1
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Griwatz JH, Campi CE, Kunz A, Wegner HA. In-situ Oxidation and Coupling of Anilines towards Unsymmetric Azobenzenes Using Flow Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301714. [PMID: 38240749 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Molecular switches, especially azobenzenes, are used in numerous applications, such as molecular solar thermal storage (MOST) systems and photopharmacology. The Baeyer-Mills reaction of anilines and nitrosobenzenes has been established as an efficient synthetic method for non-symmetric azobenzenes. However, nitrosobenzenes are not stable, depending on their substitution pattern and pose a health risk. An in-situ oxidation of anilines with Oxone® was optimized under continuous flow conditions avoiding isolation and contact. The in-situ generated nitrosobenzene derivatives were subjected to a telescoped Baeyer-Mills reaction in flow. That way azobenzenes with a broad substituent spectrum were made accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Griwatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chiara E Campi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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2
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Zakrzewski J, Liberka M, Wang J, Chorazy S, Ohkoshi SI. Optical Phenomena in Molecule-Based Magnetic Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5930-6050. [PMID: 38687182 PMCID: PMC11082909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Since the last century, we have witnessed the development of molecular magnetism which deals with magnetic materials based on molecular species, i.e., organic radicals and metal complexes. Among them, the broadest attention was devoted to molecule-based ferro-/ferrimagnets, spin transition materials, including those exploring electron transfer, molecular nanomagnets, such as single-molecule magnets (SMMs), molecular qubits, and stimuli-responsive magnetic materials. Their physical properties open the application horizons in sensors, data storage, spintronics, and quantum computation. It was found that various optical phenomena, such as thermochromism, photoswitching of magnetic and optical characteristics, luminescence, nonlinear optical and chiroptical effects, as well as optical responsivity to external stimuli, can be implemented into molecule-based magnetic materials. Moreover, the fruitful interactions of these optical effects with magnetism in molecule-based materials can provide new physical cross-effects and multifunctionality, enriching the applications in optical, electronic, and magnetic devices. This Review aims to show the scope of optical phenomena generated in molecule-based magnetic materials, including the recent advances in such areas as high-temperature photomagnetism, optical thermometry utilizing SMMs, optical addressability of molecular qubits, magneto-chiral dichroism, and opto-magneto-electric multifunctionality. These findings are discussed in the context of the types of optical phenomena accessible for various classes of molecule-based magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub
J. Zakrzewski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian
University, Lojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Liberka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian
University, Lojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Junhao Wang
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tonnodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Shin-ichi Ohkoshi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Chakraborty P, Ghosh N, Awasthi N, Rath SP. Spin-Flip via Subtle Electronic Perturbation in Axially Ligated Diiron(III) Porphyrin Dimer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400266. [PMID: 38407531 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Spin state switching in the metal center is a crucial phenomenon in many enzymatic reactions in biology. The spin state alteration, a critical step in cytochrome P450 catalysis, is driven most likely through a weak perturbation upon substrate binding in the enzyme, which is still not well clarified. In the current work, the spin state transition of iron(III) from high to intermediate via an admixed state is observed upon a subtle electronic perturbation to the sulphonate moieties coordinated axially to a diiron(III)porphyrin dimer. While electron-donating substituents stabilize the high-spin state of iron(III), strongly electron-withdrawing groups stabilize an intermediate-spin state, whereas the moderate electron-withdrawing nature of axial ligands resulted in an admixed state. Confirmation of the molecular structures and their spin states have been made utilizing single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, Mössbauer, magnetic, EPR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations. The position of the signals of the porphyrin macrocycle in the paramagnetic 1H NMR is found to be very characteristic of the spin state of the iron center in solution. The Curie plot for the pure high-spin complexes shows the signals' temperature dependency in line with the Curie law. Conversely, the pure intermediate-spin state of iron exhibits an anti-Curie temperature dependence, whereas the admixed-spin state of iron displays significant curvature of the lines in the Curie plot. An extensive DFT analysis displays a linear dependence between the energy difference between dx 2 - y 2 ${{_{x{^{2}}- y{^{2}}}}}$ and dz 2 ${{_{z{^{2}}}}}$ orbital versus Fe-Npor distance for the complexes reported here. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation between the Fe-O distance and the spin density over the oxygen atom, as well as the Fe-Npor distance for the complexes, has been observed. Thus, a slight electronic perturbation at the axial ligand of the diheme resulted in a large change in the electronic structures with a spin-flip. This is at par with the metalloenzymes, which employ minute perturbations around the periphery of the active sites, leading to spin state transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| | - Niva Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| | - Nidhi Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
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4
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Sun X, Li J. meso-α,α-5,15-Bis( o-nicotinamido-phen-yl)-10,20-diphen-ylporphyrin n-hexane monosolvate. IUCRDATA 2023; 8:x231085. [PMID: 38313206 PMCID: PMC10833123 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314623010854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure of the title solvated porphyrin, C56H38N8O2·C6H14, is reported. Two porphyrin mol-ecules, one ordered and one disordered n-hexane solvate mol-ecules are present in its asymmetric unit. The porphyrin macrocycle shows a characteristic saddle-shaped distortion, and the maximum deviation from the mean plane for non-hydrogen atoms is 0.48 Å. N-H⋯N, N-H⋯O, and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, as well as π-π inter-actions, are observed in the crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Sun
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Orvoš J, Pančík F, Fischer R. Facile One‐Step Oxidation of
N
‐Boc‐Protected Diarylhydrazines to Diaryldiazenes with (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene under Mild Conditions. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Orvoš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Filip Pančík
- Institute of Chemistry Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Róbert Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
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6
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Simon J, Schwalm M, Morstein J, Trauner D, Jasanoff A. Mapping light distribution in tissue by using MRI-detectable photosensitive liposomes. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:313-322. [PMID: 36550300 PMCID: PMC11232483 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing sources and targets of illumination in living tissue is challenging. Here we show that spatial distributions of light in tissue can be mapped by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the presence of photosensitive nanoparticle probes. Each probe consists of a reservoir of paramagnetic molecules enclosed by a liposomal membrane incorporating photosensitive lipids. Incident light causes the photoisomerization of the lipids and alters hydrodynamic exchange across the membrane, thereby affecting longitudinal relaxation-weighted contrast in MRI. We injected the nanoparticles into the brains of live rats and used MRI to map responses to illumination profiles characteristic of widely used applications of photostimulation, photometry and phototherapy. The responses deviated from simple photon propagation models and revealed signatures of light scattering and nonlinear responsiveness. Paramagnetic liposomal nanoparticles may enable MRI to map a broad range of optical phenomena in deep tissue and other opaque environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Simon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Miriam Schwalm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Osthues H, Doltsinis NL. ReaxFF-based nonadiabatic dynamics method for azobenzene derivatives. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244101. [PMID: 36586973 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ReaxFF reactive force fields have been parameterized for the ground and first excited states of azobenzene and its derivatives. In addition, an extended set of ab initio reference data ensures wide applicability, including to azosystems in complex environments. Based on the optimized force fields, nonadiabatic surface hopping simulations produce photoisomerization quantum yields and decay times of azobenzene, both in the gas phase and in n-hexane solution, in reasonable agreement with higher level theory and experiment. The transferability to other azo-compounds is illustrated for different arylazopyrazoles as well as ethylene-bridged azobenzene. Moreover, it has been shown that the model can be easily extended to adsorbates on metal surfaces. The simulation of the ring-opening of cyclobutene triggered by the photoisomerization of azobenzene in a macrocycle highlights the advantages of a reactive force field model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Osthues
