1
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Takeyama T, Tsushima S, Takao K. Controlling mixed-valence states of pyridyldiimino-bis( o-phenolato) ligand radical in uranyl(VI) complexes. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39330312 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01821d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Combination of a uranyl(VI) ion (UVIO22+) with a redox-active ligand results in characteristic electronic structures that cannot be achieved by either component alone. In this study, three UVIO22+ complexes that bear symmetric or asymmetric 2,6-diiminopyridine-based ligands were synthesized and found to exhibit a first redox couple between -1.17 V and -1.31 V (vs. Fc0/+) to afford singly reduced complexes. The unique electronic transitions of the singly reduced UVIO22+ complexes observed in the NIR region allowed us to combine spectroelectrochemistry and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations to determine the redox-active site in these UVIO22+ complexes, i.e., to clarify the distribution of the additional unpaired electron. By exploiting the push-pull effect of electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents, the ligand-based π-radical of the singly reduced UVIO22+ complexes, which tends to delocalize over the ligand, can be localized to specific sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Takeyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1, Daigakudori, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan.
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 N1-32, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoru Tsushima
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Takao
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 N1-32, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Eralie DMT, Ducilon J, Gorden AEV. Uranium Chemistry: Identifying the Next Frontiers†. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39190695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
While uranium is the most extensively studied actinide in terms of chemical properties, there remains much to be explored about its fundamental chemistry. Organometallic and organoactinide chemistry first emerged in the 1950s with research that found inspiration from transition-metal chemistry with the synthesis and characterization of uranocene, expanding new opportunities for organoactinide chemistry. Since then, a significant amount of research has pursued many avenues characterizing the fundamental nature of the f orbitals and their modes of bonding as well as their potential in catalysis. Uranium(III/IV) arene complexes dominate much of uranium organometallic chemistry, with bonding interactions stabilized by δ-back-bonding. Recent additions to this area of chemistry include the first UI and new additions of UII organouranium compounds. Uranium-transition metal complexes are still rare and maintain UIV oxidation states, with variable bond lengths determining the transition-metal oxidation state. Resultant reactivities are discussed as synthetic complexes, and unique bonding and coordination motifs are highlighted. This Viewpoint will focus on significant developments in uranium chemistry from the last 15 years while considering key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M T Eralie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79401, United States
| | - John Ducilon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79401, United States
| | - Anne E V Gorden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79401, United States
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3
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Hsueh FC, Barluzzi L, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Zivkovic I, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Synthesis, structure and redox properties of single-atom bridged diuranium complexes supported by aryloxides. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13416-13426. [PMID: 39051943 PMCID: PMC11320667 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom (group 15 and group 16 anions) bridged dimetallic complexes of low oxidation state uranium provide a convenient route to implement multielectron transfer and promote magnetic communication in uranium chemistry, but remain extremely rare. Here we report the synthesis, redox and magnetic properties of N3-, O2-, and S2- bridged diuranium complexes supported by bulky aryloxide ligands. The U(IV)/U(IV) nitride [Cs(THF)8][(U(OAr)3)2(μ-N)], 1 could be prepared and characterized but could not be reduced. Reduction of the neutral U(IV)/U(IV) complexes [(U(OAr)3)2(μ-X)] A (X = O) and B (X = S) led to the isolation and characterization of the U(IV)/U(III) and U(III)/U(III) analogues. Complexes [(K(THF)4)2(U(OAr)2)2(μ-S)2], 5 and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)]2[(U(OAr)3)2(μ-S)], 6 are the first examples of U(III) sulphide bridged complexes. Computational studies and redox properties allow the reactivity of the dimetallic complexes to be related to their electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano Barluzzi
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivica Zivkovic
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Silva CL, Amidani L, Retegan M, Weiss S, Bazarkina EF, Graubner T, Kraus F, Kvashnina KO. On the origin of low-valent uranium oxidation state. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6861. [PMID: 39127780 PMCID: PMC11316815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The significant interest in actinide bonding has recently focused on novel compounds with exotic oxidation states. However, the difficulty in obtaining relevant high-quality experimental data, particularly for low-valent actinide compounds, prevents a deeper understanding of 5f systems. Here we show X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) measurements in the high-energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode at the uranium M4 edge for the UIII and UIV halides, namely UX3 and UX4 (X = F, Cl, Br, I). The spectral shapes of these two series exhibit clear differences, which we explain using electronic structure calculations of the 3d-4f resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) process. To understand the changes observed, we implemented crystal field models with ab initio derived parameters and investigated the effect of reducing different contributions to the electron-electron interactions involved in the RIXS process. Our analysis shows that the electron-electron interactions weaken as the ligand changes from I to F, indicative of a decrease in ionicity both along and between the UX3 and UX4 halide series.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Silva
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - L Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314, Dresden, Germany.
