethered aza-Wacker cyclization strategy. Tetrahedron 2022; 128:133112. [PMID: 37719878 PMCID: PMC10503945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present a progress report towards Bactobolin A and C4-epi-Bactobolin A. Sulfamate-tethered aza-Wacker cyclization followed by a Tsuji-Wacker ketone synthesis furnishes a key tricyclic intermediate which we hypothesize can be elaborated into C4-epi-Bactobolin A. Epimerization of one of the stereocenters of this compound furnishes an intermediate which we hypothesize can be elaborated into Bactobolin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Someshwar Nagamalla
- University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Tulane University, Department of Chemistry, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Shyam Sathyamoorthi
- University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kumar A, Sasai H, Takizawa S. Atroposelective Synthesis of C-C Axially Chiral Compounds via Mono- and Dinuclear Vanadium Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2949-2965. [PMID: 36206455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral compounds with rotationally constrained σ-bonds that exhibit atropisomerism are lucrative synthetic targets because of their ubiquity in functional materials and natural products. The metal complex-catalyzed enantioselective fabrication of axially chiral scaffolds has been widely investigated, and thus far, considerable progress has been made. Over the past two decades, we have developed a highly efficient strategy for constructing axially chiral biarenol derivatives using chiral mono- and dinuclear vanadium complexes. These complexes are readily prepared from vanadium(IV) salts and Schiff base ligands (generated from the condensation of (S)-tert-leucine and di- or monoformyl-(R)-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) derivatives) under O2 and act as highly active catalysts for highly stereoselective C-C bond formation. In particular, the vanadium complex-catalyzed enantioselective oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols 1 under oxygen or in air, which is a green oxidant, affords the desired axially chiral molecules in high yields and high stereoselectivity (up to quantitative yield and 97% ee), along with water as the sole coproduct. This coupling reaction tolerated various functional groups (such as halogens, alkoxys, and boryls) and avoided overoxidation of coupling products.The key feature of dinuclear vanadium(V) catalysts such as (Ra,S,S)-5a is an outstanding mode of the homocoupling reaction, in which a single molecule of the catalyst activates two molecules of the starting material (e.g., 2-naphthols) simultaneously. With this "dual activation" mechanism, the oxidative coupling promoted by the dinuclear catalyst proceeds in an intramolecular manner. The homocoupling rate using 5 mol % of the dinuclear vanadium(V) complex (Ra,S,S)-5a was measured to be 111 times faster than that of the mononuclear vanadium(IV) complex (S)-4a bearing a half motif of the dinuclear vanadium complex.In the case of the heterocoupling reaction utilizing two different kinds of arenol derivatives, only a starting arenol having lower oxidation potential seems to be activated by the mononuclear vanadium complex. The reaction rate of the heterocoupling using either mono- or dinuclear vanadium complexes showed no difference to give the coupling product in high yields but with a different enantioselective manner; chiral mononuclear vanadium(V) complexes showed better enantioselectivites than that of the dinuclear vanadium(V) complexes. A competing heterocoupling study and a linear correlation between the ee of the mononucaler vanadium catalyst and ee of the heterocoupling suggested that the heterocoupling involves an intermolecular radical-anion coupling pathway.In this Account, we summarize the recent advances in vanadium-catalyzed coupling reactions that produced important chiral molecules, such as biresorcinols, polycyclic biphenols, oxa[9]helicenes, bihydroxycarbazoles, and C1-symmetrical biarenols, and their coupling reaction mechanisms. By pursuing vanadium catalysis, we believe numerous additional transformations as well as a renewed interest in catalytic and chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective aryl-aryl bond constructions will be manifested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang X, Hong K, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Huang J, Xu X, Hu W. Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Two Diazo Compounds and Hyrdroxylamine Derivatives for the Access to Chiral α-Alkoxy-β-amino-carboxylates. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangji Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kemiao Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhijing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Flint AJ, Davis AP. Vancomycin mimicry: towards new supramolecular antibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7694-7712. [PMID: 36165239 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin is the best-known of the glycopeptide group antibiotics (GPAs), a family of agents which operate by binding the C-terminal deptide D-Ala-D-Ala. This anionic epitope is an interesting target because it plays a central role in bacterial cell wall synthesis, and is not readily modified by evolution. Accordingly, vancomycin has been in use for >60 years but has only provoked limited resistance. Agents which mimic vancomycin but are easier to synthesise and modify could serve as valuable weapons against pathogenic bacteria, broadening the scope of the GPAs and addressing the resistance that does exist. This article gives an overview of vancomycin's structure and action, surveys past work on vancomycin mimicry, and makes the case for renewed effort in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alister J Flint
