1
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Turner JA, Zipse H, Taylor MS. On the mechanism of carboxylate elimination from carbohydrate monoester-derived radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3225-3229. [PMID: 38597089 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A computational study of the mechanism of hydrogen atom transfer-induced carboxylate elimination from monoacylated 1,2-diol groups in pyranosides is presented. A comprehensive analysis of the 1,2-migration, elimination and fragmentation pathways reveals that concerted elimination via a 7-membered, hydrogen-bonded transition state is favored. Relative rates of elimination inferred from an intramolecular competition experiment are consistent with the trends obtained from the calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany.
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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2
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Jiang NC, Zhou Z, Niu J. Quantitative, Regiospecific, and Stereoselective Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Monosaccharide Cyclic Ketene Acetals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5056-5062. [PMID: 38345300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) are among the most well-studied monomers for radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP). However, ring-retaining side reactions and low reactivities in homopolymerization and copolymerization remain significant challenges for the existing CKAs. Here, we report that a class of monosaccharide CKAs can be facilely prepared from a short and scalable synthetic route and can undergo quantitative, regiospecific, and stereoselective rROP. NMR analyses and degradation experiments revealed a reaction mechanism involving a propagating radical at the C2 position of pyranose with different monosaccharides exhibiting distinct stereoselectivity in the radical addition of the monomer. Furthermore, the addition of maleimide was found to improve the incorporation efficiency of monosaccharide CKA in the copolymerization with vinyl monomers and produced unique degradable terpolymers with carbohydrate motifs in the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Zefeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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3
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Sarkar S, Cheung KPS, Gevorgyan V. Recent Advances in Visible Light Induced Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311972. [PMID: 37957126 PMCID: PMC10922525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Visible light-induced Pd catalysis has emerged as a promising subfield of photocatalysis. The hybrid nature of Pd radical species has enabled a wide array of radical-based transformations otherwise challenging or unknown via conventional Pd chemistry. In parallel to the ongoing pursuit of alternative, readily available radical precursors, notable discoveries have demonstrated that photoexcitation can alter not only oxidative addition but also other elementary steps. This Minireview highlights the recent progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Kelvin Pak Shing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
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4
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Gorelik DJ, Desai SP, Jdanova S, Turner JA, Taylor MS. Transformations of carbohydrate derivatives enabled by photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1204-1236. [PMID: 38274059 PMCID: PMC10806712 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the diverse ways in which recent developments in the areas of photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry are impacting synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The major topics covered are photocatalytic glycosylations, generation of radicals at the anomeric position, transformations involving radical formation at non-anomeric positions, additions to glycals, processes initiated by photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from sugars, and functional group interconversions at OH and SH groups. Factors influencing stereo- and site-selectivity in these processes, along with mechanistic aspects, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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5
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Sondag D, de Kleijne FFJ, Castermans S, Chatzakis I, van Geffen M, Van't Veer C, van Heerde WL, Boltje TJ, Rutjes FPJT. Synthesis and Evaluation of Glycosyl Luciferins. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302547. [PMID: 37849395 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Measuring glycosidase activity is important to monitor any aberrations in carbohydrate hydrolase activity, but also for the screening of potential glycosidase inhibitors. To this end, synthetic substrates are needed which provide an enzyme-dependent read-out upon hydrolysis by the glycosidase. Herein, we present two new routes for the synthesis of caged luminescent carbohydrates, which can be used for determining glycosidase activity with a luminescent reporter molecule. The substrates were validated with glycosidase and revealed a clear linear range and enzyme-dependent signal upon the in situ generation of the luciferin moiety from the corresponding nitrile precursors. Besides, we showed that these compounds could directly be synthesized from unprotected glycosyl-α-fluorides in a two-step procedure with yields up to 75 %. The intermediate methyl imidate appeared a key intermediate which also reacted with d-cysteine to give the corresponding d-luciferin substrate rendering this a highly attractive method for synthesizing glycosyl luciferins in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Sondag
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank F J de Kleijne
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Castermans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isa Chatzakis
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Geffen
- Enzyre BV, Novio Tech Campus, Transistorweg 5-i, 6534 AT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Enzyre BV, Novio Tech Campus, Transistorweg 5-i, 6534 AT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Waander L van Heerde
