1
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Tsoukatos S, Maibam A, Babarao R, Bloch WM. Topological control in paddlewheel metal-organic cages via ligand length variation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39354805 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03769c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Varying the length of phenanthrene-derived ligands switches the selective assembly of MIInLn metal-organic cages (MOCs, n = 6 or 8) between tetrahedral, square, or triangular architectures. The limit of this approach is explored for both Cu2 and Rh2 paddlewheel MOCs, and supported by solution, solid-state and computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tsoukatos
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Ashakiran Maibam
- School of Science, Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia
| | - Ravichandar Babarao
- School of Science, Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
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2
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Lai P, Wu JX, Wu LH, Li LY, Cai SL, Zheng SR. Construction of binary metal-organic cage-based materials via a "covalently linked plus cage encapsulated" strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10362-10365. [PMID: 39212618 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A strategy for constructing binary metal-organic cage (MOC)-based materials was developed. The cationic MOCs were covalently linked by organic linkers to a cationic extended network, whereas the anionic MOCs acted as counterions and were encapsulated in the network. Compared with the corresponding unary materials, the binary MOC-based materials exhibited improved porosity and adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lai
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China. zhengsr-scnu.edu.cn
| | - Jia-Xuan Wu
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China. zhengsr-scnu.edu.cn
| | - Liang-Hua Wu
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China. zhengsr-scnu.edu.cn
| | - Lai-Yi Li
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China. zhengsr-scnu.edu.cn
| | - Song-Liang Cai
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China. zhengsr-scnu.edu.cn
| | - Sheng-Run Zheng
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China. zhengsr-scnu.edu.cn
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3
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Tang X, Pang J, Dong J, Liu Y, Bu XH, Cui Y. Supramolecular Assembly Frameworks (SAFs): Shaping the Future of Functional Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406956. [PMID: 38713527 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly frameworks (SAFs) represent a new category of porous materials, utilizing non-covalent interactions, setting them apart from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). This category includes but is not restricted to hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks and supramolecular organic frameworks. SAFs stand out for their outstanding porosity, crystallinity, and stability, alongside unique dissolution-recrystallization dynamics that enable significant structural and functional modifications. Crucially, their non-covalent assembly strategies allow for a balanced manipulation of porosity, symmetry, crystallinity, and dimensions, facilitating the creation of advanced crystalline porous materials unattainable through conventional covalent or coordination bond synthesis. Despite their considerable promise in overcoming several limitations inherent to MOFs and COFs, particularly in terms of solution-processability, SAFs have received relatively little attention in recent literature. This Minireview aims to shed light on standout SAFs, exploring their design principles, synthesis strategies, and characterization methods. It emphasizes their distinctive features and the broad spectrum of potential applications across various domains, aiming to catalyze further development and practical application within the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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4
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Li YF, He YP, Li QH, Zhang J. Integrated Anionic Zirconium-Organic Cage and Cationic Boron-Imidazolate Cage for Synergetic Optical Limiting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318806. [PMID: 38278762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Making oppositely charged metal-organic cages (MOCs) into a tightly ordered structure may bring interesting functions. Herein, we report a novel structure composed of anionic (Zr4 L6 )8- (L=embonate) tetrahedral cages and in situ-formed cationic [Zn4 (Bim)4 ]4+ (Bim=[BH(im)3 ]- ; im=imidazole) cubic cages. Chiral transfer is observed from enantiopure (Zr4 L6 )8- cage to enantiopure [Zn4 (Bim)4 ]4+ cage. A pair of enantiomers (PTC-373(Δ) and PTC-373(Λ)) are formed. PTC-373 exhibits high chemical and thermal stabilities, affording an interesting single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation. More importantly, the combination of ionic pair cages significantly enhances its third-order nonlinear optical property, and its thin-film exhibits an excellent optical limiting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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5
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Sur A, Simmons JD, Ezazi AA, Korman KJ, Sarkar S, Iverson ET, Bloch ED, Powers DC. Unlocking Solid-State Organometallic Photochemistry with Optically Transparent, Porous Salt Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25068-25073. [PMID: 37939007 PMCID: PMC10863064 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic porous materials continue to garner attention as platforms for solid-state chemistry and as designer heterogeneous catalysts. Applications in photochemistry and photocatalysis, however, are plagued by poor light harvesting efficiency due to light scattering resulting from sample microcrystallinity and poor optical penetration that arises from inner filter effects. Here we demonstrate the layer-by-layer growth of optically transparent, photochemically active thin films of porous salts. Films are grown by sequential deposition of cationic Zr-based porous coordination cages and anionic Mn porphyrins. Photolysis facilitates the efficient reduction of Mn(III) sites to Mn(II) sites, which can be observed in real-time by transmission UV-vis spectroscopy. Film porosity enables substrate access to the Mn(II) sites and facilitates reversible O2 activation in the solid state. These results establish optically transparent, porous salt thin films as versatile platforms for solid-state photochemistry and in operando spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishanee Sur
