1
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Dai L, Fu Y, Wei M, Wang F, Tian B, Wang G, Li S, Ding M. Harnessing Electro-Descriptors for Mechanistic and Machine Learning Analysis of Photocatalytic Organic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38963153 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has emerged as an effective tool for addressing the contemporary challenges in organic synthesis. However, the trial-and-error-based screening of feasible substrates and optimal reaction conditions remains time-consuming and potentially expensive in industrial practice. Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical-based data-acquisition approach that derives a simple set of redox-relevant electro-descriptors for effective mechanistic analysis and performance evaluation through machine learning (ML) in photocatalytic synthesis. These electro-descriptors correlate to the quantification of shifted charge transfer processes in response to the photoirradiation and enabled construction of reactivity diagram where high-yield reactive "hot zones" can reflect subtle changes of the reaction system. For the model reaction of photocatalytic deoxygenation reaction, the influence of varying carboxylic acids (substrate A, oxidation-intended) and alkenes (substrate B, reduction-intended) and varying reaction conditions on the reaction yield can be visualized, while mathematical analysis of the electro-descriptor patterns further revealed distinct mechanistic/kinetic impacts from different substrates and conditions. Additionally, in the application of ML algorithms, the experimentally derived electro-descriptors reflect an overall redox kinetic outcome contributed from vast reaction parameters, serving as a capable means to reduce the dimensionality in the case of complex multiparameter chemical space. As a result, utilization of electro-descriptors enabled efficient and robust quantitative evaluation of chemical reactivity, demonstrating promising potential of introducing operando-relevant experimental insights in the data-driven chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Lei T, Appleson T, Breder A. Intermolecular Aza-Wacker Coupling of Alkenes with Azoles by Photo-Aerobic Selenium-π-Acid Multicatalysis. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9586-9593. [PMID: 38933469 PMCID: PMC11197018 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the intermolecular, photoaerobic aza-Wacker coupling of azoles with alkenes by means of dual and ternary selenium-π-acid multicatalysis is presented. The title method permits an expedited avenue toward a broad scope of N-allylated azoles and representative azinones under mild conditions with broad functional group tolerance, as is showcased in more than 60 examples including late-stage drug derivatizations. From a regiochemical perspective, the protocol is complementary to cognate photoredox catalytic olefin aminations, as they typically proceed through either allylic hydrogen atom abstraction or single electron oxidation of the alkene substrate. These methods predominantly result in C-N bond formations at the allylic periphery of the alkene or the less substituted position of the former π-bond (i.e., anti-Markovnikov selectivity). The current process, however, operates through a radical-polar crossover mechanism, which solely affects the selenium catalyst, thus allowing the alkene to be converted strictly through an ionic two-electron transfer regime under Markovnikov control. In addition, it is shown that the corresponding N-vinyl azoles can also be accessed by sequential or one-pot treatment of the allylic azoles with base, thus emphasizing the exquisite utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Breder
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Zhang J, Huan XD, Wang X, Li GQ, Xiao WJ, Chen JR. Recent advances in C(sp 3)-N bond formation via metallaphoto-redox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6340-6361. [PMID: 38832416 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The C(sp3)-N bond is ubiquitous in natural products, pharmaceuticals, biologically active molecules and functional materials. Consequently, the development of practical and efficient methods for C(sp3)-N bond formation has attracted more and more attention. Compared to the conventional ionic pathway-based thermal methods, photochemical processes that proceed through radical mechanisms by merging photoredox and transition-metal catalyses have emerged as powerful and alternative tools for C(sp3)-N bond formation. In this review, recent advances in the burgeoning field of C(sp3)-N bond formation via metallaphotoredox catalysis have been highlighted. The contents of this review are categorized according to the transition metals used (copper, nickel, cobalt, palladium, and iron) together with photocatalysis. Emphasis is placed on methodology achievements and mechanistic insight, aiming to inspire chemists to invent more efficient radical-involved C(sp3)-N bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xiao-Die Huan
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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4
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Ghosal S, Das A, Roy D, Dasgupta J. Tuning light-driven oxidation of styrene inside water-soluble nanocages. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1810. [PMID: 38418497 PMCID: PMC10902312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective functionalization of innate sp2 C-H bonds under ambient conditions is a grand synthetic challenge in organic chemistry. Here we combine host-guest charge transfer-based photoredox chemistry with supramolecular nano-confinement to achieve selective carbonylation of styrene by tuning the dioxygen concentration. We observe exclusive photocatalytic formation of benzaldehyde under excess O2 (>1 atm) while Markovnikov addition of water produced acetophenone in deoxygenated condition upon photoexcitation of confined styrene molecules inside a water-soluble cationic nanocage. Further by careful tuning of the nanocage size, electronics, and guest preorganization, we demonstrate rate enhancement of benzaldehyde formation and a complete switchover to the anti-Markovnikov product, 2-phenylethan-1-ol, in the absence of O2. Raman spectroscopy, 2D 1H-1H NMR correlation experiments, and transient absorption spectroscopy establish that the site-selective control on the confined photoredox chemistry originates from an optimal preorganization of styrene molecules inside the cavity. We envision that the demonstrated host-guest charge transfer photoredox paradigm in combination with green atom-transfer reagents will enable a broad range of sp2 carbon-site functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Debojyoti Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Jyotishman Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, 400005, India.