- Enzyre BV, Novio Tech Campus, Transistorweg 5-i, 6534 AT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Haemophilia Treatment Centre, Nijmegen Eindhoven Maastricht (HTC-NEM), The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Waddell PM, Tian L, Scavuzzo AR, Venigalla L, Scholes GD, Carrow BP. Visible light-induced palladium-carbon bond weakening in catalytically relevant T-shaped complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14217-14228. [PMID: 38098701 PMCID: PMC10717500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering one-electron redox processes during palladium catalysis holds the potential to unlock new reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods not previously accessible in the typical two-electron reaction manifolds that dominate palladium catalysis. We report that T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes coordinated by a bulky monophosphine, a class of organometallic intermediate featured in a range of contemporary catalytic reactions, undergo blue light-promoted bond weakening leading to mild and efficient homolytic cleavage of strong Pd(ii)-C(sp3) bonds under ambient conditions. The origin of light-triggered radical formation in these systems, which lack an obvious ligand-based chromophore (i.e., π-systems), was investigated using a combination of DFT calculations, photoactinometry, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The available data suggest T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes manifest unusual blue light-accessible Pd-to-C(sp3) transition. The quantum efficiency and excited state lifetime of this process were unexpectedly superior compared to a prototypical (α-diimine)Pd(ii) complex featuring a low-lying, ligand-centered LUMO (π*). These results suggest coordinatively-unsaturated organopalladium(ii) compounds, catalysts in myriad catalytic processes, have untapped potential for one-electron reactivity under visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Waddell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Lalu Venigalla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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7
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Chun J, Li Y, Xie X, Guo K, Zhao D, Chen K, Zhu Y. Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Remote Alkynylation via 1,4-Heteroaryl Migration. Org Lett 2023; 25:7739-7744. [PMID: 37851948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent remote alkynylation of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters with terminal alkynes via 1,4-heteroaryl migration has been developed. A broad scope of heteroaryl-tethered chiral alkynes has been synthesized with good regio- and enantioselectivities. The chiral-ligand-coordinated copper species plays a dual role as both the photoredox and cross-coupling catalyst. This methodology provides a new platform for enantioconvergent remote alkynylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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8
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Chang YH, Shen W, Shezaf JZ, Ortiz E, Krische MJ. Palladium(I)-Iodide-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Heck Reaction of Vinyl Triflates: A Formate-Mediated Cross-Electrophile Reductive Coupling with cine-Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22890-22895. [PMID: 37845783 PMCID: PMC10615887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The first deoxygenative Heck reactions are described, as illustrated by formate-mediated cine-substitutions of vinyl triflates with aryl iodides. The collective data corroborate a mechanism in which Pd(OAc)2 and Bu4NI form the dianionic iodide-bridged dimer [Pd2I6][NBu4]2, which, under reducing conditions, serves as a precursor to the palladium(I) complex [Pd2I4][NBu4]2. Dinculear oxidative addition of aryl iodide forms [Pd2I5(Ar)][NBu4]2, which dissociates to the monometallic complex [PdI2(Ar)][NBu4]. Vinyl triflate migratory insertion-sulfonate elimination delivers a palladium(IV) carbene, which upon β-hydride elimination/C-H reductive elimination gives the product of cine-substitution. These processes are the first efficient formate-mediated cross-electrophile reductive couplings beyond carbonyl addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Weijia Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Z Shezaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eliezer Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Lee BC, Koh MJ. Diversification of Glycosyl Compounds via Glycosyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305138. [PMID: 37278303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl radical functionalization is one of the central topics in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. Recent advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry and metallaphotoredox catalysis provided powerful platforms for glycosyl radical diversification. In particular, the discovery of new glycosyl radical precursors in conjunction with these advanced reaction technologies have significantly expanded the space for glycosyl compound synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the most recent progress in this area starting from 2021, and the reports included will be categorized based on different reaction types for better clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boon Chong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
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10
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Witt C, Woerpel KA. Mechanistic Studies on the 1,2-Spin-Center Shift in Carbohydrate Systems with a Fluorenylcyclopropyl Radical Clock. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12802-12807. [PMID: 37606513 PMCID: PMC10476153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the 1,2-spin-center shift in carbohydrate systems was studied with a fluorenylcyclopropyl radical clock. The 1,2-rearrangement of the acyl fluorenylcyclopropane group without opening of the cyclopropane ring provides the strongest evidence that the 1,2-spin-center shift in carbohydrate systems occurs through a concerted transition state without the intermediacy of a 1,3-dioxolanyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin
H. Witt
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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11
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Jiao RQ, Ding YN, Li M, Shi WY, Chen X, Zhang Z, Wei WX, Li XS, Gong XP, Luan YY, Liu XY, Liang YM. Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of C-Alkyl Glycosides via Glycosyl Radical Addition and Aryl Migration. Org Lett 2023; 25:6099-6104. [PMID: 37578285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced glycoarylation of activated olefins has been accomplished. Glycosyl radicals are generated via radical transfer strategies between (TMS)3SiOH and glycosyl bromides. Subsequent radical translocation and rapid 1,4-aryl migration form β-sugar amide derivatives, and eight types of sugars are compatible with this reaction. Further, the cascade reaction produced a quaternary carbon center with good functional group adaptability and high regioselectivity in mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wan-Xu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu-Yong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Okada K, Ojima KI, Ueda H, Tokuyama H. Concise Total Synthesis of (+)-Pleiocarpamine and Convergent Total Syntheses of (+)-Voacalgine A and (+)-Bipleiophylline via an Aerobic Oxidative Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37487024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-pleiocarpamine and the total syntheses of (+)-voacalgine A and (+)-bipleiophylline have been achieved. The scalable and concise 10-step synthesis of (+)-pleiocarpamine features construction of stereochemistry at the C16 position by radical cyclization and that of the highly strained cage-like structure via Pd-catalyzed intramolecular aromatic C-H functionalization. By modifying the biomimetic aerobic oxidative coupling of tryptophane derivatives catalyzed by FePc(CO2H)8, the oxidative coupling of the synthesized (+)-pleiocarpamine with pyrocatechuic acid was established to produce (+)-voacalgine A. The total synthesis of (+)-bipleiophylline was completed by the second coupling of (+)-voacalgine A with (+)-pleiocarpamine or one-pot couplings of 2 equiv of (+)-pleiocarpamine with pyrocatechuic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ojima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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13
