1
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Alfonzo E, Hanley D, Li ZQ, Sicinski KM, Gao S, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic Synthesis of α-Amino Esters via Nitrene C-H Insertion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27267-27273. [PMID: 39331495 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
α-Amino esters are precursors to noncanonical amino acids used in developing small-molecule therapeutics, biologics, and tools in chemical biology. α-C-H amination of abundant and inexpensive carboxylic acid esters through nitrene transfer presents a direct approach to α-amino esters. Methods for nitrene-mediated amination of the protic α-C-H bonds in carboxylic acid esters, however, are underdeveloped. This gap arises because hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) of protic C-H bonds by electrophilic metal-nitrenoids is slow: metal-nitrenoids preferentially react with polarity-matched, hydridic C-H bonds, even when weaker protic C-H bonds are present. This study describes the discovery and evolution of highly stable protoglobin nitrene transferases that catalyze the enantioselective intermolecular amination of the α-C-H bonds in carboxylic acid esters. We developed a high-throughput assay to evaluate the activity and enantioselectivity of mutant enzymes together with their sequences using the Every Variant Sequencing (evSeq) method. The assay enabled the identification of enantiodivergent enzymes that function at ambient conditions in Escherichia coli whole cells and whose activities can be enhanced by directed evolution for the amination of a range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Deirdre Hanley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kathleen M Sicinski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Sheldon RA. Waste Valorization in a Sustainable Bio-Based Economy: The Road to Carbon Neutrality. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402207. [PMID: 39240026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable chemistry underlying the quest to minimize and/or valorize waste in the carbon-neutral manufacture of chemicals is followed over the last four to five decades. Both chemo- and biocatalysis have played an indispensable role in this odyssey. in particular developments in protein engineering, metagenomics and bioinformatics over the preceding three decades have played a crucial supporting role in facilitating the widespread application of both whole cell and cell-free biocatalysis. The pressing need, driven by climate change mitigation, for a drastic reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has precipitated an energy transition based on decarbonization of energy and defossilization of organic chemicals production. The latter involves waste biomass and/or waste CO2 as the feedstock and green electricity generated using solar, wind, hydroelectric or nuclear energy. The use of waste polysaccharides as feedstocks will underpin a renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry with pentoses and hexoses as base chemicals and bio-based solvents and polymers as environmentally friendly downstream products. The widespread availability of inexpensive electricity and solar energy has led to increasing attention for electro(bio)catalysis and photo(bio)catalysis which in turn is leading to myriad innovations in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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3
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang GQ, Zheng Y, Yu P, Chen P, Jia ZJ. Iron-Catalyzed Primary Amination of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24863-24870. [PMID: 39192496 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Primary amines are privileged molecules in drug development. Yet, there is a noticeable scarcity of methods for directly introducing a primary amine group into the ubiquitous C(sp3)-H bonds within organic compounds. Here, we report an iron-based catalytic system that enables direct primary amination of C(sp3)-H bonds under aqueous conditions and air. Various types of C(sp3)-H bonds, including benzylic, allylic, and aliphatic ones, can be readily functionalized with high selectivity and efficiency. The broad utility of this method has been further verified by late-stage amination of 11 complex bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies unveil a protonated iron-nitrene complex as the key intermediate for the C-H bond activation. This work extends the toolbox for direct C(sp3)-H functionalizations, opening up new opportunities for late-stage modifications of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxiang Zheng
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Jia
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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4
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Hollmann F, Sanchis J, Reetz MT. Learning from Protein Engineering by Deconvolution of Multi-Mutational Variants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404880. [PMID: 38884594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This review analyzes a development in biochemistry, enzymology and biotechnology that originally came as a surprise. Following the establishment of directed evolution of stereoselective enzymes in organic chemistry, the concept of partial or complete deconvolution of selective multi-mutational variants was introduced. Early deconvolution experiments of stereoselective variants led to the finding that mutations can interact cooperatively or antagonistically with one another, not just additively. During the past decade, this phenomenon was shown to be general. In some studies, molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computations were performed in order to shed light on the origin of non-additivity at all stages of an evolutionary upward climb. Data of complete deconvolution can be used to construct unique multi-dimensional rugged fitness pathway landscapes, which provide mechanistic insights different from traditional fitness landscapes. Along a related line, biochemists have long tested the result of introducing two point mutations in an enzyme for mechanistic reasons, followed by a comparison of the respective double mutant in so-called double mutant cycles, which originally showed only additive effects, but more recently also uncovered cooperative and antagonistic non-additive effects. We conclude with suggestions for future work, and call for a unified overall picture of non-additivity and epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Joaquin Sanchis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Manfred T Reetz
