1
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Kimpel J, Kim Y, Asatryan J, Martín J, Kroon R, Müller C. High-mobility organic mixed conductors with a low synthetic complexity index via direct arylation polymerization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7679-7688. [PMID: 38784738 PMCID: PMC11110131 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Through direct arylation polymerization, a series of mixed ion-electron conducting polymers with a low synthetic complexity index is synthesized. A thieno[3,2-b]thiophene monomer with oligoether side chains is used in direct arylation polymerization together with a wide range of aryl bromides with varying electronic character from electron-donating thiophene to electron-accepting benzothiadiazole. The obtained polymers are less synthetically complex than other mixed ion-electron conducting polymers due to higher yield, fewer synthetic steps and less toxic reagents. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a newly synthesized copolymer comprising thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with oligoether side chains and bithiophene exhibit excellent device performance. A high charge-carrier mobility of up to μ = 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 was observed, obtained by dividing the figure of merit [μC*] from OECT measurements by the volumetric capacitance C* from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which reached a value of more than 215 F cm-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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2
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Moro S, Spencer SE, Lester DW, Nübling F, Sommer M, Costantini G. Molecular-Scale Imaging Enables Direct Visualization of Molecular Defects and Chain Structure of Conjugated Polymers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11655-11664. [PMID: 38652866 PMCID: PMC11080458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have become materials of choice for applications ranging from flexible optoelectronics to neuromorphic computing, but their polydispersity and tendency to aggregate pose severe challenges to their precise characterization. Here, the combination of vacuum electrospray deposition (ESD) with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to acquire, within the same experiment, assembly patterns, full mass distributions, exact sequencing, and quantification of polymerization defects. In a first step, the ESD-STM results are successfully benchmarked against NMR for low molecular mass polymers, where this technique is still applicable. Then, it is shown that ESD-STM is capable of reaching beyond its limits by characterizing, with the same accuracy, samples that are inaccessible to NMR. Finally, a recalibration procedure is proposed for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mass distributions, using ESD-STM results as a reference. The distinctiveness of the molecular-scale information obtained by ESD-STM highlights its role as a crucial technique for the characterization of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Moro
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Daniel W. Lester
- Polymer
Characterisation Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute
for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Center
for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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3
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Wang P, Xu C, Zhang X, Shi Y, Wang C, Han Y, Deng Y, Geng Y. Thienoisoindigo-Based Conjugated Polymers Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300245. [PMID: 37278130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of thienoisoindigo (TIG)-based conjugated polymers (CPs) with high molecular weights are synthesized by direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) by using TIG derivatives as CBr monomer and multi-halogenated thiophene derivatives, i.e., (E)-1,2-bis(3,4-difluorothien-2-yl)ethene (4FTVT), (E)-1,2-bis(3,4-dichlorothien-2-yl)ethene (4ClTVT), 3,3',4,4'-tetrafluoro-2,2'-bithiophene (4FBT), and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloro-2,2'-bithiophene (4ClBT), as CH monomers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the high selectivity between α-CH bonds in 4FTVT, 4ClTVT, 4FBT, and 4ClBT and β-CH bonds in TIG CBr monomer. All four resulting CPs exhibit low optical bandgaps of ca. 1.20 eV and ambipolar transport characteristics with both electron and hole mobility above 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 as elaborated with organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The polymer TIG-4FTVT delivers the best device performance. With this polymer, n-channel OTFTs with electron mobility up to 1.67 cm2 V-1 s-1 and p-channel OTFTs with hole mobility up to 0.62 cm2 V-1 s-1 are fabricated by modifying source/drain electrodes with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) and MoO3 , respectively, to selectively inject electrons and holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chenhui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
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4
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Kuwabara J, Kanbara T. Synthesis of Organic Optoelectronic Materials Using Direct C-H Functionalization. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300400. [PMID: 37823322 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules and polymers with conjugated structures can be used as organic optoelectronic materials. These molecules have conventionally been synthesized by cross-coupling reactions; however, in recent years, direct functionalization of C-H bonds has been used to synthesize organic optoelectronic materials. Representative reactions include direct arylation reactions (C-H/C-X couplings, with X being halogen or pseudo-halogen) and cross-dehydrogenative coupling (C-H/C-H cross-coupling) reactions. Although these reactions are convenient for short-step synthesis, they require regioselectivity in the C-H bonds and suppression of undesired homo-coupling side reactions. This review introduces examples of the synthesis of organic optoelectronic materials using two types of direct C-H functionalization reactions. In addition, we summarize our recent activities in the development of direct C-H functionalization reactions using fluorobenzenes as substrates. This review covers the reaction mechanism and material properties of the resulting products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kuwabara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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5
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Castillo GE, Thompson BC. Room Temperature Synthesis of a Well-Defined Conjugated Polymer Using Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1339-1344. [PMID: 37722008 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