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5
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Lutovsky GA, Yoon TP. Cu(II) salts as terminal oxidants in visible-light photochemical oxidation reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:25-36. [PMID: 38047405 PMCID: PMC10842929 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry provides an important platform for the discovery of synthetically useful transformations. The development of new oxidative photoreactions, however, has proven to be relatively challenging. The importance of the identity of the terminal oxidant has been an underappreciated consideration in the design of these reactions. Many of the most common terminal oxidants used in ground-state catalytic methods are poorly compatible with the one-electron oxidation state changes characteristic of photoredox reactions and result in hard-to-control deleterious side reactions. As an alternative, Cu(II) salts have emerged as versatile terminal oxidants in photochemical oxidation reactions that are terrestrially abundant, cost-effective, and readily compatible with one-electron oxidation state changes. This review highlights recent reaction methods that leverage Cu(II) oxidation in combination with the photochemical activation of substrates or that use Cu(II) salts as both the active chromophore and terminal oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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6
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Lei T, Graf S, Schöll C, Krätzschmar F, Gregori B, Appleson T, Breder A. Asymmetric Photoaerobic Lactonization and Aza-Wacker Cyclization of Alkenes Enabled by Ternary Selenium-Sulfur Multicatalysis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:16240-16248. [PMID: 38125978 PMCID: PMC10729055 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
An adaptable, sulfur-accelerated photoaerobic selenium-π-acid ternary catalyst system for the enantioselective allylic redox functionalization of simple, nondirecting alkenes is reported. In contrast to related photoredox catalytic methods, which largely depend on olefinic substrates with heteroatomic directing groups to unfold high degrees of stereoinduction, the current protocol relies on chiral, spirocyclic selenium-π-acids that covalently bind to the alkene moiety. The performance of this ternary catalytic method is demonstrated in the asymmetric, photoaerobic lactonization and cycloamination of enoic acids and unsaturated sulfonamides, respectively, leading to an averaged enantiomeric ratio (er) of 92:8. Notably, this protocol provides for the first time an asymmetric, catalytic entryway to pharmaceutically relevant 3-pyrroline motifs, which was used as a platform to access a 3,4-dihydroxyproline derivative in only seven steps with a 92:8 er.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Schöll
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Krätzschmar
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gregori
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Appleson
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Breder
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Zhang CC, Wu HL, Yu XC, Wang LT, Zhou Y, Sun YB, Wei WT. Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed Aminoalkylation of Amino-Pendant Olefins. Org Lett 2023; 25:5862-5868. [PMID: 37534703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of photo and copper catalysts has emerged as a novel paradigm in organic catalysis, which provides access to the acceleration of chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe an aminoalkylation of amino-dependent olefins with maleimides through a cooperative photo/copper catalytic system. In this report, the strategy allows the generation of a broad complex of functionalized nitrogenous molecules including oxazolidinones, 2-pyrrolidones, imidazolidinones, thiazolidinones, pyridines, and piperidines in the absence of an external photosensitizer and base. The approach is achieved through a photoinduced Cu(I)/Cu(II)/Cu(III) complex species of nitrogen nucleophiles, intermolecular radical addition, and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes. The plausible mechanism is investigated by a series of control experiments and theoretical tests, including radical scavenging experiments, deuterium labeling experiments, ultraviolet-visible absorption, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Can Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Li Wu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Xuan-Chi Yu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Bin Sun
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
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8
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Lutovsky GA, Plachinski E, Reed NL, Yoon TP. Allylic Amination of Highly Substituted Alkenes Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis and Cu(II)-Mediated Radical-Polar Crossover. Org Lett 2023; 25:4750-4754. [PMID: 37345950 PMCID: PMC10351055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Allylic amination reactions enable the conversion of alkene feedstocks into value-added products with significant synthetic versatility. Here we describe a method for allylic amination involving photoredox activation and Cu(II)-mediated radical-polar crossover. A range of structurally varied allylic amines can be accessed using this strategy. The regioselectivity of this process is complementary to those of conventional methods for allylic amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Ellie Plachinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Nicholas L. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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9