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45481, Mülheim, Germany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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5
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Kagawa Y, Oohora K, Himiyama T, Suzuki A, Hayashi T. Redox Engineering of Myoglobin by Cofactor Substitution to Enhance Cyclopropanation Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403485. [PMID: 38780472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Design of metal cofactor ligands is essential for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. We investigated a carbene transfer reaction catalyzed by myoglobins containing iron porphyrin cofactors with one and two trifluoromethyl groups at peripheral sites (FePorCF3 and FePor(CF3)2, respectively), native heme and iron porphycene (FePc). These four myoglobins show a wide range of Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox potentials in the protein of +147 mV, +87 mV, +42 mV and -198 mV vs. NHE, respectively. Myoglobin reconstituted with FePor(CF3)2 has a more positive potential, which enhances the reactivity of a carbene intermediate with alkenes, and demonstrates superior cyclopropanation of inert alkenes, such as aliphatic and internal alkenes. In contrast, engineered myoglobin reconstituted with FePc has a more negative redox potential, which accelerates the formation of the intermediate, but has low reactivity for inert alkenes. Mechanistic studies indicate that myoglobin with FePor(CF3)2 generates an undetectable active intermediate with a radical character. In contrast, this reaction catalyzed by myoglobin with FePc includes a detectable iron-carbene species with electrophilic character. This finding highlights the importance of redox-focused design of the iron porphyrinoid cofactor in hemoproteins to tune the reactivity of the carbene transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-8508, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Gary S, Woolley J, Goia S, Bloom S. Unlocking flavin photoacid catalysis through electrophotochemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11444-11454. [PMID: 39055006 PMCID: PMC11268482 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular flavins are one of the most versatile photocatalysts. They can coordinate single and multiple electron transfer processes, gift hydrogen atoms, form reversible covalent linkages that support group transfer mechanisms, and impart photonic energy to ground state molecules, priming them for downstream reactions. But one mechanism that has not featured extensively is the ability of flavins to act as photoacids. Herein, we disclose our proof-of-concept studies showing that electrophotochemistry can transform fully oxidized flavin quinones to super-oxidized flavinium photoacids that successfully guide proton-transfer and deliver acid-catalyzed products. We also show that these species can adopt a second mechanism wherein they react with water to release hydroxyl radicals that facilitate hydrogen-atom abstraction and sp3C-H functionalization protocols. Together, this unprecedented bimodal reactivity enables electro-generated flavinium salts to affect synthetic chemistries previously unknown to flavins, greatly expanding their versatility as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas Lawrence 66045 USA
| | - Jack Woolley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Sofia Goia
- Forensic Centre for Digital Scanning and 3D Printing, WMG, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas Lawrence 66045 USA
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7
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Das A, Gao S, Lal RG, Hicks MH, Oyala PH, Arnold FH. Reaction Discovery Using Spectroscopic Insights from an Enzymatic C-H Amination Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39037870 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Engineered hemoproteins can selectively incorporate nitrogen from nitrene precursors like hydroxylamine, O-substituted hydroxylamines, and organic azides into organic molecules. Although iron-nitrenoids are often invoked as the reactive intermediates in these reactions, their innate reactivity and transient nature have made their characterization challenging. Here we characterize an iron-nitrosyl intermediate generated from NH2OH within a protoglobin active site that can undergo nitrogen-group transfer catalysis, using UV-vis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) techniques. The mechanistic insights gained led to the discovery of aminating reagents─nitrite (NO2-), nitric oxide (NO), and nitroxyl (HNO)─that are new to both nature and synthetic chemistry. Based on the findings, we propose a catalytic cycle for C-H amination inspired by the nitrite reductase pathway. This study highlights the potential of engineered hemoproteins to access natural nitrogen sources for sustainable chemical synthesis and offers a new perspective on the use of biological nitrogen cycle intermediates in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ravi G Lal
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Madeline H Hicks
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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8
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Hanley D, Li ZQ, Gao S, Virgil SC, Arnold FH, Alfonzo E. Stereospecific Enzymatic Conversion of Boronic Acids to Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19160-19167. [PMID: 38958264 PMCID: PMC11294186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Boronic acids and esters are highly regarded for their safety, unique reactivity, and versatility in synthesizing a wide range of small molecules, bioconjugates, and materials. They are not exploited in biocatalytic synthesis, however, because enzymes that can make, break, or modify carbon-boron bonds are rare. We wish to combine the advantages of boronic acids and esters for molecular assembly with biocatalysis, which offers the potential for unsurpassed selectivity and efficiency. Here, we introduce an engineered protoglobin nitrene transferase that catalyzes the new-to-nature amination of boronic acids using hydroxylamine. Initially targeting aryl boronic acids, we show that the engineered enzyme can produce a wide array of anilines with high yields and total turnover numbers (up to 99% yield and >4000 TTN), with