While a major improvement to the sustainability of conjugated polymer synthesis, traditional direct arylation polymerization (DArP) still requires high temperatures (typically >100 °C), necessitating a significant energy input requirement. Performing DArP at reduced or ambient temperatures would represent an improvement to the sustainability of the reaction. Here we describe the first report of a well-defined conjugated polymer synthesized by DArP at room temperature. Previous efforts toward room temperature DArP relied on the use of a near-stoichiometric silver reagent, an expensive coinage metal, which makes the reaction less cost-effective and sustainable. Here, room temperature polymerizations of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-diiodofluorene were optimized and provided molar mass (Mn) up to 11 kg/mol PEDOTF, and performing the reaction at the standard ambient temperature of 25 °C provided Mn up to 15 kg/mol. Model studies using other C-H monomers of varying electron density copolymerized with 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-diiodofluorene provided insight into the scope of the room temperature polymerization, suggesting that performing room temperature DArP is highly dependent on the electron richness of the C-H monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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6
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Ren C, Cao L, Wu T. Meniscus-Guided Deposition of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films: Materials, Mechanism, and Application in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300151. [PMID: 36869409 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable organic semiconductors are one of the promising materials for the next generation of organic electronic products, which call for high-performance materials and mature processing technologies. Among many solution processing methods, meniscus-guided coating (MGC) techniques have the advantages of large-area, low-cost, adjustable film aggregation, and good compatibility with the roll-to-roll process, showing good research results in the preparation of high-performance organic field-effect transistors. In this review, the types of MGC techniques are first listed and the relevant mechanisms (wetting mechanism, fluid mechanism, and deposition mechanism) are introduced. The MGC processes are focused and the effect of the key coating parameters on the thin film morphology and performance with examples is illustrated. Then, the performance of transistors based on small molecule semiconductors and polymer semiconductor thin films prepared by various MGC techniques is summarized. In the third section, various recent thin film morphology control strategies combined with the MGCs are introduced. Finally, the advanced progress of large-area transistor arrays and the challenges for roll-to-roll processes are presented using MGCs. Nowadays, the application of MGCs is still in the exploration stage, its mechanism is still unclear, and the precise control of film deposition still needs experience accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxing Ren
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Long Cao
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Ti Wu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
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7
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Brassard S, Sangachin MH, Leclerc M. Toward Defect Suppression in Polythiophenes Synthesized by Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brassard
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mario Leclerc
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
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8
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The marriage of dual-acceptor strategy and C-H activation polymerization: naphthalene diimide-based n-type polymers with adjustable molar mass and decent performance. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Direct arylation polycondensation for the synthesis of medium-bandgap polymer donors (PBDB-T) for organic photovoltaics. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Ding Y, Zhu Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Gu X, Wang X, Qiu L. Improving Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Blend Films via Optimizing Solution-Processable Techniques and Controlling the Semiconductor Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Ding
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yingman Zhu
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Heng Wang
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Longzhen Qiu
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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11
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Dang Y, Liang Z, Wang Z, Deng Y, Han Y, Hu W, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation of β-Fluorinated Bithiophenes to Polythiophenes: Effect of Side Chains in C–Br Monomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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12
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Synthesis of nickel, calcium and magnesium naphthalene diimide complexes as supercapacitor materials. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Quek G, Vázquez RJ, McCuskey SR, Kundukad B, Bazan GC. Enabling Electron Injection for Microbial Electrosynthesis with n-Type Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203480. [PMID: 35835449 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrosynthesis-using renewable electricity to stimulate microbial metabolism-holds the promise of sustainable chemical production. A key limitation hindering performance is slow electron-transfer rates at biotic-abiotic interfaces. Here a new n-type conjugated polyelectrolyte is rationally designed and synthesized and its use is demonstrated as a soft conductive material to encapsulate electroactive bacteria Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The self-assembled 3D living biocomposite amplifies current uptake from the electrode ≈674-fold over controls with the same initial number of cells, thereby enabling continuous synthesis of succinate from fumarate. Such functionality is a result of the increased number of bacterial cells having intimate electronic communication with the electrode and a higher current uptake per cell. This is underpinned by the molecular design of the polymer to have an n-dopable conjugated backbone for facile reduction by the electrode and zwitterionic side chains for compatibility with aqueous media. Moreover, direct arylation polycondensation is employed instead of the traditional Stille polymerization to avoid non-biocompatible tin by-products. By demonstrating synergy between living cells with n-type organic semiconductor materials, these results provide new strategies for improving the performance of bioelectrosynthesis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Quek