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Murray PRD, Leibler INM, Hell SM, Villalona E, Doyle AG, Knowles RR. Radical Redox Annulations: A General Light-Driven Method for the Synthesis of Saturated Heterocycles. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13732-13740. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | | | - Sandrine M. Hell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Eris Villalona
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
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10
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Cascade cyclization of alkene-tethered acylsilanes and allylic sulfones enabled by unproductive energy transfer photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6111. [PMID: 36245017 PMCID: PMC9573877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing photo-induced cascade cyclization of alkene-tethered acylsilanes is challenging, because acylsilanes are unstable under light irradiation. Herein, we report that the energy transfer from excited acylsilanes to a photocatalyst that possesses lower triplet energy can inhibit the undesired decomposition of acylsilanes. With neutral Eosin Y as the photocatalyst, an efficient synthesis of cyclopentanol derivatives is achieved with alkene-tethered acylsilanes and allylic sulfones. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and the synthetic potential of this transformation is highlighted by the construction of cyclopentanol derivatives which contain fused-ring or bridged-ring. Acylsilanes decompose under light irradiation, and this limits their use in light-induced organic transformations. Here the authors report a strategy to inhibit the light-induced decomposition of acylsilanes, enabling the photochemical synthesis of cyclopentanol derivatives from alkene-tethered acylsilanes and allylic sulfones.
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11
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Petrosyan A, Zach L, Taeufer T, Mayer TS, Rabeah J, Pospech J. Pyrimidopteridine-catalyzed Photo-mediated Hydroacetoxylation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201761. [PMID: 35916156 PMCID: PMC9804165 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a photo-mediated formal addition of carboxylic acids to activated alkenes catalyzed by a pyrimidopteridine photoredox catalyst. The decarboxylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids upon single-electron oxidation is countered in the presence of electron-rich alkenes and a hydroacetoxylation is observed. Mechanistic proposals have been made based on CV measurements, competitive Stern-Volmer quenching and EPR experiments. Evidence that tetra-N-substituted pyrimidopteridines function as dual photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer catalyst was supported by spectroscopic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andranik Petrosyan
- Leibniz Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Luisa Zach
- Leibniz Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Tobias Taeufer
- Leibniz Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - T. S. Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Jola Pospech
- Leibniz Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
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12
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Luo MJ, Xiao Q, Li JH. Electro-/photocatalytic alkene-derived radical cation chemistry: recent advances in synthetic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7206-7237. [PMID: 35880555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkene-derived radical cations are versatile reactive intermediates and have been widely applied in the construction of complex functionalized molecules and cyclic systems for chemical synthesis. Therefore, the synthetic application of these alkene-derived radical cations represents a powerful and green tool that can be used to achieve the functionalization of alkenes partially because the necessity of stoichiometric external chemical oxidants and/or hazardous reaction conditions is eliminated. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of the electro-/photochemical alkene-derived radical cations, emphasizing the key single-electron oxidation steps of the alkenes, the scope and limitations of the substrates, and the related reaction mechanisms. Using electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the CC bonds in the alkenes occurs, generating the alkene-derived radical cations, which sequentially enables the functionalization of translocated radical cations to occur in two ways: the first involves direct reaction with a nucleophile/radical or two molecules of nucleophiles to realize hydrofunctionalization, difunctionalization and cyclization; and the second involves the transformation of the alkene-derived radical cations into carbon-centered radicals using a base followed by radical coupling or oxidative nucleophilic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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13
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Liu C, Shangguan X, Li Y, Zhang Q. Copper-catalyzed radical cascade reaction of simple cyclobutanes: synthesis of highly functionalized cyclobutene derivatives. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7886-7891. [PMID: 35865909 PMCID: PMC9258397 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclobutenes as versatile and highly valuable synthons have been widely applied in synthesis. Although various methods for their synthesis have been well established, new strategies for the construction of the cyclobutene skeleton from simple substrates are still highly desirable. Starting from simple cyclobutanes, the construction of the cyclobutene skeleton especially introducing multiple functional groups simultaneously had never been achieved. Here, we developed a novel radical cascade strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized cyclobutenes directly from cyclobutanes involving rare cleavage of four or five C–H bonds and formation of two C–N/C–S or three C–Br bonds. With copper as catalyst and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as oxidant, a wide range of diaminated, disulfonylated and tribrominated cyclobutene derivatives were efficiently synthesized. A novel radical cascade strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized cyclobutenes directly from cyclobutanes involving rare four or five C–H bonds cleavage and two C–N/C–S or three C–Br bonds formation has been successfully developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Xiaoyan Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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14