water and boric acid as the only byproducts. We also demonstrate that the enzyme is effective with bench-stable boronic esters, which hydrolyze in situ to their corresponding boronic acids. Exploring the enzyme's capacity for enantioselective catalysis, we found that a racemic alkyl boronic ester affords an enantioenriched alkyl amine, a transformation not achieved with chemocatalysts. The formation of an exclusively unrearranged product during the amination of a boronic ester radical clock and the reaction's stereospecificity support a two-electron process akin to a 1,2-metallate shift mechanism. The developed transformation enables new biocatalytic routes for synthesizing chiral amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Hanley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Jain S, Ospina F, Hammer SC. A New Age of Biocatalysis Enabled by Generic Activation Modes. JACS AU 2024; 4:2068-2080. [PMID: 38938808 PMCID: PMC11200230 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is currently undergoing a profound transformation. The field moves from relying on nature's chemical logic to a discipline that exploits generic activation modes, allowing for novel biocatalytic reactions and, in many instances, entirely new chemistry. Generic activation modes enable a wide range of reaction types and played a pivotal role in advancing the fields of organo- and photocatalysis. This perspective aims to summarize the principal activation modes harnessed in enzymes to develop new biocatalysts. Although extensively researched in the past, the highlighted activation modes, when applied within enzyme active sites, facilitate chemical transformations that have largely eluded efficient and selective catalysis. This advance is attributed to multiple tunable interactions in the substrate binding pocket that precisely control competing reaction pathways and transition states. We will highlight cases of new synthetic methodologies achieved by engineered enzymes and will provide insights into potential future developments in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan C. Hammer
- Research Group for Organic Chemistry
and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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White CM, Cazares S, Gonzalez-Cortes ED, Driver TG. Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Aryl Amines to Construct N-Alkylbenzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6590-6601. [PMID: 38613505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
An I(III)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization reaction using selectfluor as the oxidant was developed that converts ortho-substituted anilines to benzimidazoles. The mild reaction requires as little as 0.5 mol % of iodobenzene, and its scope is broad: electron-withdrawing or electron-releasing groups on the aniline portion are tolerated, and cyclic or acyclic N-alkylamines are permitted as ortho-substituents. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that benzimidazole formation occurs via cationic reactive intermediates, and an intramolecular kinetic isotope effect of 1.98 ± 0.05 was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Margaret White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Sherlyn Cazares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Efren D Gonzalez-Cortes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
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11
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Mao R, Gao S, Qin ZY, Rogge T, Wu SJ, Li ZQ, Das A, Houk KN, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic, Enantioenriched Primary Amination of Tertiary C-H Bonds. Nat Catal 2024; 7:585-592. [PMID: 39006156 PMCID: PMC11238567 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-024-01149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular functionalization of tertiary C-H bonds to construct fully substituted stereogenic carbon centers represents a formidable challenge: without the assistance of directing groups, state-of-the-art catalysts struggle to introduce chirality to racemic tertiary sp 3 -carbon centers. Direct asymmetric functionalization of such centers is a worthy reactivity and selectivity goal for modern biocatalysis. Here we present an engineered nitrene transferase (P411-TEA-5274), derived from a bacterial cytochrome P450, that is capable of aminating tertiary C-H bonds to provide chiral α-tertiary primary amines with high efficiency (up to 2300 total turnovers) and selectivity (up to >99% enantiomeric excess (e.e.)). The construction of fully substituted stereocenters with methyl and ethyl groups underscores the enzyme's remarkable selectivity. A comprehensive substrate scope study demonstrates the biocatalyst's compatibility with diverse functional groups and tertiary C-H bonds. Mechanistic studies elucidate how active-site residues distinguish between the enantiomers and enable the enzyme to perform this transformation with excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Mao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zi-Yang Qin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sophia J. Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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12
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Sun H, Pan J, Zhao W, Zhou T, Song X, Lin J, Jin Y. Scandium-catalyzed chemoselective carbene insertion into N-H over S-H: access to o-alkylamine-diaryl disulfides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3798-3801. [PMID: 38483079 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a scandium-catalyzed chemoselective carbene insertion into a N-H bond over a S-H bond with disulfide formation. This reaction represents the first example of the synthesis of o-alkylamine-diaryl disulfides through the N-alkylation of o-aminobenzenethiol, while also undergoing oxidative coupling to form a S-S bond. Control experiments explain the chemo-selectivity of this rare-earth-metal Lewis acid-induced catalysis by a carbene outer-sphere nucleophilic addition mechanism. This method holds tremendous potential as a valuable tool for functionalizing advanced-synthetic-intermediates, offering numerous applications in medicinal and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyany Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Junhong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Wenying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Xizhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.
