1
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Saha NK, Salvia WS, Konkolewicz D, Hartley CS. Transient Covalent Polymers through Carbodiimide-Driven Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404933. [PMID: 38772695 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Biochemical systems make use of out-of-equilibrium polymers generated under kinetic control. Inspired by these systems, many abiotic supramolecular polymers driven by chemical fuel reactions have been reported. Conversely, polymers based on transient covalent bonds have received little attention, even though they have the potential to complement supramolecular systems by generating transient structures based on stronger bonds and by offering a straightforward tuning of reaction kinetics. In this study, we show that simple aqueous dicarboxylic acids give poly(anhydrides) when treated with the carbodiimide EDC. Transient covalent polymers with molecular weights exceeding 15,000 are generated which then decompose over the course of hours to weeks. Disassembly kinetics can be controlled using simple substituent effects in the monomer design. The impact of solvent polarity, carbodiimide concentration, temperature, pyridine concentration, and monomer concentration on polymer properties and lifetimes has been investigated. The results reveal substantial control over polymer assembly and disassembly kinetics, highlighting the potential for fine-tuned kinetic control in nonequilibrium polymerization systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirob K Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, United States
| | - William S Salvia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, United States
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, United States
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2
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Islam M, Baroi MK, Das BK, Kumari A, Das K, Ahmed S. Chemically fueled dynamic switching between assembly-encoded emissions. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3104-3114. [PMID: 38687299 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly provides access to non-covalently synthesized supramolecular materials with distinct properties from a single building block. However, dynamic switching between functional states still remains challenging, but holds enormous potential in material chemistry to design smart materials. Herein, we demonstrate a chemical fuel-mediated strategy to dynamically switch between two distinctly emissive aggregates, originating from the self-assembly of a naphthalimide-appended peptide building block. A molecularly dissolved building block shows very weak blue emission, whereas, in the assembled state (Agg-1), it shows cyan emission through π stacking-mediated excimer emission. The addition of a chemical fuel, ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC), converts the terminal aspartic acid present in the building block to an intra-molecularly cyclized anhydride in situ forming a second aggregated state, Agg-2, by changing the molecular packing, thereby transforming the emission to strong blue. Interestingly, the anhydride gets hydrolyzed gradually to reform Agg-1 and the initial cyan emission is restored. The kinetic stability of the strong blue emissive aggregate, Agg-2, can be regulated by the added concentration of the chemical fuel. Moreover, we expand the scope of this system within an agarose gel matrix, which allows us to gain spatiotemporal control over the properties, thereby producing a self-erasable writing system where the chemical fuel acts as the ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manirul Islam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Malay Kumar Baroi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Aanchal Kumari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Krishnendu Das
- Department of Molecules and Materials & MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Kolkata 700054, India.
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3
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Das A, Ghosh S, Mishra A, Som A, Banakar VB, Agasti SS, George SJ. Enzymatic Reaction-Coupled, Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14844-14855. [PMID: 38747446 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nature employs sophisticated mechanisms to precisely regulate self-assembly and functions within biological systems, exemplified by the formation of cytoskeletal filaments. Various enzymatic reactions and auxiliary proteins couple with the self-assembly process, meticulously regulating the length and functions of resulting macromolecular structures. In this context, we present a bioinspired, reaction-coupled approach for the controlled supramolecular polymerization in synthetic systems. To achieve this, we employ an enzymatic reaction that interfaces with the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-templated supramolecular polymerization of naphthalene diimide monomers (NSG). Notably, the enzymatic production of ATP (template) plays a pivotal role in facilitating reaction-controlled, cooperative growth of the NSG monomers. This growth process, in turn, provides positive feedback to the enzymatic production of ATP, creating an ideal reaction-coupled assembly process. The success of this approach is further evident in the living-growth characteristic observed during seeding experiments, marking this method as the pioneering instance where reaction-coupled self-assembly precisely controls the growth kinetics and structural aspects of supramolecular polymers in a predictive manner, akin to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Das
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Ananya Mishra
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Arka Som
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Vijay Basavaraj Banakar
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Subi J George
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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4
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Marchetti T, Roberts BMW, Frezzato D, Prins LJ. A Minimalistic Covalent Bond-Forming Chemical Reaction Cycle that Consumes Adenosine Diphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402965. [PMID: 38533678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of synthetic active matter requires the ability to design materials capable of harnessing energy from a source to carry out work. Nature achieves this using chemical reaction cycles in which energy released from an exergonic chemical reaction is used to drive biochemical processes. Although many chemically fuelled synthetic reaction cycles that control transient responses, such as self-assembly, have been reported, the generally high complexity of the reported systems hampers a full understanding of how the available chemical energy is actually exploited by these systems. This lack of understanding is a limiting factor in the design of chemically fuelled active matter. Here, we report a minimalistic synthetic responsive reaction cycle in which adenosine diphosphate (ADP) triggers the formation of a catalyst for its own hydrolysis. This establishes an interdependence between the concentrations of the network components resulting in the transient formation of the catalyst. The network is sufficiently simple that all kinetic and thermodynamic parameters governing its behaviour can be characterised, allowing kinetic models to be built that simulate the progress of reactions within the network. While the current network does not enable the ADP-hydrolysis reaction to populate a non-equilibrium composition, these models provide insight into the way the network dissipates energy. Furthermore, essential design principles are revealed for constructing driven systems, in which the network composition is driven away from equilibrium through the consumption of chemical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Frezzato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonard J Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