| | - M Retegan
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - S Weiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - E F Bazarkina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Graubner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - F Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - K O Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Lussier D, Ito E, McClain KR, Smith PW, Kwon H, Rutkauskaite R, Harvey BG, Shuh DK, Long JR. Metal-Halide Covalency, Exchange Coupling, and Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Triangular (Cp iPr5) 3U 3X 6 (X = Cl, Br, I) Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21280-21295. [PMID: 39044394 PMCID: PMC11311243 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The actinide elements are attractive alternatives to transition metals or lanthanides for the design of exchange-coupled multinuclear single-molecule magnets. However, the synthesis of such compounds is challenging, as is unraveling any contributions from exchange coupling to the overall magnetism. To date, only a few actinide compounds have been shown to exhibit exchange coupling and single-molecule magnetism. Here, we report triangular uranium(III) clusters of the type (CpiPr5)3U3X (1-X; X = Cl, Br, I; CpiPr5 = pentaisopropylcyclopentadienyl), which are synthesized via reaction of the aryloxide-bridged precursor (CpiPr5)2U2(OPhtBu)4 with excess Me3SiX. Spectroscopic analysis suggests the presence of covalency in the uranium-halide interactions arising from 5f orbital participation in bonding. The dc magnetic susceptibility data reveal the presence of antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the uranium(III) centers in these compounds, with the strength of the exchange decreasing down the halide series. Ac magnetic susceptibility data further reveal all compounds to exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under zero dc field. In 1-I, which exhibits particularly weak exchange, magnetic relaxation occurs via a Raman mechanism associated with the individual uranium(III) centers. In contrast, for 1-Br and 1-Cl, magnetic relaxation occurs via an Orbach mechanism, likely involving relaxation between ground and excited exchange-coupled states. Significantly, in the case of 1-Cl, magnetic relaxation is sufficiently slow such that open magnetic hysteresis is observed up to 2.75 K, and the compound exhibits a 100-s blocking temperature of 2.4 K. This compound provides the first example of magnetic blocking in a compound containing only actinide-based ions, as well as the first example involving the uranium(III) oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
J. Lussier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emi Ito
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - K. Randall McClain
- U.S.
Navy, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, Research Department, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Patrick W. Smith
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hyunchul Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryte Rutkauskaite
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Harvey
- U.S.
Navy, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, Research Department, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - David K. Shuh
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Fang W, Li Y, Zhang T, Rajeshkumar T, Del Rosal I, Zhao Y, Wang T, Wang S, Maron L, Zhu C. Oxidative Addition of E-H (E=C, N) Bonds to Transient Uranium(II) Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407339. [PMID: 38714494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-electron oxidative addition is one of the most important elementary reactions for d-block transition metals but it is uncommon for f-block elements. Here, we report the first examples of intermolecular oxidative addition of E-H (E=C, N) bonds to uranium(II) centers. The transient U(II) species was formed in-situ by reducing a heterometallic cluster featuring U(IV)-Pd(0) bonds with potassium-graphite (KC8). Oxidative addition of C-H or N-H bonds to the U(II) centers was observed when this transient U(II) species was treated with benzene, carbazole or 1-adamantylamine, respectively. The U(II) centers could also react with tetracene, biphenylene or N2O, leading to the formation of arene reduced U(IV) products and uranyl(VI) species via two- or four-electron processes. This study demonstrates that the intermolecular two-electron oxidative addition reactions are viable for actinide elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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7
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Dutra FR, Vasiliu M, Gomez AN, Xia D, Dixon DA. Prediction of Redox Potentials for U, Np, Pu, and Am in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5612-5626. [PMID: 38959054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The redox properties of the actinides in aqueous solution are important for fuel production/reprocessing and understanding the environmental impact of nuclear waste. The redox potentials for U, Np, Pu, and Am in oxidation states from 0 up to VII (as appropriate) in aqueous solutions have been predicted at the density functional theory level with the B3LYP functional, Stuttgart small core pseudopotential basis sets for the actinides, and explicit (30H2O molecules)/implicit treatment of the aqueous solvent using the self-consistent reaction field COSMO and SMD approaches for the implicit solvation. The predictions of the structural parameters of clusters incorporating first and second solvation shells are consistent with the available experimental data. Our results are typically within 0.2 V of the available experimental data using two explicit solvation shells with an implicit solvent model. The use of the PW91 functional substantially improved the prediction of the Pu(VI/V) redox couple. The redox couples for An(VI/IV) and An(V/IV) which involve the addition of protons and removal of the actinyl oxygens led to slightly larger differences from an experiment. The An(IV/0) and An(III/0) couples were reliably predicted with our approach. Predictions of the unknown An(II/I) redox potentials were negative, consistent with expectations, and predictions for unknown An(VII/VI), An(III/II), and An(II/0) redox couples improve prior estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Dutra
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Barão Geraldo, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Amber N Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Donna Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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8