- Jiangxi Fangzhu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xinyu 338000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
- Jiangxi Fangzhu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xinyu 338000, P.R. China
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13
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Brunard E, Boquet V, Saget T, Sosa Carrizo ED, Sircoglou M, Dauban P. Catalyst-Controlled Intermolecular Homobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Amination for the Synthesis of β-Arylethylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5843-5854. [PMID: 38387076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The combination of a tailored sulfamate with a C4-symmetrical rhodium(II) tetracarboxylate allows to uncover a selective intermolecular amination of unactivated homobenzylic C(sp3)-H bonds. The reaction has a broad scope (>30 examples) and proceeds with a high level of regioselectivity with homobenzylic/benzylic ratio of up to 35:1, thereby providing a direct access to β-arylethylamines that are of utmost interest in medicinal chemistry. Computational investigations evidenced a concerted mechanism, involving an asynchronous transition state. Based on a combined activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis, the regioselectivity of the reaction was found to rely mainly on the degree of orbital interaction between the [Rh2]-nitrene and the C-H bond. The latter is facilitated at the homobenzylic position due to the establishment of specific noncovalent interactions within the catalytic pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Brunard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Boquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tanguy Saget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marie Sircoglou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Yin HN, Wang PC, Liu Z. Recent advances in biocatalytic C-N bond-forming reactions. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107108. [PMID: 38244379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecules containing C-N bonds are of paramount importance in a diverse array of organic-based materials, natural products, pharmaceutical compounds, and agricultural chemicals. Biocatalytic C-N bond-forming reactions represent powerful strategies for producing these valuable targets, and their significance in the field of synthetic chemistry has steadily increased over the past decade. In this review, we provide a concise overview of recent advancements in the development of C-N bond-forming enzymes, with a particular emphasis on the inherent chemistry involved in these enzymatic processes. Overall, these enzymatic systems have proven their potential in addressing long-standing challenges in traditional small-molecule catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ning Yin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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15
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Kagawa Y, Oohora K, Hayashi T. Intramolecular C-H bond amination catalyzed by myoglobin reconstituted with iron porphycene. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112459. [PMID: 38181613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
C-H bond amination is an effective way to obtain nitrogen-containing products. In this work, we demonstrate that myoglobin reconstituted with iron porphycene (rMb(FePc)) catalyzes intramolecular C(sp3)-H bond amination of arylsulfonyl azides to yield corresponding sultam analogs. The total turnover number of rMb(FePc) is up to 5.7 × 104 for the C-H bond amination of 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide. Moreover, rMb(FePc) exhibits higher selectivity for the desired C-H bond amination than the competing azide reduction compared to native myoglobin. Kinetic studies reveal that the kcat value of rMb(FePc) is 4-fold higher than that of native myoglobin. Furthermore, H64A, H64V and H64I mutants of rMb(FePc) enhance the turnover number (TON) and enantioselectivity for the C-H bond amination of 2,4,6-triethylbenzenesulfonyl azide. The present findings indicate that iron porphycene is an attractive artificial cofactor for myoglobin toward the C-H bond amination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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16
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Kries H, Trottmann F, Hertweck C. Novel Biocatalysts from Specialized Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202309284. [PMID: 37737720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are increasingly recognized as valuable (bio)catalysts that complement existing synthetic methods. However, the range of biotransformations used in the laboratory is limited. Here we give an overview on the biosynthesis-inspired discovery of novel biocatalysts that address various synthetic challenges. Prominent examples from this dynamic field highlight remarkable enzymes for protecting-group-free amide formation and modification, control of pericyclic reactions, stereoselective hetero- and polycyclizations, atroposelective aryl couplings, site-selective C-H activations, introduction of ring strain, and N-N bond formation. We also explore unusual functions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, radical SAM-dependent enzymes, flavoproteins, and enzymes recruited from primary metabolism, which offer opportunities for synthetic biology, enzyme engineering, directed evolution, and catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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18
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Qin ZY, Gao S, Zou Y, Liu Z, Wang JB, Houk KN, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic Construction of Chiral Pyrrolidines and Indolines via Intramolecular C(sp 3)-H Amination. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2333-2338. [PMID: 38161360 PMCID: PMC10755850 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Nature harnesses exquisite enzymatic cascades to construct N-heterocycles and further uses these building blocks to assemble the molecules of life. Here we report an enzymatic platform to construct important chiral N-heterocyclic products, pyrrolidines and indolines, via abiological intramolecular C(sp3)-H amination of organic azides. Directed evolution of cytochrome P411 (a P450 enzyme with serine as the heme-ligating residue) yielded variant P411-PYS-5149, capable of catalyzing the insertion of alkyl nitrene into C(sp3)-H bonds to build pyrrolidine derivatives with good enantioselectivity and catalytic efficiency. Further evolution of activity on aryl azide substrates yielded variant P411-INS-5151 that catalyzes intramolecular C(sp3)-H amination to afford chiral indolines. In addition, we show that these enzymatic aminations can be coupled with a P411-based carbene transferase or a tryptophan synthase to generate an α-amino lactone or a noncanonical amino acid, respectively, underscoring the power of new-to-nature biocatalysis in complexity-building chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yang Qin
