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Abou-Ezze K, Llevot A, Taton D. Exploiting the Reversible Dimerization of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes to Access Dynamic Polymer Networks with an Organocatalytic Activity. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:1008-1015. [PMID: 39052990 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The capability of some N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to reversibly dimerize is exploited to access dynamic polymer networks. Benzimidazolium motifs serving as NHC precursors have thus been supported onto copolymer chains by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of styrene and up to 20 mol % of 4-vinylbenzyl-ethyl-benzimidazolium chloride. Molecular versions of 1,3-dialkyl benzimidazolium salts have been synthesized as models, the deprotonation of which with a strong base yields the NHC dimers in the form of tetraaminoalkenes. The crossover reaction between two distinct NHC homodimers, forming heterodimers, is then evidenced. Applying this deprotonation method to the RAFT-derived copolymers leads to polymer networks with cross-links consisting of labile dimerized NHC motifs. These networks can be subsequently decross-linked using two distinct triggers, namely, a monofunctional NHC precursor as competitor and carbon dioxide (CO2). In the latter case, regeneration of the network occurs by chemically fueling the linear copolymer bearing benzimidazolium motifs with tBuOK in the presence of trace amounts of water. The same networks can also be used as latent precursors of transient polyNHCs to catalyze the benzoin condensation upon heating. The polymer-supported organocatalysts can thus be used in successive catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Abou-Ezze
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, UMR 5629, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Audrey Llevot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, UMR 5629, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, UMR 5629, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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Yi S, Yang S, Xie Z, Yun J, Pan X. Carbene-Mediated Polymer Modification Using Diazo Compounds under Photo or Thermal Activation Conditions. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:711-718. [PMID: 38767947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Based on the characteristics of commodity polymers in large quantities and low costs, modification of existing commodity polymers emerges as the most effective approach for exploring novel materials. Nevertheless, conventional modification methods typically involve high-energy processes (e.g., high temperature, high-energy radiation), which may lead to irreversible detrimental effects on the polymers, contradicting the desired performance enhancement through modification. In this work, we propose a carbene-mediated postpolymerization modification (PPM) strategy utilizing diazo compounds. Under photochemical or thermal activation conditions, insertion of the C-H bond can be achieved without compromising the performance of polymers. These diazo compounds can be easily synthesized in just two steps and applied to all C-H-containing polymers. This practical and effective modification strategy offers new opportunities and possibilities for enhancing the value and expanding the applications of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhikang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Neogi I, Sebastian A, Mohanty G, Kapoor V, Parida KN, Anandharamakrishnan C. Art of Cross-Linking In Situ Bulk Perovskites for Efficient and Stable Photovoltaics. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5964-5977. [PMID: 38814078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Perovskites are hybrid materials containing templating organic linkers and inorganic halides with efficiencies that have superseded the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic devices (PVs) in a very short period of 10 years. Nevertheless, low ambient stability due to traps and ion migration caused hysteresis to remain the bottlenecks on the way to achieving higher operational stability with bulk perovskite-based PVs. In this context, herein we highlight the prospects of in situ cross-linking of linkers within the perovskite lattice either mediated by thermal means or attained photochemically that can maneuver the ambient as well as operational stability for enhanced power conversion efficiency for PV applications or could improve the conductivity of this hybrid semiconductor. Additionally, some important studies of additive engineering via in situ cross-linking that can affect the structure of perovskite in addition to defect passivation to endow ambient environment stability are highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Neogi
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anjitha Sebastian
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gourab Mohanty
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vidushi Kapoor
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | | | - Chinnaswamy Anandharamakrishnan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
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de Zwart FJ, Wolzak LA, Laan PCM, Mathew S, Flapper J, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Thermal/Blue Light Induced Cross-Linking of Acrylic Coatings with Diazo Compounds. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300380. [PMID: 37595267 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The thermal curing of industrial coatings (e.g., car painting and metal coil coatings) is accompanied by a substantial energy consumption due to the intrinsically high temperatures required during the curing process. Therefore, the development of new photochemical curing processes-preferably using visible light-is in high demand. This work describes new diazo-based cross-linkers that can be used to photocure acrylic coatings using blue light. This work demonstrates that the structure of the tethered diazo compounds influences the cross-linking efficiency, finding that side reactions are suppressed upon engineering greater molecular flexibility. Importantly, this work shows that these diazo compounds can be employed as either thermal or photochemical cross-linkers, exhibiting identical crosslinking performances. The performance of diazo-cross-linked coatings is evaluated to reveal excellent water resistance and demonstrably similar material properties to UV-cured acrylates. These studies pave the way for further usage of diazo-functionalized cross-linkers in the curing of paints and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J de Zwart
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas A Wolzak
- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes B.V., Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C M Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V., Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Kim D, Kim S, Jeong S, Kim M, Ki Hong W, Bae Jeon H, Hong Cho Y, Man Noh S, Paik HJ. Thermally Latent Vinyl Crosslinking of Polymers via Sulfoxide Chemistry. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang S, Yi S, Yun J, Li N, Jiang Y, Huang Z, Xu C, He C, Pan X. Carbene-Mediated Polymer Cross-Linking with Diazo Compounds by C–H Activation and Insertion. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Siyu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhujun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Congze He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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