1
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Jacobse PH, Sarker M, Saxena A, Zahl P, Wang Z, Berger E, Aluru NR, Sinitskii A, Crommie MF. Tunable Magnetic Coupling in Graphene Nanoribbon Quantum Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400473. [PMID: 38412424 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based quantum dots (QDs) enable flexible manipulation of electronic behavior at the nanoscale, but controlling their magnetic properties requires atomically precise structural control. While magnetism is observed in organic molecules and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), GNR precursors enabling bottom-up fabrication of QDs with various spin ground states have not yet been reported. Here the development of a new GNR precursor that results in magnetic QD structures embedded in semiconducting GNRs is reported. Inserting one such molecule into the GNR backbone and graphitizing it results in a QD region hosting one unpaired electron. QDs composed of two precursor molecules exhibit nonmagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or antiferromagnetic ground states, depending on the structural details that determine the coupling behavior of the spins originating from each molecule. The synthesis of these QDs and the emergence of localized states are demonstrated through high-resolution atomic force microscopy (HR-AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging, and spectroscopy, and the relationship between QD atomic structure and magnetic properties is uncovered. GNR QDs provide a useful platform for controlling the spin-degree of freedom in carbon-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Anshul Saxena
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emma Berger
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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2
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Daugherty M, Jacobse PH, Jiang J, Jornet-Somoza J, Dorit R, Wang Z, Lu J, McCurdy R, Tang W, Rubio A, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Regioselective On-Surface Synthesis of [3]Triangulene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15879-15886. [PMID: 38813680 PMCID: PMC11177251 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The integration of low-energy states into bottom-up engineered graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is a robust strategy for realizing materials with tailored electronic band structure for nanoelectronics. Low-energy zero-modes (ZMs) can be introduced into nanographenes (NGs) by creating an imbalance between the two sublattices of graphene. This phenomenon is exemplified by the family of [n]triangulenes (n ∈ N ). Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of [3]triangulene-GNRs, a regioregular one-dimensional (1D) chain of [3]triangulenes linked by five-membered rings. Hybridization between ZMs on adjacent [3]triangulenes leads to the emergence of a narrow band gap, Eg,exp ∼ 0.7 eV, and topological end states that are experimentally verified using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Tight-binding and first-principles density functional theory calculations within the local density approximation corroborate our experimental observations. Our synthetic design takes advantage of a selective on-surface head-to-tail coupling of monomer building blocks enabling the regioselective synthesis of [3]triangulene-GNRs. Detailed ab initio theory provides insights into the mechanism of on-surface radical polymerization, revealing the pivotal role of Au-C bond formation/breakage in driving selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
C. Daugherty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joaquim Jornet-Somoza
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad
del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Donostia E20018, Spain
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Reis Dorit
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan McCurdy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Weichen Tang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad
del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Donostia E20018, Spain
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center for
Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The
Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing,
Data Science, and Society, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Song S, Pinar Solé A, Matěj A, Li G, Stetsovych O, Soler D, Yang H, Telychko M, Li J, Kumar M, Chen Q, Edalatmanesh S, Brabec J, Veis L, Wu J, Jelinek P, Lu J. Highly entangled polyradical nanographene with coexisting strong correlation and topological frustration. Nat Chem 2024; 16:938-944. [PMID: 38374456 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Open-shell nanographenes exhibit unconventional π-magnetism arising from topological frustration or strong electron-electron interaction. However, conventional design approaches are typically limited to a single magnetic origin, which can restrict the number of correlated spins or the type of magnetic ordering in open-shell nanographenes. Here we present a design strategy that combines topological frustration and electron-electron interactions to fabricate a large fully fused 'butterfly'-shaped tetraradical nanographene on Au(111). We employ bond-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy and spin-excitation spectroscopy to resolve the molecular backbone and reveal the strongly correlated open-shell character, respectively. This nanographene contains four unpaired electrons with both ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic interactions, harbouring a many-body singlet ground state and strong multi-spin entanglement, which is well described by many-body calculations. Furthermore, we study the magnetic properties and spin states in the nanographene using a nickelocene magnetic probe. The ability to imprint and characterize many-body strongly correlated spins in polyradical nanographenes paves the way for future advancements in quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotang Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrés Pinar Solé
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Diego Soler
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mykola Telychko
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Brabec
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Veis
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
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4