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Li K, Del Rosal I, Zhao Y, Maron L, Zhu C. Planar Tetranuclear Uranium Hydride Cluster Supported by ansa-Bis(cyclopentadienyl) Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405494. [PMID: 38661015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Polynuclear metal hydride clusters play important roles in various catalytic processes, with most of the reported polynuclear metal hydride clusters adopting a polyhedral three-dimensional structure. Herein, we report the first example of a planar tetranuclear uranium hydride cluster [(CpCMe2CMe2Cp)U]4(μ2-H)4(μ3-H)4 (U4H8). It was synthesized by reacting an ansa-bis(cyclopentadienyl) ligand-supported uranium chloride precursor [(CpCMe2CMe2Cp)U]3(μ2-Cl)3(μ3-Cl)2 with NaHBEt3. The presence of hydrides in U4H8 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and its reactivity with phenol and carbon tetrachloride. DFT calculations also facilitated the determination of the hydrides' positions in U4H8, featuring four bridging μ2-H ligands and four face-capping μ3-H ligands, with the four U centers arranged in a rhombic geometry. The U4H8 represents not only the first example of planar polynuclear actinide metal hydride cluster but also the uranium hydride cluster with the highest nuclearity reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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9
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Liddle ST. Progress in Nonaqueous Molecular Uranium Chemistry: Where to Next? Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9366-9384. [PMID: 38739898 PMCID: PMC11134516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
There is long-standing interest in nonaqueous uranium chemistry because of fundamental questions about uranium's variable chemical bonding and the similarities of this pseudo-Group 6 element to its congener d-block elements molybdenum and tungsten. To provide historical context, with reference to a conference presentation slide presented around 1988 that advanced a defining collection of top targets, and the challenge, for synthetic actinide chemistry to realize in isolable complexes under normal experimental conditions, this Viewpoint surveys progress against those targets, including (i) CO and related π-acid ligand complexes, (ii) alkylidenes, carbynes, and carbidos, (iii) imidos and terminal nitrides, (iv) homoleptic polyalkyls, -alkoxides, and -aryloxides, (v) uranium-uranium bonds, and (vi) examples of topics that can be regarded as branching out in parallel from the leading targets. Having summarized advances from the past four decades, opportunities to build on that progress, and hence possible future directions for the field, are highlighted. The wealth and diversity of uranium chemistry that is described emphasizes the importance of ligand-metal complementarity in developing exciting new chemistry that builds our knowledge and understanding of elements in a relativistic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre
for Radiochemistry Research, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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10
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Samuvel Michael D, Schreckenbach G. Bis(acyl)phosphide Complexes of U(III)/U(IV): A Case of a Hidden Redox-Active Ligand. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9711-9714. [PMID: 38749025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The recently reported tris(bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)-phosphide)uranium (UIII(trippBAP)3, 2) complex (Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61 (32), 12508-12517) demonstrated a silent 31P NMR spectrum. This complex was described as a U(III) complex with an organic radical ligand fragment. Moreover, the EPR spectrum of 2 was indicative of an organic radical in the ligand framework complexed to uranium, in contrast to that of UIV(mesBAP)4, 1. Herein, with the help of relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the electronic structures of 1, 2, and U(mesBAP)3 (4) are examined in an effort to understand the unusual 31P NMR spectrum of 2. Results indicate the reduction of the carbonyl bonds and delocalization of the electrons over the ligands, indicative of U → L backbonding. Additionally, the reduced acyl carbons are found to exist as ketyl radicals [O═C• -] that are responsible for the silent 31P NMR spectra of 2. These findings demonstrate the redox noninnocent nature of BAP- in 2 and 4, causing uranium to exist in a formal oxidation state of +4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Samuvel Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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11
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Bokouende SS, Kulasekara DN, Worku SA, Ward CL, Kajjam AB, Lutter JC, Allen MJ. Expanding the Coordination of f-Block Metals with Tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine: From Molecular Complexes to Cage-like Structures. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9434-9450. [PMID: 38016147 PMCID: PMC11129929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Low-valent f-block metals have intrinsic luminescence, electrochemical, and magnetic properties that are modulated with ligands, causing the coordination chemistry of these metals to be imperative to generating critical insights needed to impact modern applications. To this end, we synthesized and characterized a series of twenty-seven complexes of f-metal ions including EuII, YbII, SmII, and UIII and hexanuclear clusters of LaIII and CeIII to study the impact of tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine, a flexible acyclic analogue of the extensively studied 2.2.2-cryptand, on the coordination chemistry and photophysical properties of low-valent f-block metals. We demonstrate that the flexibility of the ligand enables luminescence tunability over a greater range than analogous cryptates of EuII in solution. Furthermore, the ligand also displays a variety of binding modes to f-block metals in the solid state that are inaccessible to cryptates of low-valent f-block metals. In addition to serving as a ligand for f-block metals of various sizes and oxidation states, tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine also deprotonates water molecules coordinated to trivalent triflate salts of f-block metal ions, enabling the isolation of hexanuclear clusters containing either LaIII or CeIII. The ligand was also found to bind more tightly to YbII and UIII in the solid state compared to 2.2.2-cryptand, suggesting that it can play a role in the isolation of other low-valent f-block metals such CfII, NpIII, and PuIII. We expect that our findings will inspire applications of tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine in the design of light-emitting diodes and the synthesis of extremely reducing divalent f-block metal complexes that are of interest for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergely Steephen Bokouende
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - D Nuwangi Kulasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sara A Worku