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yike Zou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - James B. Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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19
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Taher M, Dubey KD, Mazumdar S. Computationally guided bioengineering of the active site, substrate access pathway, and water channels of thermostable cytochrome P450, CYP175A1, for catalyzing the alkane hydroxylation reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14316-14326. [PMID: 38098704 PMCID: PMC10718072 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding structure-function relationships in proteins is pivotal in their development as industrial biocatalysts. In this regard, rational engineering of protein active site access pathways and various tunnels and channels plays a central role in designing competent enzymes with high stability and enhanced efficiency. Here, we report the rational evolution of a thermostable cytochrome P450, CYP175A1, to catalyze the C-H activation reaction of longer-chain alkanes. A strategy combining computational tools with experiments has shown that the substrate scope and enzymatic activity can be enhanced by rational engineering of certain important channels such as the substrate entry and water channels along with the active site of the enzyme. The evolved enzymes showed an improved catalytic rate for hexadecane hydroxylation with high regioselectivity. The Q67L/Y68F mutation showed binding of the substrate in the active site, water channel mutation L80F/V220T showed improved catalytic activity through the peroxide shunt pathway and substrate entry channel mutation W269F/I270A showed better substrate accessibility to the active pocket. All-atom MD simulations provided the rationale for the inactivity of the wild-type CYP175A1 for hexadecane hydroxylation and predicted the above hot-spot residues to enhance the activity. The reaction mechanism was studied by QM/MM calculations for enzyme-substrate complexes and reaction intermediates. Detailed thermal and thermodynamic stability of all the mutants were analyzed and the results showed that the evolved enzymes were thermally stable. The present strategy showed promising results, and insights gained from this work can be applied to the general enzymatic system to expand substrate scope and improve catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taher
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Delhi-NCR NH91, Tehsil Dadri Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Shyamalava Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
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20
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Li HH, Chen X, Kramer S. Recent developments for intermolecular enantioselective amination of non-acidic C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13278-13289. [PMID: 38033905 PMCID: PMC10686044 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched chiral amines are of exceptional importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, several new methods for the installation of these functional groups directly from non-acidic C(sp3)-H bonds by catalytic intermolecular enantioselective amination have been reported. These methods represent significant advances of the field and most of them display high levels of enantioselectivity, utilize the C(sp3)-H substrate as the limiting reagent, feature good functional group tolerance, and show compatibility with late-stage C(sp3)-H amination of advanced substrates. This perspective provides an overview of the recent developments in this rapidly advancing field and outlines possibilities and limitations, which will help identify unsolved challenges and guide future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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21
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Fanourakis A, Phipps RJ. Catalytic, asymmetric carbon-nitrogen bond formation using metal nitrenoids: from metal-ligand complexes via metalloporphyrins to enzymes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12447-12476. [PMID: 38020383 PMCID: PMC10646976 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of nitrogen atoms into small molecules is of fundamental importance and it is vital that ever more efficient and selective methods for achieving this are developed. With this aim, the potential of nitrene chemistry has long been appreciated but its application has been constrained by the extreme reactivity of these labile species. This liability however can be attenuated by complexation with a transition metal and the resulting metal nitrenoids have unique and highly versatile reactivity which includes the amination of certain types of aliphatic C-H bonds as well as reactions with alkenes to afford aziridines. At least one new chiral centre is typically formed in these processes and the development of catalysts to exert control over enantioselectivity in nitrenoid-mediated amination has become a growing area of research, particularly over the past two decades. Compared with some synthetic methods, metal nitrenoid chemistry is notable in that chemists can draw from a diverse array of metals and catalysts , ranging from metal-ligand complexes, bearing a variety of ligand types, via bio-inspired metalloporphyrins, all the way through to, very recently, engineered enzymes themselves. In the latter category in particular, rapid progress is being made, the rate of which suggests that this approach may be instrumental in addressing some of the outstanding challenges in the field. This review covers key developments and strategies that have shaped the field, in addition to the latest advances, up until September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanourakis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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22