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Javier Vázquez
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Samantha R McCuskey
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Binu Kundukad
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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14
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Jang SY, Kim IB, Kim Y, Lim DH, Kang H, Heeney M, Kim DY. Facile direct C-H arylation polymerization of conjugated polymer, PDCBT, for organic solar cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200405. [PMID: 35938972 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is a synthetic method for conjugated polymers; in DArP, organometallic functionalization steps are omitted and there are no toxic byproducts. As a result, it is considered a more sustainable alternative compared to conventional methods such as Stille polymerization. To explore the possibility of DArP-based polymers as donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs), a series of conjugated polymers based on the structure of PDCBT are synthesized using DArP and Stille polymerization. By controlling the monomer concentration and reaction time in DArP, DArP-5 with the highest Mn (21.9 kDa) can be obtained and its optoelectronic properties, electrochemical properties, and microscopic molecular ordering are comparable to those of Stille-based PDCBT (Stille-P). Analysis of the polymer structure indicates no structural defects such as crosslinking from undesired β-coupling reactions in DArP-5. Upon blending with the PC71 BM acceptor molecule, an increase in the crystallite size of DArP-5 is also observed. In OSC devices with a polymer:PC71 BM bulk-heterojunction photoactive layer, DArP-5 demonstrates a comparable power conversion efficiency of 5.8% with that of Stille-P (5.5%). These results prove that DArP is suitable for synthesizing PDCBT, and DArP-based PDCBT can be used in OSCs as an alternative of Stille-based one. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Jang
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bok Kim
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkyu Kang
- Center for Research Innovation, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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15
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Synthesis of Donor–Acceptor Copolymers Derived from Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Fluorene via Eco-Friendly Direct Arylation: Nonlinear Optical Properties, Transient Absorption Spectroscopy, and Theoretical Modeling. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of PFDPP copolymers based on fluorene (F) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) monomers were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation using Fagnou conditions which involved palladium acetate as catalyst (a gradual catalyst addition of three different percentages were used), potassium carbonate as the base, and neodecanoic acid in N, N-dimethylacetamide. This synthesis provides a low cost compared with traditional methods of transition-metal-catalyzed polymerization. Among the different amounts of catalyst used in the present work, 12% was optimal because it gave the highest reaction yield (81.5%) and one of the highest molecular weights (Mn = 13.8 KDa). Copolymers’ chemical structures, molecular weight distributions, and optical and thermal properties were analyzed. The linear optical properties of PFDPP copolymers resulted very similarly independently to the catalyst amounts used in the synthesis of the PFDPP copolymers: two absorptions bands distinctive of donor–acceptor copolymers, Stokes shifts of 41 nm, a good quantum yield of fluorescence around 47%, and an optical bandgap of 1.7 eV were determined. Electronic nonlinearities were observed in these copolymers with a relatively high two-photon absorption cross-section of 621 GM at 950 nm. The dynamics of excited states and aggregation effects were studied in solutions, nanoparticles, and films of PFDPP. Theoretical calculations modeled the ground-state structures of the (PFDPP)n copolymers with n = 1 to 4 units, determining the charge distribution by the electrostatic potential and modeling the absorption spectra determining the orbital transitions responsible for the experimentally observed leading bands. Experimental and theoretical structure–properties analysis of these donor–acceptor copolymers allowed finding their best synthesis conditions to use them in optoelectronic applications.
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Ma B, Shi Q, Ma X, Li Y, Chen H, Wen K, Zhao R, Zhang F, Lin Y, Wang Z, Huang H. Defect-Free Alternating Conjugated Polymers Enabled by Room- Temperature Stille Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115969. [PMID: 35099844 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Stille cross-coupling polymerization is one of the most efficient synthetic methods for donor-acceptor (D-A) type π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Nevertheless, thermal-activation Stille polymerization readily produced homocoupling defects, resulting in batch-to-batch variations in copolymers quality and deteriorating the device performance of electronics and optoelectronics. Here, a room-temperature Stille-type polymerization was developed, the utility and generality of which were demonstrated by synthesis of twelve D-A CPs with high molecular weights. Importantly, the resultant copolymers possessed no homocoupling (hc) structural defects, while hc reactions were observed in the thermal-activation Stille reactions. Thus, the organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on the former exhibited twofold higher charge transport mobility (2.10 cm2 V-1 s-1 ), since it possessed stronger crystallinity and lower trap density of states (tDOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Ma