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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8
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Lemon CM, Maher AG, Anderson BL, Bloch ED, Huynh M, McCollar AL, Nocera DG. Solvent-Induced Spin-State Change in Copper Corroles. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20288-20298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Lemon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173400, Bozeman, Montana59717, United States
| | - Andrew G. Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Bryce L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Eric D. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Michael Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Abie L. McCollar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173400, Bozeman, Montana59717, United States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
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9
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Griffiths RR, Greenfield JL, Thawani AR, Jamasb AR, Moss HB, Bourached A, Jones P, McCorkindale W, Aldrick AA, Fuchter MJ, Lee AA. Data-driven discovery of molecular photoswitches with multioutput Gaussian processes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13541-13551. [PMID: 36507171 PMCID: PMC9682911 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable molecules display two or more isomeric forms that may be accessed using light. Separating the electronic absorption bands of these isomers is key to selectively addressing a specific isomer and achieving high photostationary states whilst overall red-shifting the absorption bands serves to limit material damage due to UV-exposure and increases penetration depth in photopharmacological applications. Engineering these properties into a system through synthetic design however, remains a challenge. Here, we present a data-driven discovery pipeline for molecular photoswitches underpinned by dataset curation and multitask learning with Gaussian processes. In the prediction of electronic transition wavelengths, we demonstrate that a multioutput Gaussian process (MOGP) trained using labels from four photoswitch transition wavelengths yields the strongest predictive performance relative to single-task models as well as operationally outperforming time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) in terms of the wall-clock time for prediction. We validate our proposed approach experimentally by screening a library of commercially available photoswitchable molecules. Through this screen, we identified several motifs that displayed separated electronic absorption bands of their isomers, exhibited red-shifted absorptions, and are suited for information transfer and photopharmacological applications. Our curated dataset, code, as well as all models are made available at https://github.com/Ryan-Rhys/The-Photoswitch-Dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan-Rhys Griffiths
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Aditya R Thawani
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Arian R Jamasb
- The Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FD UK
| | | | - Anthony Bourached
- The Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University College London London WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Penelope Jones
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - William McCorkindale
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Alexander A Aldrick
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Alpha A Lee
- The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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10
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Al Shehimy S, Baydoun O, Denis-Quanquin S, Mulatier JC, Khrouz L, Frath D, Dumont É, Murugesu M, Chevallier F, Bucher C. Ni-Centered Coordination-Induced Spin-State Switching Triggered by Electrical Stimulation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17955-17965. [PMID: 36154166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and magnetic properties of a Ni(II)-porphyrin tethered to an imidazole ligand through a flexible electron-responsive mechanical hinge. The latter is capable of undergoing a large amplitude and fully reversible folding motion under the effect of electrical stimulation. This redox-triggered movement is exploited to force the axial coordination of the appended imidazole ligand onto the square-planar Ni(II) center, resulting in a change in its spin state from low spin (S = 0) to high spin (S = 1) proceeding with an 80% switching efficiency. The driving force of this reversible folding motion is the π-dimerization between two electrogenerated viologen cation radicals. The folding motion and the associated spin state switching are demonstrated on the grounds of NMR, (spectro)electrochemical, and magnetic data supported by quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Orsola Baydoun
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Frath
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Élise Dumont
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 5 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Floris Chevallier
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69342 Lyon, France
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11
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Chen S, An L, Yang S. Low-Molecular-Weight Fe(III) Complexes for MRI Contrast Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144573. [PMID: 35889445 PMCID: PMC9324404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe(III) complexes have again attracted much attention for application as MRI contrast agents in recent years due to their high thermodynamic stability, low long-term toxicity, and large relaxivity at a higher magnetic field. This mini-review covers the recent progress on low-molecular-weight Fe(III) complexes, which have been considered as one of the promising alternatives to clinically used Gd(III)-based contrast agents. Two kinds of complexes including mononuclear Fe(III) complexes and multinuclear Fe(III) complexes are summarized in sequence, with a specific highlight of the structural relationships between the complexes and their relaxivity and thermodynamic stability. In additional, the future perspectives for the design of low-molecular-weight Fe(III) complexes for MRI contrast agents are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Lu An
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Shiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Griwatz JH, Kunz A, Wegner HA. Continuous flow synthesis of azobenzenes via Baeyer–Mills reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:781-787. [PMID: 35859625 PMCID: PMC9263553 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene, as one of the most prominent molecular switches, is featured in many applications ranging from photopharmacology to information or energy storage. In order to easily and reproducibly synthesize non-symmetric substituted azobenzenes in an efficient way, especially on a large scale, the commonly used Baeyer–Mills coupling reaction was adopted to a continuous flow setup. The versatility was demonstrated with a scope of 20 substances and the scalability of this method exemplified by the synthesis of >70 g of an azobenzene derivative applied in molecular solar thermal storage (MOST) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Griwatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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13
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Fischer K, Krahmer J, Tuczek F. Chemically and Light-Driven Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching (CISSS) of a nonheme-iron complex. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The new Fe(II) complex [Fe(trident)(bmik)](ClO4)2 (1) (trident = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)benzylamine and bmik = bis(1-methylimidazole)ketone) exhibits a change of magnetic moment in dichloromethane (DCM) solution upon addition of pyridine which is attributed to the Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching effect (CISSS). By attaching a photoisomerizable azopyridine sidegroup to the tridentate ligand the complex [Fe(azpy-trident)(bmik)](ClO4)2 (2; azpy-trident = [N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)]-3-(3-pyridylazo)benzylamine) is obtained. As detected by Evans NMR spectroscopy, 2 reversibly changes its magnetic moment in homogeneous solution upon photoirradiation which is attributed to intermolecular Light-Driven Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching (LD-CISSS). Further support for this interpretation is inferred from concentration-dependent Evans NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jan Krahmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel , Germany