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Qie B, Wang Z, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Jacobse PH, Lu J, Li X, Liu F, Alexandrova AN, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices. Science 2024; 384:895-901. [PMID: 38781380 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The covalent interaction of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with transition metal atoms gives rise to distinctive frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). These emergent electronic states have spurred the widespread adoption of NHC ligands in chemical catalysis and functional materials. Although formation of carbene-metal complexes in self-assembled monolayers on surfaces has been explored, design and electronic structure characterization of extended low-dimensional NHC-metal lattices remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC-Au-NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C-Au-C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Qie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xinheng Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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5
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Dong W, Li X, Lu S, Li J, Wang Y, Zhong M, Dong X, Xu Z, Shen Q, Gao S, Wu K, Peng LM, Hou S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes to Sub-5-nm Graphene Nanoribbons on Cu(111) by Surface Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308430. [PMID: 38126626 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising in nanoelectronics for their quasi-1D structures with tunable bandgaps. The methods for controllable fabrication of high-quality GNRs are still limited. Here a way to generate sub-5-nm GNRs by annealing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on Cu(111) is demonstrated. The structural evolution process is characterized by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Substrate-dependent measurements on Au(111) and Ru(0001) reveal that the intermediate strong SWCNT-surface interaction plays a pivotal role in the formation of GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dong
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingjun Zhong
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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6
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Wang Y, Gong WW, Zhao Y, Xing GY, Kang LX, Sha F, Huang ZY, Liu JW, Han YJ, Li P, Li DY, Liu PN. Two-Dimensional Nonbenzenoid Heteroacene Crystals Synthesized via In-Situ Embedding of Ladder Bipyrazinylenes on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318142. [PMID: 38265124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Precisely introducing topological defects is an important strategy in nanographene crystal engineering because defects can tune π-electronic structures and control molecular assemblies. The synergistic control of the synthesis and assembly of nanographenes by embedding the topological defects to afford two-dimensional (2D) crystals on surfaces is still a great challenge. By in-situ embedding ladder bipyrazinylene (LBPy) into acene, the narrowest nanographene with zigzag edges, we have achieved the precise preparation of 2D nonbenzenoid heteroacene crystals on Au(111). Through intramolecular electrocyclization of o-diisocyanides and Au adatom-directed [2+2] cycloaddition, the nonbenzenoid heteroacene products are produced with high chemoselectivity, and lead to the molecular 2D assembly via LBPy-derived interlocking hydrogen bonds. Using bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we determined the atomic structures of the nonbenzenoid heteroacene product and diverse organometallic intermediates. The tunneling spectroscopy measurements revealed the electronic structure of the nonbenzenoid heteroacene, which is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The observed distinct organometallic intermediates during progression annealing combined with DFT calculations demonstrated that LBPy formation proceeds via electrocyclization of o-diisocyanides, trapping of heteroarynes by Au adatoms, and stepwise elimination of Au adatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jie Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
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7
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Jacobse P, Daugherty MC, Čerņevičs K, Wang Z, McCurdy RD, Yazyev OV, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Five-Membered Rings Create Off-Zero Modes in Nanographene. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24901-24909. [PMID: 38051766 PMCID: PMC10753889 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The low-energy electronic structure of nanographenes can be tuned through zero-energy π-electron states, typically referred to as zero-modes. Customizable electronic and magnetic structures have been engineered by coupling zero-modes through exchange and hybridization interactions. Manipulation of the energy of such states, however, has not yet received significant attention. We find that attaching a five-membered ring to a zigzag edge hosting a zero-mode perturbs the energy of that mode and turns it into an off-zero mode: a localized state with a distinctive electron-accepting character. Whereas the end states of typical 7-atom-wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) lose their electrons when physisorbed on Au(111) (due to its high work function), converting them into off-zero modes by introducing cyclopentadienyl five-membered rings allows them to retain their single-electron occupation. This approach enables the magnetic properties of 7-AGNR end states to be explored using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on a gold substrate. We find a gradual decrease of the magnetic coupling between off-zero mode end states as a function of GNR length, and evolution from a more closed-shell to a more open-shell ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael C. Daugherty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristia̅ns Čerņevičs
- Institute
of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg V. Yazyev
- Institute
of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute
of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science,