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Tseng YC, Kato A, Chang JF, Chen WC, Higashihara T, Chueh CC. Impact of the segment ratio on a donor-acceptor all-conjugated block copolymer in single-component organic solar cells. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5472-5481. [PMID: 35322845 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of single-component organic solar cells (SCOSCs) using only one photoactive component with a chemically bonded D/A structure has attracted increasing research attention in recent years. At represent, most relevant studies focus on comparing the performance difference between a donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated block copolymer (CBC) and the commensurate blending systems based on the same donor and acceptor segments, and still there are no reports on the impact of the segment ratio for a certain D-A CBC on the resultant photovoltaic performance. In this study, we synthesized a D-A all-conjugated polymers based on an n-type PNDI2T block and a p-type PBDB-T donor block but with three different segment ratios (P1-P3) and demonstrate the significance of the D/A segment ratio on photovoltaic performance. Our results reveal that the n-type PNDI2T block plays a more critical role in the inter/intra-chain charge transfer. P1 with a higher content of PNDI2T delivers superior exciton dissociation and charge transfer behavior than P2 and P3, benefitting from its more balanced hole/electron mobility. In addition, a higher packing regularity associated with a more dominant face-on orientation is also observed for P1. As a result, SCOSC based on P1 exhibits the highest PCE among the synthesized CBCs. It also possesses a minimal energy loss due to the better suppressed non-radiative recombination loss. This work provides the first discussion of the impact of the segment ratio for a D-A all-conjugated block copolymer and signifies the critical role of the n-type segment in designing high-performance single-component CBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Aoto Kato
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Jia-Fu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Memon WA, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Wang Y, Wei Z. Alignment of organic conjugated molecules for high-performance device applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100931. [PMID: 35338681 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-performance organic semiconductor materials as the electroactive components of optoelectronic devices have attracted much attention and made them ideal candidates for solution-processable, large-area, and low-cost flexible electronics. Especially, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on conjugated semiconductor materials have experienced stunning progress in device performance. To make these materials economically viable, comprehensive knowledge of charge transport mechanisms is required. The alignment of organic conjugated molecules in the active layer is vital to charge transport properties of devices. The present review highlights the recent progress of processing-structure-transport correlations that allow the precise and uniform alignment of organic conjugated molecules over large areas for multiple electronic applications, including OFETs, organic thermoelectric devices (OTEs), and organic phototransistors (OPTs). Different strategies for regulating crystallinity and macroscopic orientation of conjugated molecules are introduced to correlate the molecular packing, the device performance and charge transport anisotropy in multiple organic electronic devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali Memon
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yangjun Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
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Ma B, Shi Q, Ma X, Li Y, Chen H, Wen K, Zhao R, Zhang F, Lin Y, Wang Z, Huang H. Defect‐Free Alternating Conjugated Polymers Enabled by Room‐ Temperature Stille Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Ma
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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20
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Shi Y, Yang G, Shen B, Yang Y, Yan L, Yang F, Liu J, Liao X, Yu P, Bin Z, You J. Insight into Regioselective Control in Aerobic Oxidative C-H/C-H Coupling for C3-Arylation of Benzothiophenes: Toward Structurally Nontraditional OLED Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21066-21076. [PMID: 34852463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The installation of (benzo)thiophene-containing biaryls via coupling reactions has become a staple in designing photoelectric materials. Undeniably, C-H/C-H cross-coupling reactions between two (hetero)aromatics would be a shortcut toward these structural fragments. While more reliable cross-coupling technologies are well-established to provide C2-arylated (benzo)thiophenes, efficient methods that arylate the C3-position remain underdeveloped. Herein we provide insight into the factors that determine regioselectivity switching for these cross-coupling reactions. X-ray crystallographic analysis gives solid evidence for the key roles of triflate in regioselective dearomatization and acetate in base-assisted anti-β-deprotonated rearomatization. The first isolation and X-ray characterization of a medium-sized dearomatized cyclometalated adduct involving both substrates provide extra insight into aerobic oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H cross-coupling reactions. The mechanistic breakthrough incubates the first example, enabling C-H/C-H-type C3-arylation of benzothiophenes. Finally, this chemistry is used to design blue-emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with a helicene conformation that exhibit a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 25.4% in OLED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Boming Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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Zhao K, Zhang T, Zhang L, Li J, Li H, Wu F, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Han Y. Role of Molecular Weight in Microstructural Transition and Its Correlation to the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of P(NDI2OD-T2) Thin Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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22
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Chu B, Wu X, Fu Z, Wu W, Wang B, Zhu J. Rhodium-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkenylation of Arylhydrazines for Polymer Synthesis. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benfa Chu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziwen Fu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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You H, Lee S, Kim D, Kang H, Lim C, Kim FS, Kim BJ. Effects of the Selective Alkoxy Side Chain Position in Quinoxaline-Based Polymer Acceptors on the Performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47817-47825. [PMID: 34590813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the position of alkoxy side chains in quinoxaline (Qx)-based polymer acceptors (PAs) on the characteristics of materials and the device parameters of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) are investigated. The alkoxy side chains are selectively located at the meta, para, and both positions in pendant benzenes of Qx units, constructing PAs denoted as P(QxCN-T2)-m, P(QxCN-T2)-p, and P(QxCN-T2), respectively. Among them, P(QxCN-T2)-m exhibits the deepest energy levels owing to the enhanced electron-withdrawing effect of meta-positioned alkoxy chains, which is in contrast to P(QxCN-T2)-p where para-positioned alkoxy chains have an electron-donating property. In addition, the meta-positioned alkoxy chains induce good electron-conducting pathways, while the para-positioned ones significantly interrupt crystallization and intermolecular interactions between the conjugated backbones. Thus, when the PAs are applied to all-PSCs, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.07% is attained in the device using P(QxCN-T2)-m with efficient exciton dissociation and good electron-transporting ability. On the contrary, the P(QxCN-T2)-p-based counterpart has a PCE of only 1.62%. These results demonstrate that introducing alkoxy side chains at a proper location in the Qx-based PAs is crucial for their application to all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoseon You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbum Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhee Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Sunjoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Ye L, Thompson BC. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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You H, Kang H, Kim D, Park JS, Lee JW, Lee S, Kim FS, Kim BJ. Cyano-Functionalized Quinoxaline-Based Polymer Acceptors for All-Polymer Solar Cells and Organic Transistors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3520-3527. [PMID: 33655716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline (Qx) derivatives are promising building units for efficient photovoltaic polymers owing to their strong light absorption and high charge-transport abilities, but they have been used exclusively in the construction of polymer donors. Herein, for the first time, Qx-based polymer acceptors (PA s) were developed by introducing electron-withdrawing cyano (CN) groups into the Qx moiety (QxCN). A series of QxCN-based PA s, P(QxCN-T2), P(QxCN-TVT), and P(QxCN-T3), were synthesized by copolymerizing the QxCN unit with bithiophene, (E)-1,2-di(thiophene-2-yl)ethene, and terthiophene, respectively. All of the PA s exhibited unipolar n-type characteristics with organic field-effect transistor (OFET) mobilities of around 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 . In space-charge-limited current devices, P(QxCN-T2) and P(QxCN-TVT) exhibited electron mobilities greater than 1.0×10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 , due to the well-ordered structure with tight π-π stacking. When the PA s were applied in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), the highest performance of 5.32 % was achieved in the P(QxCN-T2)-based device. These results demonstrate the significant potential of Qx-based PA s for high-performance all-PSCs and OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoseon You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbum Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Su Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Sunjoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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26
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Ye L, Thompson BC. p-Cymene: A Sustainable Solvent that is Highly Compatible with Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:714-719. [PMID: 35549099 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade, Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) has been demonstrated to be an eco-friendly, facile, and low-cost alternative to conventional methodologies such as Stille polymerization for conjugated polymer synthesis. By accessing through a C-H activation pathway, DArP offers a reduction of synthetic steps while eliminating the generation of stoichiometric, highly toxic organotin byproducts. However, as the major component in these reactions, the solvents most prevalently employed for DArP are hazardous and produced from unsustainable sources, such as dimethylacetamide (DMA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and toluene. Although the use of sustainable alternative solvents such as 2-MeTHF and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) has recently emerged, drawbacks of ethereal solvents include the need for a pressurized reaction setup as well as potential peroxide formation. While aromatic solvents are superior in solubilizing conjugated polymers, very little has been done in searching for more sustainable, benign alternatives for this class of solvent. Herein, we report the application of a sustainable, naturally sourced, high-boiling aromatic solvent, p-cymene, to DArP for the first time. p-Cymene was found to display excellent solubilizing ability in the synthesis of a broad scope of alternating copolymers with Mn up to 51.3 kg/mol and yields up to 96.2%, outperforming those prepared using CPME and toluene. Structural analysis revealed the exclusion of defects in these polymers prepared using p-cymene as the solvent which, in the case of a 2,2'-bithiophene monomer, is challenging to access through the use of conventional solvents for DArP, such as DMA and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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27
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Lee JW, Ma BS, Kim HJ, Kim TS, Kim BJ. High-Molecular-Weight Electroactive Polymer Additives for Simultaneous Enhancement of Photovoltaic Efficiency and Mechanical Robustness in High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells. JACS AU 2021; 1:612-622. [PMID: 34467323 PMCID: PMC8395705 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) has significantly enhanced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of polymer solar cells (PSCs); however, the inferior mechanical properties of SMA-based PSCs often limit their long-term stability and application in wearable power generators. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and effective strategy for enhancing the mechanical robustness and PCE of PSCs by incorporating a high-molecular-weight (MW) polymer acceptor (P A, P(NDI2OD-T2)). The addition of 10-20 wt % P A leads to a more than 4-fold increase in the mechanical ductility of the SMA-based PSCs in terms of the crack onset strain (COS). At the same time, the incorporation of P A into the active layer improves the charge transport and recombination properties, increasing the PCE of the PSC from 14.6 to 15.4%. The added P As act as tie molecules, providing mechanical and electrical bridges between adjacent domains of SMAs. Thus, for the first time, we produce highly efficient and mechanically robust PSCs with a 15% PCE and 10% COS at the same time, thereby demonstrating their great potential as stretchable or wearable power generators. To understand the origin of the dual enhancements realized by P A, we investigate the influence of the P A content on electrical, structural, and morphological properties of the PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- . (T.-S.K.)
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- . (B.J.K.)