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5
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Fu H, Cao N, Zeng W, Liao M, Yao S, Zhou J, Zhang W. Pumping Small Molecules Selectively through an Energy-Assisted Assembling Process at Nonequilibrium States. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3323-3330. [PMID: 38273768 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In living organisms, precise control over the spatial and temporal distribution of molecules, including pheromones, is crucial. This level of control is equally important for the development of artificial active materials. In this study, we successfully controlled the distribution of small molecules in the system at nonequilibrium states by actively transporting them, even against the apparent concentration gradient, with high selectivity. As a demonstration, in the aqueous solution of acid orange (AO7) and TMC10COOH, we found that AO7 molecules can coassemble with transient anhydride (TMC10CO)2O to form larger assemblies in the presence of chemical fuel 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). This led to a decrease in local free AO7 concentration and caused AO7 molecules from other locations in the solution to move toward the assemblies. Consequently, AO7 accumulates at the location where EDC was injected. By continuously injecting EDC, we could maintain a stable high value of the apparent AO7 concentration at the injection point. We also observed that this process which operated at nonequilibrium states exhibited high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Fu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Nengjie Cao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wang Zeng
- National Centre for Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Min Liao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shenglin Yao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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6
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Chevigny R, Rahkola H, Sitsanidis ED, Korhonen E, Hiscock JR, Pettersson M, Nissinen M. Solvent-Induced Transient Self-Assembly of Peptide Gels: Gelator-Solvent Reactions and Material Properties Correlation. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:407-416. [PMID: 38222938 PMCID: PMC10782441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a new methodology for designing transient organogels that offers tunability of the mechanical properties simply by matching the protective groups of the precursor to that of the solvent. We developed solvent-induced transient materials in which the solvent chemically participates in a set of reactions and actively supports the assembly event. The activation of a single precursor by an acid (accelerator) yields the formation of two distinct gelators and induces gelation. The interconversion cycle is supplied by the secondary solvent (originating from hydrolysis of the primary solvent by the accelerator), which then progressively solubilizes the gel network. We show that this gelation method offers a direct correlation between the mechanical and transient properties by modifying the chemical structure of the precursors and the presence of an accelerator in the system. Such a method paves the way for the design of self-abolishing and mechanically tunable materials for targeted purposes. The biocompatibility and versatility of amino acid-based gelators can offer a wide range of biomaterials for applications requiring a controllable and definite lifetime such as drug delivery platforms exhibiting a burst release or self-abolishing cell culture substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Chevigny
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Henna Rahkola
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Efstratios D. Sitsanidis
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elsa Korhonen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jennifer R. Hiscock
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K.
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maija Nissinen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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7
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Vela-Gallego S, Lewandowski B, Möhler J, Puente A, Gil-Cantero D, Wennemers H, de la Escosura A. Modifying the Catalytic Activity of Lipopeptide Assemblies with Nucleobases. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303395. [PMID: 37877614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid catalysts that operate in aqueous media are intriguing for systems chemistry. In this paper, we investigate whether control over the self-assembly of biohybrid catalysts can tune their properties. As a model, we use the catalytic activity of functional hybrid molecules consisting of a catalytic H-dPro-Pro-Glu tripeptide, derivatized with fatty acid and nucleobase moieties. This combination of simple biological components merged the catalytic properties of the peptide with the self-assembly of the lipid, and the structural ordering of the nucleobases. The biomolecule hybrids self-assemble in aqueous media into fibrillar assemblies and catalyze the reaction between butanal and nitrostyrene. The interactions between the nucleobases enhanced the order of the supramolecular structures and affected their catalytic activity and stereoselectivity. The results point to the significant control and ordering that nucleobases can provide in the self-assembly of biologically inspired supramolecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vela-Gallego
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bartosz Lewandowski
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Möhler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alonso Puente
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gil-Cantero
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología / CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Sangchai T, Al Shehimy S, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Artificial Molecular Ratchets: Tools Enabling Endergonic Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309501. [PMID: 37545196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest, including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, and energy transduction. Experimental chemists are now pioneering the realization of artificial systems that can harvest energy away from equilibrium. In this tutorial Review, we provide an overview of artificial molecular ratchets: the chemical mechanisms enabling energy absorption from the environment. By focusing on the mechanism type-rather than the application domain or energy source-we offer a unifying picture of seemingly disparate phenomena, which we hope will foster progress in this fascinating domain of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Chen X, Soria-Carrera H, Zozulia O, Boekhoven J. Suppressing catalyst poisoning in the carbodiimide-fueled reaction cycle. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12653-12660. [PMID: 38020366 PMCID: PMC10646924 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In biology, cells regulate the function of molecules using catalytic reaction cycles that convert reagents with high chemical potential (fuel) to waste molecules. Inspired by biology, synthetic analogs of such chemical reaction cycles have been devised, and a widely used catalytic reaction cycle uses carboxylates as catalysts to accelerate the hydration of carbodiimides. The cycle is versatile and easy to use, so it is widely applied to regulate motors, pumps, self-assembly, and phase separation. However, the cycle suffers from side reactions, especially the formation of N-acylurea. In catalytic reaction cycles, side reactions are disastrous as they decrease the fuel's efficiency and, more importantly, destroy the molecular machinery or assembling molecules. Therefore, this work tested how to suppress N-acylurea by screening precursor concentration, its structure, carbodiimide structure, additives, temperature, and pH. It turned out that the combination of low temperature, low pH, and 10% pyridine as a fraction of the fuel could significantly suppress the N-acylurea side product and keep the reaction cycle highly effective to regulate successful assembly. We anticipate that our work will provide guidelines for using carbodiimide-fueled reaction cycles to regulate molecular function and how to choose optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Héctor Soria-Carrera
