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Siritanaratkul B, Megarity CF, Herold RA, Armstrong FA. Interactive biocatalysis achieved by driving enzyme cascades inside a porous conducting material. Commun Chem 2024; 7:132. [PMID: 38858478 PMCID: PMC11165005 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An emerging concept and platform, the electrochemical Leaf (e-Leaf), offers a radical change in the way tandem (multi-step) catalysis by enzyme cascades is studied and exploited. The various enzymes are loaded into an electronically conducting porous material composed of metallic oxide nanoparticles, where they achieve high concentration and crowding - in the latter respect the environment resembles that found in living cells. By exploiting efficient electron tunneling between the nanoparticles and one of the enzymes, the e-Leaf enables the user to interact directly with complex networks, rendering simultaneous the abilities to energise, control and observe catalysis. Because dispersion of intermediates is physically suppressed, the output of the cascade - the rate of flow of chemical steps and information - is delivered in real time as electrical current. Myriad enzymes of all major classes now become effectively electroactive in a technology that offers scalability between micro-(analytical, multiplex) and macro-(synthesis) levels. This Perspective describes how the e-Leaf was discovered, the steps in its development so far, and the outlook for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ryan A Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Brachi M, El Housseini W, Beaver K, Jadhav R, Dantanarayana A, Boucher DG, Minteer SD. Advanced Electroanalysis for Electrosynthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:141-187. [PMID: 38585515 PMCID: PMC10995937 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, environmentally friendly substitute for conventional organic methods. It involves using charge transfer to stimulate chemical reactions through the application of a potential or current between two electrodes. In addition to electrode materials and the type of reactor employed, the strategies for controlling potential and current have an impact on the yields, product distribution, and reaction mechanism. In this Review, recent advances related to electroanalysis applied in electrosynthesis were discussed. The first part of this study acts as a guide that emphasizes the foundations of electrosynthesis. These essentials include instrumentation, electrode selection, cell design, and electrosynthesis methodologies. Then, advances in electroanalytical techniques applied in organic, enzymatic, and microbial electrosynthesis are illustrated with specific cases studied in recent literature. To conclude, a discussion of future possibilities that intend to advance the academic and industrial areas is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brachi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Wassim El Housseini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Rohit Jadhav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Ashwini Dantanarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Dylan G. Boucher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Black WB, Perea S, Li H. Design, construction, and application of noncanonical redox cofactor infrastructures. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 84:103019. [PMID: 37939631 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the flow of carbon and reducing power in biological systems is a central theme in metabolic engineering. Often, trade-offs in pushing carbon flux through targeted pathways while operating in conditions agreeable to the host are required due to the central pools of the shared native redox cofactors NAD(P)/H. Noncanonical redox cofactors (NRCs) have emerged as promising tools to transform how engineers develop biotransformation systems. These new-to-Nature redox cofactors have been demonstrated to function orthogonally to the endogenous cofactors, support pathway thermodynamics optimization, and achieve product scopes previously difficult to reach due to endogenous pathway crosstalk. This review will discuss the development of NRC infrastructures, comprising NRC pools, cofactor reduction sources, and cofactor oxidation sinks, the (pool-source-sink) infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Black
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States of America
| | - Sean Perea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States of America
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States of America; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States of America.
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Boucher DG, Carroll E, Nguyen ZA, Jadhav RG, Simoska O, Beaver K, Minteer SD. Bioelectrocatalytic Synthesis: Concepts and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307780. [PMID: 37428529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrocatalytic synthesis is the conversion of electrical energy into value-added products using biocatalysts. These methods merge the specificity and selectivity of biocatalysis and energy-related electrocatalysis to address challenges in the sustainable synthesis of pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals, fuels, feedstocks and fertilizers. However, the specialized experimental setups and domain knowledge for bioelectrocatalysis pose a significant barrier to adoption. This review introduces key concepts of bioelectrosynthetic systems. We provide a tutorial on the methods of biocatalyst utilization, the setup of bioelectrosynthetic cells, and the analytical methods for assessing bioelectrocatalysts. Key applications of bioelectrosynthesis in ammonia production and small-molecule synthesis are outlined for both enzymatic and microbial systems. This review serves as a necessary introduction and resource for the non-specialist interested in bioelectrosynthetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Boucher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Emily Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zachary A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rohit G Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Wu R, Li F, Cui X, Li Z, Ma C, Jiang H, Zhang L, Zhang YHPJ, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen H, Zhu Z. Enzymatic Electrosynthesis