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28
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Zhao B, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Sui Y, Shi Y, Zhang X, Li M, Deng Y, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation toward Water/Alcohol-Soluble Conjugated Polymers: Influence of Side Chain Functional Groups. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:419-425. [PMID: 35549230 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation of 2,7-dibromofluorene with n-octyl, 6-diethoxylphosphorylhexyl, 6-(N,N-diethylamino)hexyl or 6-bromohexyl side chains and 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) were conducted to investigate the effect of side chain functional groups on the coupling, and the resulting TFB-substituted fluorene derivatives were used as C-H monomers for the synthesis of water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) by direct arylation polycondensation (DArP). The direct arylation and DArP of the monomers carrying phosphonate and amino groups went on smoothly in typical DArP conditions, that is, Pd(OAc)2/PtBu2Me-HBF4/base/DMAc and Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3/P(o-MeOPh)3/pivalic acid/base/THF, and high molecular weight polymers with these groups were successfully synthesized. However, for fluorene-monomers with bromohexyl side chains, the target products could not be obtained from the above conditions but could be prepared in the absence of carboxylic acid additives in low polar solvents. With the above DArP-made polymers as cathode interfacial layers, high performance organic solar cells (OSCs) were successfully fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Zhou Y, Zhang S, Zhang W, Huang J, Wei C, Wang L, Yu G. Synthesis, characterization, and their field-effect properties of azaisoindigo-based conjugated polymers with versatile alkoxycarbonyl substituents. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Lin K, Yin Q, Wang Z, Xie B, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. Direct arylation polycondensation towards water/alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers as the electron transporting layers for organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5798-5801. [PMID: 33999064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs), based on naphthalenediimide and amino-functionalized 3,4-(propylenedioxy)thiophene, were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation (DArP). The polymers worked well as electron transporting layers (ETLs) for fullerene-based and fullerene-free organic solar cells (OSCs), presenting an enhancement by above 40% compared to the control devices, respectively. The doping properties and high electron mobilities of these WSCPs endow them with high performance. The research study developed an effective method to synthesize ETLs for highly efficient OSCs, which was rarely reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan, 528402, P. R. China. and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Qingwu Yin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Boming Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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31
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Kuwabara J, Kanbara T. Step-Economical Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Materials Composed of Three Components: Donor, Acceptor, and π Units. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000493. [PMID: 33225550 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have immense potential for their use as semiconducting materials in organic optoelectronic devices. The improvement of synthetic methods for conjugated polymers is important for the practical application of conjugated polymers. For mass production, synthetic methods must be developed by considering the concerns regarding cost and environment. Reduction in the number of synthetic steps is an efficient approach to address these concerns. The utilization of direct CH functionalization is a reasonable strategy in monomer and polymer syntheses, because the prefunctionalization steps for CC bond formation can be eliminated. This review summarizes the recent developments in the efficient syntheses of conjugated polymers as well as their monomers via direct arylation (CH/CX coupling) and cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CH/CH coupling) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kuwabara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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32
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Sui Y, Shi Y, Deng Y, Li R, Bai J, Wang Z, Dang Y, Han Y, Kirby N, Ye L, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation of Chlorinated Thiophene Derivatives to High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Riqing Li
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junhua Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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33
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Wang S, Shaw J, Han Y, Fei Z, Glöcklhofer F, Heeney M. Multibranched aliphatic side chains for π-conjugated polymers with a high density of 'unshielded' aromatics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12138-12141. [PMID: 32914790 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of strongly solubilising multibranched aliphatic side chains for π-conjugated polymers is reported. The solubilising capability of the side chains and their effect on the polymer properties are studied on the example of copolymers composed of up to six unsubstituted, 'unshielded' thiophene units per side chain-substituted naphthalene diimide unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Jessica Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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34
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. The development of conjugated polymers as the cornerstone of organic electronics. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Calascibetta AM, Mattiello S, Sanzone A, Facchinetti I, Sassi M, Beverina L. Sustainable Access to π-Conjugated Molecular Materials via Direct (Hetero)Arylation Reactions in Water and under Air. Molecules 2020; 25:E3717. [PMID: 32824058 PMCID: PMC7465621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation (DHA) is playing a key role in improving the efficiency and atom economy of C-C cross coupling reactions, so has impacts in pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. Current research focuses on further improving the generality, efficiency and selectivity of the method through careful tuning of the reaction conditions and the catalytic system. Comparatively fewer studies are dedicated to the replacement of the high-boiling-point organic solvents dominating the field and affecting the overall sustainability of the method. We show herein that the use of a 9:1 v/v emulsion of an aqueous Kolliphor 2 wt% solution while having toluene as the reaction medium enables the preparation of relevant examples of thiophene-containing π-conjugated building blocks in high yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Mauro Calascibetta