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14
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Xue S, Solre GFB, Wang X, Wang L, Guo Y. Vapor-triggered reversible crystal transformation of a nickel-based magnetic molecular switch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1954-1957. [PMID: 35043804 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06076g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vapor-triggered crystal-to-crystal transformation between a discrete trinuclear complex [Ni3(sih)2(py)8] and a two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymer [Ni3(sih)2(py)2]n·2DMF·2H2O was demonstrated. It provides an example of a solid-state coordination-induced spin state switch behavior attributed to the structural phase transition triggered by solvent signal. The reversible nature can be detected by both optical (spectral) and magnetic responses in cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Gideon F B Solre
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yunnan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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15
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Galangau O, Norel L, Rigaut S. Metal complexes bearing photochromic ligands: photocontrol of functions and processes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17879-17891. [PMID: 34792058 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes associated with photochromic molecules are attractive platforms to achieve smart light-switching materials with innovative and exciting properties due to specific optical, electronic, magnetic or catalytic features of metal complexes and by perturbing the excited-state properties of both components to generate new reactivity and photochemical properties. In this overview, we focus on selected achievements in key domains dealing with optical, redox, magnetic properties, as well as application in catalysis or supramolecular chemistry. We also try to point out scientific challenges that are still faced for future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Galangau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Lucie Norel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Stéphane Rigaut
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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16
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Shen KY, Zhang CJ, Qu LY, Jiang SQ, Zhang Y, Tong ML, Bao X. Thermodriven, Acidity-Driven, and Photodriven Spin-State Switching in Pyridylacylhydrazoneiron(II) Complexes at or above Room Temperature. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18225-18233. [PMID: 34784709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic bistability of spin-crossover (SCO) materials is highly appealing for applications as molecular switches and information storage. However, switching of the spin state around room temperature remains challenging. In this work, we reported the successful manipulation of the spin states of two iron(II) complexes (1-Fe and 2-Fe) based on pyridylacylhydrazone ligands in manifold ways. Both complexes are stabilized in the low-spin (LS) state at room temperature because of the strong ligand-field strength imposed by the ligands. 2-Fe shows thermoinduced SCO above room temperature with a very large and reproducible hysteresis (>50 K), while 1-Fe remains in the LS state up to 400 K. Acidity-driven spin-state switching of the two complexes was achieved at room temperature as a result of the complex dissociation and release of iron(II) in its high-spin (HS) state. Recovery of the complex is feasible upon further alkalization treatment in the case of 1-Fe, allowing bidirectional modulation of the spin state of the metal center. Light-driven one-way switching from LS to HS is also achieved by virtue of E-to-Z isomerization at the C═N double bond, which results in dissociation of the complex because of the poor binding affinity in the Z configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yan Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Chen Ju Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shi Qing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liang Tong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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17
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Chen H, Chen W, Lin Y, Xie Y, Liu SH, Yin J. Visible and near-infrared light activated azo dyes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Long J, Kumar D, Deo C, Retailleau P, Dubacheva GV, Royal G, Xie J, Bogliotti N. Photo-/Electroinduced Irreversible Isomerization of 2,2'-Azobispyridine Ligands in Arene Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:9563-9570. [PMID: 33780046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel arene RuII complexes containing 2,2'-azobispyridine ligands were synthesized and characterized by using 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, UV/vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry, DFT calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Z-configured complexes featuring unprecedented seven-membered chelate rings involving the nitrogen atom of both pyridines were isolated and were shown to undergo irreversible isomerization to the corresponding E-configured five-membered chelate complexes in response to light or electrochemical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Long
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Divyaratan Kumar
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claire Deo
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Galina V Dubacheva
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR5250), F38400, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Royal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR5250), F38400, Grenoble, France
| | - Juan Xie
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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19
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Abstract
The ab initio determination of electronic excited state (ES) properties is the cornerstone of theoretical photochemistry. Yet, traditional ES methods become impractical when applied to fairly large molecules, or when used on thousands of systems. Machine learning (ML) techniques have demonstrated their accuracy at retrieving ES properties of large molecular databases at a reduced computational cost. For these applications, nonlinear algorithms tend to be specialized in targeting individual properties. Learning fundamental quantum objects potentially represents a more efficient, yet complex, alternative as a variety of molecular properties could be extracted through postprocessing. Herein, we report a general framework able to learn three fundamental objects: the hole and particle densities, as well as the transition density. We demonstrate the advantages of targeting those outputs and apply our predictions to obtain properties, including the state character and the exciton topological descriptors, for the two bands (nπ* and ππ*) of 3427 azoheteroarene photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Vela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Fabrizio
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia R Briling
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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20
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Wellm V, Näther C, Herges R. Molecular Spin State Switching and Photochromism in the Red and Near Infrared with Ni(II) Chlorin and Ni(II) Bacteriochlorin. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9503-9514. [PMID: 34181424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecules or ions are either paramagnetic (unpaired electrons) or diamagnetic (all electrons are paired). Switching between the two states under ambient conditions was considered a typical solid state phenomenon and has been termed spin crossover. The first single-molecule spin state switches operated with light in solution were developed a decade ago and offer a number of technical applications that are not accessible to solid state systems. Magnetic switching in biological environments, however, requires water solubility, and for in vivo applications, switching wavelengths within the bio-optical window (650-950 nm) are needed. We now present molecular spin state switches that are water-soluble and switchable in the far-red and near-infrared region. At the same time, they are photochromic compounds with excellent photophysical properties. trans-cis isomerization is induced with 505 nm radiation, and cis-trans conversion with 620 or 720 nm radiation. The metastable cis isomers are stable at room temperature for at least several weeks. The detailed mechanism of this surprising and unprecedented long wavelength photoisomerization of azobenzenes is still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wellm
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel D-24118, Germany
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21
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Wellm V, Groebner J, Heitmann G, Sönnichsen FD, Herges R. Towards Photoswitchable Contrast Agents for Absolute 3D Temperature MR Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wellm