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Taming the radical cation intermediate enabled one-step access to structurally diverse lignans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3481. [PMID: 35710543 PMCID: PMC9203495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. We report herein a divergent synthesis of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols in a short synthetic sequence. Blue LED irradiation of a dichloromethane solution of dicinnamyl ether derivatives in the presence of Cu(TFA)2, an alcohol (2.0 equiv) and a catalytic amount of Fukuzumi’s salt affords the C7-alkoxylated aryltetralin cyclic ethers. Increasing the amount of alcohol under otherwise identical conditions diverts the reaction course to furnish the C7,C7’-dialkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans, while replacing Cu(TFA)2 with diphenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) provides selectively the C7-monoalkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans. Aza-, thia- and carba-analogues of lignans are equally accessible by simply changing the tethering atom of the allylic alcohols. Concise total syntheses of aglacins A, E, F, brassilignan, and dehydrodimethylconidendrin are documented featuring these transformations. Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. Here, the authors describe a divergent and stereoselective chemical synthesis of three types of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols, exploiting the different reaction manifolds of highly reactive radical cation intermediate.
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15
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Acceptorless dehydrogenative amination of alkenes for the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Prusinowski AF, Sise HC, Bednar TN, Nagib DA. Radical Aza-Heck Cyclization of Imidates via Energy Transfer, Electron Transfer, and Cobalt Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4327-4332. [PMID: 35479099 PMCID: PMC9038135 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A radical aza-Heck cyclization has been developed to afford functionally rich products with four contiguous C-heteroatom bonds. This multi-catalytic strategy provides rapid syntheses of dense, medicinally relevant motifs by enabling the conversion of alcohol-derived imidates to heteroatom-rich fragments containing vinyl oxazolines/oxazoles, allyl amines, β-amino alcohols/halides, and combinations thereof. Mechanistic insights of this process show how three distinct photocatalytic cycles cooperate to enable: (1) imidate radical generation by energy transfer, (2) dehydrogenation by Co catalysis, and (3) catalyst turnover by electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen F. Prusinowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Henry C. Sise
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Taylor N. Bednar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A. Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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17
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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18
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Kweon J, Kim D, Kang S, Chang S. Access to β-Lactams via Iron-Catalyzed Olefin Oxyamidation Enabled by the π-Accepting Phthalocyanine Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1872-1880. [PMID: 35041409 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of an iron-catalyzed olefin oxyamidation by utilizing tethered dioxazolones as the nitrenoid precursor to produce valuable β-lactam scaffolds. Mechanistic studies revealed that a relatively strong π-accepting ability of the phthalocyanine ligand is critical in generating the key triplet iron-imidyl radical intermediate to enable the 4-exo-trig-lactamization with the incorporation of oxygen nucleophiles in high diastereoselectivity. This cyclization approach was readily extended to the highly efficient γ-lactam synthesis (TON > 300).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonguk Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seungju Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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19
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Abstract
The majority of medicines contain a nitrogen atom within a five- or six- membered ring. To rapidly access both such aza-heterocycles, we sought to develop a remote C-H desaturation of amines. Inspired by the Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag synthesis of five-membered pyrrolidines, we tackled the century-old challenge of synthesizing six-membered piperidines by H-atom transfer. We present herein a double, vicinal C-H oxidation by dual catalysis, entailing Ir photocatalytic initiation of 1,5-HAT by an N-centered radical and Cu-catalyzed interception of the C-centered radical to facilitate desaturation. By this mechanism, two C-H bonds (δ and ε to N) are regioselectively removed from unbiased, remote positions of an alkyl chain. Over 50 examples illustrate efficiency, selectivity, functional group tolerance, and medicinal utility of this synthesis of both internal and terminal δ vinylic amines and aza-heterocycles. Mechanistic experiments probe the alkylcopper intermediate, as well as kinetics and regioselectivity of the HAT and elimination steps.