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Oleksii Zozulia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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10
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Chen X, Kriebisch BAK, Bergmann AM, Boekhoven J. Design rules for reciprocal coupling in chemically fueled assembly. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10176-10183. [PMID: 37772095 PMCID: PMC10530897 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biology regulates the function and assembly of proteins through non-equilibrium reaction cycles. Reciprocally, the assembly of proteins can influence the reaction rates of these cycles. Such reciprocal coupling between assembly and reaction cycle is a prerequisite for behavior like dynamic instabilities, treadmilling, pattern formation, and oscillations between morphologies. While assemblies regulated by chemical reaction cycles gained traction, the concept of reciprocal coupling is under-explored. In this work, we provide two molecular design strategies to tweak the degree of reciprocal coupling between the assembly and reaction cycle. The strategies involve spacing the chemically active site away from the assembly or burying it into the assembly. We envision that design strategies facilitate the creation of reciprocally coupled and, by extension, dynamic supramolecular materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Brigitte A K Kriebisch
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Alexander M Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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11
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Chen X, Würbser MA, Boekhoven J. Chemically Fueled Supramolecular Materials. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 4:416-426. [PMID: 37256081 PMCID: PMC10226104 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In biology, the function of many molecules is regulated through nonequilibrium chemical reaction cycles. The prototypical example is the phosphorylation of an amino acid in an enzyme which induces a functional change, e.g., it folds or unfolds, assembles or disassembles, or binds a substrate. Such phosphorylation does not occur spontaneously but requires a phosphorylating agent with high chemical potential (for example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) to be converted into a molecule with lower chemical potential (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)). When this energy is used to regulate an assembly, we speak of chemically fueled assemblies; i.e., the molecule with high potential, the fuel, is used to regulate a self-assembly process. For example, the binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to tubulin induces self-assembly. The bound GTP is hydrolyzed to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) upon assembly, which induces tubulin disassembly. The result is a dynamic assembly endowed with unique characteristics, such as time-dependent behavior and the ability to self-heal. These intriguing, unique properties have inspired supramolecular chemists to create similar chemically fueled molecular assemblies from the bottom up. While examples have been designed, they remain scarce partly because chemically fueled reaction cycles are rare and often complex. Thus, we recently developed a carbodiimide-driven reaction cycle that is versatile and easy to use, quantitatively understood, and does not suffer from side reactions. In the reaction cycle, a carboxylate precursor reacts with a carbodiimide to form an activated species like an anhydride or ester. The activated state reacts with water and thereby reverts to its precursor state; i.e., the activated state is deactivated. Effectively, the precursor catalyzes carbodiimides' conversion into waste and forms a transient activated state. We designed building blocks to regulate a range of assemblies and supramolecular materials at the expense of carbodiimide fuel. The simplicity and versatility of the reaction cycles have democratized and popularized the field of chemically fueled assemblies. In this Account, we describe what we have "learned" on our way. We introduce the field exemplified by biological nonequilibrium self-assembly. We describe the design of the carbodiimide-driven reaction cycle. Using examples from our group and others, we offer design rules for the building block's structure and strategies to create the desired morphology or supramolecular materials. The discussed morphologies include fibers, colloids, crystals, and oil- and coacervate-based droplets. We then demonstrate how these assemblies form supramolecular materials with unique material properties like the ability to self-heal. Besides, we discuss the concept of reciprocal coupling in which the assembly exerts feedback on its reaction cycle and we also offer examples of such feedback mechanisms. Finally, we close the Account with a discussion and an outlook on this field. This Account aims to provide our fundamental understanding and facilitate further progress toward conceptually new supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Michaela A. Würbser
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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12
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Chen X, Stasi M, Rodon-Fores J, Großmann PF, Bergmann AM, Dai K, Tena-Solsona M, Rieger B, Boekhoven J. A Carbodiimide-Fueled Reaction Cycle That Forms Transient 5(4 H)-Oxazolones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6880-6887. [PMID: 36931284 PMCID: PMC10064336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
In life, molecular architectures, like the cytoskeletal proteins or the nucleolus, catalyze the conversion of chemical fuels to perform their functions. For example, tubulin catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to form a dynamic cytoskeletal network. In contrast, myosin uses the energy obtained by catalyzing the hydrolysis of ATP to exert forces. Artificial examples of such beautiful architectures are scarce partly because synthetic chemically fueled reaction cycles are relatively rare. Here, we introduce a new chemical reaction cycle driven by the hydration of a carbodiimide. Unlike other carbodiimide-fueled reaction cycles, the proposed cycle forms a transient 5(4H)-oxazolone. The reaction cycle is efficient in forming the transient product and is robust to operate under a wide range of fuel inputs, pH, and temperatures. The versatility of the precursors is vast, and we demonstrate several molecular designs that yield chemically fueled droplets, fibers, and crystals. We anticipate that the reaction cycle can offer a range of other assemblies and, due to its versatility, can also be incorporated into molecular motors and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michele Stasi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jennifer Rodon-Fores
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Paula F Großmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander M Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kun Dai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marta Tena-Solsona