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Otto Hahn Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jens Groebner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology South Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Bahnhofsallee 5 58507 Luedenscheid Germany
| | - Gernot Heitmann
- IWS Innovations- und Wissenstrategien GmbH Aviares Research Network Deichstraße 25 20459 Hamburg Germany
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Otto Hahn Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Otto Hahn Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
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22
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Wellm V, Groebner J, Heitmann G, Sönnichsen FD, Herges R. Towards Photoswitchable Contrast Agents for Absolute 3D Temperature MR Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8220-8226. [PMID: 33606332 PMCID: PMC8048480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Temperature can be used as clinical marker for tissue metabolism and the detection of inflammations or tumors. The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for monitoring physiological parameters like the temperature noninvasively is steadily increasing. In this study, we present a proof-of-principle study of MRI contrast agents (CA) for absolute and concentration independent temperature imaging. These CAs are based on azoimidazole substituted NiII porphyrins, which can undergo Light-Driven Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching (LD-CISSS) in solution. Monitoring the fast first order kinetic of back isomerisation (cis to trans) with standard clinical MR imaging sequences allows the determination of half-lives, that can be directly translated into absolute temperatures. Different temperature responsive CAs were successfully tested as prototypes in methanol-based gels and created temperature maps of gradient phantoms with high spatial resolution (0.13×0.13×1.1 mm) and low temperature errors (<0.22 °C). The method is sufficiently fast to record the temperature flow from a heat source as a film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wellm
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityOtto Hahn Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Jens Groebner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologySouth Westphalian University of Applied SciencesBahnhofsallee 558507LuedenscheidGermany
| | - Gernot Heitmann
- IWS Innovations- und Wissenstrategien GmbHAviares Research NetworkDeichstraße 2520459HamburgGermany
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityOtto Hahn Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityOtto Hahn Platz 424118KielGermany
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23
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Simke J, Böckermann T, Bergander K, Klabunde S, Hansen MR, Ravoo BJ. Photoresponsive host-guest chemistry and relaxation time of fluorinated cyclodextrin and arylazopyrazole-functionalized DOTA metal complexes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2186-2191. [PMID: 33624672 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Light-responsive modulation of the longitudinal (T1) and transversal relaxation times of a fluorinated cyclodextrin has been achieved by host-guest complexation with arylazopyrazole-modified metal complexes in aqueous solution. This supramolecular concept can potentially be applied to the development of contrast agents for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Simke
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Till Böckermann
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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24
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Kurz H, Schötz K, Papadopoulos I, Heinemann FW, Maid H, Guldi DM, Köhler A, Hörner G, Weber B. A Fluorescence-Detected Coordination-Induced Spin State Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3466-3480. [PMID: 33636077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The response of the spin state to in situ variation of the coordination number (CISSS) is a promising and viable approach to smart sensor materials, yet it suffers to date from insensitive detection. Herein, we present the synthetic access to a family of planar nickel(II) complexes, whose CISSS is sensitively followed by means of fluorescence detection. For this purpose, nickel(II) complexes with four phenazine-based Schiff base-like ligands were synthesized and characterized through solution-phase spectroscopy (NMR and UV-vis), solid-state structure analysis (single-crystal XRD), and extended theoretical modeling. All of them reveal CISSS in solution through axial ligating a range of N- and O-donors. CISSS correlates nicely with the basicity of the axial ligand and the substitution-dependent acidity of the nickel(II) coordination site. Remarkably, three out of the four nickel(II) complexes are fluorescent in noncoordinating solvents but are fluorescence-silent in the presence of axial ligands such as pyridine. As these complexes are rare examples of fluorescent nickel(II) complexes, the photophysical properties with a coordination number of 4 were studied in detail, including temperature-dependent lifetime and quantum yield determinations. Most importantly, fluorescence quenching upon adding axial ligands allows a "black or white", i.e. digital, sensoring of spin state alternation. Our studies of fluorescence-detected CISSS (FD-CISSS) revealed that absorption-based CISSS and FD-CISSS are super proportional with respect to the pyridine concentration: FD-CISSS features a higher sensitivity. Overall, our findings indicate a favored ligation of these nickel(II) complexes in the excited state in comparison to the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kurz
- Inorganic Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Maid
- Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerald Hörner
- Inorganic Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Inorganic Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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25
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Sakamaki Y, Ozdemir J, Heidrick Z, Azzun A, Watson O, Tsuji M, Salmon C, Sinha A, Batta-Mpouma J, McConnell Z, Fugitt D, Du Y, Kim JW, Beyzavi H. A Bio-Conjugated Chlorin-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Triple Negative Breast and Pancreatic Cancers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1432-1440. [PMID: 34337346 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has continued to show promise as a potential method for treating tumors. In this work a photosensitizer (PS) has been delivered to cancer cell lines for PDT by incorporation into the metal-organic framework (MOF) as an organic linker. By functionalizing the surface of MOF nanoparticles with maltotriose the PS can efficiently target cancer cells with preferential uptake into pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines. Effective targeting overcomes some current problems with PDT including long-term photosensitivity and tumor specificity. Developing a PS with optimal absorption and stability is one of the foremost challenges in PDT and the synthesis of a chlorin which is activated by long-wavelength light and is resistant to photo-bleaching is described. This chlorin-based MOF shows anti-cancer ability several times higher than that of porphyrin-based MOFs with little toxicity to normal cell lines and no dark toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - John Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Zachary Heidrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Anthony Azzun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Olivia Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Miu Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Christopher Salmon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Arvind Sinha
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Joseph Batta-Mpouma
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Zachary McConnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - David Fugitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Yuchun Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Hudson Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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26
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Qamar OA, Cong C, Ma H. Solid state mononuclear divalent nickel spin crossover complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17106-17114. [PMID: 33205805 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spin crossover complexes containing 3d4-3d7 transition metal ions with tunable electronic configurations in appropriate ligand field environments have been extensively investigated. In contrast, the development of 3d8 divalent nickel complexes displaying such a spin crossover behavior is far behind. The increasing number of X-ray single crystal structures along with magnetic evidence and thermodynamic equilibrium indicate that bistable divalent nickel complexes are gradually recognized to be a formal member of the "spin crossover family". Unfortunately, the rarity of nickel spin crossover complexes is occasionally mentioned. This Perspective article highlights examples of mononuclear 3d8 nickel spin crossover complexes in dynamic rearrangements with characterized solid state structures from the viewpoint of types of ligands utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Ali Qamar
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 21186, China.