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Cassandra L Ward
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Aravind B Kajjam
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jacob C Lutter
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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12
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Wang S, Wang D, Heng Y, Li T, Ding W, Zi G, Walter MD. Synthesis and Structure of [η 5-1,2,4-(Me 3Si) 3C 5H 2] 2Th(bipy) and Its Reactivity toward Small Molecules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7473-7492. [PMID: 38591749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Halide exchange of (Cp3tms)2ThCl2 (1; Cp3tms = η5-1,2,4-(Me3Si)3C5H2) with Me3SiI furnishes (Cp3tms)2ThI2 (2), which is then reduced with potassium graphite (KC8) in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine to give the thorium bipyridyl metallocene (Cp3tms)2Th(bipy) (3) in good yield. Complex 3 was fully characterized and readily reacted with various small molecules. For example, 3 may serve as a synthetic equivalent for the (Cp3tms)2Th(II) fragment when exposed to CuI, Ph2S2, organic azides, and CS2. Moreover, upon the addition of thiobenzophenone Ph2CS, p-methylbenzaldehyde (p-MeC6H4)CHO, benzophenone Ph2CO, amidate PhCONH(p-tolyl), seleno-ketone (p,p'-dimethoxy), selenobenzophenone (p-MeOPh)2CSe, di(p-tolyl)methanimine (p-tolyl)2C═NH, 1,2-di(benzylidene)hydrazine (PhCH═N)2, and nitriles PhCN, PhCH2CN, and Ph2CHCN C-C coupling results to give (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(Ph2CS)] (8), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(p-MePhCHO)] (9), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(Ph2CO)] (10), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy){(p-tolylNH)(Ph)CO}] (11), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy){(p-MeOPh)2CSe}] (12), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy){(p-tolyl)2CNH}] (13), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(PhCHNN═CHPh)] (14), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(PhCN)] (16), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(PhCH2CN)] (17), and (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(Ph2CHCN)] (18), respectively. However, when thiazole is added to 3, the dimeric sulfido complex [(Cp3tms)2Th]2[μ-(bipy)CH2NCHCHS]2 (15) can be isolated. Moreover, the addition of isonitriles such as Me3CNC and PhCH2NC to 3 results in C-N bond cleavage and C-C coupling processes to form the thorium isocyanido amido complexes (Cp3tms)2Th[4-(Me3C)bipy](NC) (19) and (Cp3tms)2Th[4-(PhCH2)bipy](NC) (20), respectively. Nevertheless, upon exposure of 3 to (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane Me3SiCHN2, the bis-amido complex (Cp3tms)2Th[5,6-(Me3SiCH)bipy] (21), concomitant with N2 release, is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yi Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wanjian Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Marc D Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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13
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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14
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Huzan MS, Burrow TG, Fix M, Breitner FA, Chong SK, Bencok P, Aramini M, Jesche A, Baker ML. Quantifying the influence of 3d-4s mixing on linearly coordinated metal-ions by L 2,3-edge XAS and XMCD. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2433-2442. [PMID: 38362431 PMCID: PMC10866348 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The mixing valence d and s orbitals are predicted to strongly influence the electronic structure of linearly coordinated molecules, including transition metals, lanthanides and actinides. In specific cases, novel magnetic properties, such as single-ion magnetic coercivity or long spin decoherence times, ensue. Inspired by how the local coordination symmetry can engender such novel phenomena, in this study, we focus our attention on dopants (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) in lithium nitride to accept innovation from molecular magnetism in a high symmetry P6/mmm solid-state crystal. The linear coordination environment results in strong 3d-4s mixing, proving to be an ideal series to investigate the role of d-s mixing and bonding on electronic structure and magnetism. It is shown that L2,3-edge XAS can be applied to experimentally identify the presence of 3d-4s mixing and the influence this has on the ligand-field splitting. XMCD specifies how spin-orbit coupling is affected. The combined spectroscopies are analysed to determine the effect of 4s mixing with support from ab initio calculations. The results provide new insight of relevance to future applications, including quantum information processing and the sustainable replacement of rare earths in magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Huzan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus OX11 0DE UK
| | - Timothy G Burrow
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus OX11 0DE UK
| | - Manuel Fix
- EP VI, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg D-86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Franziska A Breitner
- EP VI, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg D-86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Sut Kei Chong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus OX11 0DE UK
| | - Peter Bencok
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Matteo Aramini
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Anton Jesche
- EP VI, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg D-86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Michael L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus OX11 0DE UK
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15
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Wedal JC, Moore WNG, Lukens WW, Evans WJ. Perplexing EPR Signals from 5f 36d 1 U(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2945-2953. [PMID: 38279200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes with unpaired electrons in orbitals of different angular momentum quantum numbers (e.g., f and d orbitals) are unusual and opportunities to study the interactions among these electrons are rare. X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data were collected at <10 and 77 K on 10 U(II) complexes with 5f36d1 electron configurations and on some analogous Ce(II), Pr(II), and Nd(II) complexes with 4fn5d1 electron configurations. The U(II) compounds unexpectedly display similar two-line axial signals with g|| = 2.04 and g⊥ = 2.00 at 77 K. In contrast, U(II) complexes with 5f4 configurations are EPR-silent. Unlike U(II), the congenic 4f35d1 Nd(II) complex is EPR-silent. The Ce(II) complex with a 4f15d1 configuration is also EPR-silent, but a signal is observed for the Pr(II) complex, which has a 4f25d1 configuration. Whether or not an EPR signal is expected for these complexes depends on the coupling between f and d electrons. Since the coupling in U(II) systems is expected to be sufficiently strong to preclude an EPR signal from compounds with a 5f36d1 configuration, the results are viewed as unexplained phenomena. However, they do show that 5f36d1 U(II) samples can be differentiated from 5f4 U(II) complexes by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - William N G Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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16