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin YC, Schneider F, Eberle KJ, Chiodi D, Nakamura H, Reisberg SH, Chen J, Saito M, Baran PS. Atroposelective Total Synthesis of Darobactin A. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14458-14462. [PMID: 35926121 PMCID: PMC9829381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A concise, modular synthesis of the novel antibiotic darobactin A is disclosed. The synthesis successfully forges the hallmark strained macrocyclic ring systems in a sequential fashion. Key transformations include two atroposelective Larock-based macrocyclizations, one of which proceeds with exquisite regioselectivity despite bearing an unprotected alkyne. The synthesis is designed with medicinal chemistry considerations in mind, appending key portions of the molecule at a late stage. Requisite unnatural amino acid building blocks are easily prepared in an enantiopure form using C-H activation and decarboxylative cross-coupling tactics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Chen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fabian Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kelly J Eberle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hugh Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Solomon H Reisberg
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
van Groesen E, Innocenti P, Martin NI. Recent Advances in the Development of Semisynthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotics: 2014-2022. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1381-1407. [PMID: 35895325 PMCID: PMC9379927 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated appearance of drug-resistant bacteria poses an ever-growing threat to modern medicine's capacity to fight infectious diseases. Gram-positive species such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. For decades, the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections relied upon the glycopeptide family of antibiotics, typified by vancomycin, as a last line of defense. With the emergence of vancomycin resistance, the semisynthetic glycopeptides telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin were developed. The clinical use of these compounds is somewhat limited due to toxicity concerns and their unusual pharmacokinetics, highlighting the importance of developing next-generation semisynthetic glycopeptides with enhanced antibacterial activities and improved safety profiles. This Review provides an updated overview of recent advancements made in the development of novel semisynthetic glycopeptides, spanning the period from 2014 to today. A wide range of approaches are covered, encompassing innovative strategies that have delivered semisynthetic glycopeptides with potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. We also address recent efforts aimed at developing targeted therapies and advances made in extending the activity of the glycopeptides toward Gram-negative organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma van Groesen
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang X, Kemmink J, Rijkers DTS, Liskamp RMJ. Synthesis of a tricyclic hexapeptide -via two consecutive ruthenium-catalyzed macrocyclization steps- with a constrained topology to mimic vancomycin's binding properties toward D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128887. [PMID: 35835378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A ring-closing metathesis (RCM) - peptide coupling - ruthenium-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) strategy was developed to synthesize a tricyclic hexapeptide in which the side chain to side chain connectivity pattern resulted in a mimic with a topology that effectively mimics the bioactivity of vancomycin as a potent binder of the bacterial cell wall D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide sequence and more importantly being an effective inhibitor of bacterial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Division of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kemmink
- Division of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk T S Rijkers
- Division of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- Division of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Maastricht University, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teloxa SF, Mellado‐Hidalgo M, Kennington SCD, Romea P, Urpí F, Aullón G, Font‐Bardia M. Direct and Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of
N
‐Azidoacetyl‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione Catalyzed by Chiral Nickel(II) Complexes. A New Approach to the Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐α‐Amino Acids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200671. [PMID: 35504848 PMCID: PMC9401014 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A direct and asymmetric triisopropylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonate (TIPSOTf) mediated aldol reaction of N‐azidoacetyl‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione with aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral nickel(II)‐Tol‐BINAP complex has been developed (BINAP=2,2’‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1’‐binaphthyl). The catalytic protocol gives the corresponding anti α‐azido‐β‐silyloxy adducts with outstanding stereocontrol and in high yields. Theoretical calculations account for the stereochemical outcome of the reaction and lay the foundations for a mechanistic model. In turn, the easy removal of the thiazolidinethione yields a wide array of enantiomerically pure derivatives in a straightforward and efficient manner. Such a noteworthy character of the heterocyclic scaffold together with the appropriate manipulation of the azido group open a new route to the synthesis of di‐ and tripeptide blocks containing a β‐aryl‐β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saul F. Teloxa