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27
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Ludwig J, Moje T, Röhricht F, Herges R. Synthesis of 4-substituted azopyridine-functionalized Ni(II)-porphyrins as molecular spin switches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2589-2597. [PMID: 33133290 PMCID: PMC7590622 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and the spin switching efficiencies of Ni(II)-porphyrins substituted with azopyridines as covalently attached photoswitchable ligands. The molecules are designed in such a way that the azopyridines coordinate to the Ni ion if the azo unit is in cis configuration. For steric reasons no intramolecular coordination is possible if the azopyridine unit adopts the trans configuration. Photoisomerization of the azo unit between cis and trans is achieved upon irradiation with 505 nm (trans→cis) and 435 nm (cis→trans). Concurrently with the isomerization and coordination/decoordination, the spin state of the Ni ion switches between singlet (low-spin) and triplet (high-spin). Previous studies have shown that the spin switching efficiency is strongly dependent on the solvent and on the substituent at the 4-position of the pyridine unit. We now introduced thiol, disulfide, thioethers, nitrile and carboxylic acid groups and investigated their spin switching efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Ludwig
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Moje
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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28
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Welleman IM, Hoorens MWH, Feringa BL, Boersma HH, Szymański W. Photoresponsive molecular tools for emerging applications of light in medicine. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11672-11691. [PMID: 34094410 PMCID: PMC8162950 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04187d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-based therapeutic and imaging modalities, which emerge in clinical applications, rely on molecular tools, such as photocleavable protecting groups and photoswitches that respond to photonic stimulus and translate it into a biological effect. However, optimisation of their key parameters (activation wavelength, band separation, fatigue resistance and half-life) is necessary to enable application in the medical field. In this perspective, we describe the applications scenarios that can be envisioned in clinical practice and then we use those scenarios to explain the necessary properties that the photoresponsive tools used to control biological function should possess, highlighted by examples from medical imaging, drug delivery and photopharmacology. We then present how the (photo)chemical parameters are currently being optimized and an outlook is given on pharmacological aspects (toxicity, solubility, and stability) of light-responsive molecules. With these interdisciplinary insights, we aim to inspire the future directions for the development of photocontrolled tools that will empower clinical applications of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Welleman
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mark W H Hoorens
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymański
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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29
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Xie D, Yu M, Xie Z, Kadakia RT, Chung C, Ohman LE, Javanmardi K, Que EL. Versatile Nickel(II) Scaffolds as Coordination‐Induced Spin‐State Switches for
19
F Magnetic Resonance‐Based Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Xie
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Zhu‐Lin Xie
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Rahul T. Kadakia
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Chris Chung
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Lauren E. Ohman
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The University of Texas at Austin 2500 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Emily L. Que
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
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30
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Xie D, Yu M, Xie ZL, Kadakia RT, Chung C, Ohman LE, Javanmardi K, Que EL. Versatile Nickel(II) Scaffolds as Coordination-Induced Spin-State Switches for 19 F Magnetic Resonance-Based Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22523-22530. [PMID: 32790890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
19 F magnetic resonance (MR) based detection coupled with well-designed inorganic systems shows promise in biological investigations. Two proof-of-concept inorganic probes that exploit a novel mechanism for 19 F MR sensing based on converting from low-spin (S=0) to high-spin (S=1) Ni2+ are reported. Activation of diamagnetic NiL1 and NiL2 by light or β-galactosidase, respectively, converts them into paramagnetic NiL0 , which displays a single 19 F NMR peak shifted by >35 ppm with accelerated relaxation rates. This spin-state switch is effective for sensing light or enzyme expression in live cells using 19 F MR spectroscopy and imaging that differentiate signals based on chemical shift and relaxation times. This general inorganic scaffold has potential for developing agents that can sense analytes ranging from ions to enzymes, opening up diverse possibilities for 19 F MR based biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Rahul T Kadakia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chris Chung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lauren E Ohman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Emily L Que
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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31
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Ludwig J, Helberg J, Zipse H, Herges R. Azo-dimethylaminopyridine-functionalized Ni(II)-porphyrin as a photoswitchable nucleophilic catalyst. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2119-2126. [PMID: 32952728 PMCID: PMC7476594 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and the photochemical and catalytic switching properties of an azopyridine as a photoswitchable ligand, covalently attached to a Ni(II)-porphyrin. Upon irradiation with 530 nm (green light), the azopyridine switches to the cis configuration and coordinates with the Ni2+ ion. Light of 435 nm (violet) isomerizes the ligand back to the trans configuration, which decoordinates for steric reasons. This so-called record player design has been used previously to switch the spin state of Ni2+ between singlet and triplet. We now use the coordination/decoordination process to switch the catalytic activity of the dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) unit. DMAP is a known catalyst in the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction. Upon coordination to the Ni2+ ion, the basicity of the pyridine lone pair is attenuated and hence the catalytic activity is reduced. Decoordination restores the catalytic activity. The rate constants in the two switching states differ by a factor of 2.2, and the catalytic switching is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Ludwig
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Julian Helberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5–13, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5–13, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
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32
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Amati M, Baerends EJ, Ricciardi G, Rosa A. Origin of the Enhanced Binding Capability toward Axial Nitrogen Bases of Ni(II) Porphyrins Bearing Electron-Withdrawing Substituents: An Electronic Structure and Bond Energy Analysis. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11528-11541. [PMID: 32799514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Axial coordination to metalloporphyrins is important in many biological and catalytic processes. Experiments found the axial coordination of nitrogenous bases to nickel(II) porphyrins to be strongly favored by electron-withdrawing substituents such as perfluorophenyls at the meso carbon positions. Careful analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the natural explanation in terms of density change of the nickel(II) porphyrin system (in particular the metal), does not apply. Electron density changes, by the assumed inductive or polarizing effects on the metal or on the porphyrin ring system, are slight. The effect is caused by a remarkable through-space electric field effect on the metalloporphyrin system, originating from the charge distribution inside the perfluorphenyl groups (mostly the C-F dipoles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amati
- Università della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Evert Jan Baerends
- VU University Amsterdam, Theoretical Chemistry, FEW, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giampaolo Ricciardi
- Università della Basilicata, Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali (SAFE), Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Rosa
- Università della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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33