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Irene Facchinetti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
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36
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Shin YH, Komber H, Caiola D, Cassinelli M, Sun H, Stegerer D, Schreiter M, Horatz K, Lissel F, Jiao X, McNeill CR, Cimò S, Bertarelli C, Fabiano S, Caironi M, Sommer M. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of a Glycolated Naphthalene Diimide Bithiophene Copolymer for Application in Low-Level n-Doped Organic Thermoelectrics. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-hun Shin
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Davide Caiola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Cassinelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marcel Schreiter
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kilian Horatz
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Simone Cimò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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37
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Uegaki K, Nakabayashi K, Yamamoto SI, Koizumi T, Hayashi S. Donor-acceptor random regioregular π-conjugated copolymers based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) with unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo units. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19034-19040. [PMID: 35518285 PMCID: PMC9053906 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor π-conjugated random copolymers based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), rr-P3HT, with unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo moieties were obtained by direct arylation polycondensation of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene with unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo motifs under the optimized conditions [palladium-immobilized on thiol-modified silica gel with chloride counter anions, PITS-Cl (2.5 mol%), PivOH (1.0 equiv.), K2CO3 (3.0 equiv.), DMAc, 100 °C, 24 h]. Incorporation of unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo electron-acceptor units into the polymers tuned their highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, which were close to those of the hole transport material (PEDOT) and electron transport material (PCBM), respectively, in thin-film organic solar cells. Alkyl chains of the unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo units in the polymers tuned their macrostructural order, resulting in the observation of crystalline patterns and specific absorption peaks in thin films. An organic solar cell containing the most crystalline random copolymer showed an efficiency of 1.91%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Uegaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defence Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defence Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan
| | - Toshio Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defence Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan
| | - Shotaro Hayashi
- Research Center for Molecular Design, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology 185 Miyanokuchi Kami Kochi 782-8502 Japan
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38
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Nitti A, Osw P, Calcagno G, Botta C, Etkind SI, Bianchi G, Po R, Swager TM, Pasini D. One-Pot Regiodirected Annulations for the Rapid Synthesis of π-Extended Oligomers. Org Lett 2020; 22:3263-3267. [PMID: 32255355 PMCID: PMC7997634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the broad applicability of the annulation protocol combining, in one pot, a direct arylation and cross aldol condensation for the straightforward synthesis at gram-scale of π-extended thiophene-based scaffolds. The regiospecific direct arylation drives the subsequent cross-aldol condensation proceed under the same basic conditions, and the overall protocol has broad applicability in the synthesis of extended aromatics wherein the thiophene ring is annulated with furans, pyridines, indoles, benzothiophenes, and benzofurans. These scaffolds can be further elaborated into π-extended, highly fluorescent oligomers with a central deficient benzothiadiazole unit with up to nine aromatic rings through coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Peshawa Osw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan Iraq
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Samuel I Etkind
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriele Bianchi
- Research Center for Renewable Energies and Environment, Istituto Donegani, Eni Spa, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Research Center for Renewable Energies and Environment, Istituto Donegani, Eni Spa, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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39
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Osw P, Nitti A, Abdullah MN, Etkind SI, Mwaura J, Galbiati A, Pasini D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Scalable D-A-D π-Extended Oligomers as p-Type Organic Materials for Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E720. [PMID: 32213915 PMCID: PMC7183272 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of four novel donor-acceptor-donor π-extended oligomers, incorporating naphtha(1-b)thiophene-4-carboxylate or benzo(b)thieno(3,2-g) benzothiophene-4-carboxylate 2-octyldodecyl esters as end-capping moieties, and two different conjugated core fragments, is reported. The end-capping moieties are obtained via a cascade sequence of sustainable organic reactions, and then coupled to benzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazole and its difluoro derivative as the electron-poor π-conjugated cores. The optoelectronic properties of the oligomers are reported. The novel compounds revealed good film forming properties, and when tested in bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell devices in combination with PC61BM, revealed good fill factors, but low efficiencies, due to their poor absorption profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peshawa Osw
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (P.O.); (A.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq;
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (P.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Media N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq;
| | - Samuel I. Etkind
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Jeremiah Mwaura
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Alessandro Galbiati
- New Polyurethane Technologies s.r.l., Via Stazione 12, 27030 Villanova D’ardenghi, Pavia, Italy;
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (P.O.); (A.N.)