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Győrfi N, Tasnádi G, Gyuris M, Kotschy A. Visible-Light-Induced Synthesis of Branched Ethers via Multicomponent Reactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37418511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The Spin-Center Shift (SCS) elimination is a specific way for the generation of radicals with relevance in synthetic and biochemical pathways. The combination of SCS-mediated radical chemistry and atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) offers new directions in diversity-oriented chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a photoredox three-component reaction of α-acyloxy-N-heterocycles as radical precursors, styrene derivatives as radical trapping agents, and alcohols as nucleophilic quenchers. The novel radical-polar crossover reaction provides access to a diverse set of branched ethers possessing high structural complexity. The utility of the transformation was also demonstrated by the synthesis of a complex drug derivative and it was easily scalable to the multigram level. The scope and limitations were also explored and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Győrfi
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tasnádi
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márió Gyuris
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Kotschy
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Ali W, Saha A, Ge H, Maiti D. Photoinduced meta-Selective C-H Oxygenation of Arenes. JACS AU 2023; 3:1790-1799. [PMID: 37388693 PMCID: PMC10301684 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The merger of photocatalysis and transition-metal catalysis has recently emerged as an adaptable platform for the development of innovative and environmentally benign synthetic methodologies. In contrast to classical transformation by Pd complexes, photoredox Pd catalysis operates through a radical pathway in the absence of a radical initiator. Using the synergistic merger of photoredox and Pd catalysis, we have developed a highly efficient, regioselective, and general meta-oxygenation protocol for diverse arenes under mild reaction conditions. The protocol showcases the meta-oxygenation of phenylacetic acids and biphenyl carboxylic acids/alcohols and is also amenable for a series of sulfonyls and phosphonyl-tethered arenes, irrespective of the nature and position of the substituents. Unlike thermal C-H acetoxylation which operates through the PdII/PdIV catalytic cycle, this metallaphotocatalytic C-H activation involves PdII/PdIII/PdIV intermediacy. The radical nature of the protocol is established through radical quenching experiments and EPR analysis of the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the catalytic path of this photoinduced transformation is established through control reactions, absorption spectroscopy, luminescence quenching, and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Argha Saha
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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15
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Dong DQ, Tian BL, Yang H, Wei ZH, Yang SH, Zhou MY, Ding CZ, Wang YL, Gao JH, Wang SJ, Yang WC, Liu BT, Wang ZL. Visible light induced palladium-catalyzed reactions involving halogenated hydrocarbon (RX). MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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16
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Liang XY, Liu AL, Shawn Fan HJ, Wang L, Xu ZN, Ding XG, Huang BS. TsOH-catalyzed acyl migration reaction of the Bz-group: innovative assembly of various building blocks for the synthesis of saccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1537-1548. [PMID: 36723045 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We developed an efficient method to achieve the regioselective acyl migration of benzoyl ester. In all the cases, the reactions required only the commercially available organic acid catalyst TsOH·H2O. This method enables the benzoyl group to migrate from secondary groups to primary hydroxyl groups, or from equatorial secondary hydroxyl groups to axial hydroxyl groups. The 1,2 or 1,3 acyl migration would potentially occur via five- and six-membered cyclic ortho acid intermediates. A wide range of orthogonally protected monosaccharides, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of natural oligosaccharides, were synthesized. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of the method, a tetrasaccharide portion from a mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharide was assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yong Liang
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - An-Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Hua-Jun Shawn Fan
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Zhi-Ning Xu
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Xin-Gang Ding
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Bo-Shun Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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17
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Ramanathan D, Shi Q, Xu M, Chang R, Peñín B, Funes-Ardoiz I, Ye J. Catalytic asymmetric deuterosilylation of exocyclic olefins with mannose-derived thiols and deuterium oxide. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01979e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free, photoinduced asymmetric deuterosilylation of exocyclic olefins has been achieved using a mannose-derived thiol catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devenderan Ramanathan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qinglong Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meichen Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Beatriz Peñín
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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18