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Hsueh FC, Chen D, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Two-Electron Redox Reactivity of Thorium Supported by Redox-Active Tripodal Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317346. [PMID: 38100190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
The high stability of the + IVoxidation state limits thorium redox reactivity. Here we report the synthesis and the redox reactivity of two Th(IV) complexes supported by the arene-tethered tris(siloxide) tripodal ligands [(KOSiR2 Ar)3 -arene)]. The two-electron reduction of these Th(IV) complexes generates the doubly reduced [KTh((OSi(Ot Bu)2 Ar)3 -arene)(THF)2 ] (2OtBu ) and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Th((OSiPh2 Ar)3 -arene)(THF)2 ](2Ph -crypt) where the formal oxidation state of Th is +II. Structural and computational studies indicate that the reduction occurred at the arene anchor of the ligand. The robust tripodal frameworks store in the arene anchor two electrons that become available at the metal center for the two-electron reduction of a broad range of substrates (N2 O, COT, CHT, Ph2 N2 , Ph3 PS and O2 ) while retaining the ligand framework. This work shows that arene-tethered tris(siloxide) tripodal ligands allow implementation of two-electron redox chemistry at the thorium center while retaining the ligand framework unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien Chen
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Ferrier MG, Childs BC, Silva CM, Greenough MM, Moore EE, Erickson KA, Monreal MJ, Colla CA, Marple MAT, Winston LD, Burks JN, Martin AA, Jeffries JR, Holliday KS. Laser-Induced Thermal Decomposition of Uranium Coordination Compounds with Non-oxidic Ligands to Produce Nitride and Carbide Materials. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1938-1946. [PMID: 38232376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The production of ceramics from uranium coordination compounds can be achieved through thermal processing if an excess amount of the desired atoms (i.e., C or N), or reactive gaseous products (e.g., methane or nitrogen oxide) is made available to the reactive uranium metal core via decomposition/fragmentation of the surrounding ligand groups. Here, computational thermodynamic approaches were utilized to identify the temperatures necessary to produce uranium metal from some starting compounds─UI4(TMEDA)2, UCl4(TMEDA)2, UCl3(pyridine)x, and UI3(pyridine)4. Experimentally, precursors were irradiated by a laser under various gaseous environments (argon, nitrogen, and methane) creating extreme reaction conditions (i.e., fast heating, high temperature profile >2000 °C, and rapid cooling). Despite the fast dynamics associated with laser irradiation, the central uranium atom reacted with the thermal decomposition products of the ligands yielding uranium ceramics. Residual gas analysis identified vaporized products from the laser irradiation, and the final ceramic products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. The composition of the uranium precursor as well as the gaseous environment had a direct impact on the production of the final phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline G Ferrier
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Bradley C Childs
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Chinthaka M Silva
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michelle M Greenough
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Emily E Moore
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Karla A Erickson
- Chemical, Earth and Life Sciences Directorate, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Marisa J Monreal
- Chemical, Earth and Life Sciences Directorate, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Christopher A Colla
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maxwell A T Marple
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Logan D Winston
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Janae N Burks
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Spelman College, 350 Spelman Ln SW, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Aiden A Martin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jason R Jeffries
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kiel S Holliday
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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18
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Otte KS, Niklas JE, Studvick CM, Boggiano AC, Bacsa J, Popov IA, La Pierre HS. Divergent Stabilities of Tetravalent Cerium, Uranium, and Neptunium Imidophosphorane Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306580. [PMID: 37327070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of the redox chemistry of mid-actinides (U-Pu) has historically relied on cerium as a model, due to the accessibility of trivalent and tetravalent oxidation states for these ions. Recently, dramatic shifts of lanthanide 4+/3+ non-aqueous redox couples have been established within a homoleptic imidophosphorane ligand framework. Herein we extend the chemistry of the imidophosphorane ligand (NPC=[N=Pt Bu(pyrr)2 ]- ; pyrr=pyrrolidinyl) to tetrahomoleptic NPC complexes of neptunium and cerium (1-M, 2-M, M=Np, Ce) and present comparative structural, electrochemical, and theoretical studies of these complexes. Large cathodic shifts in the M4+/3+ (M=Ce, U, Np) couples underpin the stabilization of higher metal oxidation states owing to the strongly donating nature of the NPC ligands, providing access to the U5+/4+ , U6+/5+ , and to an unprecedented, well-behaved Np5+/4+ redox couple. The differences in the chemical redox properties of the U vs. Ce and Np complexes are rationalized based on their redox potentials, degree of structural rearrangement upon reduction/oxidation, relative molecular orbital energies, and orbital composition analyses employing density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn S Otte
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Julie E Niklas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Chad M Studvick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA
| | - Andrew C Boggiano