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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13
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Yao Z, Kuang Y, Kohl P, Li Y, Ardoña HAM. Carbodiimide‐Fueled Assembly of π‐Conjugated Peptides Regulated byElectrostatic Interactions. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze‐Fan Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Samueli School of Engineering University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Yuyao Kuang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Samueli School of Engineering University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Phillip Kohl
- Materials Research Laboratory and BioPACIFIC MIP University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Youli Li
- Materials Research Laboratory and BioPACIFIC MIP University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Samueli School of Engineering University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Samueli School of Engineering University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
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14
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Su B, Chi T, Ye Z, Xiang Y, Dong P, Liu D, Addonizio CJ, Webber MJ. Transient and Dissipative Host-Guest Hydrogels Regulated by Consumption of a Reactive Chemical Fuel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216537. [PMID: 36598411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transient self-assembly of molecules under the direction of a consumable fuel source is fundamental to biological processes such as cellular organization and motility. Such biomolecular assemblies exist in an out-of-equilibrium state, requiring continuous consumption of high energy molecules. At the same time, the creation of bioinspired supramolecular hydrogels has traditionally focused on associations occurring at the thermodynamic equilibrium state. Here, hydrogels are prepared from cucurbit[7]uril host-guest supramolecular interactions through transient physical crosslinking driven by the consumption of a reactive chemical fuel. Upon action from this fuel, the affinity and dynamics of CB[7]-guest recognition are altered. In this way, the lifetime of transient hydrogel formation and the dynamic modulus obtained are governed by fuel consumption, rather than being directed by equilibrium complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Teng Chi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Yuanhui Xiang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Dongping Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christopher J Addonizio
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Matthew J Webber
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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15
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Stasi M, Monferrer A, Babl L, Wunnava S, Dirscherl CF, Braun D, Schwille P, Dietz H, Boekhoven J. Regulating DNA-Hybridization Using a Chemically Fueled Reaction Cycle. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21939-21947. [PMID: 36442850 PMCID: PMC9732876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular machines, such as ATPases or motor proteins, couple the catalysis of a chemical reaction, most commonly hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphates, to their conformational change. In essence, they continuously convert a chemical fuel to drive their motion. An outstanding goal of nanotechnology remains to synthesize a nanomachine with similar functions, precision, and speed. The field of DNA nanotechnology has given rise to the engineering precision required for such a device. Simultaneously, the field of systems chemistry developed fast chemical reaction cycles that convert fuel to change the function of molecules. In this work, we thus combined a chemical reaction cycle with the precision of DNA nanotechnology to yield kinetic control over the conformational state of a DNA hairpin. Future work on such systems will result in out-of-equilibrium DNA nanodevices with precise functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Stasi
- School
of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching85748, Germany
| | - Alba Monferrer
- School
of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching85748, Germany,Munich
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical
University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, Garching85748, Germany
| | - Leon Babl
- Max
Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried82152,Germany
| | - Sreekar Wunnava
- Center
for NanoScience (CeNS) and Systems Biophysics, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich80799, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Braun
- Center
for NanoScience (CeNS) and Systems Biophysics, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich80799, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max
Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried82152,Germany
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- School
of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching85748, Germany,Munich
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical
University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, Garching85748, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- School
of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching85748, Germany,
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16
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Kriebisch BAK, Kriebisch CME, Bergmann AM, Wanzke C, Tena‐Solsona M, Boekhoven J. Tuning the Kinetic Trapping in Chemically Fueled Self‐Assembly**. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte A. K. Kriebisch
- School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Christine M. E. Kriebisch
- School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Alexander M. Bergmann
- School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Caren Wanzke
- School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Marta Tena‐Solsona
- School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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17
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Rodon-Fores J, Würbser MA, Kretschmer M, Rieß B, Bergmann AM, Lieleg O, Boekhoven J. A chemically fueled supramolecular glue for self-healing gels. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11411-11421. [PMID: 36320578 PMCID: PMC9533421 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03691f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically fueled supramolecular materials offer unique properties that include spatial and temporal control and even the ability to self-heal. Indeed, a few studies have demonstrated the ability to self-heal, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we designed a peptide that forms a fibrillar network upon chemical fueling. We were surprised that the hydrogel could self-heal despite the lack of dynamics in the fiber assembly and disassembly. We explain this behavior by a mechanism that involves the chemically fueled peptide molecules that cannot self-assemble due to the lack of nucleation sites. When the fibers are perturbed, new nucleation sites form that help the assembly resulting in the healing of the damaged network. Furthermore, we generalized the behavior for other peptides. We refer to this non-assembling, chemically-fueled peptide as a molecular glue. In future work, we aim to explore whether this self-healing mechanism applies to more complex structures, narrowing the gap between biological and synthetic self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rodon-Fores
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Michaela A Würbser
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Martin Kretschmer