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Gao M, Shen B, Zhou J, Kapre R, Louie AY, Shaw JT. Synthesis and Comparative Evaluation of Photoswitchable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:14759-14766. [PMID: 32596613 PMCID: PMC7315594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of spiropyran (SP)-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have been synthesized and evaluated for changes in relaxivity resulting from irradiation with visible light. Both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents were appended to the SP ring in order to study the electronic effects on the photochromic and relaxivity properties of these photoswitchable MRI contrast agents. Photoswitches lacking an electron-withdrawing substituent isomerize readily between the merocyanine and SP forms, while the addition of a nitro group prevents this process. Complexes capable of isomerizing were demonstrated to effect a change in the relaxivity of the appended gadolinium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bowen Shen
- Chemistry
Graduate Group, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Junhan Zhou
- Chemistry
Graduate Group, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rohan Kapre
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angelique Y. Louie
- Chemistry
Graduate Group, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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34
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Shen B, Gao M, Franco FC, Kapre R, Zhou J, Li X, Garcia J, Shaw JT, Louie AY. Effect of Structure and Intramolecular Distances on Photoswitchable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7333-7341. [PMID: 32397710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated sensors are of great interest for biological applications but are limited by the depth of penetration of light. We have been interested in transducing light activation to a magnetic signal that can be detected through noninvasive imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have previously developed agents incorporating spiropyran derivatives as the sensing moiety and characterized features that influence photoswitching; however, we found the MRI response to be unpredictable. In this work, we delve deeper into the potential mechanisms for the observed MRI responses in an effort to better understand the structural effects on controlling magnetic properties. A series of light-activatable MRI contrast agents were synthesized and characterized to assess the effect of spiropyran positioning on contrast agent functions and properties. These compounds are based on the same spiropyran skeleton, also named 1',3',3'-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[chromene-2,2-indoline], which is linked with an MRI contrast agent, gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetate (DO3A). We investigated the photo-to-magnetic conversion properties of these novel compounds by adjusting linker lengths over a range from three to seven methylene groups. The primary results indicated that the contrast agent with a five-carbon linker (25) showed the highest light-sensing ability after irradiation with visible light. The results will aid in the design of future spiropyran-based MRI sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Shen
- Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mingchun Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Francisco C Franco
- Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Rohan Kapre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Junhan Zhou
- Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xinzhe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joel Garcia
- Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Jared T Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angelique Y Louie
- Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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35
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Xie D, Yu M, Kadakia RT, Que EL. 19F Magnetic Resonance Activity-Based Sensing Using Paramagnetic Metals. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2-10. [PMID: 31809009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) is a promising bioimaging technique due to the favorable magnetic resonance properties of the 19F nucleus and the lack of detectable biological background signal. A range of imaging agents have been developed for this imaging modality including small molecule perfluorocarbons, fluorine-rich macromolecules and nanoparticles, and paramagnetic metal-containing agents. Incorporation of paramagnetic metals into fluorinated agents provides a unique opportunity to manipulate relaxation and chemical shift properties of 19F nuclei. Paramagnetic centers will enhance relaxation rates of nearby 19F nuclei through paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE). Further, metals with anisotropic unpaired electrons can induce changes in 19F chemical shift through pseudocontact shift (PCS) effects. PRE and PCS are dependent on the nature of the metal center itself, the molecular scaffold surrounding it, and the position of the 19F nucleus relative to the metal center. One intriguing prospect in 19F magnetic resonance molecular imaging is to design responsive agents that can serve to provide a read out biological activity, including the activity of enzymes, redox activity, the activity of ions, etc. Paramagnetic agents are well suited for this activity-based sensing as metal complexes can be designed to respond to specific biological activities and give a corresponding 19F response that results from changes in the metal complex structure and subsequently PRE/PCS. Broadly speaking, when designing paramagnetic 19F MR biosensors, one can envision that in response to changes in analyte activity, the number of unpaired electrons of the metal changes or the ligand conformation/chemical composition changes. This Account highlights activity-based probes from the Que lab that harness paramagnetic metals to modulate 19F signal. We discuss probes that use conversion from Cu2+ to Cu+ in response to reducing environments to dequench the 19F MR signal. Probes in which oxidants convert Co2+ to Co3+, resulting in chemical shift responses, are also described. Finally, we explore our foray into using Ni2+ coordination switching to furnish probes with different 19F signals when they are converted between 4-coordinate square planar and higher coordination numbers. A major barrier for 19F MR molecular imaging is in vivo application, as signal sensitivity is relatively low, requiring long imaging times to detect imaging agents. Nanoparticle and macromolecular agents show promise due to their higher fluorine density and longer circulation times; however, their analyte scope is limited to analytes that induce cleavage events. A grand challenge for researchers in this area is adapting lessons learned from small molecule paramagnetic probes with promising in vitro activities for the development of probes with enhanced in vivo utility for basic biological and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Rahul T. Kadakia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Emily L. Que
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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36
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Kennedy ADW, Sandler I, Andréasson J, Ho J, Beves JE. Visible‐Light Photoswitching by Azobenzazoles. Chemistry 2020; 26:1103-1110. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isolde Sandler
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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37
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Ludwig J, Gröbner J, Dommaschk M, Huber LM, Peters MK, Hövener JB, Herges R. Ni(II)porphyrins as pH dependent light-driven coordination-induced spin-state switches (LD-CISSS) in aqueous solution. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble Ni(II)-porphyrin substituted with a covalently attached azopyridine ligand was synthesized. Upon irradiation with violet and green light, the azo unit performs a reversible cis–trans isomerization. This geometry change triggers a coordination/de-coordination of the pyridine nitrogen at the central nickel(II) ion. The concomitant change in coordination number at the Ni ion in turn switches the spin state between high and low spin, a process we coined a “light-driven coordination-induced spin state switch (LD-CISSS). To increase the coordination power of the pyridine, particularly in aqueous environments, we introduced an electron donating OH group in 4-position. With increasing pH, the hydroxyl group is deprotonated, further enforcing coordination. We report on the properties of this pH-dependent spin switch, particularly the magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Ludwig
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Jens Gröbner
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Marcel Dommaschk
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Lukas M. Huber
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 14, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Morten K. Peters
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 14, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, Kiel D-24098, Germany
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38
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Halcrow MA. Manipulating metal spin states for biomimetic, catalytic and molecular materials chemistry. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15560-15567. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between ligand design and spin state in base metal compounds is surveyed. Implications and applications of these principles for light-harvesting dyes, catalysis and materials chemistry are summarised.