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - John Bacsa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Ivan A Popov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA
| | - Henry S La Pierre
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
- Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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19
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Deng C, Liang J, Sun R, Wang Y, Fu PX, Wang BW, Gao S, Huang W. Accessing five oxidation states of uranium in a retained ligand framework. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4657. [PMID: 37537160 PMCID: PMC10400547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding and exploiting the redox properties of uranium is of great importance because uranium has a wide range of possible oxidation states and holds great potential for small molecule activation and catalysis. However, it remains challenging to stabilise both low and high-valent uranium ions in a preserved ligand environment. Herein we report the synthesis and characterisation of a series of uranium(II-VI) complexes supported by a tripodal tris(amido)arene ligand. In addition, one- or two-electron redox transformations could be achieved with these compounds. Moreover, combined experimental and theoretical studies unveiled that the ambiphilic uranium-arene interactions are the key to balance the stabilisation of low and high-valent uranium, with the anchoring arene acting as a δ acceptor or a π donor. Our results reinforce the design strategy to incorporate metal-arene interactions in stabilising multiple oxidation states, and open up new avenues to explore the redox chemistry of uranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Xiang Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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20
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Peluzo BMTC, Makoś MZ, Moura RT, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Linear versus Bent Uranium(II) Metallocenes─A Local Vibrational Mode Study. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37478353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Uranium metallocenes have recently attracted attention driven by their use as catalysts in organometallic synthesis. In addition to bent U(IV) and U(III), an U(II) metallocene [(η5-C5i Pr5)2U] was synthesized with an unusual linear Cp-U-Cp angle. In this work, we investigated 22 U(II) metallocenes, (i) assessing the intrinsic strength of the U-ring interactions in these complexes with a novel bond strength measure based on our local vibrational mode analysis and (ii) systematically exploring what makes these U(II) metallocenes bent. We included relativistic effects through the NESCau Hamiltonian and complemented the local mode analysis with natural bonding orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) data. Our study led to the following results: (i) reduction of bulky U-ring ligand substituents does not lead to bent complexes for alkyl substituents (iPr and iBu) in contrast to SiMe3 ring substituents, which are all bent. (ii) The most bent complexes are [(η5-C5H4SiMe3)2U] (130°) and [η5-P5H5)2U] (143°). (iii) Linear complexes showed one hybridized NBO with s/d character, while bent structures were characterized by s/d/f mixing. (iv) We did not observe a correlation between the strength of the U-ring interaction and the amount of the ring-U-ring bend; the strongest interaction was found for [η5-Cp)2U] and the weakest for [η5-P5H5)2U]. In conclusion, our results provide a foundation for the design of U(II) metallocenes with specific physicochemical properties and increased reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M T C Peluzo
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Małgorzata Z Makoś
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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21
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Hsueh FC, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Scopelliti R, Sienkiewicz A, Mazzanti M. Isolation and redox reactivity of cerium complexes in four redox states. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6011-6021. [PMID: 37293643 PMCID: PMC10246686 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of lanthanides is limited to one electron transfer reactions due to the difficulty of accessing multiple oxidation states. Here we report that a redox-active ligand combining three siloxides with an arene ring in a tripodal ligand can stabilize cerium complexes in four different redox states and can promote multielectron redox reactivity in cerium complexes. Ce(iii) and Ce(iv) complexes [(LO3)Ce(THF)] (1) and [(LO3)CeCl] (2) (LO3 = 1,3,5-(2-OSi(OtBu)2C6H4)3C6H3) were synthesized and fully characterized. Remarkably the one-electron reduction and the unprecedented two-electron reduction of the tripodal Ce(iii) complex are easily achieved to yield reduced complexes [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][(LO3)Ce(THF)] (3) and [K2{(LO3)Ce(Et2O)3}] (5) that are formally "Ce(ii)" and "Ce(i)" analogues. Structural analysis, UV and EPR spectroscopy and computational studies indicate that in 3 the cerium oxidation state is in between +II and +III with a partially reduced arene. In 5 the arene is doubly reduced, but the removal of potassium results in a redistribution of electrons on the metal. The electrons in both 3 and 5 are stored onto δ-bonds allowing the reduced complexes to be described as masked "Ce(ii)" and "Ce(i)". Preliminary reactivity studies show that these complexes act as masked Ce(ii) and Ce(i) in redox reactions with oxidizing substrates such as Ag+, CO2, I2 and S8 effecting both one- and two-electron transfers that are not accessible in classical cerium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- ADSresonances Sàrl 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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22
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Riedhammer J, Halter DP, Meyer K. Nonaqueous Electrochemistry of Uranium Complexes: A Guide to Structure-Reactivity Tuning. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37134149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Uranium complexes can be stabilized in a wide range of oxidation states, ranging from UII to UVI and a very recent example of a UI complex. This review provides a comprehensive summary of electrochemistry data reported on uranium complexes in nonaqueous electrolyte, to serve as a clear point of reference for newly synthesized compounds, and to evaluate how different ligand environments influence experimentally observed electrochemical redox potentials. Data for over 200 uranium compounds are reported, together with a detailed discussion of trends observed across larger series of complexes in response to ligand field variations. In analogy to the traditional Lever parameter, we utilized the data to derive a new uranium-specific set of ligand field parameters UEL(L) that more accurately represent metal-ligand bonding situations than previously existing transition metal derived parameters. Exemplarily, we demonstrate UEL(L) parameters to be useful for the prediction of structure-reactivity correlations in order to activate specific substrate targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Riedhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik P Halter