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department for Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich Boltzmannstr. 15 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Benedikt Rieß
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Alexander M Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department for Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich Boltzmannstr. 15 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
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18
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Xu H, Bai S, Gu G, Gao Y, Sun X, Guo X, Xuan F, Wang Y. Bioinspired Self-Resettable Hydrogel Actuators Powered by a Chemical Fuel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43825-43832. [PMID: 36103624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The movements of soft living tissues, such as muscle, have sparked a strong interest in the design of hydrogel actuators; however, so far, typical manmade examples still lag behind their biological counterparts, which usually function under nonequilibrium conditions through the consumption of high-energy biomolecules and show highly autonomous behaviors. Here, we report on self-resettable hydrogel actuators that are powered by a chemical fuel and can spontaneously return to their original states over time once the fuels are depleted. Self-resettable actuation originates from a chemical fuel-mediated transient change in the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel networks. The actuation extent and duration can be programmed by the fuel levels, and the self-resettable actuation process is highly recyclable through refueling. Furthermore, various proof-of-concept autonomous soft robots are created, resembling the movements of soft-bodied creatures in nature. This work may serve as a starting point for the development of lifelike soft robots with autonomous behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Bai
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Guanyao Gu
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Gao
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Guizhou Aerospace Institute of Measuring and Testing Technology, Guiyang 550009, P. R. China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Fuzhen Xuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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19
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Schnitzer T, Jansen SAH, Mabesoone MFJ, Vantomme G, Meijer EW. In situ Synthesis of Supramolecular Polymers: Finding the Right Conditions when Combining Covalent and Non-Covalent Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206729. [PMID: 35763321 PMCID: PMC9544088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The combination of covalent and non-covalent synthesis is omnipresent in nature and potentially enables access to new materials. Yet, the fundamental principles that govern such a synthesis are barely understood. Here, we demonstrate how even simple reaction mixtures behave surprisingly complex when covalent reactions are coupled to self-assembly processes. Specifically, we study the reaction behavior of a system in which the in situ formation of discotic benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) monomers is linked to an intertwined non-covalent reaction network including self-assembly into helical BTA polymers. This system shows an unexpected phase-separation behavior in which an interplay of reactant/product concentrations, side-products and solvent purity determines the system composition. We envision that these insights can bring us one step closer to how to design the synthesis of systems in a combined covalent/non-covalent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schnitzer
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S A H Jansen
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Sharko A, Livitz D, De Piccoli S, Bishop KJM, Hermans TM. Insights into Chemically Fueled Supramolecular Polymers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11759-11777. [PMID: 35674495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymerization can be controlled in space and time by chemical fuels. A nonassembled monomer is activated by the fuel and subsequently self-assembles into a polymer. Deactivation of the molecule either in solution or inside the polymer leads to disassembly. Whereas biology has already mastered this approach, fully artificial examples have only appeared in the past decade. Here, we map the available literature examples into four distinct regimes depending on their activation/deactivation rates and the equivalents of deactivating fuel. We present increasingly complex mathematical models, first considering only the chemical activation/deactivation rates (i.e., transient activation) and later including the full details of the isodesmic or cooperative supramolecular processes (i.e., transient self-assembly). We finish by showing that sustained oscillations are possible in chemically fueled cooperative supramolecular polymerization and provide mechanistic insights. We hope our models encourage the quantification of activation, deactivation, assembly, and disassembly kinetics in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Livitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Thomas M Hermans
- University of Strasbourg & CNRS, UMR7140, Strasbourg 67000, France
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21
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Xing Z, Lu H, Shu DW, Fu YQ. Non-Euclidean geometry model for chemo-mechanical coupling in self-assembled polymers towards dynamic elasticity. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Schnitzer T, Jansen SAH, Mabesoone MFJ, Vantomme G, Meijer E. In‐Situ Synthesis of Supramolecular Polymers: Finding the Right Conditions when Combining Covalent and Non‐Covalent Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schnitzer
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems NETHERLANDS
| | - Stef A. H. Jansen
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems NETHERLANDS
| | - Mathijs F. J. Mabesoone
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems NETHERLANDS
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems STO 4.36Post Office Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven NETHERLANDS
| | - E.W. Meijer
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems P.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MB 5600 MB Eindhoven NETHERLANDS
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23
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Zong Z, Hao A, Xing P, Zhao Y. Chiral molecular nanosilicas. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4029-4040. [PMID: 35440995 PMCID: PMC8985511 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular nanoparticles including polyoxometalates, proteins, fullerenes and polyhedral oligosiloxane (POSS) are nanosized objects with atomic precision, among which POSS derivatives are the smallest nanosilicas. Incorporation of molecular nanoparticles into chiral aggregates either by chiral matrices or self-assembly allows for the transfer of supramolecular chirality, yet the construction of intrinsic chirality with atomic precision in discrete molecules remains a great challenge. In this work, we present a molecular folding strategy to construct giant POSS molecules with inherent chirality. Ferrocenyl diamino acids are conjugated by two or four POSS segments. Hydrogen bonding-driven folding of diamino acid arms into parallel β-sheets facilitates the chirality transfer from amino acids to ferrocene and POSS respectively, disregarding the flexible alkyl spacers. Single crystal X-ray structures, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, circular dichroism and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy clearly verify the preferential formation of one enantiomer containing chiral molecular nanosilicas. The chiral orientation and chiroptical properties of POSS show pronounced dependence on the substituents of α-amino acids, affording an alternative way to control the folding behavior and POSS chirality in addition to the absolute configuration of amino acids. Through the kinetic nanoprecipitation protocol, one-dimensional aggregation enables chirality transfer from the molecular scale to the micrometer scale, self-assembling into helices in accordance with the packing propensity of POSS in a crystal phase. This work, by illustrating the construction of chiral molecular nanosilicas, paves a new way to obtain discrete chiral molecular nanoparticles for potential chiroptical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zong