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Das A, Gao S, Athavale SV, Alfonzo E, Long Y, Arnold FH. Directed evolution of P411 enzymes for amination of inert C-H bonds. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:1-30. [PMID: 37977727 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Functionalizing inert C-H bonds selectively is a formidable task due to their strong bond energy and the difficulty of distinguishing chemically similar C-H bonds. While enzymatic oxygenation of C-H bonds is ubiquitous and well established, there is currently no known natural enzymatic process for direct nitrogen insertion. Instead, nature typically relies on pre-oxidized compounds for nitrogen incorporation. Direct biocatalytic C-H amination methods developed in the last few years are only selective for activated C-H bonds that contain specific groups such as benzylic, allylic, or propargylic groups. However, we recently used directed evolution to generate cytochrome P411 enzymes (engineered P450 enzymes with axial ligand mutation from cysteine to serine) that directly aminate inert C-H bonds with high site-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. Using these enzymes, we demonstrated the regiodivergent desymmetrization of methylcyclohexane, among other reactions. This chapter provides a comprehensive account of the experimental protocols used to evolve P411s for aminating unactivated C-H bonds. These methods are illustrative and can be adapted for other directed enzyme evolution campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Soumitra V Athavale
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Yueming Long
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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23
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Casamajo A, Yu Y, Schnepel C, Morrill C, Barker R, Levy CW, Finnigan J, Spelling V, Westerlund K, Petchey M, Sheppard RJ, Lewis RJ, Falcioni F, Hayes MA, Turner NJ. Biocatalysis in Drug Design: Engineered Reductive Aminases (RedAms) Are Used to Access Chiral Building Blocks with Multiple Stereocenters. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22041-22046. [PMID: 37782882 PMCID: PMC10571080 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel building blocks are in constant demand during the search for innovative bioactive small molecule therapeutics by enabling the construction of structure-activity-property-toxicology relationships. Complex chiral molecules containing multiple stereocenters are an important component in compound library expansion but can be difficult to access by traditional organic synthesis. Herein, we report a biocatalytic process to access a specific diastereomer of a chiral amine building block used in drug discovery. A reductive aminase (RedAm) was engineered following a structure-guided mutagenesis strategy to produce the desired isomer. The engineered RedAm (IR-09 W204R) was able to generate the (S,S,S)-isomer 3 in 45% conversion and 95% ee from the racemic ketone 2. Subsequent palladium-catalyzed deallylation of 3 yielded the target primary amine 4 in a 73% yield. This engineered biocatalyst was used at preparative scale and represents a potential starting point for further engineering and process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau
Rué Casamajo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - Yuqi Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 11421 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Morrill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - Rhys Barker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - Colin W. Levy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - James Finnigan
- Prozomix
Ltd, Building 4, West
End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle NE49 9HA, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Spelling
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Westerlund
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development; Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mark Petchey
- Compound
Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert J. Sheppard
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development; Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory
and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Francesco Falcioni
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound
Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
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24
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Gao S, Das A, Alfonzo E, Sicinski KM, Rieger D, Arnold FH. Enzymatic Nitrogen Incorporation Using Hydroxylamine. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20196-20201. [PMID: 37671894 PMCID: PMC10560455 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylamine-derived reagents have enabled versatile nitrene transfer reactions for introducing nitrogen-containing functionalities in small-molecule catalysis, as well as biocatalysis. These reagents, however, result in a poor atom economy and stoichiometric organic waste. Activating hydroxylamine (NH2OH) for nitrene transfer offers a low-cost and sustainable route to amine synthesis, since water is the sole byproduct. Despite its presence in nature, hydroxylamine is not known to be used for enzymatic nitrogen incorporation in biosynthesis. Here, we report an engineered heme enzyme that can utilize hydroxylammonium chloride, an inexpensive commodity chemical, for nitrene transfer. Directed evolution of Pyrobaculum arsenaticum protoglobin generated efficient enzymes for benzylic C-H primary amination and styrene aminohydroxylation. Mechanistic studies supported a stepwise radical pathway involving rate-limiting hydrogen atom transfer. This unprecedented activity is a useful addition to the "nitrene transferase" repertoire and hints at possible future discovery of natural enzymes that use hydroxylamine for amination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Sicinski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dominic Rieger
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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25