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Section of Organic Chemistry and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| | - Miguel Mellado‐Hidalgo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Section of Organic Chemistry and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| | - Stuart C. D. Kennington
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Section of Organic Chemistry and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| | - Pedro Romea
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Section of Organic Chemistry and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| | - Fèlix Urpí
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Section of Organic Chemistry and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| | - Gabriel Aullón
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Section of Inorganic Chemistry and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| | - Mercè Font‐Bardia
- X-Ray Diffraction Unit. CCiTUB Universitat de Barcelona Carrer Solé i Sabarís 1–3 08028 Barcelona (Catalonia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Almenningen DM, Engh VM, Strømsodd EA, Hansen HE, Buene AF, Hoff BH, Gautun OR. Synthetic Efforts to Investigate the Effect of Planarizing the Triarylamine Geometry in Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22046-22057. [PMID: 35785284 PMCID: PMC9245111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The geometry of a dye for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has a major impact on its optical and electronic properties. The dye structure also dictates the packing properties and how well the dye insulates the metal-oxide surface from oxidants in the electrolyte. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of planarizing the geometry of the common triarylamine donor, frequently used in dyes for DSSC. Five novel dyes were designed and prepared; two employ conventional triarylamine donors with thiophene and furan π-spacers, two dyes have had their donors planarized through one sulfur bridge (making two distinct phenothiazine motifs), and the final dye has been planarized by forming a double phenoxazine. The synthesis of these model dyes proved to be quite challenging, and each required specially designed total syntheses. We demonstrate that the planarization of the triarylamine donor can have different effects. When planarization was achieved by a 3,7-phenothiazine and double phenoxazine structures, improved absorption properties were noted, and a panchromatic absorption was achieved by the latter. However, an incorrect linking of donor and acceptor moieties has the opposite effect. Further, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed clear differences in charge recombination depending on the structure of the dye. A drawback of planarized dyes in relation to DSSC is their low oxidation potentials. The best photovoltaic performance was achieved by 3,7-phenothazine with furan as a π-spacer, which produces a power conversion efficiency of 5.2% (J sc = 8.8 mA cm-2, V oc = 838 mV, FF = 0.70).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Moe Almenningen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veslemøy Minge Engh
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Andreas Strømsodd
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Erring Hansen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun Formo Buene
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7a, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bård Helge Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Doyon TJ, Kumar P, Thein S, Kim M, Stitgen A, Grieger AM, Madigan C, Willoughby PH, Buller AR. Scalable and Selective β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acid Synthesis Catalyzed by Promiscuous l-Threonine Transaldolase ObiH. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100577. [PMID: 34699683 PMCID: PMC8796315 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes from secondary metabolic pathways possess broad potential for the selective synthesis of complex bioactive molecules. However, the practical application of these enzymes for organic synthesis is dependent on the development of efficient, economical, operationally simple, and well-characterized systems for preparative scale reactions. We sought to bridge this knowledge gap for the selective biocatalytic synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, which are important synthetic building blocks. To achieve this goal, we demonstrated the ability of ObiH, an l-threonine transaldolase, to achieve selective milligram-scale synthesis of a diverse array of non-standard amino acids (nsAAs) using a scalable whole cell platform. We show how the initial selectivity of the catalyst is high and how the diastereomeric ratio of products decreases at high conversion due to product re-entry into the catalytic cycle. ObiH-catalyzed reactions with a variety of aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic aldehydes selectively generated a panel of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids possessing broad functional-group diversity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ObiH-generated β-hydroxy-α-amino acids could be modified through additional transformations to access important motifs, such as β-chloro-α-amino acids and substituted α-keto acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Doyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Sierra Thein