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Zhou L, Mauro JN, Wu Y, Liu P, Ngai MY. Excited-State Palladium-Catalyzed α-Selective C1-Ketonylation. CCS CHEMISTRY 2023; 5:106-116. [PMID: 36920159 PMCID: PMC10010662 DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.022.202202282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-Glycosides are important carbohydrate mimetics found in natural products, bioactive compounds, and marketed drugs. However, stereoselective preparation of this class of glycomimetics remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. Herein, we report an excited-state palladium-catalyzed α-selective C-ketonylation strategy using readily available 1-bromosugars to access a range of C-glycosides. The reaction features excellent α-selectivity and mild conditions that tolerate a wide range of functional groups and complex molecular architectures. The resulting α-ketonylsugars can serve as versatile precursors for their β-isomers and other C-glycosides. Preliminary experimental and computational studies of the mechanism suggest a radical pathway involving the formation of palladoradical and glycosyl radical that undergoes polarity-mismatched coupling with silyl enol ether, affording the desired α-ketonylsugars. Insight into the reactivity and mechanism will inspire new reaction development and provide straightforward access to both α- and β-C-glycosides, greatly expanding the chemical and patent spaces of glycomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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19
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Sarkar S, Banerjee A, Shah JA, Mukherjee U, Frederiks NC, Johnson CJ, Ngai MY. Excited-State Copper-Catalyzed [4 + 1] Annulation Reaction Enables Modular Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated-γ-Lactams. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20884-20894. [PMID: 36326178 PMCID: PMC9754811 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactams continue to attract attention due to the importance of this structural motif in organic chemistry. Herein, we report the development of a visible-light-induced excited-state copper-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation reaction for the preparation of a wide range of γ-H, -OH, and -OR-substituted α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactams using acrylamides as the 4-atom unit and aroyl chlorides as the 1-atom unit. This modular synthetic protocol features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and high functional group tolerance. The reaction is amenable to late-stage diversification of complex molecular architectures, including derivatives of marketed drugs. The products of the reaction can serve as versatile building blocks for further derivatization. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest an inner-sphere catalytic cycle involving photoexcitation of the Cu(BINAP) catalyst, single-electron transfer, and capture of radical intermediates by copper species, followed by reductive elimination or protonation to give the desired γ-functionalized α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Nicoline C. Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400 USA
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20
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Marchese AD, Durant AG, Reid CM, Jans C, Arora R, Lautens M. Pd(0)/Blue Light Promoted Carboiodination Reaction – Evidence for Reversible C–I Bond Formation via a Radical Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20554-20560. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Marchese
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Andrew G. Durant
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Cian M. Reid
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Clara Jans
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Ramon Arora
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
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21
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Wu J, Kaplaneris N, Pöhlmann J, Michiyuki T, Yuan B, Ackermann L. Remote C-H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly of meta-C-Aryl Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208620. [PMID: 35877556 PMCID: PMC9825995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of C-aryl glycosides in biologically active natural products and approved drugs has long motivated the development of efficient strategies for their selective synthesis. Cross-couplings have been frequently used, but largely relied on palladium catalyst with prefunctionalized substrates, while ruthenium-catalyzed C-aryl glycoside preparation has thus far proven elusive. Herein, we disclose a versatile ruthenium(II)-catalyzed meta-C-H glycosylation to access meta-C-aryl glycosides from readily available glycosyl halide donors. The robustness of the ruthenium catalysis was reflected by mild reaction conditions, outstanding levels of anomeric selectivity and exclusive meta-site-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Pöhlmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Takuya Michiyuki
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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22
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Yu H, Zhang Q, Zi W. Enantioselective Three‐Component Photochemical 1,4‐Bisalkylation of 1,3‐Butadiene with Pd/Cu Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208411. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300071 China
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23
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Exploiting photoredox catalysis for carbohydrate modification through C–H and C–C bond activation. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:782-805. [PMID: 37118094 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful synthetic platform for accessing complex chemical structures through non-traditional bond disconnection strategies that proceed through free-radical intermediates. Such synthetic strategies have been used for a range of organic transformations; however, in carbohydrate chemistry they have primarily been applied to the generation of oxocarbenium ion intermediates in the ubiquitous glycosylation reaction. In this Review, we present more intricate light-induced synthetic strategies to modify native carbohydrates through homolytic C-H and C-C bond cleavage. These strategies allow access to glycans and glycoconjugates with profoundly altered carbohydrate skeletons, which are challenging to obtain through conventional synthetic means. Carbohydrate derivatives with such structural motifs represent a broad class of natural products integral to numerous biochemical processes and can be found in active pharmaceutical substances. Here we present progress made in C-H and C-C bond activation of carbohydrates through photoredox catalysis, focusing on the operational mechanisms and the scope of the described methodologies.