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39
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Farcaș AA, Bende A. Improving the Light-Induced Spin Transition Efficiency in Ni(II)-Based Macrocyclic-Ligand Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234249. [PMID: 31766599 PMCID: PMC6930591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural stability and photoabsorption properties of Ni(II)-based metal-organic complexes with octahedral coordination having different planar ligand ring structures were investigated employing density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent extension (TD-DFT) considering the M06 exchange-correlation functional and the Def2-TZVP basis set. The results showed that the molecular composition of different planar cyclic ligand structures had significant influences on the structural stability and photoabsorption properties of metal-organic complexes. Only those planar ligands that contained aromatic rings met the basic criteria (thermal stability, structural reversibility, and appropriate excitation frequency domain) for light-induced excited spin state trapping, but their spin transition efficiencies were very different. While, in all three aromatic cases, the singlet electronic excitations induced charge distribution that could help in the singlet-to-triplet spin transition, and triplet excitations, which could assist in the backward (triplet-to-singlet) spin transition, was found only for one complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Adrian Farcaș
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, Ro-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Mihail Kogalniceanu Street No. 1, Ro-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Bende
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, Ro-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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40
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Dommaschk M, Gröbner J, Wellm V, Hövener JB, Riedel C, Herges R. Dendronised Ni(ii) porphyrins as photoswitchable contrast agents for MRI. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24296-24299. [PMID: 31686082 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Light-responsive contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on Ni(ii) porphyrin molecular spin switches have recently been introduced. We present their implementation in water and methanol based gels leading to the first soft materials that are rewritable with light and readable with MRI. Light of two different wavelengths as non-invasive stimuli can be applied to switch MRI contrast on and off, with a high spatiotemporal resolution and without fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dommaschk
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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41
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Megow S, Fitschen HL, Tuczek F, Temps F. Ultrafast Photodynamics of an Azopyridine-Functionalized Iron(II) Complex: Implications for the Concept of Ligand-Driven Light-Induced Spin Change. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6048-6054. [PMID: 31549841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the ultrafast photodynamics of an iron(II) complex with a photoisomerizable pentadentate azo-tetrapyridylamino ligand after irradiation with ultraviolet light. The results of femtosecond transient electronic absorption spectroscopy performed on the low-spin (LS) form of the title complex show that initial excitation of the ππ* state of the azopyridine unit in the ligand at λpump = 312 nm is followed by an ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) that leads to the formation of a metal-centered (MC) 5T state, in competition with the intended photoswitching of the azopyridine unit. Additional measurements carried out upon excitation of the singlet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (1MLCT) transition at λpump = 455 nm suggest that this energy transfer occurs via an MLCT state. The resulting high-spin (HS) 5T state of the complex is metastable and recovers to the LS ground state with a time constant of ∼3 ns. The implications of these observations on the ligand-driven light-induced spin change concept are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Megow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Christian-Albrechts-Universität , Olshausenstrasse 40 , 24098 Kiel , Germany
| | - Henrike-Leonie Fitschen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Christian-Albrechts-Universität , Olshausenstrasse 40 , 24098 Kiel , Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Christian-Albrechts-Universität , Olshausenstrasse 40 , 24098 Kiel , Germany
| | - Friedrich Temps
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Christian-Albrechts-Universität , Olshausenstrasse 40 , 24098 Kiel , Germany
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42
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Gutzeit F, Neumann T, Näther C, Herges R. Crystal structure of (15,20-bis-(2,3,4,5,6-penta-fluoro-phen-yl)-5,10-{(4-methyl-pyridine-3,5-di-yl)bis-[(sulfanediyl-methyl-ene)[1,1'-biphen-yl]-4',2-di-yl]}porphyrinato)nickel(II) di-chloro-methane x-solvate ( x > 1/2). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1558-1563. [PMID: 31636994 PMCID: PMC6775725 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019012453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, [Ni(C64H33F10N5S2)]·xCH2Cl2, consists of discrete NiII porphyrin complexes, in which the five-coordinate NiII cations are in a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The four porphyrin nitro-gen atoms are located in the basal plane of the pyramid, whereas the pyridine N atom is in the apical position. The porphyrin plane is strongly distorted and the NiII cation is located above this plane by 0.241 (3) Å and shifted in the direction of the coordinating pyridine nitro-gen atom. The pyridine ring is not perpendicular to the N4 plane of the porphyrin moiety, as observed for related compounds. In the crystal, the complexes are linked via weak C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains propagating in the [001] direction. Within this arrangement cavities are formed, in which highly disordered di-chloro-methane solvate mol-ecules are located. No reasonable structural model could be found to describe this disorder and therefore the contribution of the solvent to the electron density was removed using the SQUEEZE option in PLATON [Spek (2015 ▸). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18].