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Joe D. Simmons
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew A. Ezazi
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kyle J. Korman
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Subham Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ethan T. Iverson
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Eric D. Bloch
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Korman KJ, Dworzak MR, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Porous Salts as Platforms for Heterogeneous Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207507. [PMID: 37052509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a new class of reactive porous solids, prepared via straightforward salt metathesis reactions, is described here. Reaction of the dimethylammonium salt of a magnesium-based porous coordination cage with the chloride salt of [CrII Cl(Me4 cyclam)]+ affords a porous solid with concomitant removal of dimethylammonium chloride. The salt consists of the ions combined in the expected ratio based on their charge as confirmed by UV-vis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The porous salt boasts a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 213 m2 g-1 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the chromium(II) cations in the structure reside in the interstitial space between porous cages. Importantly, the chromium(II) centers, previously shown to react with O2 to afford reactive chromium(III)-superoxide adducts, are still accessible in the solid state as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The site-isolated reactive centers have competence toward hydrogen atom abstraction chemistry and display significantly increased stability and reactivity as compared to dissolved ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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7
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Gao MY, Sensharma D, Bezrukov AA, Andaloussi YH, Darwish S, Deng C, Vandichel M, Zhang J, Zaworotko MJ. A Robust Molecular Porous Material for C 2 H 2 /CO 2 Separation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206945. [PMID: 36541750 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A molecular porous material, MPM-2, comprised of cationic [Ni2 (AlF6 )(pzH)8 (H2 O)2 ] and anionic [Ni2 Al2 F11 (pzH)8 (H2 O)2 ] complexes that generate a charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded network with pcu topology is reported. The packing in MPM-2 is sustained by multiple interionic hydrogen bonding interactions that afford ultramicroporous channels between dense layers of anionic units. MPM-2 is found to exhibit excellent stability in water (>1 year). Unlike most hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks which typically show poor stability in organic solvents, MPM-2 exhibited excellent stability with respect to various organic solvents for at least two days. MPM-2 is found to be permanently porous with gas sorption isotherms at 298 K revealing a strong affinity for C2 H2 over CO2 thanks to a high (ΔQst )AC [Qst (C2 H2 ) - Qst (CO2 )] of 13.7 kJ mol-1 at low coverage. Dynamic column breakthrough experiments on MPM-2 demonstrated the separation of C2 H2 from a 1:1 C2 H2 /CO2 mixture at 298 K with effluent CO2 purity of 99.995% and C2 H2 purity of >95% after temperature-programmed desorption. C-H···F interactions between C2 H2 molecules and F atoms of AlF6 3- are found to enable high selectivity toward C2 H2 , as determined by density functional theory simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yan Gao
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Debobroto Sensharma
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Andrey A Bezrukov
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Yassin H Andaloussi
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Shaza Darwish
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Chenghua Deng
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Michael J Zaworotko
- Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
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8
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Metallic–Organic Cages (MOCs) with Heterometallic Character: Flexibility-Enhancing MOFs. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The dichotomy between metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal–organic cages (MOCs) opens up the research spectrum of two fields which, despite having similarities, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Due to the fact that they have cavities inside, they also have applicability in the porosity sector. Bloch and coworkers within this evolution from MOFs to MOCs manage to describe a MOC with a structure of Cu2 paddlewheel Cu4L4 (L = bis(pyrazolyl)methane) with high precision thanks to crystallographic analyses of X-ray diffraction and also SEM-EDX. Then, also at the same level of concreteness, they were able to find the self-assembly of Pd(II)Cl2 moieties on the available nitrogen donor atoms leading to a [Cu4(L(PdCl2))4] structure. Here, calculations of the DFT density functional allow us to reach an unusual precision given the magnitude and structural complexity, explaining how a pyrazole ring of each bis(pyprazolyl)methane ligand must rotate from an anti to a syn conformation, and a truncation of the MOC structure allows us to elucidate, in the absence of the MOC constraint and its packing in the crystal, that the rotation is almost barrierless, as well as also explain the relative stability of the different conformations, with the anti being the most stable conformation. Characterization calculations with Mayer bond orders (MBO) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) plots discern what is important in the interaction of this type of cage with PdCl2 moieties, also CuCl2 by analogy, as well as simple molecules of water, since the complex is stable in this solvent. However, the L ligand is proved to not have the ability to stabilize an H2O molecule.