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | - Maeve Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | - Abigail Stitgen
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | | | - Cormac Madigan
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | | | - Andrew R. Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jana R, Begam HM, Dinda E. The emergence of the C-H functionalization strategy in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10842-10866. [PMID: 34596175 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the market competitiveness and urgent societal need, an optimum speed of drug discovery is an important criterion for successful implementation. Despite the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence and computational and bioanalytical techniques to accelerate drug discovery in big pharma, organic synthesis of privileged scaffolds predicted in silico for in vitro and in vivo studies is still considered as the rate-limiting step. C-H activation is the latest technology added into an organic chemist's toolbox for the rapid construction and late-stage modification of functional molecules to achieve the desired chemical and physical properties. Particularly, elimination of prefunctionalization steps, exceptional functional group tolerance, complexity-to-diversity oriented synthesis, and late-stage functionalization of privileged medicinal scaffolds expand the chemical space. It has immense potential for the rapid synthesis of a library of molecules, structural modification to achieve the required pharmacological properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology (ADMET) and attachment of chemical reporters for proteome profiling, metabolite synthesis, etc. for preclinical studies. Although heterocycle synthesis, late-stage drug modification, 18F labelling, methylation, etc. via C-H functionalization have been reviewed from the synthetic standpoint, a general overview of these protocols from medicinal and drug discovery aspects has not been reviewed. In this feature article, we will discuss the recent trends of C-H activation methodologies such as synthesis of medicinal scaffolds through C-H activation/annulation cascade; C-H arylation for sp2-sp2 and sp2-sp3 cross-coupling; C-H borylation/silylation to introduce a functional linchpin for further manipulation; C-H amination for N-heterocycles and hydrogen bond acceptors; C-H fluorination/fluoroalkylation to tune polarity and lipophilicity; C-H methylation: methyl magic in drug discovery; peptide modification and macrocyclization for therapeutics and biologics; fluorescent labelling and radiolabelling for bioimaging; bioconjugation for chemical biology studies; drug-metabolite synthesis for biodistribution and excretion studies; late-stage diversification of drug-molecules to increase efficacy and safety; cutting-edge DNA encoded library synthesis and improved synthesis of drug molecules via C-H activation in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Hasina Mamataj Begam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Enakshi Dinda
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700107, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
A total synthesis of (-)-strempeliopine is disclosed that enlists a powerful SmI2-mediated and BF3·OEt2-initiated dearomative transannular radical cyclization onto an indole by an N-acyl α-aminoalkyl radical that is derived by single electron reduction of an in situ generated iminium ion for formation of a quaternary center and the strategic C19-C2 bond in its core structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhuang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li W, Separovic F, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Wade JD. Chemically modified and conjugated antimicrobial peptides against superbugs. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4932-4973. [PMID: 33710195 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to human health that, by 2050, will lead to more deaths from bacterial infections than cancer. New antimicrobial agents, both broad-spectrum and selective, that do not induce AMR are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a novel class of alternatives that possess potent activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria with little or no capacity to induce AMR. This has stimulated substantial chemical development of novel peptide-based antibiotics possessing improved therapeutic index. This review summarises recent synthetic efforts and their impact on analogue design as well as their various applications in AMP development. It includes modifications that have been reported to enhance antimicrobial activity including lipidation, glycosylation and multimerization through to the broad application of novel bio-orthogonal chemistry, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research. The subject area is primarily the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents through selective, rational chemical modification of AMPs. The review further serves as a guide toward the most promising directions in this field to stimulate broad scientific attention, and will lead to new, effective and selective solutions for the several biomedical challenges to which antimicrobial peptidomimetics are being applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Radical philicity and its role in selective organic transformations. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:486-499. [PMID: 37118440 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical intermediates in organic chemistry lack a full octet of electrons and, thus, are commonly said to be electron deficient. By denotation, such a statement is technically correct; however, in modern literature, the term 'electron deficient' carries a connotation of electrophilicity. This lexical quirk leads one to predict that all radicals should behave as electrophiles, when this is not the case. Indeed, practitioners of radical chemistry have known for decades that many radicals behave as nucleophiles, sometimes strongly so. This Review aims to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity by highlighting examples from recent literature as a demonstration of general reactivity paradigms across a series of different carbon-based and heteroatom-based radicals. We present strategies for predicting the philicity of a given radical on the basis of qualitative features of the radical's structure. Finally, we discuss the implications of radical philicity to selective hydrogen atom transfer.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Tao S, Li X, Cheng X, Jiang G, Wan X. Green Esterification of Carboxylic Acids Promoted by
tert
‐Butyl Nitrite. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Suyan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xionglve Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Gangzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yan Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Niu Y, Zhang S, Xu W, Ren C. Advances of peptides for antibacterial applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111682. [PMID: 33714188 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, peptide antibacterial products with unique antibacterial mechanisms have attracted widespread interest. They can effectively reduce the probability of drug resistance of bacteria and are biocompatible, so they possess tremendous development prospects. This review provides recent research and analysis on the basic types of antimicrobial peptides (including poly (amino acid)s, short AMPs, and lipopeptides) and factors to optimize antimicrobial effects. It also summarizes the two most important modes of action of antimicrobial peptides and the latest developments in the application of AMPs, including antimicrobial agent, wound healing, preservative, antibacterial coating and others. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges to improve the antibacterial peptides and propose prospects in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yuanze Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yuzhong Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dalton T, Faber T, Glorius F. C-H Activation: Toward Sustainability and Applications. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:245-261. [PMID: 33655064 PMCID: PMC7908034 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the definition of the "12 Principles of Green Chemistry" more than 20 years ago, chemists have become increasingly mindful of the need to conserve natural resources and protect the environment through the judicious choice of synthetic routes and materials. The direct activation and functionalization of C-H bonds, bypassing intermediate functional group installation is, in abstracto, step and atom economic, but numerous factors still hinder the sustainability of large-scale applications. In this Outlook, we highlight the research areas seeking to overcome the sustainability challenges of C-H activation: the pursuit of abundant metal catalysts, the avoidance of static directing groups, the replacement of metal oxidants, and the introduction of bioderived solvents. We close by examining the progress made in the subfield of aryl C-H borylation from its origins, through highly efficient but precious Ir-based systems, to emerging 3d metal catalysts. The future growth of this field will depend on industrial uptake, and thus we urge researchers to strive toward sustainable C-H activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 4048149 Münster, Germany
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 4048149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 4048149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shrestha B, Rose BT, Olen CL, Roth A, Kwong AC, Wang Y, Denmark SE. A Unified Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,2-Amino Alcohols Leading to Highly Substituted Bisoxazoline Ligands. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3490-3534. [PMID: 33539091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general procedure for the asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted 1,2-amino alcohols in high yield and diastereoselectivity is described that uses organometallic additions of a wide range of nucleophiles to tert-butylsulfinimines as the key step. The addition of organolithium reagents to these imines follows a modified Davis model. The diastereoselectivity for this reaction depends significantly on both the nucleophile and electrophile. These highly substituted 1,2-amino alcohols are used to synthesize stereochemically diverse and structurally novel, polysubstituted 2,2'-methylene(bisoxazoline) ligands in high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Shrestha
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brennan T Rose