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20
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Decarboxylative cross-nucleophile coupling via ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoexcitation of Cu(II) carboxylates. Nat Chem 2022; 14:94-99. [PMID: 34987174 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that enable carbon-nitrogen, carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon bond formation lie at the heart of synthetic chemistry. However, substrate prefunctionalization is often needed to effect such transformations without forcing reaction conditions. The development of direct coupling methods for abundant feedstock chemicals is therefore highly desirable for the rapid construction of complex molecular scaffolds. Here we report a copper-mediated, net-oxidative decarboxylative coupling of carboxylic acids with diverse nucleophiles under visible-light irradiation. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the relevant chromophore in this reaction is a Cu(II) carboxylate species assembled in situ. We propose that visible-light excitation to a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) state results in a radical decarboxylation process that initiates the oxidative cross-coupling. The reaction is applicable to a wide variety of coupling partners, including complex drug molecules, suggesting that this strategy for cross-nucleophile coupling would facilitate rapid compound library synthesis for the discovery of new pharmaceutical agents.
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21
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Chen J, Wang F, Huang Y, Jia X, Zhuang D, Wan Z, Li Z. Remote carbamate-directed site-selective benzylic C–H oxygenation via synergistic copper/TEMPO catalysis at room temperature. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A benzylic C(sp3)–H oxygenation with water at room temperature through a ligand- and additive-free synergistic copper/TEMPO-catalysed radical relay pathway and a remote directing strategy is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Engineering Experimental Teaching Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoqi Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dailin Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenyang Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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22
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Li Q, Gu X, Wei Y, Shi M. Visible-light-induced indole synthesis via intramolecular C–N bond formation: desulfonylative C(sp 2)–H functionalization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11623-11632. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LED visible-light-induced redox neutral desulfonylative C(sp2)–H functionalization for the synthesis of N-substituted indoles in the absence of any additional additive has been established on the basis of KIE, Hammett plotting and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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23
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Zhang Y, Wei Y, Shi M. Rapid Construction of Polysubstituted “Caged” Oxa-Bishomocubane Framework from Vinylidenecyclopropanes through a Sequential Dual Catalysis of Copper(I) and Visible-Light-Induced Photosensitization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This context describes a sequential dual catalytic transformation involving copper(I)-catalyzed cyclization/isomerization/migration-dimerization and visible-light photo-induced intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of vinylidenecyclopropanes for the rapid construction of polysubstituted “caged” oxa-bishomocubane products. The reaction...
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24
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Liu Y, Zhu K, Kong Y, Li X, Cui J, Xia Y, Zhao J, Duan S, Li P. Merging Gold/Copper Catalysis and Copper/Photoredox Catalysis: An Approach to Alkyl Oxazoles from N-Propargylamides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18247-18256. [PMID: 34866385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a mild and highly efficient approach to alkyl oxazoles through merging gold/copper catalysis and copper/photoredox catalysis. Various alkyl oxazoles are synthesized from N-propargylamides with alkyl halides in good to excellent yields with wide functional-group compatibility under blue-light irradiation. Significantly, a copper catalyst plays a dual role in this transformation: as a powerful cocatalyst to accelerate protodeauration of vinyl gold intermediates and improve photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Liu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Keyong Zhu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Kong
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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25
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Oh H, Ryou B, Park J, Kim M, Choi JH, Park CM. Synthesis of Bicyclic N-Heterocycles via Photoredox Cycloaddition of Imino-Alkynes and Imino-Alkenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryou
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jinhwi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Cheol-Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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26
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Singh PP, Singh PK, Beg MZ, Kashyap A, Srivastava V. Recent applications of photoredox catalysis in O-heterocycles: A short review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1968907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research, Prayagraj, India
| | - Pravin K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Mohd. Zaheeruddin Beg
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Akanksha Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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27
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Yang D, Chen J, Huang Y, Pan H, Shi J, Zhang Y, Wang F, Li Z. Room-temperature Formal Aza-Wacker Cyclization through Synergistic Copper/TEMPO-catalyzed Radical Relay. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
- Engineering Experimental Teaching Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Huiquan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingqi Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yingyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
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