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Zhang Y, Chu JM. Computational Mechanistic Investigations of Biocatalytic Nitrenoid C-H Functionalizations via Engineered Heme Proteins. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300260. [PMID: 37134298 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineered heme proteins were developed to possess numerous excellent biocatalytic nitrenoid C-H functionalizations. Computational approaches such as density functional theory (DFT), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations were employed to help understand some important mechanistic aspects of these heme nitrene transfer reactions. This review summarizes advances of computational reaction pathway results of these biocatalytic intramolecular and intermolecular C-H aminations/amidations, focusing on mechanistic origins of reactivity, regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity as well as effects of substrate substituent, axial ligand, metal center, and protein environment. Some important common and distinctive mechanistic features of these reactions were also described with brief outlook of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Jia-Min Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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26
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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27
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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28
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Sun Y, Huang X, Osawa Y, Chen YE, Zhang H. The Versatile Biocatalyst of Cytochrome P450 CYP102A1: Structure, Function, and Engineering. Molecules 2023; 28:5353. [PMID: 37513226 PMCID: PMC10383305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium is a highly efficient monooxygenase for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. The unique features of CYP102A1, such as high catalytic activity, expression yield, regio- and stereoselectivity, and self-sufficiency in electron transfer as a fusion protein, afford the requirements for an ideal biocatalyst. In the past three decades, remarkable progress has been made in engineering CYP102A1 for applications in drug discovery, biosynthesis, and biotechnology. The repertoire of engineered CYP102A1 variants has grown tremendously, whereas the substrate repertoire is avalanched to encompass alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, organic solvents, pharmaceuticals, drugs, and many more. In this article, we highlight the major advances in the past five years in our understanding of the structure and function of CYP102A1 and the methodologies used to engineer CYP102A1 for novel applications. The objective is to provide a succinct review of the latest developments with reference to the body of CYP102A1-related literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Yoichi Osawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.O.)
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29
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Gomez CA, Mondal D, Du Q, Chan N, Lewis JC. Directed Evolution of an Iron(II)- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase for Site-Selective Azidation of Unactivated Aliphatic C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301370. [PMID: 36757808 PMCID: PMC10050089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
FeII - and α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenases and oxygenases can catalyze site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds via a variety of C-X bond forming reactions, but achieving high chemoselectivity for functionalization using non-native functional groups remains rare. The current study shows that directed evolution can be used to engineer variants of the dioxygenase SadX that address this challenge. Site-selective azidation of succinylated amino acids and a succinylated amine was achieved as a result of mutations throughout the SadX structure. The installed azide group was reduced to a primary amine, and the succinyl group required for azidation was enzymatically cleaved to provide the corresponding amine. These results provide a promising starting point for evolving additional SadX variants with activity on structurally distinct substrates and for enabling enzymatic C-H functionalization with other non-native functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Kalsec Inc., 3713W. Main St., Kalamazoo, MI 49006, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Natalie Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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30
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Xing H, Wang P, Yan X, Yang Y, Li X, Liu R, Zhou Z. Thermostability enhancement of Escherichia coli phytase by error-prone polymerase chain reaction (epPCR) and site-directed mutagenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1167530. [PMID: 37064242 PMCID: PMC10101328 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1167530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytase efficiently hydrolyzes phytate to phosphate; thus, it is widely used to increase phosphorus availability in animal feeds and reduce phosphorus pollution through excretion. Phytase is easily inactivated during feed pelleting at high temperature, and sufficient thermostability of phytase is essential for industrial applications. In this study, directed evolution was performed to enhance phytase thermostability. Variants were initially expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 for screening, then in Pichia pastoris for characterization. Over 19,000 clones were generated from an error-prone Polymerase Chain Reaction (epPCR) library; 5 mutants (G10, D7, E3, F8, and F9) were obtained with approximately 9.6%, 10.6%, 11.5%, 11.6%, and 12.2% higher residual activities than the parent after treatment at 99°C for 60 min. Three of these mutants, D7, E3, and F8, exhibited 79.8%, 73.2%, and 92.6% increases in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), respectively. In addition, the specific activities of D7, E3, and F8 were 2.33-, 1.98-, and 2.02-fold higher than parental phytase; they were also higher than the activities of all known thermostable phytases. Sequence analysis revealed that all mutants were substituted at residue 75 and was confirmed that the substitution of cysteine at position 75 was the main contribution to the improvement of thermostability of mutants by saturation mutagenesis, indicating that this amino acid is crucial for the stability and catalytic efficiency of phytase. Docking structure analysis revealed that substitution of the C75 residue allowed the mutants to form additional hydrogen bonds in the active pocket, thereby facilitating binding to the substrate. In addition, we confirmed that the intrinsic C77-C108 disulfide bond in E. coli phytase is detrimental to its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinliang Li