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24
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Saha A, Ghosh A, Guin S, Panda S, Mal DK, Majumdar A, Akita M, Maiti D. Substrate‐Rhodium Cooperativity in Photoinduced
ortho
‐Alkynylation of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210492. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sanjib Panda
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Dibya Kanti Mal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Abhirup Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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25
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Saha A, Ghosh A, Guin S, Panda S, Mal DK, Majumdar A, Akita M, Maiti D. Substrate‐Rhodium Cooperativity in Photoinduced ortho‐Alkynylation of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argha Saha
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Srimanta Guin
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Sanjib Panda
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Dibya Kanti Mal
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Abhirup Majumdar
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Chemistry and Life Science JAPAN
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Department of Chemistry Powai 400076 Mumbai INDIA
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26
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Matsuo B, Granados A, Majhi J, Sharique M, Levitre G, Molander GA. 1,2-Radical Shifts in Photoinduced Synthetic Organic Transformations: A Guide to the Reactivity of Useful Radical Synthons. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:435-454. [PMID: 36510615 PMCID: PMC9732885 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of 1,2-radical shift (RS) mechanisms in photoinduced organic reactions has provided efficient routes for the generation of important radical synthons in many chemical transformations. In this Review, the basic concepts involved in the traditional 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) mechanisms in recently reported studies are discussed. In addition, other useful 1,2-RSs are addressed, such as those proceeding through 1,2-group migrations in carbohydrate chemistry, via 1,2-boron shifts, and by the generation of α-amino radicals. The discussion begins with a general overview of the basic aspects of 1,2-RS mechanisms, followed by a demonstration of their applicability in photoinduced transformations. The sections that follow are organized according to the mechanisms operating in combination with the 1,2-radical migration event. This contribution is not a comprehensive review but rather aims to provide an understanding of the topic, focused on the more recent advances in the field, and establishes a definition for the nomenclature that has been used to describe such mechanisms.
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27
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Abstract
Deuterated chemicals are becoming irreplaceable in pharmaceutical engineering, material science and synthetic chemistry. Many excellent reviews have discussed acid/base-dependent or metal-catalyzed deuteration reactions, but radical deuterations have been discussed less. With the development of radical chemistry, there has been a rapid growth in radical deuterium-labelling technology. Diverse mild, cheap and efficient strategies for deuterium atom installation have been reported, and this review summarizes the recent achievements of radical deuteration classified by the reaction types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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28
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Wu J, Kaplaneris N, Pöhlmann J, Michiyuki T, Yuan B, Ackermann L. Remote C–H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly of meta‐C‐Aryl Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | | | - Julia Pöhlmann
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Takuya Michiyuki
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Binbin Yuan
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Goettingen GERMANY
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29
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Yu H, Zhang Q, Zi W. Enantioselective Three‐Component Photochemical 1,4‐Bisalkylation of 1,3‐Butadiene with Pd/Cu Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Chemistry Department of Nankai University 94 Weijin Rd. 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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30
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Peng TY, Xu ZY, Zhang FL, Li B, Xu WP, Fu Y, Wang YF. Dehydroxylative Alkylation of α-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid Derivatives via a Spin-Center Shift. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201329. [PMID: 35388555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A strategically distinct dehydroxylative alkylation reaction of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives with alkenes is developed. The reaction starts with the attack of a 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-boryl radical to the carbonyl oxygen atom, followed by a spin-center shift (SCS) to trigger the C-O bond scission. The resulting α-carbonyl radicals couple with a wide range of alkenes to furnish various alkylated products. This strategy allows for the efficient conversion of a wide array of α-hydroxy amides and esters derived from several biomass molecules and natural products to value-added compounds. Experimental and computational studies verified the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wen-Ping Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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31
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Zhou L, Wu Y, Yao W, Mauro JN, Liu P, Ngai MY. C2-ketonylation of carbohydrates via excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6276-6282. [PMID: 35733909 PMCID: PMC9159084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C2-ketonyl-2-deoxysugars, sugars with the C2-hydroxyl group replaced by a ketone side chain, are important carbohydrate mimetics in glycobiology and drug discovery studies; however, their preparation remains a vital challenge in organic synthesis. Here we report the first direct strategy to synthesize this class of glycomimetics from readily available 1-bromosugars and silyl enol ethers via an excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) process. This step-economic reaction features broad substrate scope, has a high functional group tolerance, and can be used in late-stage functionalization of natural product- and drug-glycoconjugates. Preliminary experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggested a non-chain radical mechanism involving photoexcited palladium species, a 1,2-SCS process, and a radical Mizoroki-Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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32