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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24
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Ren H, Zeng XZ, Zhao XX, Hou DY, Yao H, Yaseen M, Zhao L, Xu WH, Wang H, Li LL. A bioactivated in vivo assembly nanotechnology fabricated NIR probe for small pancreatic tumor intraoperative imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:418. [PMID: 35058435 PMCID: PMC8776730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of the tumour boundary is important during surgery to ensure that sufficient tumour tissue has been removed. However, the current fluorescence probes for bioimaging suffer from poor tumour specificity and narrow application of the imaging window used. Here, we report a bioactivated in vivo assembly (BIVA) nanotechnology, demonstrating a general optical probe with enhanced tumour accumulation and prolonged imaging window. The BIVA probe exhibits active targeting and assembly induced retention effect, which improves selectivity to tumours. The surface specific nanofiber assembly on the tumour surface increases the accumulation of probe at the boundary of the tumor. The blood circulation time of the BIVA probe is prolonged by 110 min compared to idocyanine green. The assembly induced metabolic stability broaden the difference between the tumor and background, obtaining a delayed imaging window between 8-96 h with better signal-to-background contrast (>9 folds). The fabricated BIVA probe permits precise imaging of small sized (<2 mm) orthotopic pancreatic tumors in vivo. The high specificity and sensitivity of the BIVA probe may further benefit the intraoperative imaging in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ren
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiang-Zhong Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100049, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Da-Yong Hou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, 150001, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haodong Yao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Lina Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, 150001, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
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25
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Schwarz PS, Tena-Solsona M, Dai K, Boekhoven J. Carbodiimide-fueled catalytic reaction cycles to regulate supramolecular processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1284-1297. [PMID: 35014639 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular self-assembly, supramolecular chemists can create Gigadalton-structures with angstrom precision held together by non-covalent interactions. However, despite relying on the same molecular toolbox for self-assembly, these synthetic structures lack the complexity and sophistication of biological assemblies. Those assemblies are non-equilibrium structures that rely on the constant consumption of energy transduced from the hydrolysis of chemical fuels like ATP and GTP, which endows them with dynamic properties, e.g., temporal and spatial control and self-healing ability. Thus, to synthesize life-like materials, we have to find a reaction cycle that converts chemical energy to regulate self-assembly. We and others recently found that this can be done by a reaction cycle that hydrates carbodiimides. This feature article aims to provide an overview of how the energy transduced from carbodiimide hydration can alter the function of molecules and regulate molecular assemblies. The goal is to offer the reader design considerations for carbodiimide-driven reaction cycles to create a desired morphology or function of the assembly and ultimately to push chemically fueled self-assembly further towards the bottom-up synthesis of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Marta Tena-Solsona
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Kun Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany. .,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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26
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Niebuur BJ, Hegels H, Tena-Solsona M, Schwarz PS, Boekhoven J, Papadakis CM. Droplet Formation by Chemically Fueled Self-Assembly: The Role of Precursor Hydrophobicity. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13542-13551. [PMID: 34851128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigate active droplets that form at the expense of a chemical fuel in aqueous buffer and vanish autonomously. Dynamic light scattering reveals the scattered intensity, the hydrodynamic radius, and the width of the size distribution with high precision as well as high temporal and spatial resolutions. Comparing the resulting time-dependent behavior of the droplet characteristics with the time-dependent concentration of the anhydrides, the roles of the chemical reaction cycle and of colloidal growth processes are elucidated. The droplet sizes and lifetimes depend strongly on the hydrophobicity of the precursor, and the growth rate is found to correlate with the deactivation rate of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hegels
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marta Tena-Solsona
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Studies, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Patrick S Schwarz
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Studies, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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27
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P C Sekhar K, Zhao K, Gao Z, Ma X, Geng H, Song A, Cui J. Polymorphic transient glycolipid assemblies with tunable lifespan and cargo release. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 610:1067-1076. [PMID: 34876263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In living systems, dynamic processes like dissipative assembly, polymorph formation, and destabilization of hydrophobic domains play an indispensable role in the biochemical processes. Adaptation of biological self-assembly processes to an amphiphilic molecule leads to the fabrication of intelligent biomaterials with life-like behavior. EXPERIMENTS An amphiphilic glycolipid molecule was engineered into various dissipative assemblies (vesicles and supramolecular nanotube-composed hydrogels) by using two activation steps, including heating-cooling and shear force in method-1 or boric acid/glycolipid complexation and shear force in method-2. The influence of number of activation steps on vesicle to nanotube phase transitions and activation method on the properties of hydrogels were investigated, where the morphological transformations and destabilization of hydrophobic domains resulted from a bilayer to a higher-order crystal structure. FINDINGS Hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargos encapsulated in the dissipative assemblies (vesicles and injectable hydrogels) can be released in a controlled manner via changing the activation method. The reported adaptive materials engineered by dual activation steps are promising self-assembled systems for programmed release of loaded cargos at a tunable rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaparedu P C Sekhar