and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Lawrence J, He Y, Wei H, Su J, Song S, Wania Rodrigues A, Miravet D, Hawrylak P, Zhao J, Wu J, Lu J. Topological Design and Synthesis of High-Spin Aza-triangulenes without Jahn-Teller Distortions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20237-20245. [PMID: 37791737 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomic doping of open-shell nanographenes enables precise tuning of their electronic and magnetic states, which is crucial for their promising potential applications in optoelectronics and spintronics. Among this intriguing class of molecules, triangulenes stand out with their size-dependent electronic properties and spin states, which can also be influenced by the presence of dopant atoms and functional groups. However, the occurrence of Jahn-Teller distortions in such systems can have a crucial impact on their total spin and requires further theoretical and experimental investigation. In this study, we examine the nitrogen-doped aza-triangulene series via a combination of density functional theory and on-surface synthesis. We identify a general trend in the calculated spin states of aza-[n]triangulenes of various sizes, separating them into two symmetry classes, one of which features molecules that are predicted to undergo Jahn-Teller distortions that reduce their symmetry and thus their total spin. We link this behavior to the location of the central nitrogen atom relative to the two underlying carbon sublattices of the molecules. Consequently, our findings reveal that neutral centrally doped aza-triangulenes have one less radical than their undoped counterparts, irrespective of their predicted symmetry. We follow this by demonstrating the on-surface synthesis of π-extended aza-[5]triangulene, a large member of the higher symmetry class without Jahn-Teller distortions, via a simple one-step annealing process on Cu(111) and Au(111). Using scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations, we prove that the molecule is positively charged on the Au(111) substrate, with a high-spin quintet state of S = 2, the same total spin as undoped neutral [5]triangulene. Our study uncovers the correlation between the dopant position and the radical nature of high-spin nanographenes, providing a strategy for the design and development of these nanographenes for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan He
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaotang Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Miravet
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Pawel Hawrylak
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
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9
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Vilas-Varela M, Romero-Lara F, Vegliante A, Calupitan JP, Martínez A, Meyer L, Uriarte-Amiano U, Friedrich N, Wang D, Schulz F, Koval NE, Sandoval-Salinas ME, Casanova D, Corso M, Artacho E, Peña D, Pascual JI. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of a High-Spin Aza-[5]-Triangulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307884. [PMID: 37604782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Triangulenes are a class of open-shell triangular graphene flakes with total spin increasing with their size. In the last years, on-surface-synthesis strategies have permitted fabricating and engineering triangulenes of various sizes and structures with atomic precision. However, direct proof of the increasing total spin with their size remains elusive. In this work, we report the combined in-solution and on-surface synthesis of a large nitrogen-doped triangulene (aza-[5]-triangulene) on a Au(111) surface, and the detection of its high-spin ground state. Bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy images uncovered radical states distributed along the zigzag edges, which were detected as weak zero-bias resonances in scanning tunneling spectra. These spectral features reveal the partial Kondo screening of a high-spin state. Through a combination of several simulation tools, we find that the observed distribution of radical states is explained by a quintet ground state (S=2), instead of the quartet state (S=3/2) expected for the neutral species. This confirms that electron transfer to the metal substrate raises the spin of the ground state. We further provide a qualitative description of the change of (anti)aromaticity introduced by N-substitution, and its role in the charge stabilization on a surface, resulting in an S=2 aza-triangulene on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Jan Patrick Calupitan
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adrián Martínez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lorenz Meyer
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Dongfei Wang
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabian Schulz
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Emilio Artacho
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Yin R, Wang Z, Tan S, Ma C, Wang B. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Atomically Precise Structural Heterogeneities and On-Site Characterizations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17610-17623. [PMID: 37666005 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are strips of graphene, with widths of a few nanometers, that are promising candidates for future applications in nanodevices and quantum information processing due to their highly tunable structure-dependent electronic, spintronic, topological, and optical properties. Implantation of periodic structural heterogeneities, such as heteroatoms, nanopores, and non-hexagonal rings, has become a powerful manner for tailoring the designer properties of GNRs. The bottom-up synthesis approach, by combining on-surface chemical reactions based on rationally designed molecular precursors and in situ tip-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, promotes the construction of atomically precise GNRs with periodic structural modulations. However, there are still obstacles and challenges lying on the way toward the understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relations, such as the strong screening and Fermi level pinning effect of the normally used transition metal substrates and the lack of collective tip-based techniques that can cover multi-internal degrees of freedom of the GNRs. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent progress in the on-surface synthesis of GNRs with diverse structural heterogeneities and highlight the structure-property relations as characterized by the noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. We furthermore motivate to deliver the need for developing strategies to achieve quasi-freestanding GNRs and for exploiting multifunctional tip-based techniques to collectively probe the intrinsic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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11