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9
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Solvent effects on the luminescent properties based on bis(hydroxy-naphthoic acid): Syntheses, crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Antonio A, Dworzak MR, Korman KJ, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Anion Binding as a Strategy for the Synthesis of Porous Salts. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:10823-10831. [PMID: 36590703 PMCID: PMC9799027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Porous salts have recently emerged as a promising new class of ultratunable permanently microporous solids. These adsorbents, which were first reported as ionic solids based on porous cations and anions, can be isolated from a wide variety of charged, permanently porous coordination cages. A challenge in realizing the full tunability of such systems, however, lies in the fact that the majority of coordination cages for which surface areas have been reported are comprised of charge-balanced inorganic and organic building blocks that result in neutral cages. As such, most reported permanently porous coordination cages cannot be used as reagents in the synthesis of porous salts. Here, we show that the facile reaction of TBAX (TBA+ = tetra-n-butylammonium; X = F- and Cl-) with molybdenum paddlewheel-based coordination cages of the M4L4 and M24L24 lantern and cuboctahedra structure types, respectively, affords charged cages by virtue of coordination of halide anions to the internal and/or external metal sites on these structures, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At a practical level, the TBAX/cage reactions, which are fully reversible upon isolation of the cage with the appropriate solvent, solubilize otherwise rigorously insoluble cages. This method significantly increases the solution processability of these highly porous solids. Toward the formation of new porous salts, halide binding also serves to incorporate charge on neutral cages and make them amenable to simple salt metathesis reactions to afford new porous salts based on anions and cations with intrinsic porosity. A combination of diffraction methods and a suite of spectroscopic tools confirms speciation of the isolated solids, which represent a new class of highly tunable porous salts. Ultimately, this work represents a roadmap for the preparation of new porous solids and showcases the utility and broad applicability of anion binding as a strategy for the synthesis of porous salts.
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11
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Yong MT, Linder-Patton OM, Bloch WM. Assembly of a Heterometallic Cu(II)-Pd(II) Cage by Post-assembly Metal Insertion. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12863-12869. [PMID: 35920858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porous structures based on multi-metallic motifs are receiving growing interest, but their general preparation still remains a challenge. Here, we report the self-assembly and structure of a CuII metal-organic cage (MOC) that is functionalized with free bis(pyrazolyl)methane sites. The homometallic Cu4L4 cage is isolated as a water-stable crystalline solid, and its formation is dependent on metal-ligand stoichiometry and the pre-organization of the Cu2 paddlewheel. We show by X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDX that PdII chloride can be quantitatively inserted into the free chelating sites of the MOC to yield a [Cu4(L(PdCl2))4] structure. Moreover, the solvent employed in the metalation dictates the solid-state isomerism of the heterometallic cage─a further handle to control the MOC's structural diversity and permanent porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tieng Yong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Oliver M Linder-Patton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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12
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Kondinski A, Menon A, Nurkowski D, Farazi F, Mosbach S, Akroyd J, Kraft M. Automated Rational Design of Metal-Organic Polyhedra. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11713-11728. [PMID: 35731954 PMCID: PMC9264355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are hybrid organic-inorganic nanomolecules, whose rational design depends on harmonious consideration of chemical complementarity and spatial compatibility between two or more types of chemical building units (CBUs). In this work, we apply knowledge engineering technology to automate the derivation of MOP formulations based on existing knowledge. For this purpose we have (i) curated relevant MOP and CBU data; (ii) developed an assembly model concept that embeds rules in the MOP construction; (iii) developed an OntoMOPs ontology that defines MOPs and their key properties; (iv) input agents that populate The World Avatar (TWA) knowledge graph; and (v) input agents that, using information from TWA, derive a list of new constructible MOPs. Our result provides rapid and automated instantiation of MOPs in TWA and unveils the immediate chemical space of known MOPs, thus shedding light on new MOP targets for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kondinski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Angiras Menon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Daniel Nurkowski
- CMCL
Innovations, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, U.K.