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Kaijie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xuebin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Huimin Geng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Aixin Song
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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28
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Strauss MJ, Hwang I, Evans AM, Natraj A, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Castano I, Roesner EK, Choi JW, Dichtel WR. Lithium-Conducting Self-Assembled Organic Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17655-17665. [PMID: 34648256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are compelling platforms for the design of stimuli-responsive materials with emergent functions. Here, we report the assembly of an amphiphilic nanotube for Li-ion conduction that exhibits high ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, electrochemical stability, and solution processability. Imine condensation of a pyridine-containing diamine with a triethylene glycol functionalized isophthalaldehyde yields pore-functionalized macrocycles. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in solvo X-ray diffraction reveal that macrocycle protonation during their mild synthesis drives assembly into high-aspect ratio (>103) nanotubes with three interior triethylene glycol groups. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that lithiated nanotubes are efficient Li+ conductors, with an activation energy of 0.42 eV and a peak room temperature conductivity of 3.91 ± 0.38 × 10-5 S cm-1. 7Li NMR and Raman spectroscopy show that lithiation occurs exclusively within the nanotube interior and implicates the glycol groups in facilitating efficient Li+ transduction. Linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic lithium plating-stripping tests reveal that this nanotube-based electrolyte is stable over a wide potential range and supports long-term cyclability. These findings demonstrate how the coupling of synthetic design and supramolecular structural control can yield high-performance ionic transporters that are amenable to device-relevant fabrication, as well as the technological potential of chemically designed self-assembled nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Insu Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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29
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Synthesis and characterization of chemically fueled supramolecular materials driven by carbodiimide-based fuels. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3901-3932. [PMID: 34194049 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many supramolecular materials in biological systems are driven to a nonequilibrium state by the irreversible consumption of high-energy molecules such as ATP or GTP. As a result, they exhibit unique dynamic properties such as a tunable lifetime, adaptivity or the ability to self-heal. In contrast, synthetic counterparts that exist in or close to equilibrium are controlled by thermodynamic parameters and therefore lack these dynamic properties. To mimic biological materials more closely, synthetic self-assembling systems have been developed that are driven out of equilibrium by chemical reactions. This protocol describes the synthesis and characterization of such an assembly, which is driven by carbodiimide fuels. Depending on the amount of chemical fuel added to the material, its lifetime can be tuned. In the first step, the protocol details the synthesis and purification of the peptide-based precursors for the fuel-driven assemblies by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Then, we explain how to analyze the kinetic response of the precursors to a carbodiimide-based chemical fuel by HPLC and kinetic models. Finally, we detail how to study the emerging assembly's macro- and microscopic properties by time-lapse photography, UV-visible spectroscopy, shear rheology, confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. The procedure is described using the example of a colloid-forming precursor Fmoc-E-OH and a fiber-forming precursor Fmoc-AAD-OH to emphasize the differences in characterization depending on the type of assembly. The characterization of a precursor's transient assembly can be done within 5 d. The synthesis and purification of a peptide precursor requires 2 d of work.
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30
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Schwarz PS, Tebcharani L, Heger JE, Müller-Buschbaum P, Boekhoven J. Chemically fueled materials with a self-immolative mechanism: transient materials with a fast on/off response. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9969-9976. [PMID: 34349967 PMCID: PMC8317627 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for transient materials with a predefined lifetime like self-erasing temporary electronic circuits or transient biomedical implants. Chemically fueled materials are an example of such materials; they emerge in response to chemical fuel, and autonomously decay as they deplete it. However, these materials suffer from a slow, typically first order decay profile. That means that over the course of the material's lifetime, its properties continuously change until it is fully decayed. Materials that have a sharp on-off response are self-immolative ones. These degrade rapidly after an external trigger through a self-amplifying decay mechanism. However, self-immolative materials are not autonomous; they require a trigger. We introduce here materials with the best of both, i.e., materials based on chemically fueled emulsions that are also self-immolative. The material has a lifetime that can be predefined, after which it autonomously and rapidly degrades. We showcase the new material class with self-expiring labels and drug-delivery platforms with a controllable burst-release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Laura Tebcharani
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 2a 85748 Garching Germany
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31
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Teders M, Murray NR, Huck WTS. Reversible Photoswitchable Inhibitors Enable Wavelength‐Selective Regulation of Out‐of‐Equilibrium Bi‐enzymatic Systems. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Teders
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R. Murray
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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32
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Lang X, Thumu U, Yuan L, Zheng C, Zhang H, He L, Zhao H, Zhao C. Chemical fuel-driven transient polymeric micelle nanoreactors toward reversible trapping and reaction acceleration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5786-5789. [PMID: 33998623 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00726b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In most synthetic nanoreactor systems, catalysed products do not promptly diffuse away from the nanoreactor, which leads to lower than expected catalytic efficiencies. To address the diffusion problem, transient polymer micelle nanoreactor systems were achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as the fuel and activated esters as the energy dissipating units. These demonstrated pathway-dependent catalytic properties for transient micelles: product inhibition was observed or efficiently eliminated depending on EDC reloading in the metastable stage or after full dissipation for transient micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Lang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences (IFFS), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China.