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Zhang FL, Li B, Houk KN, Wang YF. Application of the Spin-Center Shift in Organic Synthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1032-1042. [PMID: 35647602 PMCID: PMC9131482 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spin-center shift (SCS) is a radical process involving 1,2-radical translocation along with a two-electron ionic movement, such as elimination of an adjacent leaving group. Such a process was initially observed in some important biochemical transformations, and the unique property has also attracted considerable interest in synthetic chemistry. Experimental, kinetic, as well as computational studies have been performed, and a series of useful radical transformations have been developed and applied in organic synthesis based on SCS processes in the last 20 years. This Perspective is an overview of radical transformations involving the SCS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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33
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Anwar K, Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Gómez-Suárez A. Radical Deoxyfunctionalisation Strategies. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Anwar
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kay Merkens
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organic Chemstry GERMANY
| | | | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organische Chemie Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal GERMANY
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34
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Firouzeh E, Kazemi F, Gholinejad M, Kaboudin B. Visible Photosensitized Sonogashira-Hagihara Coupling through in Situ Prepared Palladium Catalyst in N,N-Dimethylformamide under Copper and Amine-Free Additives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Peng TY, Xu ZY, Zhang FL, Li B, Xu WP, Fu Y, Wang YF. Dehydroxylative Alkylation of α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids Derivatives via Spin‐center Shift. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Peng
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Bin Li
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Ping Xu
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yao Fu
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry 96 Jinzhai Road 230026 Hefei CHINA
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36
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Ma D, Kong D, Wu P, Tu Y, Shi P, Wang X, Bolm C. Introduction of Lipophilic Side Chains to NH-Sulfoximines by Palladium Catalysis Under Blue Light Irradiation. Org Lett 2022; 24:2238-2241. [PMID: 35293757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium catalysis under blue (LED) light irradiation allows conversion of NH-sulfoximines into products with long lipophilic side chains attached to the S═N moiety. The three-component reactions involve both radicals and organometallic intermediates stemming from alkyl bromides and butadienes. The substrate scope is broad, and the products are formed in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Deshen Kong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yongliang Tu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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37
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Yao W, Zhao G, Wu Y, Zhou L, Mukherjee U, Liu P, Ngai MY. Excited-State Palladium-Catalyzed Radical Migratory Mizoroki-Heck Reaction Enables C2-Alkenylation of Carbohydrates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3353-3359. [PMID: 35188768 PMCID: PMC8970705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state palladium catalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for developing novel and valuable reactions. Herein, we report the first excited-state Pd-catalyzed 1,2-radical migratory Mizoroki-Heck reaction that enables C2-alkenylation of carbohydrates using readily available 1-bromosugars and alkenes. The reaction tolerates a wide variety of functional groups and complex molecular architectures, including derivatives of natural products and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic studies and DFT calculations suggest the involvement of visible-light-induced photoexcitation of Pd species, 1,2-spin-centered-shift (SCS) process, and Heck-type cross-coupling reaction. The reaction expands the reactivity profile of excited-state Pd catalysis and provides a streamlined protocol for the preparation of a wide variety of C2-alkenylated carbohydrate mimetics to aid the discovery and development of new therapeutics, agrochemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States;,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States;,Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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38
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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39
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Chen S, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Visible-Light-Driven Palladium-Catalyzed Radical Tandem Dearomatization of Indoles with Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:1213-1218. [PMID: 35107015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild visible-light-driven palladium-catalyzed radical tandem dearomatization of indoles with unactivated alkenes is described with moderate to good yields and good to excellent diastereoselectivities. Under visible-light irradiation, the photoexcited state of the palladium complex was formed, which could transfer a single electron to N-(2-bromobenzoyl)indoles, leading to a hybrid palladium radical chemistry. This provides efficient and atom-economical access to diverse 2,3-disubstituted indoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, RU-117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Abstract