- CJ Youtell (Shanghai) Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liu
- CJ Youtell (Shanghai) Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Zhou,
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31
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Danelius E, Porter NJ, Unge J, Arnold FH, Gonen T. MicroED Structure of a Protoglobin Reactive Carbene Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7159-7165. [PMID: 36948184 PMCID: PMC10080679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is an emerging technique that has shown great potential for describing new chemical and biological molecular structures. Several important structures of small molecules, natural products, and peptides have been determined using ab initio methods. However, only a couple of novel protein structures have thus far been derived by MicroED. Taking advantage of recent technological advances, including higher acceleration voltage and using a low-noise detector in counting mode, we have determined the first structure of an Aeropyrum pernix protoglobin (ApePgb) variant by MicroED using an AlphaFold2 model for phasing. The structure revealed that mutations introduced during directed evolution enhance carbene transfer activity by reorienting an α helix of ApePgb into a dynamic loop, making the catalytic active site more readily accessible. After exposing the tiny crystals to the substrate, we also trapped the reactive iron-carbenoid intermediate involved in this engineered ApePgb's new-to-nature activity, a challenging carbene transfer from a diazirine via a putative metallo-carbene. The bound structure discloses how an enlarged active site pocket stabilizes the carbene bound to the heme iron and, presumably, the transition state for the formation of this key intermediate. This work demonstrates that improved MicroED technology and the advancement in protein structure prediction now enable investigation of structures that was previously beyond reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Danelius
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nicholas J Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Johan Unge
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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32
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Gao Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Hu XQ. Nitrene transfer reaction with hydroxylamine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1889-1906. [PMID: 36661267 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress on catalytic nitrene transfer reactions with hydroxylamine derivatives as prevalent precursors is summarized in this highlight. The salient features of these N-O derived nitrene transfer reagents are that they are readily available, bench-stable, and can be facilely activated by a range of transition metal-catalysts under mild conditions. The application of these reagents in transition metal-catalysis has led to many new amidation or amination reactions, such as C-H insertions and aziridination of olefins. These reagents have also been applied in difunctionalisation of unsaturated bonds, dearomative amination of indoles, and formation of N-X bonds. Moreover, the recent achievements in photocatalysis and enzyme catalysis further emphasize the importance of these appealing reagents. This highlight provides an overview of these reactions reported in recent years. Challenges and potential opportunities for future developments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, China.
| | - Haixia Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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33
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Breukelaar W, Polidori N, Singh A, Daniel B, Glueck SM, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Mechanistic Insights into the Ene-Reductase-Catalyzed Promiscuous Reduction of Oximes to Amines. ACS Catal 2023; 13:2610-2618. [PMID: 36846821 PMCID: PMC9942197 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic reduction of the oxime moiety to the corresponding amine group has only recently been found to be a promiscuous activity of ene-reductases transforming α-oximo β-keto esters. However, the reaction pathway of this two-step reduction remained elusive. By studying the crystal structures of enzyme oxime complexes, analyzing molecular dynamics simulations, and investigating biocatalytic cascades and possible intermediates, we obtained evidence that the reaction proceeds via an imine intermediate and not via the hydroxylamine intermediate. The imine is reduced further by the ene-reductase to the amine product. Remarkably, a non-canonical tyrosine residue was found to contribute to the catalytic activity of the ene-reductase OPR3, protonating the hydroxyl group of the oxime in the first reduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem
B. Breukelaar
- Department
of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nakia Polidori
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amit Singh
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bastian Daniel
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Department
of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010 Graz, Austria,Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department
of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria,Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,
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34
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Fu W, Yang Y. Undirected biocatalytic amination of unactivated C( sp 3)-H bonds. CHEM CATALYSIS 2022; 2:3287-3289. [PMID: 36873821 PMCID: PMC9980284 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective catalytic functionalization of C(sp 3)-H bonds represents a powerful means to access valuable products from ubiquitous starting materials. In a recent JACS paper, Arnold and co-workers engineered P450 nitrene transferases to aminate unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds with excellent site- and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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