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33
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Kriebisch CME, Bergmann AM, Boekhoven J. Fuel-Driven Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7719-7725. [PMID: 33978418 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In dynamic combinatorial libraries, molecules react with each other reversibly to form intricate networks under thermodynamic control. In biological systems, chemical reaction networks operate under kinetic control by the transduction of chemical energy. We thus introduced the notion of energy transduction, via chemical reaction cycles, to a dynamic combinatorial library. In the library, monomers can be oligomerized, oligomers can be deoligomerized, and oligomers can recombine. Interestingly, we found that the dynamics of the library's components were dominated by transacylation, which is an equilibrium reaction. In contrast, the library's dynamics were dictated by fuel-driven activation, which is a nonequilibrium reaction. Finally, we found that self-assembly can play a large role in affecting the reaction's kinetics via feedback mechanisms. The interplay of the simultaneously operating reactions and feedback mechanisms can result in hysteresis effects in which the outcome of the competition for fuel depends on events that occurred in the past. In future work, we envision diversifying the library by modifying building blocks with catalytically active motifs and information-containing monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M E Kriebisch
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander M Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Strauss MJ, Jia M, Evans AM, Castano I, Li RL, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Roesner EK, Swartz JL, Chavez AD, Enciso AE, Stoddart JF, Rolandi M, Dichtel WR. Diverse Proton-Conducting Nanotubes via a Tandem Macrocyclization and Assembly Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8145-8153. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K. Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Swartz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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35
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Kubota R, Tanaka W, Hamachi I. Microscopic Imaging Techniques for Molecular Assemblies: Electron, Atomic Force, and Confocal Microscopies. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14281-14347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Hamachi Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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36
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Schwarz PS, Laha S, Janssen J, Huss T, Boekhoven J, Weber CA. Parasitic behavior in competing chemically fueled reaction cycles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7554-7560. [PMID: 34163846 PMCID: PMC8171353 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-equilibrium, fuel-driven reaction cycles serve as model systems of the intricate reaction networks of life. Rich and dynamic behavior is observed when reaction cycles regulate assembly processes, such as phase separation. However, it remains unclear how the interplay between multiple reaction cycles affects the success of emergent assemblies. To tackle this question, we created a library of molecules that compete for a common fuel that transiently activates products. Often, the competition for fuel implies that a competitor decreases the lifetime of these products. However, in cases where the transient competitor product can phase-separate, such a competitor can increase the survival time of one product. Moreover, in the presence of oscillatory fueling, the same mechanism reduces variations in the product concentration while the concentration variations of the competitor product are enhanced. Like a parasite, the product benefits from the protection of the host against deactivation and increases its robustness against fuel variations at the expense of the robustness of the host. Such a parasitic behavior in multiple fuel-driven reaction cycles represents a lifelike trait, paving the way for the bottom-up design of synthetic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Sudarshana Laha
- Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems Nöthnitzer Straße 38 01187 Dresden Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden Pfotenhauerstraße 108 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Jacqueline Janssen
- Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems Nöthnitzer Straße 38 01187 Dresden Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden Pfotenhauerstraße 108 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Tabea Huss
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 2a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems Nöthnitzer Straße 38 01187 Dresden Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden Pfotenhauerstraße 108 01307 Dresden Germany
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37
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Teders M, Pogodaev AA, Bojanov G, Huck WTS. Reversible Photoswitchable Inhibitors Generate Ultrasensitivity in Out-of-Equilibrium Enzymatic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5709-5716. [PMID: 33844531 PMCID: PMC8154525 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ultrasensitivity
is a ubiquitous emergent property of biochemical
reaction networks. The design and construction of synthetic reaction
networks exhibiting ultrasensitivity has been challenging, but would
greatly expand the potential properties of life-like materials. Herein,
we exploit a general and modular strategy to reversibly regulate the
activity of enzymes using light and show how ultrasensitivity arises
in simple out-of-equilibrium enzymatic systems upon incorporation
of reversible photoswitchable inhibitors (PIs). Utilizing a chromophore/warhead
strategy, PIs of the protease α-chymotrypsin were synthesized,
which led to the discovery of inhibitors with large differences in
inhibition constants (Ki) for the different
photoisomers. A microfluidic flow setup was used to study enzymatic
reactions under out-of-equilibrium conditions by continuous addition
and removal of reagents. Upon irradiation of the continuously stirred
tank reactor with different light pulse sequences, i.e., varying the
pulse duration or frequency of UV and blue light irradiation, reversible
switching between photoisomers resulted in ultrasensitive responses
in enzymatic activity as well as frequency filtering of input signals.
This general and modular strategy enables reversible and tunable control
over the kinetic rates of individual enzyme-catalyzed reactions and
makes a programmable linkage of enzymes to a wide range of network
topologies feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Teders
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr A Pogodaev
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn Bojanov
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Würbser MA, Schwarz PS, Heckel J, Bergmann AM, Walther A, Boekhoven J. Chemically Fueled Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly into Transient Nanoreactors**. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A. Würbser
- Department of Chemistry Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Patrick S. Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Jonas Heckel
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander M. Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute for Advanced Studies Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstraße 2a 85748 Garching Germany
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39
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van der Helm MP, de Beun T, Eelkema R. On the use of catalysis to bias reaction pathways in out-of-equilibrium systems. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4484-4493. [PMID: 34163713 PMCID: PMC8179475 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is an essential function in living systems and provides a way to control complex reaction networks. In natural out-of-equilibrium chemical reaction networks (CRNs) driven by the consumption of chemical fuels, enzymes provide catalytic control over pathway kinetics, giving rise to complex functions. Catalytic regulation of man-made fuel-driven systems is far less common and mostly deals with enzyme catalysis instead of synthetic catalysts. Here, we show via simulations, illustrated by literature examples, how any catalyst can be incorporated in a non-equilibrium CRN and what their effect is on the behavior of the system. Alteration of the catalysts' concentrations in batch and flow gives rise to responses in maximum conversion, lifetime (i.e. product half-lives and t90 - time to recover 90% of the reactant) and steady states. In situ up or downregulation of catalysts' levels temporarily changes the product steady state, whereas feedback elements can give unusual concentration profiles as a function of time and self-regulation in a CRN. We show that simulations can be highly effective in predicting CRN behavior. In the future, shifting the focus from enzyme catalysis towards small molecule and metal catalysis in out-of-equilibrium systems can provide us with new reaction networks and enhance their application potential in synthetic materials, overall advancing the design of man-made responsive and interactive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P van der Helm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands +31 15 27 81035
| | - Tuanke de Beun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands +31 15 27 81035
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands +31 15 27 81035
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