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Takao K. How does chemistry contribute to circular economy in nuclear energy systems to make them more sustainable and ecological? Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37128944 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While one should be aware that its zero CO2 emission is actually achievable only when electric power is generated, nuclear power is one of the most viable and proven "carbon-free" energy sources to provide baseload electricity to the current energy-demanding society. Even after the power generation, the major part of spent nuclear fuels still consists of recyclable nuclear fuel materials such as U and Pu, promising circular economy of nuclear energy systems in principle. However, actual situations are not very simple due to the following issues: (1) resource security of nuclear fuel materials, (2) issues of depleted uranium, and (3) treatment and disposal of high-level radioactive wastes. In this Perspective, I discussed how chemistry can contribute to resolving these problems and what task academic research in fundamental chemistry should take on there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Takao
- Laboratory for Zero-carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 N1-32, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Hanna SL, Farha OK. Energy-structure-property relationships in uranium metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4219-4229. [PMID: 37123191 PMCID: PMC10132172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00788j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Located at the foot of the periodic table, uranium is a relatively underexplored element possessing rich chemistry. In addition to its high relevance to nuclear power, uranium shows promise for small molecule activation and photocatalysis, among many other powerful functions. Researchers have used metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to harness uranium's properties, and in their quest to do so, have discovered remarkable structures and unique properties unobserved in traditional transition metal MOFs. More recently, (e.g. the last 8-10 years), theoretical calculations of framework energetics have supplemented structure-property studies in uranium MOFs (U-MOFs). In this Perspective, we summarize how these budding energy-structure-property relationships in U-MOFs enable a deeper understanding of chemical phenomena, enlarge chemical space, and elevate the field to targeted, rather than exploratory, discovery. Importantly, this Perspective encourages interdisciplinary connections between experimentalists and theorists by demonstrating how these collaborations have elevated the entire U-MOF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Hanna
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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25
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Long BN, Sperling JM, Windorff CJ, Huffman ZK, Albrecht-Schönzart TE. Expanding Transuranium Organoactinide Chemistry: Synthesis and Characterization of (Cp' 3M) 2(μ-4,4'-bpy) (M = Ce, Np, Pu). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:6368-6374. [PMID: 37043631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear, organometallic, transuranium compounds, (Cp'3M)2(μ-4,4'-bpy) (Cp'- = trimethylsilylcyclopentadienide, 4,4'-bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine, M = Ce, Np, Pu), reported herein provide a rare opportunity to probe the nature of actinide-carbon bonding. Significant splitting of the f-f transitions results from the unusual coordination environment in these complexes and leads to electronic properties that are currently restricted to organoactinide systems. Structural and spectroscopic characterization in the solid state and in solution for (Cp'3M)2(μ-4,4'-bpy) (M = Np, Pu) are reported, and their structural metrics are compared to a cerium analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joseph M Sperling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Cory J Windorff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, MSC 3C, PO box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Zachary K Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Thomas E Albrecht-Schönzart
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear Science & Engineering Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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26
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Cemortan V, Simler T, Moutet J, Jaoul A, Clavaguéra C, Nocton G. Structure and bonding patterns in heterometallic organometallics with linear Ln-Pd-Ln motifs. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2676-2685. [PMID: 36908951 PMCID: PMC9993901 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06933d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes with short intermetallic distances between transition metal fragments and lanthanide (Ln) fragments are fascinating objects of study, owing to the ambiguity of the nature of the interaction. The addition of the divalent lanthanide fragments Cp*2Ln(OEt2) (Ln = Sm or Yb) to a Pd(ii) complex bearing the deprotonated form of the redox-active, non-symmetrical ligand, 2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazole (Hbimpm), leads to two isostructural complexes, of the general formula (Cp*2Ln)2[μ-Pd(pyridyl)2] (Ln = Sm (4) and Yb (5)). These adducts have interesting features, such as unique linear Ln-Pd-Ln arrangements and short Ln-Pd distances, which deviate from the expected lanthanide contraction. A mixed computational and spectroscopic study into the formation of these adducts gathers important clues as to their formation. At the same time, thorough characterization of these complexes establishes the +3 oxidation state of all the involved Ln centers. Detailed theoretical computations demonstrate that the apparent deviation from lanthanide contraction is not due to any difference in the intermetallic interaction between the Pd and the Ln, but that the fragments are joined together by electrostatic interactions and dispersive forces. This conclusion contrasts with the findings about a third complex, Cp*2Yb(μ-Me)2PdCp* (6), formed during the reaction, which also possesses a short Yb-Pd distance. Studies at the CASSCF level of theory on this complex show several orbitals containing significant interactions between the 4f and 4d manifolds of the metals. This demonstrates the need for methodical and careful analyses in gauging the intermetallic interaction and the inadequacy of empirical metrics in describing such phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriu Cemortan