| | - Feroz Farazi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Sebastian Mosbach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Jethro Akroyd
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Markus Kraft
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
- CMCL
Innovations, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, U.K.
- CARES, Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education
in Singapore, 1 Create
Way, CREATE Tower, #05-05, Singapore 138602
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- The
Alan Turing Institute, 2QR, John Dodson House, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, U.K.
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13
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El-Sayed ESM, Yuan YD, Zhao D, Yuan D. Zirconium Metal-Organic Cages: Synthesis and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1546-1560. [PMID: 35579616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusFor the last two decades, materials scientists have contributed to a growing library of porous crystalline materials. These synthetic materials are typically extended networks, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), or discrete materials like metal-organic cages (MOCs) and porous organic cages (POCs). Advanced porous materials have shown promise for various applications due to their modular nature and structural tunability. MOCs have recently garnered attention because of their molecularity that bestows them with many unique possibilities (e.g., solution-processability, structural diversity, and postsynthetic processability).MOCs are discrete molecular assemblies of organic ligands coordinated with either metal cations or metal oxide clusters of different nuclearities, resulting in architectures with inherent porosity. Notably, the molecular nature of MOCs endows them with easy solution-processability unattainable with traditional framework materials. To date, a number of stable MOCs have been reported, such as those based on Rh (Rh-O bond energy: 405 ± 42 kJ/mol), Fe (Fe-O bond energy: 407.0 ± 1.0 kJ/mol), Cr (Cr-O bond energy: 461 ± 8.7 kJ/mol), Ti (Ti-O bond energy: 666.5 ± 5.6 kJ/mol), and Zr (Zr-O bond energy: 766.1 ± 10.6 kJ/mol). Paddle-wheel MOCs have also shown great stability in aqueous environments due to their rigid backbones. The zirconium MOC (Zr-MOCs) family emerges as a class of very robust cages for which their high bond energy endows them with high hydrothermal stability.In 2013, we reported the first four zirconocene tetrahedrons assembled from trinuclear zirconium oxide clusters with ditopic or tritopic organic ligands. Since then, significant progress in the rational design of Zr-MOC has led to an assortment of structures dedicated to meaningful applications.In this Account, we highlight the recent progress in synthesizing Zr-MOCs and Zr-MOC-based higher dimensional frameworks and their applications dedicated in our laboratories and beyond. The general Zr-MOC synthetic strategy involves assembling Zr trinuclear clusters with organic ligands (rigid or flexible) containing various functional groups. This chemistry has afforded cages with structural versatility and active sites, e.g., amino groups, for postsynthetic modifications (PSMs). Since the extrinsic porosity of cage-based frameworks is relatively weak, the resulting frameworks are susceptible to structural rearrangement after solvent removal. To circumvent this limitation, increasing the hydrogen bond ratio and strength between interlinked cages and conducting in situ catalytic polymerizations have been reported to afford permanently porous structures amenable to host-guest reactions.To expand their potential applications, multifunctional Zr-MOCs are highly desired. Such multivariate MOCs can be attained by either employing the isoreticular expansion strategy to create MOCs with high surface areas or using mixed-ligand approaches to afford heterogeneous MOCs. In addition, amorphous MOCs, flexible organic ligands, new functionalities, and MOC-based extended networks are exciting new approaches to developing materials with structural versatility and enhanced characteristics. Thereby, we believe the stability and versatility of the Zr-MOC family hold great potential in expanding and addressing challenging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed M El-Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road, West Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Chemical Refining Laboratory, Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-Zomor Street, El Zohour Region, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Yi Di Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road, West Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Liu J, Wang Z, Cheng P, Zaworotko MJ, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Post-synthetic modifications of metal–organic cages. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:339-356. [PMID: 37117929 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are discrete, supramolecular entities that consist of metal nodes and organic linkers, which can offer solution processability and high porosity. Thereby, their predesigned structures can undergo post-synthetic modifications (PSMs) to introduce new functional groups and properties by modifying the linker, metal node, pore or surface environment. This Review explores current PSM strategies used for MOCs, including covalent, coordination and noncovalent methods. The effects of newly introduced functional groups or generated complexes upon the PSMs of MOCs are also detailed, such as improving structural stability or endowing desired functionalities. The development of the aforementioned design principles has enabled systematic approaches for the development and characterization of families of MOCs and, thereby, provides insight into structure-function relationships that will guide future developments.