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40
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Keller T, Gahlmann T, Riedl T, Scherf U. Direct Arylation Polycondensation (DAP) Synthesis of Alternating Quaterthiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1249-1252. [PMID: 31944056 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly[(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)-alt-4',3''-difluoro-3,3'''-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2'';5'',2'''-quaterthiophene-5,5'''-diyl)] (PBTff4T-2OD) and poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-3,3'''-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2'';5'',2'''-quaterthiophene-5,5'''-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD) for use as the p-donor component of high-efficiency fullerene-based organic solar cells are usually synthesized in established C-C cross-coupling reactions, preferably using the Stille procedure. This report describes how PBTff4T-2OD and PffBT4T-2OD are generated in a direct arylation polycondensation (DAP) approach with molecular weights up to Mn =19.4 kDa and 21.1 kDa, respectively, and how structural defects in the copolymers (e. g., homocoupling defects) show a strong impact on the pre-aggregation behavior. The optimized reaction conditions allow for a distinct reduction of the amount of such defects in the resulting copolymers. When the Stille-type products are used in the active layer of organic solar cells (OCSs) together with fullerene acceptors, high power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in the range of 8.6-10.8 % have been reported. The high PCEs are particularly related to the pre-aggregation of the conjugated copolymers prior to film formation. Despite quite similar characterization data, non-optimized OCSs with the DAP polymers as replacement for the Stille products afforded a relatively low power-conversion efficiency of up to 2.4 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Keller
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tobias Gahlmann
- Institute of Electronic Devices, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42199, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedl
- Institute of Electronic Devices, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42199, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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41
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42
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. Approaches for improving the sustainability of conjugated polymer synthesis using direct arylation polymerization (DArP). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01534e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging strategies to enhance the sustainability of Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) are discussed, illustrating the great potential of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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43
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Amna B, Siddiqi HM, Hassan A, Ozturk T. Recent developments in the synthesis of regioregular thiophene-based conjugated polymers for electronic and optoelectronic applications using nickel and palladium-based catalytic systems. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4322-4396. [PMID: 35495258 PMCID: PMC9049189 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiophene-based conjugated polymers are important conjugated polymers due to their exceptional optical and conductive properties, over the past few decades many researchers have designed novel strategies to reach more efficient materials for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Amna
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
- Istanbul Technical University
| | | | - Abbas Hassan
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Istanbul Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
- TUBITAK-UME
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44
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Zhao B, Ma H, Wang C, Shang Z, Ding Y, Hu A. Silicon Promoted Cationic Polymerization of Phenylacetylenes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhikun Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Aiguo Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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45
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Matt C, Stry K, Matsidik R, Sommer M, Biskup T. Two competing acceptors: Electronic structure of PNDITBT probed by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:234901. [PMID: 31864273 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced charge transport is particularly important for transistors. Hence, ambipolar organic semiconductors with comparable transport capabilities for both positive and negative charges are highly sought-after. Here, we report detailed insights into the electronic structure of PNDITBT, which is an alternating copolymer of naphthalene diimide (NDI), thiophene, benzothiodiazole (B), and thiophene (T) units, as gained by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy combined with quantum-chemical calculations. The results are compared to those obtained for PNDIT2 and PCDTBT, which are derivatives without B and NDI acceptor units, respectively. These two polymers show dominant n- and p-channel behavior in organic field-effect transistors. The TBT moiety clearly dominates the electronic structure of PNDITBT, although less so than in PCDTBT. Furthermore, the triplet exciton most probably delocalizes along the backbone, exhibits a highly homogeneous environment, and planarizes the polymer backbone. Obtaining the zero-field splitting tensors of these triplet states by means of quantum-chemical calculations reveals the triplet energy sublevel associated with the molecular axis parallel to the backbone to be preferentially populated, while the one perpendicular to the aromatic plane is not populated at all, consistent with the spin-density distribution. PNDITBT consisting of two acceptors (NDI and B) has a complex electronic structure, as evident from the two charge-transfer bands in its absorption spectrum. TREPR spectroscopy provides a detailed insight on a molecular level not available by and complementing other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Stry
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Guo Y, Xia D, Liu B, Wu H, Li C, Tang Z, Xiao C, Li W. Small Band gap Boron Dipyrromethene-Based Conjugated Polymers for All-Polymer Solar Cells: The Effect of Methyl Units. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Baiqiao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Wu
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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47
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Adamczak D, Komber H, Illy A, Scaccabarozzi AD, Caironi M, Sommer M. Indacenodithiophene Homopolymers via Direct Arylation: Direct Polycondensation versus Polymer Analogous Reaction Pathways. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Adamczak
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Illy
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alberto D. Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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48
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Alameddine B, Baig N, Shetty S, Al-Mousawi S. Conjugated copolymers bearing 2,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)phenanthrene-9,10-dione units and alteration of their emission via functionalization of the ortho-dicarbonyl groups into quinoxaline and phenazine derivatives. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Wang Y, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto H, Michinobu T. Significant Difference in Semiconducting Properties of Isomeric All‐Acceptor Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
- Current address: Emergent Molecular Function Research Team Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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50
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Wang Y, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto H, Michinobu T. Significant Difference in Semiconducting Properties of Isomeric All-Acceptor Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11893-11902. [PMID: 31210386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) appeared as an efficient method for producing semiconducting polymers but often requires acceptor monomers with orienting or activating groups for the reactive carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, which limits the choice of acceptor units. In this study, we describe a DArP for producing high-molecular-weight all-acceptor polymers composed of the acceptor monomers without any orienting or activating groups via a modified method using Pd/Cu co-catalysts. We thus obtained two isomeric all-acceptor polymers, P1 and P2, which have the same backbone and side-chains but different positions of the nitrogen atoms in the thiazole units. This subtle change significantly influences their optoelectronic, molecular packing, and charge-transport properties. P2 with a greater backbone torsion has favorable edge-on orientations and a high electron mobility μe of 2.55 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Moreover, P2-based transistors show an excellent shelf-storage stability in air even after the storage for 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.,Current address: Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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