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France .,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000 Orsay 91405 France
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
| | - Jules Moutet
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
| | - Arnaud Jaoul
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
| | - Carine Clavaguéra
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000 Orsay 91405 France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
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27
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Li T, Wang D, Heng Y, Hou G, Zi G, Walter MD. Influence of the 1,2,4-Tri- tert-butylcyclopentadienyl Ligand on the Reactivity of the Uranium Bipyridyl Metallocene [η 5-1,2,4-(Me 3C) 3C 5H 2] 2U(bipy). Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yi Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Marc D. Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Ward RJ, Del Rosal I, Kelley SP, Maron L, Walensky JR. Isolation of C1 through C4 derivatives from CO using heteroleptic uranium(iii) metallocene aryloxide complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2024-2032. [PMID: 36845919 PMCID: PMC9945253 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of C1 feedstock molecules such as CO into commodity chemicals is a desirable, but challenging, endeavour. When the U(iii) complex, [(C5Me5)2U(O-2,6- t Bu2-4-MeC6H2)], is exposed to 1 atm of CO, only coordination is observed by IR spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography, unveiling a rare structurally characterized f element carbonyl. However, using [(C5Me5)2(MesO)U (THF)], Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, reaction with CO forms the bridging ethynediolate species, [{(C5Me5)2(MesO)U}2(μ2-OCCO)]. While ethynediolate complexes are known, their reactivity has not been reported in much detail to afford further functionalization. For example, addition of more CO to the ethynediolate complex with heating forms a ketene carboxylate, [{(C5Me5)2(MesO)U}2(μ 2:κ 2:η 1-C3O3)], which can be further reacted with CO2 to yield a ketene dicarboxylate complex, [{(C5Me5)2(MesO)U}2(μ 2:κ 2:κ 2-C4O5)]. Since the ethynediolate showed reactivity with more CO, we explored its reactivity further. A [2 + 2] cycloaddition is observed with diphenylketene to yield [{(C5Me5)2U}2(OC(CPh2)C([double bond, length as m-dash]O)CO)] with concomitant formation of [(C5Me5)2U(OMes)2]. Surprisingly, reaction with SO2 shows rare S-O bond cleavage to yield the unusual [(O2CC(O)(SO)]2- bridging ligand between two U(iv) centres. All complexes have been characterized using spectroscopic and structural methods, and the reaction of the ethynediolate with CO to form the ketene carboxylate has been investigated computationally as well as the reaction with SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UMR UMR 5215 LPCNO 135 Avenue de Ranguiel 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UMR UMR 5215 LPCNO 135 Avenue de Ranguiel 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Justin R Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
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29
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Liu K, Guo Y, Yu J, Shi W. Research Progress of Actinide Single Molecule Magnets. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/a22110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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30
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Heng Y, Li T, Wang D, Hou G, Zi G, Walter MD. Synthesis and Reactivity of the Uranium Bipyridyl Metallocene [η 5-1,3-(Me 3C) 2C 5H 3] 2U(bipy). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Marc D. Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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31
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Tsoureas N, Rajeshkumar T, Townrow OPE, Maron L, Layfield RA. Thorium- and Uranium-Mediated C-H Activation of a Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienyl Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20629-20635. [PMID: 36484644 PMCID: PMC9768750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutadienyl complexes of the f-elements are a relatively new yet poorly understood class of sandwich and half-sandwich organometallic compounds. We now describe cyclobutadienyl transfer reactions of the magnesium reagent [(η4-Cb'''')Mg(THF)3] (1), where Cb'''' is tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadienyl, toward thorium(IV) and uranium(IV) tetrachlorides. The 1:1 stoichiometric reactions between 1 and AnCl4 proceed with intact transfer of Cb'''' to give the half-sandwich complexes [(η4-Cb'''')AnCl(μ-Cl)3Mg(THF)3] (An = Th, 2; An = U, 3). Using a 2:1 reaction stoichiometry produces [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][(η4-Cb'''')An(η3-C4H(SiMe3)3-κ-(CH2SiMe2)(Cl)] (An = Th, [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][4]; An = U [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][5]), in which one Cb'''' ligand has undergone cyclometalation of a trimethylsilyl group, resulting in the formation of an An-C σ-bond, protonation of the four-membered ring, and an η3-allylic interaction with the actinide. Complex solution-phase dynamics are observed with multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for both sandwich complexes. A computational analysis of the reaction mechanism leading to the formation of 4 and 5 indicates that the cyclobutadienyl ligands undergo C-H activation across the actinide center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France,
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.,
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32
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Facile Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Synthesis of UI3 and Lanthanoid Iodides. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis base-free lanthanoid (Ln) and actinoid (An) iodides are difficult to obtain, as standard protocols describe syntheses in solutions of donor solvents which are ultimately hard to remove. We have now established a mechanochemical approach towards the synthesis of Lewis base-free f-block metal iodides with excellent yields. In particular, we describe herein the synthesis of EuI2 as an example of a divalent lanthanoid iodide, of CeI3 as an example of a trivalent lanthanoid iodide, and of UI3 as the most important actinoid iodide. Each can be obtained in high yield with minimal work-up, presenting the most efficient and simple synthetic route to access these materials to date.
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