of Glycine from CO 2 and NH 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218387. [PMID: 36759346 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic electrosynthesis has gained more and more interest as an emerging green synthesis platform, particularly for the fixation of CO2 . However, the simultaneous utilization of CO2 and a nitrogenous molecule for the enzymatic electrosynthesis of value-added products has never been reported. In this study, we constructed an in vitro multienzymatic cascade based on the reductive glycine pathway and demonstrated an enzymatic electrocatalytic system that allowed the simultaneous conversion of CO2 and NH3 as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources to synthesize glycine. Through effective coupling and the optimization of electrochemical cofactor regeneration and the multienzymatic cascade reaction, 0.81 mM glycine was yielded with a highest reaction rate of 8.69 mg L-1 h-1 and faradaic efficiency of 96.8 %. These results imply a promising alternative for enzymatic CO2 electroreduction and expand its products to nitrogenous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, 21 West 15th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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Weliwatte NS, Chen H, Tang T, Minteer SD. Three-Stage Conversion of Chemically Inert n-Heptane to α-Hydrazino Aldehyde Based on Bioelectrocatalytic C-H Bond Oxyfunctionalization. ACS Catal 2023; 13:563-572. [PMID: 36644649 PMCID: PMC9830989 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple petrochemical feedstocks are often the starting material for the synthesis of complex commodity and fine and specialty chemicals. Designing synthetic pathways for these complex and specific molecular structures with sufficient chemo-, regio-, enantio-, and diastereo-selectivity can expand the existing petrochemicals landscape. The two overarching challenges in designing such pathways are selective activation of chemically inert C-H bonds in hydrocarbons and systematic functionalization to synthesize complex structures. Multienzyme cascades are becoming a growing means of overcoming the first challenge. However, extending multienzyme cascade designs is restricted by the arsenal of enzymes currently at our disposal and the compatibility between specific enzymes. Here, we couple a bioelectrocatalytic multienzyme cascade to organocatalysis, which are two distinctly different classes of catalysis, in a single system to address both challenges. Based on the development and utilization of an anthraquinone (AQ)-based redox polymer, the bioelectrocatalytic step achieves regioselective terminal C-H bond oxyfunctionalization of chemically inert n-heptane. A second biocatalytic step selectively oxidizes the resulting 1-heptanol to heptanal. The succeeding inherently simple and durable l-proline-based organocatalysis step is a complementary partner to the multienzyme steps to further functionalize heptanal to the corresponding α-hydrazino aldehyde. The "three-stage" streamlined design exerts much control over the chemical conversion, which renders the collective system a versatile and adaptable model for a broader substrate scope and more complex C-H functionalization.
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Armstrong FA, Cheng B, Herold RA, Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B. From Protein Film Electrochemistry to Nanoconfined Enzyme Cascades and the Electrochemical Leaf. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5421-5458. [PMID: 36573907 PMCID: PMC10176485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein film electrochemistry (PFE) has given unrivalled insight into the properties of redox proteins and many electron-transferring enzymes, allowing investigations of otherwise ill-defined or intractable topics such as unstable Fe-S centers and the catalytic bias of enzymes. Many enzymes have been established to be reversible electrocatalysts when attached to an electrode, and further investigations have revealed how unusual dependences of catalytic rates on electrode potential have stark similarities with electronics. A special case, the reversible electrochemistry of a photosynthetic enzyme, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR), loaded at very high concentrations in the 3D nanopores of a conducting metal oxide layer, is leading to a new technology that brings PFE to myriad enzymes of other classes, the activities of which become controlled by the primary electron exchange. This extension is possible because FNR-based recycling of NADP(H) can be coupled to a dehydrogenase, and thence to other enzymes linked in tandem by the tight channelling of cofactors and intermediates within the nanopores of the material. The earlier interpretations of catalytic wave-shapes and various analogies with electronics are thus extended to initiate a field perhaps aptly named "cascade-tronics", in which the flow of reactions along an enzyme cascade is monitored and controlled through an electrochemical analyzer. Unlike in photosynthesis where FNR transduces electron transfer and hydride transfer through the unidirectional recycling of NADPH, the "electrochemical leaf" (e-Leaf) can be used to drive reactions in both oxidizing and reducing directions. The e-Leaf offers a natural way to study how enzymes are affected by nanoconfinement and crowding, mimicking the physical conditions under which enzyme cascades operate in living cells. The reactions of the trapped enzymes, often at very high local concentration, are thus studied electrochemically, exploiting the potential domain to control rates and direction and the current-rate analogy to derive kinetic data. Localized NADP(H) recycling is very efficient, resulting in very high cofactor turnover numbers and new opportunities for controlling and exploiting biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Beichen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A. Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
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Zhang X, Zhao J, Che C, Qin J, Wan T, Sun F, Ma J, Long Y. Uniformly microporous diatomite supported Ni0/2+ catalyzed controllable selective reductive amination of benzaldehydes to primary amines, secondary imines and secondary amines. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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