In recent years, visible light-induced transition metal catalysis has emerged as a new paradigm in organic photocatalysis, which has led to the discovery of unprecedented transformations as well as the improvement of known reactions. In this subfield of photocatalysis, a transition metal complex serves a double duty by harvesting photon energy and then enabling bond forming/breaking events mostly via a single catalytic cycle, thus contrasting the established dual photocatalysis in which an exogenous photosensitizer is employed. In addition, this approach often synergistically combines catalyst-substrate interaction with photoinduced process, a feature that is uncommon in conventional photoredox chemistry. This Review describes the early development and recent advances of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Pak Shing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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41
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Han WJ, Zhang JW, Yan CX, Wang JW, Zhou PP, Han B. Sequential Catalytic Annulations: Divergent Synthesis of Heterocycles through a Radical [1,4]-Oxygen Shift. Org Lett 2022; 24:542-547. [PMID: 34989585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A radical [1,4]-oxygen-atom transfer has been realized by the reaction of linear alkyne-tethered ketoximes and ethynylbenziodoxolones (EBX) under sequential catalytic conditions. Mechanism studies indicate that the O atom transfer experiences a cascade O atom radical cyclization/alkynylation/N-O bond photocleavage and subsequent N,O-diradical rearrangement. By the diversification of catalytic sequences, a series of structurally important 3H-pyrrol-3-ones and chlorinated furo[3,2-b]pyrroles are divergently synthesized along with an O atom shift under the catalysis of Cu/Ir photosensitization and Cu/Ir photosensitization/AlCl3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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42
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Saha A, Guin S, Ali W, Bhattacharya T, Sasmal S, Goswami N, Prakash G, Sinha SK, Chandrashekar HB, Panda S, Anjana SS, Maiti D. Photoinduced Regioselective Olefination of Arenes at Proximal and Distal Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1929-1940. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sheuli Sasmal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nupur Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Gaurav Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Sanjib Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - S. S. Anjana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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43
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Marino C, Bordoni AV. Deoxy sugars. General methods for carbohydrate deoxygenation and glycosidation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:934-962. [PMID: 35014646 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deoxy sugars represent an important class of carbohydrates, present in a large number of biomolecules involved in multiple biological processes. In various antibiotics, antimicrobials, and therapeutic agents the presence of deoxygenated units has been recognized as responsible for biological roles, such as adhesion or great affinity to receptors, or improved efficacy. The characterization of glycosidases and glycosyltranferases requires substrates, inhibitors and analogous compounds. Deoxygenated sugars are useful for carrying out specific studies for these enzymes. Deoxy sugars, analogs of natural substrates, may behave as substrates or inhibitors, or may not interact with the enzyme. They are also important for glycodiversification studies of bioactive natural products and glycobiological processes, which could contribute to discovering new therapeutic agents with greater efficacy by modification or replacement of sugar units. Deoxygenation of carbohydrates is, thus, of great interest and numerous efforts have been dedicated to the development of methods for the reduction of sugar hydroxyl groups. Given that carbohydrates are the most important renewable chemicals and are more oxidized than fossil raw materials, it is also important to have methods to selectively remove oxygen from certain atoms of these renewable raw materials. The different methods for removal of OH groups of carbohydrates and representative or recent applications of them are presented in this chapter. Glycosidic bonds in general, and 2-deoxy glycosidic linkages, are included. It is not the scope of this survey to cover all reports for each specific technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marino
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea V Bordoni
- Gerencia Química & Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología - Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CONICET, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, B1650KNA San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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44
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Xu ZJ, Liu XY, Zhu MZ, Xu YL, Yu Y, Xu HR, Cheng AX, Lou HX. Photoredox-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions Involving Aryl Radical: Total Synthesis of (±)-Norascyronone A and (±)-Eudesmol. Org Lett 2021; 23:9073-9077. [PMID: 34797080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed two types of photoredox-catalyzed cascade reactions using diaryliodonium salts for the concise synthesis of norascyronone A and β-eudesmol. A rationally designed photoredox-catalyzed arylation/cyclization/Friedel-Crafts cascade reaction of enone was exploited to generate the norascyronone polycyclic skeleton. A visible-light-induced radical cyclization/acyloxy-migration reaction was explored to forge the decalin skeleton of eudesmol, and mechanistic studies indicated the reaction was initiated by one-electron oxidation of the enol ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinan 2000325, China
| | - Xu-Yuan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu-Liang Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Ruo Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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45