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Khobotov‐Bakishev A, Hernández‐López L, von Baeckmann C, Albalad J, Carné‐Sánchez A, Maspoch D. Metal-Organic Polyhedra as Building Blocks for Porous Extended Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104753. [PMID: 35119223 PMCID: PMC9008419 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are a subclass of coordination cages that can adsorb and host species in solution and are permanently porous in solid-state. These characteristics, together with the recent development of their orthogonal surface chemistry and the assembly of more stable cages, have awakened the latent potential of MOPs to be used as building blocks for the synthesis of extended porous networks. This review article focuses on exploring the key developments that make the extension of MOPs possible, highlighting the most remarkable examples of MOP-based soft materials and crystalline extended frameworks. Finally, the article ventures to offer future perspectives on the exploitation of MOPs in fields that still remain ripe toward the use of such unorthodox molecular porous platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akim Khobotov‐Bakishev
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Laura Hernández‐López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Jorge Albalad
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of ChemistryThe University of AdelaideNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia5000Australia
| | - Arnau Carné‐Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Pg. Lluís Companys 23Barcelona08010Spain
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Albalad J, Hernández-López L, Carné-Sánchez A, Maspoch D. Surface chemistry of metal-organic polyhedra. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2443-2454. [PMID: 35103260 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are discrete, intrinsically-porous architectures that operate at the molecular regime and, owing to peripheral reactive sites, exhibit rich surface chemistry. Researchers have recently exploited this reactivity through post-synthetic modification (PSM) to generate specialised molecular platforms that may overcome certain limitations of extended porous materials. Indeed, the combination of modular solubility, orthogonal reactive sites, and accessible cavities yields a highly versatile molecular platform for solution to solid-state applications. In this feature article, we discuss representative examples of the PSM chemistry of MOPs, from proof-of-concept studies to practical applications, and highlight future directions for the MOP field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Albalad
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Laura Hernández-López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Arnau Carné-Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Markwell-Heys AW, Roemelt M, Slattery AD, Linder-Patton OM, Bloch WM. Linking metal-organic cages pairwise as a design approach for assembling multivariate crystalline materials. Chem Sci 2021; 13:68-73. [PMID: 35059152 PMCID: PMC8694310 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05663h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using metal-organic cages (MOCs) as preformed supermolecular building-blocks (SBBs) is a powerful strategy to design functional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with control over the pore architecture and connectivity. However, introducing chemical complexity into the network via this route is limited as most methodologies focus on only one type of MOC as the building-block. Herein we present the pairwise linking of MOCs as a design approach to introduce defined chemical complexity into porous materials. Our methodology exploits preferential Rh-aniline coordination and stoichiometric control to rationally link Cu4L4 and Rh4L4 MOCs into chemically complex, yet extremely well-defined crystalline solids. This strategy is expected to open up significant new possibilities to design bespoke multi-functional materials with atomistic control over the location and ordering of chemical functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Ashley D Slattery
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide Adelaide 5005 Australia
| | | | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia +61 8 8313 5039
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