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Wen EH, Jacobse PH, Jiang J, Wang Z, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Fermi-Level Engineering of Nitrogen Core-Doped Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19338-19346. [PMID: 37611208 PMCID: PMC10485924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Substitutional heteroatom doping of bottom-up engineered 1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is a versatile tool for realizing low-dimensional functional materials for nanoelectronics and sensing. Previous efforts have largely relied on replacing C-H groups lining the edges of GNRs with trigonal planar N atoms. This type of atomically precise doping, however, only results in a modest realignment of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) energies. Here, we report the design, bottom-up synthesis, and spectroscopic characterization of nitrogen core-doped 5-atom-wide armchair GNRs (N2-5-AGNRs) that yield much greater energy-level shifting of the GNR electronic structure. Here, the substitution of C atoms with N atoms along the backbone of the GNR introduces a single surplus π-electron per dopant that populates the electronic states associated with previously unoccupied bands. First-principles DFT-LDA calculations confirm that a sizable shift in Fermi energy (∼1.0 eV) is accompanied by a broad reconfiguration of the band structure, including the opening of a new band gap and the transition from a direct to an indirect semiconducting band gap. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) lift-off charge transport experiments corroborate the theoretical results and reveal the relationship among substitutional heteroatom doping, Fermi-level shifting, electronic band structure, and topological engineering for this new N-doped GNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan
Chi Ho Wen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing,
Data Science, and Society, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Du Q, Su X, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Li C, Yan K, Ortiz R, Frederiksen T, Wang S, Yu P. Orbital-symmetry effects on magnetic exchange in open-shell nanographenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4802. [PMID: 37558678 PMCID: PMC10412602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-shell nanographenes appear as promising candidates for future applications in spintronics and quantum technologies. A critical aspect to realize this potential is to design and control the magnetic exchange. Here, we reveal the effects of frontier orbital symmetries on the magnetic coupling in diradical nanographenes through scanning probe microscope measurements and different levels of theoretical calculations. In these open-shell nanographenes, the exchange energy exhibits a remarkable variation between 20 and 160 meV. Theoretical calculations reveal that frontier orbital symmetries play a key role in affecting the magnetic coupling on such a large scale. Moreover, a triradical nanographene is demonstrated for investigating the magnetic interaction among three unpaired electrons with unequal magnetic exchange, in agreement with Heisenberg spin model calculations. Our results provide insights into both theoretical design and experimental realization of nanographene materials with different exchange interactions through tuning the orbital symmetry, potentially useful for realizing magnetically operable graphene-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Du
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelei Su
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yashi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Ricardo Ortiz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) - UPV/EHU, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) - UPV/EHU, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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13
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McCurdy RD, Delgado A, Jiang J, Zhu J, Wen ECH, Blackwell RE, Veber GC, Wang S, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Engineering Robust Metallic Zero-Mode States in Olympicene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428750 PMCID: PMC10360063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallic graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) represent a critical component in the toolbox of low-dimensional functional materials technology serving as 1D interconnects capable of both electronic and quantum information transport. The structural constraints imposed by on-surface bottom-up GNR synthesis protocols along with the limited control over orientation and sequence of asymmetric monomer building blocks during the radical step-growth polymerization have plagued the design and assembly of metallic GNRs. Here, we report the regioregular synthesis of GNRs hosting robust metallic states by embedding a symmetric zero-mode (ZM) superlattice along the backbone of a GNR. Tight-binding electronic structure models predict a strong nearest-neighbor electron hopping interaction between adjacent ZM states, resulting in a dispersive metallic band. First-principles density functional theory-local density approximation calculations confirm this prediction, and the robust, metallic ZM band of olympicene GNRs is experimentally corroborated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aidan Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junmian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ethan Chi Ho Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory C Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shenkai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Xing GY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. On-Surface Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4462-4470. [PMID: 37154541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as a bottom-up synthetic method, has been proven to be a powerful tool for atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials over the past 15 years. This method relies on covalent coupling reactions that occur on solid substrates such as metal or metal oxide surfaces under ultra-high-vacuum conditions, and the achievements with this method have greatly enriched fundamental science and technology. However, due to the complicated reactivity of organic groups, distinct diffusion of reactants and intermediates, and irreversibility of covalent bonds, achieving the high selectivity of covalent coupling reactions on surfaces remains a great challenge. As a result, only a few on-surface covalent coupling reactions, mainly involving dehalogenation and dehydrogenation homocoupling, are frequently used in the synthesis of low-dimensional carbon nanosystems. In this Perspective, we focus on the development and synthetic applications of on-surface cross-coupling reactions, mainly Ullmann, Sonogashira, Heck, and divergent cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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