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Li CY, Ma Y, Lei ZW, Hu XG. Glycosyl-Radical-Based Synthesis of C-Alkyl Glycosides via Photomediated Defluorinative gem-Difluoroallylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:8899-8904. [PMID: 34726057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a stereoselective, glycosyl radical-based method for the synthesis of C-alkyl glycosides via a photomediated defluorinative gem-difluoroallylation reaction. We demonstrate for the first time that glycosyl radicals, generated from glycosyl bromides, can readily participate in a photomediated radical polar crossover process, affording a diverse array of gem-difluoroalkene containing C-glycosides. Notable features of this method include scalability, mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and suitability for the late-stage modification of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yue Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lei
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xiang-Guo Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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46
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Zhu Q, Nocera DG. Catalytic C(β)–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin in a One-Step Reaction Enabled by a Spin-Center Shift. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138−2902, United States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138−2902, United States
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47
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Wu X, Ma Z, Feng T, Zhu C. Radical-mediated rearrangements: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11577-11613. [PMID: 34661216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions, one of the most significant transformations in organic chemistry, play an irreplaceable role in improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Concomitant cleavage and reconstruction of chemical bonds can display the great artistry and the glamour of synthetic chemistry. Over the past century, ionic rearrangement reactions, in particular those involving cationic pathways, have represented most of the research. Alongside the renaissance of radical chemistry, radical-mediated rearrangements have recently seen a rapid increase of attention from the chemical community. Many new radical rearrangements that extensively reveal the migratory behaviour of functional groups have been unveiled in the last decade. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the area from the past to present achievements, and brings up the prospects that may inspire colleagues to develop more useful synthetic tools based on radical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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48
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Suh CE, Carder HM, Wendlandt AE. Selective Transformations of Carbohydrates Inspired by Radical-Based Enzymatic Mechanisms. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1814-1828. [PMID: 33988380 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are a longstanding source of inspiration for synthetic reaction development. However, enzymatic reactivity and selectivity are frequently untenable in a synthetic context, as the principles that govern control in an enzymatic setting often do not translate to small molecule catalysis. Recent synthetic methods have revealed the viability of using small molecule catalysts to promote highly selective radical-mediated transformations of minimally protected sugar substrates. These transformations share conceptual similarities with radical SAM enzymes found in microbial carbohydrate biosynthesis and present opportunities for synthetic chemists to access microbial and unnatural carbohydrate building blocks without the need for protecting groups or lengthy synthetic sequences. Here, we highlight strategies through which radical reaction pathways can enable the site-, regio-, and diastereoselective transformation of minimally protected carbohydrates in both synthetic and enzymatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hayden M. Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alison E. Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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49
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Jin W, Yu S. Photoinduced and Palladium-Catalyzed Remote Desaturation of Amide Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:6931-6935. [PMID: 34415772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced and palladium-catalyzed remote desaturation of O-acyl hydroxamides to unsaturated amides under mild conditions has been achieved. The formation of the alkyl Pd(II) intermediate by the recombination of alkyl radical and Pd(I) species is critical to achieve this efficient and selective desaturation of alkanes. This reaction features good site-selectivity, is terminal oxidant-free, and produces moderate to excellent yields for a variety of unsaturated amides. Remarkably, this approach enables late-stage desaturation of complex and biologically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Carder HM, Suh CE, Wendlandt AE. A Unified Strategy to Access 2- and 4-Deoxygenated Sugars Enabled by Manganese-Promoted 1,2-Radical Migration. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13798-13805. [PMID: 34406756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The selective manipulation of carbohydrate scaffolds is challenging due to the presence of multiple, nearly chemically indistinguishable O-H and C-H bonds. As a result, protecting-group-based synthetic strategies are typically necessary for carbohydrate modification. Here we report a concise semisynthetic strategy to access diverse 2- and 4-deoxygenated carbohydrates without relying on the exhaustive use of protecting groups to achieve site-selective reaction outcomes. Our approach leverages a Mn2+-promoted redox isomerization step, which proceeds via sugar radical intermediates accessed by neutral hydrogen atom abstraction under visible light-mediated photoredox conditions. The resulting deoxyketopyranosides feature chemically distinguishable functional groups and are readily transformed into diverse carbohydrate structures. To showcase the versatility of this method, we report expedient syntheses of the rare sugars l-ristosamine, l-olivose, l-mycarose, and l-digitoxose from commercial l-rhamnose. The findings presented here validate the potential for radical intermediates to facilitate the selective transformation of carbohydrates and showcase the step and efficiency advantages attendant to synthetic strategies that minimize a reliance upon protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden M Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carolyn E Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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