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gutzeit
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tjorge Neumann
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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43
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Lentes P, Stadler E, Röhricht F, Brahms A, Gröbner J, Sönnichsen FD, Gescheidt G, Herges R. Nitrogen Bridged Diazocines: Photochromes Switching within the Near-Infrared Region with High Quantum Yields in Organic Solvents and in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13592-13600. [PMID: 31365240 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diazocines are bridged azobenzenes with superior photophysical properties. In contrast to azobenzenes the Z configuration is thermodynamically stable and the E isomer is metastable. We present a new class of nitrogen bridged diazocines with bathochromically shifted switching wavelengths and remarkably high quantum yields (-NH-CH2- bridged diazocine: ΦZ→E = 0.57, ΦE→Z = 0.8). Z to E isomerization is induced by irradiation with blue light, whereas switching back to the Z isomer is accomplished with light in the near-infrared window (up to 740 nm), which is important for medical applications like photopharmacology (deep tissue penetration). Furthermore, substitution at the bridging nitrogen should provide access to widely applicable tricyclic, photoswitchable pharmacophores. The -NAc-CH2- bridged derivative is soluble in water, and all photophysical properties (conversion rates, quantum yields, and thermal half-lives) are largely retained. Hence, this diazocine is an ideal photoswitch for applications in biochemical systems and in photopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lentes
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Eduard Stadler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Arne Brahms
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jens Gröbner
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Frank D Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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Schehr M, Ianes C, Weisner J, Heintze L, Müller MP, Pichlo C, Charl J, Brunstein E, Ewert J, Lehr M, Baumann U, Rauh D, Knippschild U, Peifer C, Herges R. 2-Azo-, 2-diazocine-thiazols and 2-azo-imidazoles as photoswitchable kinase inhibitors: limitations and pitfalls of the photoswitchable inhibitor approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1398-1407. [PMID: 30924488 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00010k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In photopharmacology, photoswitchable compounds including azobenzene or other diarylazo moieties exhibit bioactivity against a target protein typically in the slender E-configuration, whereas the rather bulky Z-configuration usually is pharmacologically less potent. Herein we report the design, synthesis and photochemical/inhibitory characterization of new photoswitchable kinase inhibitors targeting p38α MAPK and CK1δ. A well characterized inhibitor scaffold was used to attach arylazo- and diazocine moieties. When the isolated isomers, or the photostationary state (PSS) of isomers, were tested in commonly used in vitro kinase assays, however, only small differences in activity were observed. X-ray analyses of ligand-bound p38α MAPK and CK1δ complexes revealed dynamic conformational adaptations of the protein with respect to both isomers. More importantly, irreversible reduction of the azo group to the corresponding hydrazine was observed. Independent experiments revealed that reducing agents such as DTT (dithiothreitol) and GSH (glutathione) that are typically used for protein stabilization in biological assays were responsible. Two further sources of error are the concentration dependence of the E-Z-switching efficiency and artefacts due to incomplete exclusion of light during testing. Our findings may also apply to a number of previously investigated azobenzene-based photoswitchable inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schehr
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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45
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Peters MK, Näther C, Herges R. Crystal structure of bis-(4-meth-oxy-pyridine-κ N)( meso-5,10,15,20-tetra-phenyl-porphyrinato-κ 4 N, N', N'', N''')iron(III) perchlorate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:762-765. [PMID: 31391961 PMCID: PMC6658977 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019006194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Fe(C44H28N4)(C6H7NO)2]ClO4, the FeIII ions are coordinated in an octa-hedral fashion by four N atoms of the porphyrin moiety and two N atoms of two 4-meth-oxy-pyridine ligands into discrete complexes that are located on inversion centers. Charge-balance is achieved by perchlorate anions that are disordered around twofold rotation axes. In the crystal structure, the discrete cationic complexes and the perchlorate anions are arranged into layers with weak C-H⋯O inter-actions between the cations and the anions. The porphyrin moieties of neighboring layers show a herringbone-like arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten K. Peters
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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46
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Peters MK, Näther C, Herges R. Crystal structure of 2 10,2 20-bis-(2,6-di-chloro-phen-yl)-4,7,12,15-tetra-oxa-2(5,15)-nickel(II)porpyhrina-1,3(1,2)-dibenzena-cyclo-hepta-deca-phane-9-yne di-chloro-methane monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:925-929. [PMID: 31391996 PMCID: PMC6658935 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019007527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(C52H34Cl4N4O4)]·CH2Cl2, consists of two discrete complexes, which show significant differences in the conformation of the side chain. Each NiII cation is coordinated by four nitro-gen atoms of a porphyrin mol-ecule within a square-planar coordination environment. Weak intra-molecular C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O inter-actions stabilize the mol-ecular conformation. In the crystal structure, discrete complexes are linked by C-H⋯Cl hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. In addition, the two unique di-chloro-methane solvate mol-ecules (one being disordered) are hydrogen-bonded to the Cl atoms of the chloro-phenyl groups of the porphyrin mol-ecules, thus stabilizing the three-dimensional arrangement. The crystal exhibits pseudo-ortho-rhom-bic metrics, but structure refinements clearly show that the crystal system is monoclinic and that the crystal is twinned by pseudo-merohedry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten K. Peters
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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47
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Martynov AG, Safonova EA, Tsivadze AY, Gorbunova YG. Functional molecular switches involving tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Megow S, Bahrenburg J, Dittner M, Kohly B, Gripp J, Dommaschk M, Schütt C, Herges R, Temps F. Ultrafast dynamics of a bi-stable azopyridine Ni-porphyrin spin switch after photoexcitation in the porphyrin B-bands. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920505019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved absorption measurements of a magnetically bi-stable azopyridine Ni-porphyrin in solution at room temperature show that the photo-induced dynamics are dominated by transient low-spin ⇄ high-spin interconversion involving Ni (d2) and (d, d) states.
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49
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Peters MK, Hamer S, Jäkel T, Röhricht F, Sönnichsen FD, von Essen C, Lahtinen M, Naether C, Rissanen K, Herges R. Spin Switching with Triazolate-Strapped Ferrous Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5265-5272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten K. Peters
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian Albrechts-Universität, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hamer
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian Albrechts-Universität, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Torben Jäkel
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian Albrechts-Universität, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian Albrechts-Universität, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian Albrechts-Universität, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolina von Essen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Manu Lahtinen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Christian Naether
- Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Max-Eyth-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian Albrechts-Universität, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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50
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Gutzeit F, Dommaschk M, Levin N, Buchholz A, Schaub E, Plass W, Näther C, Herges R. Structure and Properties of a Five-Coordinate Nickel(II) Porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12542-12546. [PMID: 30925048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Axial coordination in nickel(II) porphyrins has been thoroughly investigated and is well understood. However, isolated five-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrins are still elusive after 50 years of intense research, even though they play a crucial role as intermediates in enzymes and catalysts. Herein we present the first fully stable, thoroughly characterized five-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrin in solution and in the solid state (crystal structure). The spectroscopic properties indicate pure high-spin behavior (S = 1). There are distinct differences in the NMR, UV-vis, and redox behavior compared to those of high-spin six-coordinate [with two axial ligands, such as NiTPPF10·(py)2] and low-spin four-coordinate (NiTPPF10) nickel(II) porphyrins. The title compound, a strapped nickel(II) porphyrin, allows a direct comparison of four-, five-, and six-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrins, depending on the environment. With this reference in hand, previous results were reevaluated, for example, the switching efficiencies and thermodynamic data of nickel(II) porphyrin-based spin switches in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Axel Buchholz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 8 , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | | | - Winfried Plass
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 8 , 07743 Jena , Germany
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