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Casey L Olen
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron Roth
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Adon C Kwong
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu ZC, Boger DL. Maxamycins: Durable Antibiotics Derived by Rational Redesign of Vancomycin. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2587-2599. [PMID: 33138354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, vancomycin has been used in the clinic for >60 years. Because of their durability, vancomycin and related glycopeptides serve as the antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of protracted bacterial infections of resistant Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Streptococcus pneumoniae. After 30 years of use, vancomycin resistance was first observed and is now widespread in enterococci and more recently in S. aureus. The widespread prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and the emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) represent a call to focus on the challenge of resistance, highlight the need for new therapeutics, and provide the inspiration for the design of more durable antibiotics less prone to bacterial resistance than even vancomycin.Herein we summarize progress on efforts to overcome vancomycin resistance, first addressing recovery of its original durable mechanism of action and then introducing additional independent mechanisms of action intended to increase the potency and durability beyond that of vancomycin itself. The knowledge of the origin of vancomycin resistance and an understanding of the molecular basis of the loss of binding affinity between vancomycin and the altered target ligand d-Ala-d-Lac provided the basis for the subtle and rational redesign of the vancomycin binding pocket to remove the destabilizing lone-pair repulsion or reintroduce a lost H-bond while not impeding binding to the unaltered ligand d-Ala-d-Ala. Preparation of the modified glycopeptide core structure was conducted by total synthesis, providing binding pocket-modified vancomycin aglycons with dual d-Ala-d-Ala/d-Lac binding properties that directly address the intrinsic mechanism of resistance to vancomycin. Fully glycosylated pocket-modified vancomycin analogues were generated through a subsequent two-step enzymatic glycosylation, providing a starting point for peripheral modifications used to introduce additional mechanisms of action. A well-established vancosamine N-(4-chlorobiphenyl)methyl (CBP) modification as well as newly discovered C-terminal trimethylammonium cation (C1) or guanidine modifications were introduced, providing two additional synergistic mechanisms of action independent of d-Ala-d-Ala/d-Lac binding. The CBP modification provides an additional stage for inhibition of cell wall synthesis that results from direct competitive inhibition of transglycosylase, whereas the C1/guanidine modification induces bacteria cell permeablization. The synergistic behavior of the three independent mechanisms of action combined in a single molecule provides ultrapotent antibiotics (MIC = 0.01-0.005 μg/mL against VanA VRE). Beyond the remarkable antimicrobial activity, the multiple mechanisms of action suppress the rate at which resistance may be selected, where any single mechanism of action is protected by the action of others. The results detailed herein show that rational targeting of durable vancomycin-derived antibiotics has generated compounds with a "resistance against resistance", provided new candidate antibiotics, and may serve as a generalizable strategy to combat antibacterial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wu ZC, Boger DL. The quest for supernatural products: the impact of total synthesis in complex natural products medicinal chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1511-1531. [PMID: 33169762 PMCID: PMC7678878 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2020This review presents select recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of complex natural products that are prepared by total synthesis. The underlying studies highlight enabling divergent synthetic strategies and methods that permit the systematic medicinal chemistry studies of key analogues bearing deep-seated structural changes not readily accessible by semisynthetic or biosynthetic means. Select and recent examples are detailed where the key structural changes are designed to improve defined properties or to overcome an intrinsic limitation of the natural product itself. In the examples presented, the synthetic efforts provided supernatural products, a term first introduced by our colleague Ryan Shenvi (Synlett, 2016, 27, 1145-1164), with properties superseding the parent natural product. The design principles and approaches for creating the supernatural products are highlighted with an emphasis on the properties addressed that include those that improve activity or potency, increase selectivity, enhance durability, broaden the spectrum of activity, improve chemical or metabolic stability, overcome limiting physical properties, add mechanisms of action, enhance PK properties, overcome drug resistance, and/or improve in vivo efficacy. Some such improvements may be regarded by some as iterative enhancements whereas others, we believe, truly live up to their characterization as supernatural products. Most such efforts are also accompanied by advances in synthetic organic chemistry, inspiring the development of new synthetic methodology and providing supernatural products with improved synthetic accessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|